THE CHECKLIST TINAMIDAE (TINAMOUS) (9: 47) TINAMINAE TINAMUS Hermann, 1783 M Tinamus tao (Grey Tinamou) T.t.larensis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 C Colombia, W Venezuela T.t.septentrionalis Brabourne & Chubb, 1913 NE Venezuela, Guyana T.t.tao Temminck, 1815 NC Brazil T.t.kleei (Tschudi, 1843) SC Colombia, E Ecuador, E Bolivia, W Brazil Tinamus solitarius (Solitary Tinamou) T.s.pernambucensis Berla, 1946 EC Brazil T.s.solitarius (Vieillot, 1819) E Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Tinamus osgoodi (Black Tinamou) T.o.hershkovitzi Blake, 1953 S Colombia T.o.osgoodi Conover, 1949 S Peru Tinamus major (Great Tinamou) T.m.robustus P.L.Sclater & Salvin, 1868 SE Mexico, Honduras T.m.percautus van Tyne, 1935 S Mexico, Guatemala, Belize T.m.fuscipennis Salvador, 1895 N Nicaragua to Panama T.m.brunneiventris Aldrich, 1937 SC Panama T.m.castaneiceps Salvadori, 1895 SW Costa Rica, W Panama T.m.saturatus Griscom, 1929 E Panama, N Colombia T.m.zuliensis Osgood & Conover, 1922 NE Colombia, N Venezuela T.m.latifrons Salvadori, 1895 W Colombia, W Ecuador T.m.major (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) E Venezuela to NE Brazil T.m.serratus (Spix, 1825) NW Brazil T.m.olivascens Conover, 1937 Amazonian Brazil T.m.peruvianus Bonaparte, 1856 SE Colombia, E Ecuador to W Brazil Tinamus guttatus Pelzeln, 1863 (White-throated Tinamou) Amazonia NOTHOCERCUS Bonaparte, 1856 M Nothocercus bonapartei (Highland Tinamou) N.b.frantzii (Lawrence, 1868) Costa Rica, W Panama N.b.bonapartei (G.R. Gray, 1867) NC Colombia, W Venezuela N.b.intercedens Salvadori, 1895 W Colombia N.b.discrepans Friedmann, 1947 E Colombia N.b.plumbeiceps Lönnberg & Rendahl, 1922 E Ecuador, N Peru Nothocercus julius (Bonaparte, 1854) (Tawny-breasted Tinamou) W Venezuela and Colombia to S Peru Nothocercus nigrocapillus (Hooded Tinamou) N.n.cadwaladeri Carriker, 1933 NW Peru N.n.nigrocapillus (G.R. Gray, 1867) C Peru to N Bolivia CRYPTURELLUS Brabourne & Chubb, 1914 M Crypturellus berlepschi (Rothschild, 1897) (Berlepsch's Tinamou) W Colombia to NW Ecuador Crypturellus cinereus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Cinereous Tinamou) The Guianas to SE Colombia, N Bolivia, E Peru Crypturellus soui (Little Tinamou) C.s.meserythrus (P.L. Sclater, 1859) S Mexico to SE Nicaragua C.s.modestus (Cabanis, 1869) Costa Rica, W Panama C.s.capnodes Wetmore, 1963 NW Panama C.s.poliocephalus (Aldrich, 1937) C and E Panama C.s.panamensis (Carriker, 1910) Pearl Is (Panama) C.s.mustelinus (Bangs, 1905) NE Colombia, NW Venezuela C.s.soui (Hermann, 1783) E Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil C.s.andrei (Brabourne & Chubb, 1914) Trinidad, NE Venezuela C.s.caucae (Chapman, 1912) NC Colombia C.s.harterti (Brabourne & Chubb, 1914) W Colombia, W Ecuador C.s.caquetae (Chapman, 1915) SE Colombia C.s.nigriceps (Chapman, 1923) E Ecuador, NE Peru C.s.albigularis (Brabourne & Chubb, 1914) N and E Brazil C.s.inconspicuus Carriker, 1935 C and E Peru, E Bolivia Crypturellus ptaritepui Zimmer & Phelps, 1945 (Tepui Tinamou) SE Venezuela Crypturellus obsoletus (Brown Tinamou) C.o.cerviniventris (Sclater & Salvin, 1873) N Venezuela C.o.knoxi W.H. Phelps, Jr., 19761 NW Venezuela C.o.castaneus (P.L. Sclater, 1858) E Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru C.o.ochraceiventris (Stolzmann, 1926) C Peru C.o.traylori Blake, 1961 E Peru C.o.punensis (Chubb, 1917) S Peru, N Bolivia C.o.griseiventris (Salvadori, 1895) NC Brazil C.o.hypochraceus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1938)2 SW Brazil C.o.obsoletus (Temminck, 1815) S Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Crypturellus undulatus (Undulated Tinamou) C.u.manapiare Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1952 S Venezuela C.u.simplex (Salvadori, 1895) S Guyana, NC Brazil north of the Amazon C.u.yapura (Spix, 1825) W Amazonia C.u.adspersus (Temminck, 1815) C Brazil south of the Amazon C.u.vermiculatus (Temminck, 1825) E Brazil south of the Amazon C.u.undulatus (Temminck, 1815) SE Peru to N Argentina Crypturellus transfasciatus (Sclater & Salvin, 1878) (Pale-browed Tinamou) W Ecuador to NW Peru Crypturellus strigulosus (Temminck, 1815) (Brazilian Tinamou) S Amazonian Brazil, E Peru, N Bolivia, Crypturellus duidae J.T. Zimmer, 1938 (Grey-legged Tinamou) E Columbia, SE Venezuela Crypturellus erythropus (Red-legged Tinamou) C.e.cursitans Wetmore & Phelps, 1956 N Colombia, NW Venezuela C.e.idoneus (Todd, 1919) NE Colombia, W Venezuela C.e.columbianus (Salvadori, 1895) NC Colombia †?C.e.saltuarius Wetmore, 1950 S Magdalena Prov. (NC Colombia) C.e.spencei (Brabourne & Chubb, 1914) N Venezuela C.e.margaritae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1948 Margarita I. C.e.erythropus (Pelzeln, 1863) E Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, N Brazil Crypturellus noctivagus (Yellow-legged Tinamou) C.n.zabele (Spix, 1825) NE Brazil C.n.noctivagus (Wied, 1820) SE Brazil Crypturellus atrocapillus (Black-capped Tinamou) C.a.atrocapillus (Tschudi, 1844) SE Peru C.a.garleppi (Berlepsch, 1892) N Bolivia Crypturellus cinnamomeus (Thicket Tinamou) C.c.occidentalis (Salvadori, 1895) WC Mexico C.c.mexicanus (Salvadori, 1895) EC Mexico C.c.soconuscensis Brodkorb, 1939 C Chiapas (SW Mexico) C.c.vicinior Conover, 1933 Chiapas to C Honduras C.c.sallaei (Bonaparte, 1856) SE Mexico C.c.goldmani (Nelson, 1901) SE Mexico, N Guatemala, N Belize C.c.cinnamomeus (Lesson, 1842) S Guatemala, El Salvador, S Honduras C.c.delattrei (Bonaparte, 1854) W Nicaragua C.c.praepes (Bangs & Peters, 1927) NW Costa Rica Crypturellus boucardi (Slaty-breasted Tinamou) C.b.boucardi (P.L. Sclater, 1859) S Mexico to NW Honduras C.b.costaricensis (Dwight & Griscom, 1924) N and E Honduras to Costa Rica Crypturellus kerriae (Chapman, 1915) (Choco Tinamou) SE Panama, NW Colombia Crypturellus variegatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Variegated Tinamou) The Guianas, Amazonia, E Brazil Crypturellus brevirostris (Pelzeln, 1863) (Rusty Tinamou) E Peru, N Brazil, French Guiana Crypturellus bartletti (Sclater & Salvin, 1873) (Bartlett's Tinamou) E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827) (Small-billed Tinamou) SE Peru, C and S Brazil to NE Argentina Crypturellus casiquiare (Chapman, 1929) (Barred Tinamou) E Colombia, S Venezuela Crypturellus tataupa (Tataupa Tinamou) C.t.inops Bangs & Noble, 1918 SW Ecuador, NW Peru C.t.peruvianus (Cory, 1915)3 C Peru C.t.lepidotus (Swainson, 1837) NE Brazil south of the Amazon C.t.tataupa (Temminck, 1815) S Brazil, N and E Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina RHYNCHOTINAE RHYNCHOTUS Spix, 1825 M Rhynchotus rufescens (Red-winged Tinamou) R.r.catingae Reiser, 1905 C and NE Brazil R.r.rufescens (Temminck, 1815) SE Peru, N Bolivia east to NE Brazil and south to Uruguay R.r.maculicollis G.R. Gray, 1867 NW Bolivia to NW Argentina R.r.pallescens Kothe, 1907 Lowlands of NE and C Argentina NOTHOPROCTA Sclater & Salvin, 1873 F Nothoprocta taczanowskii Sclater & Salvin, 1875 (Taczanowski's Tinamou) Andes of C and S Peru †?Nothoprocta kalinowskii Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1901 (Kalinowski's Tinamou) Andes of N and S Peru Nothoprocta ornata (Ornate Tinamou) N.o.branickii Taczanowski, 1875 C Peru N.o.ornata (G.R. Gray, 1867) S Peru, NE Bolivia ¶N.o.jimenezi Cabot, 1997 NW Altiplano of Bolivia (287) ¶N.o.labradori Cabot, 1997 Alpine E Andes of Bolivia (287) N.o.rostrata Berlepsch, 1907 SE Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina Nothoprocta perdicaria (Chilean Tinamou) N.p.perdicaria (Kittlitz, 1830) NC Chile N.p.sanborni Conover, 1924 S Chile Nothoprocta cinerascens (Brushland Tinamou) N.c.cinerascens (Burmeister, 1860) NW and C Argentina, NW Paraguay, SE Bolivia N.c.parvimaculata Olrog, 1959 NW Argentina Nothoprocta pentlandii (Andean Tinamou) N.p.ambigua Cory, 1915 S Ecuador, NW Peru N.p.niethammeri Koepcke, 1968 WC Peru N.p.oustaleti Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1901 C and S Peru N.p.fulvescens Berlepsch, 1902 SE Peru N.p.pentlandii (G.R. Gray, 1867) Bolivia to NW Argentina N.p.mendozae Banks & Bohl, 1968 WC Argentina N.p.doeringi Cabanis, 1878 C Argentina Nothoprocta curvirostris (Curve-billed Tinamou) N.c.curvirostris Sclater & Salvin, 1873 C Ecuador to N Peru N.c.peruviana Taczanowski, 1886 N and C Peru NOTHURA Wagler, 1827 F Nothura boraquira (Spix, 1825) (White-bellied Nothura) NE Brazil, E Bolivia, NE Paraguay Nothura minor (Spix, 1825) (Lesser Nothura) S Brazil Nothura darwinii (Darwin's Nothura) N.d.peruviana Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1906 S Peru N.d.agassizii Bangs, 1910 SE Peru, W Bolivia N.d.boliviana Salvadori, 1895 W Bolivia N.d.salvadorii E. Hartert, 1909 W Argentina N.d.darwinii G.R. Gray, 1867 SC Argentina Nothura maculosa (Spotted Nothura) N.m.cearensis Naumburg, 1932 S Ceará (Brazil) N.m.major (Spix, 1825) EC Brazil N.m.paludivaga Conover, 1950 C Paraguay, NC Argentina N.m.maculosa (Temminck, 1815) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, Uruguay, NE Argentina N.m.pallida Olrog, 1959 NW Argentina N.m.annectens Conover, 1950 E Argentina N.m.submontana Conover, 1950 SW Argentina N.m.nigroguttata Salvadori, 1895 SC Argentina Nothura chacoensis Conover, 1937 (Chaco Nothura)4 NW Paraguay, NC Argentina TAONISCUS Gloger, 1842 M Taoniscus nanus (Temminck, 1815) (Dwarf Tinamou) SE Brazil, NE Argentina EUDROMIA I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832 F Eudromia elegans (Elegant Crested Tinamou) E.e.intermedia (Dabbene & Lillo, 1913) N Andes of NW Argentina E.e.magnistriata Olrog, 1959 Hills of NC Argentina E.e.riojana Olrog, 1959 Andes of WC Argentina E.e.albida (Wetmore, 1921) Lowland WC Argentina E.e.wetmorei Banks, 1977 Foothills W Argentina E.e.numida Banks, 1977 C Argentina E.e.elegans I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832 SC Argentina E.e.multiguttata Conover, 1950 EC Argentina E.e.devia Conover, 1950 Foothills SW Argentina E.e.patagonica Conover, 1950 Andes of S Chile, S Argentina Eudromia formosa (Lillo, 1905) (Quebracho Crested Tinamou) NC Argentina, WC Paraguay TINAMOTIS Vigors, 1837 F Tinamotis pentlandii Vigors, 1837 (Puna Tinamou) Andes of C Peru, W Bolivia, W Argentina, N Chile Tinamotis ingoufi Oustalet, 1890 (Patagonian Tinamou) S Chile, SW Argentina STRUTHIONIDAE (OSTRICHES) (1: 1) STRUTHIO Linnaeus, 1758 M Struthio camelus (Ostrich)5 †?S.c.syriacus Rothschild, 1919 Syrian and Arabian deserts S.c.camelus Linnaeus, 1758 S Morocco and Mauritania to Sudan, N and W Ethiopia, N Uganda S.c.molybdophanes Reichenow, 1883 Somalia, SE Ethiopia, N and E Kenya S.c.massaicus Neumann, 1898 S Kenya to C Tanzania S.c.australis J.H. Gurney, 1868 Southern Africa RHEIDAE (RHEAS) (2: 2) RHEA Brisson, 1760 F Rhea americana (Greater Rhea) R.a.americana (Linnaeus, 1758) N and E Brazil R.a intermedia Rothschild & Chubb, 1914 SE Brazil, Uruguay R.a.nobilis Brodkorb, 1939 E Paraguay R.a.araneipes Brodkorb, 1938 W Paraguay, E Bolivia, SW Brazil R.a.albescens Lynch & Holmberg, 1878 NE and E Argentina PTEROCNEMIA G.R. Gray, 1871 F Pterocnemia pennata (Lesser Rhea) P.p.garleppi Chubb, 1913 SE Peru, Bolivia, NW Argentina P.p.tarapacensis Chubb, 1913 N Chile P.p.pennata (d’Orbigny, 1834) S Chile, WC and S Argentina CASUARIIDAE (CASSOWARIES) (1: 3) CASUARIUS Brisson, 1760 M Casuarius casuarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Southern Cassowary)6 Seram (Moluccas), New Guinea, Cape York Pen. and NE Queensland Casuarius bennetti Gould, 1857 (Dwarf Cassowary)7 Montane New Guinea, Yapen I. (Geelvink Bay) and New Britain Casuarius unappendiculatus Blyth, 1860 (Northern Cassowary)8 Salawati, lowland New Guinea and Yapen I. (Geelvink Bay) DROMAIIDAE (EMUS) (1: 3) DROMAIUS Vieillot, 1816 M Dromaius novaehollandiae (Emu) D.n.rothschildi (Mathews, 1912) SW Australia D.n.novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790)9 Australia (except SW corner) †D.n.diemenensis Le Souef, 1907 Tasmania †Dromaius ater Vieillot, 1817 (King Island Emu)10 King I. (Australia) †Dromaius baudinianus S. Parker, 1984 (Kangaroo Island Emu) Kangaroo I. (Australia) (1746) APTERYGIDAE (KIWIS) (1: 3) APTERYX Shaw, 1813 F Apteryx australis (Brown Kiwi) A.a.mantelli A.D. Bartlett, 1852 11 12 North Island (New Zealand) A.a.australis Shaw, 1813 South Island (New Zealand) A.a.lawryi Rothschild, 1893 Stewart I. Apteryx owenii Gould, 1847 (Little Spotted Kiwi) New Zealand13 Apteryx haastii Potts, 1872 (Great Spotted Kiwi) W South Island (New Zealand) 1 Omitted in our last Edition; see Blake (1979: 25) (165). 2 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 3 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 4 Treated as a race of N. maculosa by Blake (1979: 43) (165) but see Cabot (1992: 137) (286). 5 Freitag & Robinson (1993) (873) reviewed molecular evidence for treatment of this as one species or two. We interpret the authors to be supportive of single species treatment. 6 We follow Mayr (1979) (1484) in monotypic treatment. See also Mayr (1940) (1469) for some of the reasons for this. 7 We follow Mayr (1979) (1484) in monotypic treatment; shawmeyeri Rothschild, 1937 (2109) has been described since Peters (1931) (1821). 8 Again monotypic treatment follows Mayr (1979) (1484). 9 Implicitly includes woodwardi see Marchant & Higgins (1990: 58) (1426). 10 For comments on the name diemenianus see Jouanin (1959) (1228). 11 Implicitly includes novaezelandiae see Marchant & Higgins (1990: 80) (1426). 12 For suggestions that this warrants treatment as a species see Baker et al. (1995) (78). 13 Extinct North Island form, not usually recognised, called iredalei (Mathews, 1935) (1456). TINAMIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD CRACIDAE (CHACHALACAS, CURASSOWS, GUANS)1 (11: 50) PENELOPINAE ORTALIS Merrem, 1786 F Ortalis vetula (Plain Chachalaca)2 O.v.mccallii S.F. Baird, 1858 S Texas, Mexico south to Vera Cruz O.v.vetula (Wagler, 1830)3 E Mexico to NW Costa Rica O.v.pallidiventris Ridgway, 1887 N Yucatán O.v.intermedia J.L. Peters, 1913 S Yucatán to Belize and Guatemala O.v.deschauenseei Bond, 1936 Utilia I. (Honduras) (181) Ortalis cinereiceps (G.R. Gray, 1867) (Grey-headed Chachalaca)4 SE Honduras to NW Colombia Ortalis garrula (Humboldt, 1805) (Chestnut-winged Chachalaca) NW Colombia Ortalis ruficauda (Rufous-vented Chachalaca) O.r.ruficrissa (Sclater & Salvin, 1870)5 N Colombia, NW Venezuela Venezuela O.r.ruficauda (Jardine, 1847) Venezuela, Tobago I., Lesser Antilles Ortalis erythroptera (Sclater & Salvin, 1870) (Rufous-headed Chachalaca) W Ecuador, NW Peru Ortalis wagleri (G.R. Gray, 1867) (Rufous-bellied Chachalaca)6 N and W Mexico Ortalis poliocephala (Wagler, 1830) (West Mexican Chachalaca)7 W Mexico Ortalis canicollis (Chaco Chachalaca) O.c.canicollis (Wagler, 1830) E Bolivia, W Paraguay, N Argentina O.c.pantanalensis Cherrie & Reichenberger, 19218 E Paraguay, SW Brazil Ortalis leucogastra (Gould, 1843) (White-bellied Chachalaca)9 SW Mexico to NW Nicaragua Ortalis guttata (Speckled Chachalaca) O.g.araucuan (Spix, 1825) E Brazil O.g.squamata Lesson, 182910 SE Brazil O.g.colombiana Hellmayr, 190611 Colombia, NW Upper Amazonia O.g.guttata (Spix, 1825) W Upper Amazonia O.g.subaffinis Todd, 1932 NE and E Bolivia, W Brazil Ortalis motmot (Little Chachalaca)12 O.m.motmot (Linnaeus, 1766) S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil O.m.ruficeps (Wagler, 1830) N C Brazil Ortalis superciliaris G.R. Gray, 1867 (Buff-browed Chachalaca) NE Brazil PENELOPE Merrem, 1786 F Penelope argyrotis (Band-tailed Guan) P.a.colombiana Todd, 1912 Santa Marta Mts. (N Colombia) P.a.argyrotis (Bonaparte, 1856)13 Andes of N Colombia, W and N Venezuela, Penelope barbata Chapman, 1921 (Bearded Guan)14 S Ecuador, NW Peru Penelope ortoni Salvin, 1874 (Baudo Guan) W Colombia, W Ecuador Penelope montagnii (Andean Guan) P.m.montagnii (Bonaparte, 1856) N and C Colombia P.m.atrogularis Hellmayr & Conover, 1932 S Colombia, WC Ecuador P.m.brooki Chubb, 1917 S Colombia, EC Ecuador P.m.plumosa Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 190215 C Peru (E slope of Andes) P.m.sclateri G.R. Gray, 1860 C Bolivia Penelope marail (Marail Guan) P.m.jacupeba Spix, 1825 SE Venezuela, N Brazil P.m.marail (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) E Venezuela, the Guianas Penelope superciliaris (Rusty-margined Guan)16 P.s.superciliaris Temminck, 181517 NC and E Brazil P.s.jacupemba Spix, 182518 C and S Brazil P.s.major Bertoni, 1901 S Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Penelope dabbenei Hellmayr & Conover, 1942 (Red-faced Guan) S Bolivia, NW Argentina (1104) Penelope purpurascens (Crested Guan) P.p.purpurascens Wagler, 1830 NE and NW Mexico to Honduras, Nicaragua P.p.aequatorialis Salvadori & Festa, 1900 S Honduras to NW Colombia P.p.brunnescens Hellmayr & Conover, 1932 N Colombia, E Venezuela Penelope perspicax Bangs, 1911 (Cauca Guan)19 W and C Colombia Penelope albipennis Taczanowski, 1878 (White-winged Guan) NW Peru Penelope jacquacu (Spix's Guan) P.j.granti Berlepsch, 1908 E Venezuela, Guyana P.j.orienticola Todd, 1932 NW Brazil, SE Venezuela P.j.jacquacu Spix, 1825 Upper Amazonia P.j.speciosa Todd, 1915 C and E Bolivia Penelope obscura (Dusky-legged Guan) P.o.bronzina Hellmayr, 1914 E Brazil P.o.obscura Temminck, 1815 S Brazil, E Paraguay, Uruguay, NE Argentina P.o.bridgesi G.R. Gray, 1860 C Bolivia, NW Argentina Penelope pileata Wagler, 1830 (White-crested Guan) NC Brazil Penelope ochrogaster Pelzeln, 1870 (Chestnut-bellied Guan) SC Brazil Penelope jacucaca Spix, 1825 (White-browed Guan) NE Brazil PIPILE Bonaparte, 1856 M Pipile pipile (Jacquin, 1784) (Trinidad Piping Guan)20 Trinidad Pipile cumanensis (Blue-throated Piping Guan) P.c.cumanensis (Jacquin, 1784) The Guianas to C Colombia, NW Peru, W Brazil P.c.grayi (Pelzeln, 1870) E Bolivia, NE Paraguay, SW Brazil Pipile cujubi (Red-throated Piping Guan) P.c.cujubi (Pelzeln, 1858) NC Brazil P.c.nattereri Reichenbach, 1862 S and W Amazonia Pipile jacutinga (Spix, 1825) (Black-fronted Piping Guan) SE Brazil, SE Paraguay ABURRIA Reichenbach, 1853 F Aburria aburri (Lesson, 1828) (Wattled Guan) N Colombia, E Venezuela to SC Peru CHAMAEPETES Wagler, 1832 M Chamaepetes unicolor Salvin, 1867 (Black Guan) Costa Rica, Panama Chamaepetes goudotii (Sickle-winged Guan) C.g.goudotii (Lesson, 1828) C and W Colombia C.g.sanctaemarthae Chapman, 1912 Santa Marta Mts. C.g.fagani Chubb, 1917 SW Colombia, W Ecuador C.g.tschudii Taczanowski, 1886 EC Ecuador, N Peru C.g.rufiventris (Tschudi, 1843) EC Peru C.g.subsp ? N Bolivia PENELOPINA Reichenbach, 1862 F Penelopina nigra (Fraser, 1852) (Highland Guan)21 S Mexico to N Nicaragua OREOPHASIS G.R. Gray, 1844 M Oreophasis derbianus G.R. Gray, 1844 (Horned Guan) SE Mexico, SW Guatemala CRACINAE NOTHOCRAX Burmeister, 1856 M Nothocrax urumutum (Spix, 1825) (Nocturnal Curassow) Upper Amazonia MITU Lesson, 1831 N22 Mitu tomentosum (Spix, 1825) (Crestless Curassow) SE Colombia, S Venezuela, Guyana, NW Brazil Mitu salvini (Reinhardt, 1879) (Salvin's Curassow) SW Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru Mitu tuberosum Spix, 1825 (Razor-billed Curassow)23 S Amazonia †?Mitu mitu (Linnaeus, 1766) (Alagoas Curassow) NE Brazil24 PAUXI Temminck, 1813 F Pauxi pauxi (Northern Helmeted Curassow) P.p.pauxi (Linnaeus, 1766) NC to W Venezuela P.p.gilliardi Wetmore & Phelps, 1943 Venezuela-Colombia border (2611) Pauxi unicornis (Southern Helmeted Curassow) P.u.unicornis Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1939 NE Bolivia (189) P.u.koepckeae Weske & Terborgh, 1971 E Peru (2585) CRAX Linnaeus, 1758 25 F Crax rubra (Great Curassow) C.r.rubra Linnaeus, 1758 E Mexico to W Colombia and W Ecuador C.r.griscomi Nelson, 1926 Cozumel I (off Yucatán) Crax alberti Fraser, 1852 (Blue-billed Curassow) N Colombia Crax daubentoni G.R. Gray, 1867 (Yellow-knobbed Curassow) N Venezuela Crax alector Linnaeus, 1766 (Black Curassow) E Colombia to the Guianas, N Brazil Crax globulosa Spix, 1825 (Wattled Curassow) W Amazonia Crax fasciolata (Bare-faced Curassow)26 C.f.fasciolata Spix, 1825 C and SW Brazil, Paraguay C.f.pinima Pelzeln, 1870 NE Brazil C.f.grayi Ogilvie-Grant, 1893 E Bolivia Crax blumenbachii Spix, 1825 (Red-billed Curassow) SE Brazil 1 Generic limits in this group, here taken from del Hoyo (1994) (673), require molecular study. 2 The race intermedia was omitted in last Edition. 3 Includes vallicola Brodkorb, 1942 (223); see Blake (1977) (164). 4 Includes olivacea Aldrich & Bole, 1937 (25) and chocoensis Meyer de Schauensee, 1950 (1566); see Blake (1977) (164). 5 Includes baliola and the more recent lamprophonia Wetmore, 1953 (2596); see Blake (1977) (164). 6 Includes griseiceps van Rossem, 1934 (2470); see Banks (1990) (88). 7 This species and the next split by Banks (1990) (88); lajuelae Moore & Medina, 1957 (1622), is a synonym of poliocephala. 8 Includes ungeri J. Steinbacher, 1962 (2314); see Blake (1977) (164). 9 Dated 1844 by A.O.U. (1998) (3); a lapsus, we follow Duncan (1937) (770). 10 Includes remota Pinto, 1960 (1891); see Blake (1977) (164). 11 Includes caucae see Vaurie (1965) (2512). 12 In both our previous Editions a broad species motmot was adopted that included superciliaris and guttata; here we revert to the treatment of Vaurie (1965) (2512). 13 Includes olivaceiceps and albicauda Phelps & Gilliard, 1940 (1842), and mesaeus Conover, 1945 (563); see Vaurie (1966) (2514). P. barbata was treated therein as conspecific, but see Hilty & Brown (1986: 124) (1116). 14 Includes inexpectata Carriker, 1934 (301); see Vaurie (1966) (2514). 15 Includes marcapatensis Blake, 1963 (161); see Blake (1977) (164). 16 The recently named races ¶alagoensis Nardelli, 1993 (1635), and ¶cyanosparius Nardelli, 1993 (1635), await review. 17 Includes pseudonyma Neumann, 1933 (1642); see Vaurie (1966) (2514). 18 Includes argyromitra Neumann, 1933 (1642), and ochromitra Neumann, 1933 (1642); see Vaurie (1966) (2514). 19 Treated as a distinct endemic Colombian species by Hilty & Brown (1986: 125) (1116), but treated as a form of P. jacquacu by Vaurie (1966) (2513) and detailed case for split apparently not published. 20 Treated as a separate species from cumanensis in del Hoyo (1994) (673), apparently based mainly on disjunct insular range. The two are apparently closely related. 21 Includes dickeyi van Rossem, 1934 (2472), and rufescens van Rossem, 1934 (2472) see del Hoyo (1994) (673). 22 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614): the following taxa are now spelled differently: tomentosum and tuberosum. 23 This name may more correctly apply to the E Brazilian form; its separation as a species distinct from mitu requires more evidence and an investigation of the nomenclature, which is confused (apud Blake, 1977: 426) (164). 24 Survives in captivity at least. 25 Crax estudilloi Allen, Allen & Allen, 1977 (29), has not been satisfactorily substantiated. See also Joseph (1999) (1225). 26 The proposed race ¶ xavieri Nardelli, 1993 (1635), has not been reviewed. CRACIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD NUMIDIDAE (GUINEAFOWL) (4: 6) AGELASTES Bonaparte, 1850 M Agelastes meleagrides Bonaparte, 1850 (White-breasted Guineafowl) Liberia to Ghana Agelastes niger (Cassin, 1857) (Black Guineafowl)1 S Cameroon to C Zaire NUMIDA Linnaeus, 1766 M2 Numida meleagris (Helmeted Guineafowl) N.m.sabyi E. Hartert, 1919 NW Morocco N.m.galeatus Pallas, 17673 West Africa to S Chad, south to N Angola. Intr. Cape Verde Is. N.m.meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758)4 E Chad to W Ethiopia, south to N Zaire, Uganda and N Kenya N.m.somaliensis Neumann, 1899 NE Ethiopia, Somalia, NE Kenya N.m.reichenowi Ogilvie-Grant, 1894 S Kenya to C Tanzania N.m.mitratus Pallas, 1767 E Kenya, E and S Tanzania to Zimbabwe, W Transvaal N.m.marungensis Schalow, 18845 S Zaire to W Angola and Zambia N.m.papillosus Reichenow, 18946 Botswana, N and S Namibia N.m.coronatus J.H. Gurney, 1868 E Sth. Africa GUTTERA Wagler, 1832 F Guttera plumifera (Plumed Guineafowl) G.p.plumifera (Cassin, 1857) Cameroon, Gabon, N Angola G.p.schubotzi Reichenow, 1912 N Zaire Guttera pucherani (Crested Guineafowl)7 G.p.pucherani (Hartlaub, 1860) SW Somalia, E Kenya, NE and E Tanzania, Zanzibar and Tumbatu Is. G.p.verreauxi (Elliot, 1870)8 Guinea to W Cameroon, E Congo to W Kenya and C Tanzania south to Angola and W Zambia G.p.sclateri Reichenow, 1898 NW Cameroon G.p.barbata Ghigi, 19059 SE Tanzania, N Mozambique, Malawi G.p.edouardi (Hartlaub, 1867)10 E Zambia to S Mozambique and Natal ACRYLLIUM G.R. Gray, 1840 N Acryllium vulturinum (Hardwicke, 1834) (Vulturine Guineafowl) E Uganda, S Somalia, E Kenya, NE Tanzania ODONTOPHORIDAE (NEW WORLD QUAILS) (9: 32) DENDRORTYX Gould, 1844 M Dendrortyx barbatus Gould, 1846 (Bearded Wood Partridge11) Vera Cruz (Mexico) Dendrortyx macroura (Long-tailed Wood Partridge) D.m.macroura (Jardine & Selby, 1828) EC Mexico D.m.griseipectus Nelson, 1897 C Mexico D.m.diversus Friedmann, 1943 NW Jalisco (Mexico) (875) D.m.striatus Nelson, 1897 WC Mexico D.m.inesperatus A.R. Phillips, 196612 S Mexico (1869) D.m.oaxacae Nelson, 1897 W Oaxaca (Mexico) Dendrortyx leucophrys (Buffy-crowned Wood Partridge) D.l.leucophrys (Gould, 1844)13 SE Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua D.l.hypospodius Salvin, 1896 Costa Rica OREORTYX S.F. Baird, 1858 M14 Oreortyx pictus (Mountain Quail) O.p.pictus (Douglas, 1829)15 SW Washington to N. California W of Cascades O.p.plumifer (Gould, 1837) Oregon, NE California, Nevada, E of Cascades O.p.russelli A.H. Miller, 1946 Little San Bernardino Mts. (1580) O.p.eremophilus van Rossem, 1937 Southern California (2473) O.p.confinis Anthony, 1889 Northern Baja California CALLIPEPLA Wagler, 183216 F Callipepla squamata (Scaled Quail) C.s.pallida Brewster, 1881 SW USA, NW Mexico ¶C.s.hargravei Rea, 1973 New Mexico (1997) C.s.castanogastris Brewster, 1883 S Texas, NE Mexico C.s.squamata (Vigors, 1830) NC and C Mexico Callipepla douglasii (Elegant Quail) C.d.bensoni Ridgway, 188717 Sonora, C Chihuahua C.d.douglasii (Vigors, 1829) Sinaloa, NW Durango C.d.teres (Friedmann, 1943)18 Nayartit and Jalisco (876) Callipepla californica (Californian Quail) C.c.brunnescens (Ridgway, 1884) Coast from SW Oregon to C California C.c.canfieldae (van Rossem, 1939) EC California (2475) C.c.californica (Shaw, 1798) E Oregon to Baja California and NW Mexico C.c.catalinensis (Grinnell, 1906) Santa Catalina I. (Los Coronados Is.) C.c.achrustera (J.L. Peters, 1923)19 S Baja California Callipepla gambelii (Gambel's Quail) C.g.gambelii (Gambel, 1843)20 SW USA (Colorado, New Mexico and Texas), NW Mexico incl. Tiburon I. C.g.fulvipectus Nelson, 189921 Rest of W Mexico south to S Sonora (NW to SW Sonora) PHILORTYX Gould, 1846 M Philortyx fasciatus (Gould, 1844) (Banded Quail)22 Colima, Guerrero, Puebla (SW Mexico) COLINUS Goldfuss, 1820 M Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite)23 C.v.virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758) C and E USA C.v.floridanus (Coues, 1872) Florida, Bahama Is. †C.v.insulanus Howe, 1904 Key West, Florida C.v.cubanensis (G.R. Gray, 1846) Cuba C.v.taylori Lincoln, 1915 South Dakota to N Texas and W Missouri C.v.ridgwayi Brewster, 1885 N and SC Sonora C.v.texanus (Lawrence, 1853) NE Mexico C.v.maculatus Nelson, 1899 C Mexico C.v.aridus Aldrich, 1942 NC Mexico (22) C.v.graysoni (Lawrence, 1867) WC Mexico C.v.nigripectus Nelson, 1897 SC Mexico C.v.pectoralis (Gould, 1843) C Vera Cruz C.v.godmani Nelson, 1897 E Vera Cruz C.v.minor Nelson, 1901 NE Chiapas C.v.insignis Nelson, 1897 NW Guatemala, W and C Chiapas C.v.salvini Nelson, 1897 S Chiapas C.v.coyolcos (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) S Mexico C.v.thayeri Bangs & Peters, 1928 NE Oaxaca C.v.harrisoni Orr & Webster, 1968 SW Oaxaca (1728) C.v.atriceps (Ogilvie-Grant, 1893) W Oaxaca Colinus nigrogularis (Black-throated Bobwhite) C.n.caboti van Tyne & Trautman, 1941 Campeche (Mexico) (2491) C.n.persiccus van Tyne & Trautman, 1941 N Yucatán (2491) C.n.nigrogularis (Gould, 1843) Yucatán C.n.segoviensis Ridgway, 1888 Guatemala, Honduras Colinus leucopogon (Spot-bellied Bobwhite)24 C.l.incanus Friedman, 1944 S Guatemala (877) C.l.hypoleucus (Gould, 1860) W Guatemala, W El Salvador C.l.leucopogon (Lesson, 1842) El Salvador, W Honduras C.l.leylandi (T.J. Moore, 1859) NW Honduras C.l.sclateri (Bonaparte, 1856) C and SW Honduras, NW Nicaragua (179) C.l.dickeyi Conover, 1932 NW and C Costa Rica Colinus cristatus (Crested Bobwhite) C.c.mariae Wetmore, 1962 Chiriqui area, NW Panama (2600) C.c.panamensis Dickey & van Rossem, 1930 SW Panama C.c.decoratus (Todd, 1917) Coastal N Colombia C.c.littoralis (Todd, 1917) N Colombia (Santa Marta foothills) C.c.cristatus (Linnaeus, 1766)25 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela, Aruba, Curacao C.c.horvathi (Madarász, 1904) Merida Mts. (NW Venezuela) C.c.barnesi Gilliard, 1940 WC Venezuela (937) C.c.sonnini (Temminck, 1815) NC Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil C.c.mocquerysi (E. Hartert, 1894) NE Venezuela, Margarita I. C.c.leucotis (Gould, 1844) NC Colombia (Magdalena Valley) C.c.badius Conover, 1938 C Colombia (W Andes) (562) C.c.bogotensis Dugand, 1943 C Colombia (E Andes) (766) C.c.parvicristatus (Gould, 1843) EC Colombia ODONTOPHORUS Vieillot, 1816 M Odontophorus gujanensis (Marbled Wood Quail) O.g.castigatus Bangs, 1901 SW Costa Rica (and NW Panama ?) O.g.marmoratus (Gould, 1843)26 E Panama, N Colombia, NW Venezuela O.g.medius Chapman, 1929 Mt. Duida (SW Venezuela), NW Brazil O.g.gujanensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)27 SE Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, N Paraguay O.g.buckleyi Chubb, 1919 SE Colombia, E Ecuador O.g.rufogularis Blake, 1959 NE Peru (159) O.g.pachyrhynchus Tschudi, 1844 E Peru O.g.simonsi Chubb, 1919 La Paz Prov., Bolivia Odontophorus capueira (Spix, 1825) (Spot-winged Wood Quail)28 E Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Odontophorus melanotis (Black-eared Wood Quail)29 O.m.verecundus J.L. Peters, 1929 Honduras O.m.melanotis Salvin, 186530 Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama Odontophorus erythrops (Rufous-fronted Wood Quail) O.e.parambae Rothschild, 1897 W Colombia, NW Ecuador O.e.erythrops Gould, 1859 E Ecuador Odontophorus atrifrons (Black-fronted Wood Quail) O.a.atrifrons J.A. Allen, 1900 Santa Marta Mts. (N Colombia) O.a.variegatus Todd, 1919 Andes of NE Colombia O.a.navai Aveledo & Pons, 1952 W Venezuela (70) Odontophorus hyperythrus Gould, 1858 (Chestnut Wood Quail) Andes of Colombia Odontophorus melanonotus Gould, 1860 (Black-backed Wood Quail) SW Colombia, NW Ecuador Odontophorus speciosus (Rufous-breasted Wood Quail) O.s.soderstromii Lönnberg & Rendahl, 192231 C Ecuador O.s.speciosus Tschudi, 1843 E Ecuador, C Peru O.s.loricatus Todd, 1932 S Peru to C Bolivia Odontophorus dialeucos Wetmore, 1963 (Tacarcuna Wood Quail) Cerros Tacarcuna and Malí, E Panama (2601) Odontophorus strophium (Gould, 1844) (Gorgeted Wood Quail) C Colombia Odontophorus columbianus Gould, 1850 (Venezuelan Wood Quail) Andes of N Venezuela Odontophorus leucolaemus Salvin, 1867 (Black-breasted Wood Quail) Costa Rica, W Panama Odontophorus balliviani Gould, 1846 (Stripe-faced Wood Quail) Andes of S Peru and N Bolivia Odontophorus stellatus (Gould, 1843) (Starred Wood Quail) W Amazonia Odontophorus guttatus (Gould, 1838) (Spotted Wood Quail)32 S Mexico to W Panama DACTYLORTYX Ogilvie-Grant, 1893 M Dactylortyx thoracicus (Singing Quail) D.t.pettingilli Warner & Harrell, 1957 NE Mexico (2561) D.t.thoracicus (Gambel, 1848)33 SE Mexico D.t.sharpei Nelson, 1903 N and W of Yucatán Pen. (Mexico) D.t.paynteri Warner & Harrell, 1955 S Quintana Roo (Mexico) (2560) D.t.devius Nelson, 1898 Jalisco to Colima (W Mexico) D.t.melodus Warner & Harrell, 1957 Guerrero (Mexico) (2561) D.t.chiapensis Nelson, 189834 SE Oaxaca, C Chiapas (Mexico) D.t.dolichonyx Warner & Harrell, 195735 S Chiapas (Mexico), W Guatemala (2561) D.t.salvadoranus Dickey & van Rossem, 192836 El Salvador D.t.fuscus Conover, 193737 C Honduras (560) D.t.conoveri Warner & Harrell, 1957 E Honduras (2561) CYRTONYX Gould, 1844 M Cyrtonyx montezumae (Montezuma Quail)38 C.m.mearnsi Nelson, 1900 S USA, NW Mexico C.m.montezumae (Vigors, 1830)39 N and C Mexico C.m.merriami Nelson, 1897 Mt Orizaba (Vera Cruz, Mexico) C.m.rowleyi A.R. Phillips, 196640 Oaxaca (Mexico) (1869) C.m.sallei J. Verreaux, 1859 SW Mexico Cyrtonyx ocellatus (Gould, 1837) (Ocellated Quail)41 SW Mexico, W Honduras, N Nicaragua RHYNCHORTYX Ogilvie-Grant, 1893 M Rhynchortyx cinctus (Tawny-faced Quail) R.c.pudibundus J.L. Peters, 1929 Honduras and N Nicaragua R.c.cinctus (Salvin, 1876)42 S Nicaragua to Panama R.c.australis Chapman, 1915 W Colombia, NW Ecuador 1 Treated in the genus Phasidus in last Edition but see Crowe et al. (1986: 3) (599). 2 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 3 Includes marchei, callewaerti and blancoui Grote, 1936 (1019) see Martínez (1994: 565) (1446), and presumably strasseni. Also includes bannermani Frade, 1976 (869), a name apparently assigned to stock introduced to the Cape Verde Is. 4 Includes major, macroceras, toruensis, intermedius and uhehensis see Martínez (1994: 565) (1446). 5 Includes maximus, rikwae, and bodalyae Boulton, 1934 (200), see Martínez (1994: 565) (1446). 6 Includes mulondensis Monard, 1934 (1601) see White (1965: 96) (2649). Treated as damarensis in Crowe et al. (1986: 9) (599) and in Martínez (1994: 565) (1446) with papillosa in synonymy -- but the latter is the prior name. Reasons to avoid its use may exist, but have not been traced. 7 In last Edition we erred in placing pucherani in a species edouardi as the former has 7 years priority. 8 Includes schoutedeni, chapini, sethsmithi and kathleenae White, 1943 (2625) see Martínez (1994: 566) (1446). 9 Includes suahelica see White (1965: 98) (2649). 10 Includes symonsi see White (1965: 98) (2649). 11 Birds of this genus are called Tree Quail in del Hoyo et al. (1994) (674). 12 Recognised by Binford (1989) (150). 13 Includes nicaraguae; see Monroe (1968) (1604). 14 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 15 Includes palmeri; see Browning (1977) (245). 16 Subsumes the genus Lophortyx; see A.O.U. (1983) (2). R. Banks (in litt.) anticipates reductions in the numbers of races recognised in these species. 17 Includes languens Friedmann, 1943 (876) (Banks, in litt.). 18 Includes impedita Friedmann, 1943 (876) (Banks, in litt.). 19 Includes decolorata van Rossem, 1946 (2479) (Banks in litt.). 20 Includes sana, pembertoni and the more recent ignoscens Friedmann, 1943 (876) (Banks, in litt.). 21 Includes friedmanni R.T. Moore, 1947 (1615) and stephensi A.R. Phillips, 1959 (1867) (Banks, in litt.). 22 Not 1843, as sometimes given, see Duncan (1937) (770). 23 Although some additional races are listed for this species by Carroll (1994) (303), we follow Banks (in litt.) in placing nelsoni Brodkorb, 1942 (224), in the synonymy of insignis, and in recognising taylori and harrisoni. 24 A.O.U. (1983, 1998: 126) (2, 3) treated this as conspecific with C. cristatus; we prefer to follow Blake (1977) (164) as we did in our first Edition. 25 Including continentis recognised in last Edition, but see Carroll (1994) (303). 26 Including polionotus recognised in last Edition, but see Carroll (1994) (303). 27 Including snethlagei Pinto, 1938 (1887) (fide Hellmayr & Conover, 1942) (1104). 28 Including plumbeicollis based on a unique type. 29 For recognition as separate from the next species see A.O.U. (1998: 127) (3). 30 Includes coloratus see Wetmore (1965: 326) (2603). 31 The emendation to oe (i.e. soederstromi) that has been suggested, based on the ö in the name Söderstrom, is not correct when applied to a Swedish name; see Art. 32.5.2.1 (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178). 32 Thought to include matudae Brodkorb, 1939 (219), but see Storer (1988) (2351). 33 Includes lineolatus; see Banks (1987) (86). 34 Includes 3 names proposed by Warner & Harrell (1957) (2561): ginetensis, edwardsi and moorei; see Banks (1987) (86). 35 Includes calophonus Warner & Harrell, 1957 (2561); see Banks (1987) (86). 36 Includes taylori; see Banks (1987) (86). 37 Includes rufescens Warner & Harrell, 1957 (2561); see Banks (1987) (86). 38 In last Edition C. sallei was treated at specific level; we now follow A.O.U. (1998) (3). 39 Includes ¶morio van Rossem, 1942 (2478). 40 For the recognition of this see Binford (1989) (150). 41 Treated as monotypic following Carroll (1994) (303). 42 Includes hypopius see Wetmore (1965: 333) (2603). ODONTOPHORIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD PHASIANIDAE (TURKEYS, GROUSE, PHEASANTS, PARTRIDGES) (49: 180) MELEAGRIDINAE MELEAGRIS Linnaeus, 1758 F Meleagris gallopavo (Wild Turkey) M.g.silvestris Vieillot, 1817 SE USA M.g.osceola W.E.D. Scott, 1890 S Florida M.g.intermedia Sennett, 1879 N Texas to NE Mexico M.g.mexicana Gould, 18561 NW and NC Mexico (966) M.g.merriami Nelson, 1900 SW USA, NW Mexico M.g.gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758 WC Mexico Meleagris ocellata Cuvier, 1820 (Ocellated Turkey)2 SE Mexico, Belize, Guatemala TETRAONINAE 3 BONASA Stephens, 1819 F Bonasa umbellus (Ruffed Grouse) B.u.yukonensis Grinnell, 1916 Alaska, NW Canada B.u.umbelloides (Douglas, 1829) S British Columbia to Manitoba and N Colorado B.u.labradorensis Ouellet, 1990 Labrador Pen. (1732) B.u.castanea Aldrich & Friedmann, 19434 Mt. Olympus, Washington (26) B.u.affinis Aldrich & Friedmann, 1943 British Columbia, Oregon (26) B.u.obscura Todd, 19475 N Ontario (2407) B.u.sabini (Douglas, 1829) Coast of British Columbia to California B.u.brunnescens Conover, 1935 Vancouver I. (559) B.u.togata (Linnaeus, 1766)6 NC and NE USA and Nova Scotia B.u.mediana Todd, 19407 Minnesota (2406) B.u.phaia Aldrich & Friedmann, 1943 Idaho (26) B.u.incana Aldrich & Friedmann, 1943 Utah (26) B.u.monticola Todd, 1940 W Virginia (2406) B.u.umbellus (Linnaeus, 1766) EC USA TETRASTES Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 M Tetrastes bonasia (Hazel Grouse)8 T.b.rhenana (O. Kleinschmidt, 1917) W Germany and Belgium to NE France T.b.styriacus (von Jordans & Schiebel, 1944) 9 Jura, Alps and Carpathian Mts. north to E Poland (2541) T.b.schiebeli (A. Kleinschmidt, 1943) S Slovenia to N Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria (1275) T.b.rupestris (C.L. Brehm, 1831) C and S Germany and W Poland to N Austria T.b.bonasia (Linnaeus, 1758)10 W and S Scandinavia, S Finland, C Poland to C Ukraine and C European Russia T.b.griseonotus Salomonsen, 1947 N Scandinavia to NW European Russia (2152) T.b.sibiricus Buturlin, 1916 NE European Russia, N and C Siberia south to Transbaikalia and N Mongolia T.b.kolymensis Buturlin, 1916 E Yakutia to Sea of Okhotsk (E Siberia) T.b.amurensis Riley, 191611 NE China, Amurland to Korea T.b.yamashinai Momiyama, 1928 Sakhalin T.b.vicinitas Riley, 1915 Hokkaido Tetrastes sewerzowi (Severtsov's Hazel Grouse) T.s.sewerzowi Przevalski, 1876 Gansu, NE Qinghai, N Sichuan T.s.secunda Riley, 1925 SE Qinghai, E Xizang, W Sichuan FALCIPENNIS Elliot, 1864 12 M Falcipennis falcipennis (Hartlaub, 1855) (Siberian Grouse) NE Asia, Sakhalin CANACHITES Stejneger, 1885 M Canchites canadensis (Spruce Grouse) C.c.osgoodi Bishop, 1900 N Alaska C.c.atratus Grinnell, 1910 S Alaska C.c.isleibi (Dickerman & Gustafson, 1996) SE Alaska (727) C.c.canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758)13 C Alberta to Labrador and Nova Scotia C.c.canace (Linnaeus, 1766) SE Canada, N and NE USA C.c.franklinii (Douglas, 1829) SE Alaska to NW Wyoming TETRAO Linnaeus, 1758 M Tetrao urogallus (Western Capercaillie)14 T.u.cantabricus Castroviejo, 1967 NW Spain (306) T.u.aquitanicus Ingram, 1915 Pyrenees T.u.major C.L. Brehm, 1831 Alps to W and S Balkans and N Greece and to Estonia and N Belarus T.u.rudolfi Dombrowski, 1912 S and E Carpathian Mts T.u.volgensis Buturlin, 1907 S and C Belarus to C European Russia T.u.urogallus Linnaeus, 175815 Scotland, Scandinavia to White Sea and Lake Onega T.u.kureikensis Buturlin, 192716 NE European Russia to W Putorana Plateau (NC Siberia) T.u.uralensis Menzbier, 188717 SE European Russia, S Urals, SW Siberia to NW Altai T.u.taczanowskii (Stejneger, 1885) NE Altai to Lake Baikal and Olekma R. Tetrao parvirostris (Black-billed Capercaillie)18 T.p.parvirostris Bonaparte, 185619 E Asia from C Siberia and N Mongolia to Anadyr and Russian Far East T.p kamschaticus Kittlitz, 1858 Kamchatka LYRURUS Swainson, 1832 M Lyrurus tetrix (Eurasian Black Grouse)20 L.t.britannicus Witherby & Lönnberg, 1913 Scotland, Wales, N England L.t.tetrix (Linnaeus, 1758)21 Norway, France and Balkans to W and N European Russia and N Siberia L.t.viridanus (Lorenz, 1891) SE European Russia, SW Siberia and N Kazakhstan east to N Altai and Tuva Rep. L.t.baikalensis (Lorenz, 1911) Lake Biakal and N Mongolia to W Amurland and N Nei Mongol L.t.mongolicus (Lönnberg, 1904) Tien Shan to Russian and Mongolian Altai L.t.ussuriensis (Kohts, 1911) C Amurland and NE Manchuria to Russian Far East and N Korea Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi (Taczanowski, 1875) (Caucasian Black Grouse) S and E Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasia CENTROCERCUS Swainson, 1832 M Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte, 1827) (Greater Sage Grouse)22 S British Columbia to E California, N Colorado and Nebraska Centrocercus minimus Young, Braun, Oyler-McCance, Quinn & Hupp, 2001 (Gunnison Sage Grouse)23 SW Colorado, E Utah (2702) DENDRAGAPUS Elliot, 1864 M Dendragapus obscurus (Blue Grouse) D.o.sitkensis Swarth, 1921 SE Alaska D.o.fuliginosus (Ridgway, 1873) S Yukon to NW California D.o.richardsonii (Douglas, 1829) N British Columbia to SE Idaho D.o.pallidus Swarth, 1931 SE British Columbia to NE Oregon D.o.sierrae Chapman, 1904 Oregon to NC California D.o.howardi Dickey & van Rossem, 1923 C California D.o.oreinus Behle & Selander, 1951 E Nevada, W Utah (113) D.o.obscurus (Say, 1823) S Utah to New Mexico TYMPANUCHUS Gloger, 1841 M Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (Ridgway, 1873) (Lesser Prairie Chicken) Kansas to New Mexico Tympanuchus phasianellus (Sharp-tailed Grouse) T.p.caurus (Friedmann, 1943) Alaska to S Yukon, N British Colombia and N Alberta (874) T.p.kennicottii (Suckley, 1862) Mackenzie T.p.phasianellus (Linnaeus, 1758) N Manitoba, N Ontario, WC Quebec T.p columbianus (Ord, 1815) British Columbia to W Colorado T.p.jamesi (Lincoln, 1917) NC Alberta to Wyoming and Nebraska T.p.campestris (Ridgway, 1884) C Canada to Wisconsin †T.p.hueyi Dickermann & Hubbard, 1994 New Mexico (728) Tympanuchus cupido (Greater Prairie Chicken) T.c.pinnatus (Brewster, 1885) SC Canada to NE Texas T.c.attwateri Bendire, 1893 Coast of Texas and SW Louisiana †T.c.cupido (Linnaeus, 1758) S New England LAGOPUS Brisson, 1760 F24 Lagopus leucura (White-tailed Ptarmigan) L.l.peninsularis Chapman, 1902 C Alaska, Yukon L.l.leucura (Richardson, 1831) N British Columbia L.l.rainierensis Taylor, 1920 Mt. Rainier, C and S Washington L.l.saxatilis Cowan, 1939 Vancouver I. (576) L.l.altipetens Osgood, 1901 Rocky Mts. from Montana to New Mexico Lagopus muta (Rock Ptarmigan) L.m.muta (Montin, 1781) N Europe L.m.millaisi E. Hartert, 1923 Scotland L.m.helvetica (Thienemann, 1829) Alps to the mountains of the Balkans L.m.pyrenaica E. Hartert, 1921 C and E Pyrenees L.m.pleskei Serebrovsky, 192625 Siberia (from the Ural Mts. to Kamchatka) L.m.nadezdae Serebrovsky, 192626 Tarbagatay and Altai Mts. to south end of Lake Baikal and N Mongolia; Tajikistan (this race?) L.m.ridgwayi Stejneger, 1884 Commander Is. L.m.kurilensis N. Kuroda, Sr., 1924 N and C Kuril Is. L.m.japonica Clark, 1907 Hondo, Japan L.m.evermanni Elliot, 1896 Attu I. (W Aleutians) L.m.townsendi Elliot, 1896 Kiska I. (W Aleutians) L.m.gabrielsoni Murie, 1944 Amchitka, Little Sitkin and Rat Is. (W Aleutians) (1633) L.m.sanfordi Bent, 1912 Tanaga I. (WC Aleutians) L.m.chamberlaini Clark, 1907 Adak I. (WC Aleutians) L.m.atkhensis Turner, 1882 Atka I. (WC Aleutians) L.m.yunaskensis Gabrielson & Lincoln, 1951 Yunaska I. (C Aleutians) (903) L.m.nelsoni Stejneger, 188427 Unimak I., Unalaska I. (E Aleutians) to S Alaska L.m.dixoni Grinnell, 1909 Glacier Bay islands L.m.rupestris (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)28 N Nth. America, S Greenland L.m.welchi Brewster, 1885 Newfoundland L.m.saturata Salomonsen, 1950 NW Greenland (2153) L.m.capta J.L. Peters, 1934 NE Greenland L.m.hyperborea Sundevall, 1845 Svalbard, Franz Josef Land L.m.islandorum (Faber, 1822) Iceland Lagopus lagopus (Willow Grouse/Red Grouse29) L.l.scotica (Latham, 1787)30 Britain and Ireland L.l.variegata Salomonsen, 1936 Islets in Trondheim Fjord (W Norway) (2150) L.l.lagopus (Linnaeus, 1758) N Europe L.l.rossica Serebrovsky, 192631 Belarus and C European Russia to WC Urals L.l.koreni Thayer & Bangs, 191432 N Siberia east to Chukotskiy Pen., Kamchatka and Kuril Is. L.l.maior Lorenz, 1904 S Ural steppe, SW Siberia, N Kazakhstan, W Altai L.l.brevirostris Hesse, 1912 Altai to W Mongolia and W Tuva Republic L.l.kozlowae Portenko, 1931 Khangai (N Mongolia) and E Tuva Republic L.l.sserebrowskii Domaniewski, 193333 NE Mongolia and Lake Baikal area to SE Siberia and NE China (753) L.l.okadai Momiyama, 192834 Sakhalin I. L.l.alascensis Swarth, 1926 N and W (most of) Alaska L.l.muriei Gabrielson & Lincoln, 1949 Aleutian, Shumagin and Kodiak Is. (902) L.l.alexandrae Grinnell, 1909 S and SE Alaska islands, NW British Columbia L.l.leucoptera Taverner, 1932 Northern Canadian archipelago L.l.alba (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Mainland of northern Canada (except NE) L.l.ungavus Riley, 1911 N Canada (E of Hudson’s Bay) L.l.alleni Stejneger, 1884 Newfoundland PERDICINAE LERWA Hodgson, 1837 F Lerwa lerwa (Snow Partridge) L.l.lerwa (Hodgson, 1833) Himalayas and S Xizang L.l.major R. Meinertzhagen, 1927 N Yunnan and W Sichuan L.l.callipygia Stegmann, 1938 N Sichuan and Gansu (2312) TETRAOPHASIS Elliot, 1871 M Tetraophasis obscurus (J. Verreaux, 1869) (Verreaux's Monal Partridge) E Xizang, W Sichuan, E Qinghai, SW Gansu Tetraophasis szechenyii Madarász, 1885 (Szechenyi's Monal Partridge) SE Xizang, N Yunnan, SE Qinghai, W Sichuan TETRAOGALLUS J.E. Gray, 1832 M Tetraogallus caucasicus (Pallas, 1811) (Caucasian Snowcock) Caucasus Tetraogallus caspius (Caspian Snowcock) T.c.tauricus Dresser, 1876 35 S and E Turkey to W Armenia T.c.caspius (S.G. Gmelin, 1784) C Armenia, SW and SE Azerbaijan, N Iran, SW Turkmenistan T.c.semenowtianschanskii Zarudny, 1908 Zagros Mts. (SW Iran) Tetraogallus himalayensis (Himalayan Snowcock) T.h.saurensis Potapov, 199336 Tarbagatai and Saur Mts. (1913) T.h.sewerzowi Zarudny, 1910 W Tien Shan to Dzhungarian Alatau and Karlik Shan (N Xinjiang) T.h.incognitus Zarudny, 191137 Mts. of S Tajikistan, N Afghanistan T.h.himalayensis (G.R. Gray, 1843) E Afghanistan and W Himalayas to W Nepal T.h.grombczewskii Bianchi, 1898 W Kun Lun (SW Xinjiang) T.h.koslowi Bianchi, 1898 SE Xinjiang, N Qinghai, SW Gansu Tetraogallus tibetanus (Tibetan Snowcock) T.t.tschimenensis Sushkin, 1926 Kun Lun and Altun Shan Mts. T.t.tibetanus Gould, 1854 E Pamir and E Afghanistan to W Tibetan Plateau and Ladakh T.t.aquilonifer R. & A. Meinertzhagen, 1926 N Nepal, Sikkim, N Bhutan, N Assam, S Xizang T.t.yunnanensis Yang & Xu, 1987 N Yunnan (2698) T.t.henrici Oustalet, 1891 E Xizang, W Sichuan T.t.przewalskii Bianchi, 190738 Qinghai, N Sichuan, W Gansu Tetraogallus altaicus (Gebler, 1836) (Altai Snowcock)39 Mongolia to C Russian Altai and Tuva Rep. ALECTORIS Kaup, 1829 F Alectoris graeca (Rock Partridge)40 A.g.saxatilis (Bechstein, 1805)41 Alps, mainland Italy, Croatia, Montenegro A.g.graeca (Mesiner, 1804) Serbia and Albania to Bulgaria and Greece A.g.whitakeri Schiebel, 1934 Sicily (2172) Alectoris chukar (Chukar Partridge) A.c.kleini E. Hartert, 192542 SE Bulgaria, NE Greece, NW and N Turkey, Caucasus A.c.cypriotes E. Hartert, 191743 Crete, Rhodes, Cyprus, SW and SC Turkey A.c.kurdestanica R. Meinertzhagen, 192344 SE Turkey, N Syria, N Iraq, Transcaucasia, N Iran A.c.sinaica (Bonaparte, 1858) Syria to Sinai A.c.werae (Zarudny & Loudon, 1904)45 E Iraq, SW Iran A.c.koroviakovi (Zarudny, 1914) 46 NE and E Iran, SW and S Turkmenistan, W and S Afghanistan, W Pakistan A.c.subpallida (Zarudny, 1914) C Turkmenistan to C Uzbekistan and N Afghanistan A.c.falki E. Hartert, 191747 Pamir-Alai and W and C Tien Shan Mts. A.c.dzungarica Sushkin, 1927 E Tien Shan and Zaisan basin to Altai, Tuva Rep., and NW Mongolia A.c.pallida (Hume, 1873)48 Tarim basin east to W Nan Shan (Xinjiang) A.c.pallescens (Hume, 1873) S Pamir to W Tibetan Plateau A.c.chukar (J.E. Gray, 1830) W Himalayan foothills from E Afghanistan to Nepal A.c.potanini Sushkin, 1927 NE Xinjiang and SW Mongolia to N Ningxia A.c.pubescens (Swinhoe, 1871)49 E Qinghai and Gansu to E China Alectoris magna (Przevalski, 1876) (Przevalski's Partridge) N and NE Qinghai and SW Gansu Alectoris philbyi P.R. Lowe, 1934 (Philby's Partridge) SW Arabia (1390) Alectoris barbara (Barbary Partridge) A.b.koenigi (Reichenow, 1899) Canary Is., NW Morocco A.b.spatzi (Reichenow, 1895) 50 S Morocco, C and S Algeria, S Tunisia A.b.barbara (Bonnaterre, 1792) NE Morocco, N Algeria, N Tunisia A.b.barbata (Reichenow, 1896) NE Libya, NW Egypt Alectoris rufa (Red-legged Partridge) A.r.rufa (Linnaeus, 1758)51 Britain to Pyrenees, Corsica and N Italy A.r.hispanica (Seoane, 1894) N and NW Spain, N Portugal A.r.intercedens (A.E. Brehm, 1857)52 E and S Iberia, Balearic Is. A.r.corsa (Parrot, 1910) Corsica Alectoris melanocephala (Arabian Partridge) A.m.melanocephala (Rüppell, 1835) SW Arabia to SW Yemen A.m.guichardi R. Meinertzhagen, 1951 E Hadhramaut (E Yemen) (1550) AMMOPERDIX Gould, 1851 M53 Ammoperdix griseogularis (J.F. Brandt, 1843) (See-see Partridge)54 SE Turkey to Pakistan Ammoperdix heyi (Sand Partridge) A.h.heyi (Temminck, 1825) Sinai, Israel and Jordan to NW and inland Arabian Peninsula A.h.nicolli E. Hartert, 1919 NE Egypt (Nile valley to Gulf of Suez) A.h.cholmleyi Ogilvie-Grant, 1897 SE Egypt, NE Sudan A.h.intermedius E. Hartert, 1917 SW Arabian penin. and NE Oman PTILOPACHUS Swainson, 1837 M Ptilopachus petrosus (Stone Partridge) P.p.petrosus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)55 Gambia to Cameroon P.p.brehmi Neumann, 1908 Lake Chad to C Sudan P.p.major Neumann, 1908 W Eritrea, N Ethiopia P.p.florentiae Ogilvie-Grant, 1900 S Sudan and S Ethiopia to NE Zaire, N Uganda and C Kenya FRANCOLINUS Stephens, 181956 M Francolinus francolinus (Black Francolin) F.f.francolinus (Linnaeus, 1766)57 Cyprus, Turkey and Levant to Transcaucasia and SW Turkmenistan F.f.arabistanicus Zarudny & Härms, 1913 C and S Iraq, SW Iran F.f.bogdanovi Zarudny, 190658 Afghanistan, SW Pakistan F.f.henrici Bonaparte, 1856 C and S Pakistan, SE Afghanistan F.f.asiae Bonaparte, 185659 W and C India to C Nepal F.f.melanonotus Hume, 1888 E Nepal and E Bangladesh to Assam Francolinus pictus (Painted Francolin) F.p.pallidus (J.E. Gray, 1831)60 W and NW India F.p.pictus (Jardine & Selby, 1828) C and S India F.p watsoni Legge, 1880 Sri Lanka (1348) Francolinus pintadeanus (Chinese Francolin) F.p.phayrei (Blyth, 1843) NE India to S China, Indochina F.p.pintadeanus (Scopoli, 1786) SE China Francolinus pondicerianus (Grey Francolin) F.p.mecranensis Zarudny & Härms, 1913 S Iran to W Pakistan F.p.interpositus E. Hartert, 191761 N India F.p.pondicerianus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)62 S India and Sri Lanka Francolinus gularis (Temminck, 1815) (Swamp Francolin)63 N India and Nepal to Assam and Bangladesh Francolinus lathami (Latham's Forest Francolin) F.l.lathami Hartlaub, 1854 Sierra Leone to W Zaire and Angola F.l.schubotzi Reichenow, 1912 N and NE Zaire, Uganda, SW Sudan, NW Tanzania Francolinus coqui (Coqui Francolin) F.c.spinetorum Bates, 1928 S Mauritania to N Nigeria F.c.maharao W.L. Sclater, 192764 S Ethiopia to C and E Kenya F.c.hubbardi Ogilvie-Grant, 1895 W and S Kenya, N Tanzania F.c.coqui (A. Smith, 1836)65 S Zaire, Uganda, NW and NE Tanzania and coastal Kenya south to South Africa. Francolinus albogularis (White-throated Francolin) F.a.albogularis Hartlaub, 1854 Senegal and Gambia F.a.buckleyi Ogilvie-Grant, 1892 E Ivory Coast to N Cameroon F.a.dewittei Chapin, 193766 SE Zaire, NW Zambia, E Angola (311) Francolinus schlegelii Heuglin, 1863 (Schlegel's Francolin)67 WC Cameroon to SW Sudan Francolinus streptophorus Ogilvie-Grant, 1891 (Ring-necked Francolin) N Cameroon, W Kenya, N and C Uganda to NW Tanzania Francolinus africanus Stephens, 1819 (Grey-wing Francolin)68 S Africa Francolinus levaillantii (Red-wing Francolin) F.l.kikuyuensis Ogilvie-Grant, 189769 E Zaire east to WC Kenya, south to Angola and Zambia F.l.crawshayi Ogilvie-Grant, 1896 Highlands of N Malawi F.l.levaillanti (Valenciennes, 1825) Zimbabwe, Transvaal, Natal, NE Cape Province Francolinus finschi Bocage, 1881 (Finsch's Francolin) SW Zaire, W Angola Francolinus shelleyi (Shelley's Francolin) F.s.uluensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1892 C and S Kenya, N Tanzania F.s.macarthuri van Someren, 1938 Chyulu hills (SE Kenya) (2485) F.s.shelleyi Ogilvie-Grant, 189070 S Uganda and C Tanzania to E Transvaal and Natal F.s.whytei Neumann, 1908 SE Zaire, Zambia, N Malawi F.s.canidorsalis Lawson, 1963 SE Zimbabwe, N Transvaal, W Mozambique (1339) Francolinus psilolaemus (Moorland Francolin) F.p.psilolaemus G.R. Gray, 1867 C Ethiopia F.p.elgonensis Ogilvie-Grant, 189171 E Uganda to C Kenya Francolinus levaillantoides (Orange River Francolin) F.l.gutturalis (Rüppell, 1835)72 Eritrea, N Ethiopia F.l.archeri W.L. Sclater, 192773 S Ethiopia, SE Sudan, N Uganda, NW Kenya F.l.lorti Sharpe, 1897 N Somalia F.l.jugularis Büttikofer, 188974 SW Angola F.l.pallidior Neumann, 190875 N Namibia F.l.levaillantoides A. Smith, 183676 E Namibia, S Botswana, N and W Sth. Africa, Lesotho (2280) Francolinus sephaena (Crested Francolin) F.s.spilogaster Salvadori, 188877 E Ethiopia, Somalia, NE Kenya F.s.grantii Hartlaub, 1866 S Sudan, W Ethiopia to NC Tanzania F.s.rovuma G.R. Gray, 186778 Coastal Kenya to N Mozambique F.s.zambesiae Mackworth-Praed, 192079 WC Mozambique to Namibia and S Angola F.s.sephaena (A. Smith, 1836)80 SE Botswana, SE Zimbabwe to Mozambique and NE Sth. Africa Francolinus squamatus (Scaly Francolin) F.s.squamatus Cassin, 185781 SE Nigeria to N, C and W Zaire F.s.schuetti Cabanis, 188082 E Zaire to Uganda, W and C Kenya, Ethiopia F.s.maranensis Mearns, 191083 S and SE Kenya to N Tanzania F.s.usambarae Conover, 1928 NE Tanzania F.s.uzungwensis Bangs & Loveridge, 1931 SE Tanzania F.s.doni Benson, 1939 Vipya Plateau (Malawi) (115) Francolinus ahantensis (Ahanta Francolin)84 F.a.hopkinsoni Bannerman, 1934 W Senegal and W Gambia to Guinea Bissau (93) F.a.ahantensis Temminck, 1851 S Guinea to SW Nigeria Francolinus griseostriatus Ogilvie-Grant, 1890 (Grey-striped Francolin) W Angola Francolinus nahani A.J.C. Dubois, 1905 (Nahan's Francolin) NE Zaire, W Uganda Francolinus hartlaubi (Hartlaub's Francolin) F.h.hartlaubi Bocage, 1869 SW Angola F.h.bradfieldi (Roberts, 1928) C and N Namibia F.h.crypticus Stresemann, 1939 NW Namibia (2362) Francolinus hildebrandti (Hildebrandt's Francolin) F.h.altumi Fischer & Reichenow, 1884 W Kenya F.h.hildebrandti Cabanis, 187885 E and C Kenya, N and W Tanzania, SE Zaire, NE Zambia F.h.johnstoni Shelley, 189486 SE Tanzania, N Mozambique, Malawi. Francolinus natalensis (Natal Francolin) F.n.neavei Mackworth-Praed, 1920 S Zambia, W Mozambique F.n.natalensis A. Smith, 183487 Zimbabwe to Transvaal and Natal Francolinus bicalcaratus (Double-spurred Francolin) F.b.ayesha E. Hartert, 1917 W Morocco F.b.bicalcaratus (Linnaeus, 1766)88 Senegal across sub-Saharan W Africa to SW Chad F.b.thornei Ogilvie-Grant, 1902 Sierra Leone to Ivory Coast F.b.ogilviegranti Bannerman, 192289 S Nigeria, S Cameroon Francolinus icterorhynchus Heuglin, 1863 (Heuglin’s/Yellow-billed Francolin)90 C African Republic, SW Sudan, N Zaire, W Uganda Francolinus clappertoni (Clapperton's Francolin) F.c.clappertoni Children, 1826 Mali to W Sudan F.c.konigseggi Madarász, 1914 E Sudan F.c.heuglini Neumann, 1907 SW and SC Sudan F.c.sharpii Ogilvie-Grant, 1892 Eritrea, N and C Ethiopia F.c.nigrosquamatus Neumann, 190291 E Sudan, W Ethiopia F.c.gedgii Ogilvie-Grant, 189192 SE Sudan to NE Uganda Francolinus harwoodi Blundell & Lovat, 1899 (Harwood's Francolin) NW Ethiopia Francolinus capensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Cape Francolin) W Cape Province Francolinus adspersus (Red-billed Francolin) F.a.adspersus Waterhouse, 183893 SW Angola and NW Namibia east to N Botswana F.a.mesicus (Clancey, 1996) NC highlands of Namibia; and NW Zimbabwe, SW Zambia (527) Francolinus swierstrai (Roberts, 1929) (Swierstra's Francolin)94 W Angola Francolinus camerunensis Alexander, 1909 (Mount Cameroon Francolin) Mt. Cameroon Francolinus nobilis Reichenow, 1908 (Handsome Francolin)95 E Zaire, W and SW Uganda Francolinus jacksoni Ogilvie-Grant, 1891 (Jackson's Francolin)96 Mts. of WC Kenya Francolinus castaneicollis (Chestnut-naped Francolin) F.c.ogoensis Mackworth-Praed, 1920 N Somalia F.c.castaneicollis Salvadori, 188897 WC to E Ethiopia F.c.kaffanus Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 193498 SW Ethiopia (968) F.c.atrifrons Conover, 1930 S Ethiopia Francolinus ochropectus Dorst & Jouanin, 1952 (Djibouti Francolin) Goda and Mabla Mts. (Djibouti) (754) Francolinus erckelii (Rüppell, 1835) (Erckel's Francolin) NE Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia Francolinus swainsonii (Swainson's Francolin) F.s.lundazi (C.M.N. White, 1947) NE Zambia, N and W Zimbabwe, S Mozambique (2631) F.s.swainsonii (A. Smith, 1836)99 SW Angola, N Namibia to S and NE Sth. Africa Francolinus afer100 (Red-necked Francolin)101 F.a.harterti (Reichenow, 1909) E Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, NW Tanzania F.a.cranchii (Leach, 1818)102 S Zaire and N and C Angola to Uganda, W Kenya, W and C Tanzania, N Malawi, N and W Zambia F.a.leucoparaeus Fischer & Reichenow, 1884 SE Kenya, N Tanzania F.a.melanogaster (Neumann, 1898)103 E Tanzania to N Mozambique and NE Zambia F.a.afer (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776)104 W Angola, NW Namibia F.a.swynnertoni (W.L. Sclater, 1921) E Zimbabwe, S Mozambique F.a.castaneiventer (Gunning & Roberts, 1911)105 S and E Cape Province Francolinus rufopictus (Reichenow, 1887) (Grey-breasted Francolin) SE Lake Victoria Francolinus leucoscepus G.R. Gray, 1867 (Yellow-necked Francolin)106 SE Sudan, Eritrea, S and E Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya to NE Tanzania PERDIX Brisson, 1760 F Perdix perdix (Grey Partridge) P.p.perdix (Linnaeus, 1758) 107 Norway, Britain and N France to C Europe, W Bulgaria and Greece P.p.armoricana E. Hartert, 1917 W and C France P.p.sphagnetorum (Altum, 1894) NE Netherlands, NW Germany P.p.hispaniensis Reichenow, 1892 N Spain, NE Portugal P.p.italica E. Hartert, 1917 Italy P.p.lucida (Altum, 1894) Finland to NE Bulgaria to Urals and N Caucasus P.p.canescens Buturlin, 1906108 Turkey to Caucasus area and NW Iran P.p.robusta Homeyer & Tancré, 1883109 SW Siberia and Kazakhstan to NW China and Tuva Rep. Perdix dauurica (Daurian Partridge)110 P.d.dauurica (Pallas, 1811)111 Tien Shan and Altai to Transbaikalia and Mongolia, N China P.d.suschkini Poliakov, 1915112 NE China and Russian Far East Perdix hodgsoniae (Tibetan Partridge) P.h.caraganae R. & A. Meinertzhagen, 1926 Edge of SW Tibetan Plateau (E Kashmir to N Kumaon) P.h.hodgsoniae (Hodgson, 1857) Edge of SE Tibetan Plateau (N Kumaon to SE Xizang) P.h.sifanica Przevalski, 1876 Edge of E Tibetan Plateau (N Yunnan to Gansu) RHIZOTHERA G.R. Gray, 1841 F Rhizothera longirostris (Temminck, 1815) (Long-billed Partridge) Malay Pen., Sumatra, W Borneo Rhizothera dulitensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1895 (Hose’s Partridge)113 Mts. of N Borneo MARGAROPERDIX Reichenbach, 1853 M Margaroperdix madagarensis114 (Scopoli, 1786) (Madagascan Partridge) Madagascar (not extreme S) MELANOPERDIX Jerdon, 1864 M Melanoperdix niger (Black Partridge)115 M.n.niger (Vigors, 1829) Malay Pen., Sumatra M.n.borneensis (Rothschild, 1917) Borneo COTURNIX Bonnaterre, 1791 F Coturnix coturnix (Common Quail) C.c.coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758)116 Canary Is., Madeira and NW Africa, and Europe east to Lena Valley, Mongolia and N India >> Africa, C and S India C.c.conturbans E. Hartert, 1917 Azores C.c.inopinata E. Hartert, 1917 Cape Verde Is. C.c.africana Temminck & Schlegel, 1849 Sthn. Africa, Mauritius, Madagascar, Comoros Is. C.c.erlangeri Zedlitz, 1912 E and NE Africa Coturnix japonica Temminck & Schlegel, 1849 (Japanese Quail)117 Transbaikalia and Mongolia to Sakhalin, Japan and Korea >> NE India and China to N Indochina Coturnix coromandelica (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Rain Quail) Pakistan to Burma and Sri Lanka Coturnix delegorguei (Harlequin Quail) C.d.delegorguei Delegorgue, 1847 Ivory Coast to Ethiopia, south to N Namibia and E Cape Province C.d.histrionica Hartlaub, 1849 Săo Tomé C.d.arabica Bannermann, 1929 S Arabia Coturnix pectoralis Gould, 1837 (Stubble Quail) Australia, Tasmania †Coturnix novaezelandiae Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 (New Zealand Quail) New Zealand Coturnix ypsilophora (Brown Quail) C.y.raaltenii (S. Müller, 1842)118 Lesser Sundas (except Sumba) C.y.pallidior (E. Hartert, 1897) Sumba, Savu C.y.saturatior (E. Hartert, 1930) N New Guinea lowlands C.y.dogwa Mayr & Rand, 1935 S New Guinea lowlands (1492) C.y.plumbea (Salvadori, 1894)119 NE New Guinea lowlands C.y.monticola Mayr & Rand, 1935120 Alpine New Guinea (1492) C.y.mafulu Mayr & Rand, 1935 Montane New Guinea (1492) C.y.australis (Latham, 1802)121 Australia C.y.ypsilophora Bosc, 1792 Tasmania Coturnix chinensis (Blue-breasted Quail/King Quail) C.c.chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) India to Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Indochina and Malay Pen. C.c.trinkutensis (Richmond, 1902) Nicobar Is C.c.palmeri (Riley, 1919) Sumatra, Java C.c.lineata (Scopoli, 1786)122 Philippines, Borneo, Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi, Moluccas C.c.novaeguineae Rand, 1941 Montane New Guinea (1965) C.c.papuensis Mayr & Rand, 1936 SE New Guinea (1494) C.c.lepida (Hartlaub, 1879) Bismarck Arch. C.c.victoriae (Mathews, 1912)123 E Australia C.c.colletti (Mathews, 1912) N Australia Coturnix adansonii J. & E. Verreaux, 1851 (African Blue Quail)124 Sub-Saharan Africa ANUROPHASIS van Oort, 1910 M Anurophasis monorthonyx van Oort, 1910 (Snow Mountain Quail) Kemabu Plateau and Snow Mts. (New Guinea) PERDICULA Hodgson, 1837 F Perdicula asiatica (Jungle Bush Quail) P.a.punjaubi Whistler, 1939 NW India (2617) P.a.asiatica (Latham, 1790) N and C India P.a.vidali Whistler & Kinnear, 1936 SW India (2620) P.a.vellorei Abdulali & Reuben, 1964125 S India (17) P.a.ceylonensis Whistler & Kinnear, 1936 Sri Lanka (2620) Perdicula argoondah (Rock Bush Quail)126 P.a.meinertzhageni Whistler, 1937 W and NW India (2616) P.a.argoondah (Sykes, 1832) C and SE India P.a.salimali Whistler, 1943 S India (27) Perdicula erythrorhyncha (Painted Bush Quail) P.e.blewitti (Hume, 1874) C and SE India P.e.erythrorhyncha (Sykes, 1832) SW India Perdicula manipurensis (Manipur Bush Quail) P.m.inglisi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1909) N Bengal to N Assam P.m.manipurensis Hume, 1880 E Bangladesh and S Assam OPHRYSIA Bonaparte, 1856 F †?Ophrysia superciliosa (J.E. Gray, 1846) (Himalayan Quail) Kumaon (NW Himalayas) XENOPERDIX Dinesen, Lehmberg, Svendsen, Hansen & Fjeldsĺ, 1994 M Xenoperdix udzungwensis Dinesen, Lehmberg, Svendsen, Hansen & Fjeldsĺ, 1994 (Udzungwa Forest Partridge)127 # Udzungwa Mts. (Tanzania) (752) ARBOROPHILA Hodgson, 1837128 F Arborophila torqueola (Common Hill Partridge) A.t.millardi (E.C.S. Baker, 1921) W Himalayas to W Nepal A.t.torqueola (Valenciennes, 1825) C and E Himalayas to N Burma, N Yunnan and SE Xizang A.t.interstincta Ripley, 1951 S and SE Assam (2035) A.t.batemani (Ogilvie-Grant, 1906) W and NW Burma A.t.griseata Delacour & Jabouille, 1930 NW Vietnam Arborophila rufogularis (Rufous-throated Hill Partridge) A.r.rufogularis (Blyth, 1850) Foothills of C and E Himalayas A.r.intermedia (Blyth, 1856)129 S and E Assam to W and NW Burma A.r.tickelli (Hume, 1880) E and SE Burma to SW Laos A.r.euroa (Bangs & Phillips, 1914) SE Yunnan to N Laos A.r.guttata Delcour & Jabouille, 1928 C Vietnam A.r.annamensis (Robinson & Kloss, 1919) SC Vietnam Arborophila atrogularis (Blyth, 1850) (White-cheeked Hill Partridge)130 Assam to W and NW Burma Arborophila crudigularis (Swinhoe, 1864) (Taiwan Hill Partridge) Taiwan Arborophila mandellii Hume, 1874 (Chestnut-breasted Hill Partridge) Sikkim to NE Assam Arborophila brunneopectus (Bar-backed Hill Partridge) A.b.brunneopectus (Blyth, 1855) E Assam, W and S Yunnan to W Thailand and E and S Burma A.b.henrici (Oustalet, 1896) NW and C Vietnam A.b.albigula (Robinson & Kloss, 1919) SC Vietnam Arborophila rufipectus Boulton, 1932 (Sichuan Hill Partridge) W Sichuan Arborophila gingica (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Collared Hill Partridge) Guanxi and Hunan to Fujian hills Arborophila davidi Delacour, 1927 (Orange-necked Hill Partridge) SC Vietnam Arborophila cambodiana (Chestnut-headed Hill Partridge) A.c.cambodiana Delacour & Jabouille, 1928 Cambodia A.c.diversa Riley, 1930 SE Thailand Arborophila campbelli (Robinson, 1904) (Campbell’s Hill Partridge)131 W Malaysia Arborophila rolli (Rothschild, 1909) (Roll’s Hill Partridge) NW Sumatra Arborophila sumatrana Ogilvie-Grant 1891 (Sumatran Hill Partridge) C Sumatra Arborophila orientalis (Horsfield, 1821) (Horsfield’s Hill Partridge) E Java Arborophila javanica (Chestnut-bellied Hill Partridge) A.j.javanica (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)132 W and WC Java A.j.lawuana M. Bartels, Jr., 1938 EC Java (100) Arborophila rubrirostris (Salvadori, 1879) (Red-billed Hill Partridge) Sumatra Arborophila hyperythra (Sharpe, 1879) (Red-breasted Hill Partridge) NW Borneo Arborophila ardens (Styan, 1892) (Hainan Hill Partridge) Hainan I. Arborophila charltonii (Chestnut-necklaced Hill Partridge) A.c.charltonii (Eyton, 1845) Malay Pen. A.c.atjenensis Meyer de Schauensee & Ripley, 1940133 N Sumatra (1578) A.c.tonkinensis (Delacour, 1927) N and NC Vietnam A.c.graydoni (Sharpe & Chubb, 1906) Borneo Arborophila chloropus (Green-legged Hill Partridge)134 A.c.chloropus (Blyth, 1859) N and E Burma to W Thailand A.c.cognacqi (Delacour & Jabouille, 1924) SC Vietnam A.c.merlini (Delacour & Jabouille, 1924) WC Vietnam A.c.vivida (Delacour, 1926) EC Vietnam A.c.peninsularis Meyer de Schauensee, 1940 SW Thailand (1559) A.c.olivacea (Delacour & Jabouille, 1928) Laos, Cambodia CALOPERDIX Blyth, 1861 M135 Caloperdix oculeus (Ferruginous Partridge) C.o.oculeus (Temminck, 1815) SE Burma, SW Thailand, W Malaysia C.o.ocellatus (Vigors, 1829) Sumatra C.o.borneensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1892 Borneo HAEMATORTYX Sharpe, 1879 M Haematortyx sanguiniceps Sharpe, 1879 (Crimson-headed Partridge) N Borneo ROLLULUS Bonnaterre, 1791 M Rollulus rouloul (Scopoli, 1786) (Roulroul)136 S Thailand, W Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo BAMBUSICOLA Gould, 1863 M Bambusicola fytchii (Mountain Bamboo Partridge) B.f.fytchii Anderson, 1871 E Burma and NW Vietnam to Yunnan and W Sichuan B.f.hopkinsoni Godwin-Austen, 1874137 S and E Assam, W Burma Bambusicola thoracicus (Chinese Bamboo Partridge)138 B.t.thoracicus (Temminck, 1815) S and C China. Introd. Japan B.t.sonorivox Gould, 1863 Taiwan GALLOPERDIX Blyth, 1844 F Galloperdix spadicea (Red Spurfowl) G.s.spadicea (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) N and C India G.s.caurina Blanford, 1898 S Rajasthan G.s.stewarti E.C.S. Baker, 1919 C and S Kerala Galloperdix lunulata (Valenciennes, 1825) (Painted Spurfowl) NC, C and SE India Galloperdix bicalcarata (J.R. Forster, 1781) (Ceylon Spurfowl) Sri Lanka PHASIANINAE 139 ITHAGINIS Wagler, 1832 M Ithaginis cruentus (Blood Pheasant)140 I.c.cruentus (Hardwicke, 1821) N Nepal I.c.affinis Beebe, 1912 Sikkim and W Bhutan I.c.tibetanus E.C.S. Baker, 1914 E Bhutan and neighbouring Xizang I.c.kuseri Beebe, 1912 N and E Assam, SE Xixang and NW Yunnan I.c.marionae Mayr, 1941 NE Burma and Shweli/Salween watershed (W Yunnan) (2306) I.c.rocki Riley, 1925141 W Yunnan (Salween/Yangtze watershed) I.c.clarkei Rothschild, 1920 N Yunnan (Lijiang Mts) I.c.geoffroyi J. Verreaux, 1867 E Xizang and SW Sichuan I.c.berezowskii Bianchi, 1903142 W and N Sichuan to S Gansu I.c.beicki Mayr & Birckhead, 1937 NE Qinghai (152) I.c.michaelis Bianchi, 1903 N Qinghai and nearby Gansu I.c.sinensis David, 1873 Shensi TRAGOPAN Cuvier, 1829 M Tragopan melanocephalus (J.E. Gray, 1829) (Western Tragopan) NW Pakistan to N Uttar Pradesh (NW Himalayas) Tragopan satyra (Linnaeus, 1758) (Satyr Tragopan) Garhwal to N Assam (C and E Himalayas) Tragopan blythii (Blyth's Tragopan) T.b.molesworthi E.C.S. Baker, 1914 E Bhutan and SE Xizang to N and NE Assam T.b.blythii (Jerdon, 1870)143 S and SE Assam, W and NW Burma Tragopan temminckii (J.E. Gray, 1831) (Temminck's Tragopan) NE Assam to NW Vietnam, north to N Sichuan and S Shaanxi Tragopan caboti (Cabot's Tragopan) T.c.caboti (Gould, 1857) Hills of N Guangdong and Fujian (SE China) T.c.guangxiensis Cheng & Wu, 1979 NE Guangxi (SC China) (337) PUCRASIA G.R. Gray, 1841 F Pucrasia macrolopha (Koklass Pheasant) P.m.castanea Gould, 1855 E Afghanistan, extr. NW Pakistan P.m.biddulphi G.F.L. Marshall, 1879144 N Kashmir, Ladakh, N Himachal Pradesh P.m.macrolopha (Lesson, 1829) S Himachal Pradesh to N Uttar Pradesh (W Himalayas) P.m.nipalensis Gould, 1855 W Nepal P.m.meyeri Madarász, 1886 E Xizang, N Yunnan, W Sichuan P.m.ruficollis David & Oustalet, 1877 WC Sichuan to SW Gansu and S Shaanxi P.m.xanthospila G.R. Gray, 1864 N Shaanxi and Shanxi to W Hebei P.m.joretiana Heude, 1883 SW Anhui P.m.darwini Swinhoe, 1872 E Sichuan and Guizhou to Fujian and Zhejiang LOPHOPHORUS Temminck, 1813 M Lophophorus impejanus (Latham, 1790) (Himalayan Monal) E Afghanistan and Himalayas west to Bhutan Lophophorus sclateri (Sclater's Monal) L.s.sclateri Jerdon, 1870 SE Xixang, N Assam, N Burma, N Yunnan L.s.orientalis G.W.H. Davison, 1974 NE Burma and NW Yunnan (620) Lophophorus lhuysii A. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1866 (Chinese Monal) E Qinghai, W and N Sichuan, SW Gansu GALLUS Brisson, 1766 M Gallus gallus (Red Junglefowl)145 G.g.murghi Robinson & Kloss, 1920146 N Pakistan to N Assam and C India G.g.spadiceus (Bonnaterre, 1791) E Assam, N Burma, SW Yunnan, N Indochina G.g.jabouillei Delacour & Kinnear, 1928 N and NC Vietnam G.g.gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) C Burma to S Indochina and Sumatra G.g.bankiva Temminck, 1813 Java Gallus sonneratii Temminck, 1813 (Grey Junglefowl)147 WC and S India Gallus lafayettii Lesson, 1831 (Ceylon Junglefowl)148 Sri Lanka Gallus varius (Shaw, 1798) (Green Junglefowl) Java east to Sumba and Alor LOPHURA J. Fleming, 1822 F Lophura leucomelanos (Kalij Pheasant)149 L.l.hamiltonii (J.E. Gray, 1829) W Himalayas (N Pakistan to WC Nepal) L.l.leucomelanos (Latham, 1790) C Nepal L.l.melanota (Hutton, 1848) E Nepal, Sikkim, W Bhutan L.l.moffitti (Hachisuka, 1938) C Bhutan (1036) L.l.lathami (J.E. Gray, 1829) E Bhutan, Assam, and N Burma to Xizang L.l.williamsi (Oates, 1898) NW and W Burma L.l.oatesi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1893)150 WC Burma (Arakan Yomas) Lophura nycthemera (Silver Pheasant)151 L.n.omeiensis Cheng, Chang & Tang, 1964 WC Sichuan (340) L.n.rongjiangensis Tan & Wu, 1981 S and W Guizhou (2384) L.n.nycthemera (Linnaeus, 1758) Guangxi and Guangzdong (S China), NE Vietnam L.n.fokiensis Delacour, 1948 NW Fokien (678) L.n.whiteheadi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1899) Hainan I. L.n.occidentalis Delacour, 1948 Extreme NW Yunnan, NE Burma (678) L.n.rufipes (Oates, 1898) SW Yunnan, NC Burma L.n.jonesi (Oates, 1903) Extreme E Burma (Kengtung), S Yunnan and northernmost Thailand (south along Dong Phaya Fai range to NE Thailand) L.n.lineata (Vigors, 1831) EC Burma (Karen Hills), extreme W Thailand L.n.ripponi (Sharpe, 1902) EC Burma (E of R. Salween) L.n.crawfurdii (J.E. Gray, 1829)152 SE Burma and SW Thailand (998) L.n.beaulieui Delacour, 1948 SE Yunnan, N Laos, NW Vietnam (678) L.n.berliozi (Delacour & Jabouille, 1928) EC Laos and NC Vietnam L.n.beli (Oustalet, 1898) WC Vietnam L.n.annamensis (Ogilvie-Grant, 1906) SC Vietnam L.n.lewisi (Delacour & Jabouille, 1928) Cambodia L.n.engelbachi Delacour, 1948 S Laos (678) Lophura imperialis (Delacour & Jabouille, 1924) (Imperial Pheasant)153 C Vietnam Lophura edwardsi (Oustalet, 1896) (Edwards's Pheasant) C Vietnam Lophura hatinhensis Vo Quy, 1975 (Vietnamese Pheasant)154 # NC Vietnam (2531) Lophura swinhoii (Gould, 1863) (Swinhoe's Pheasant) Taiwan Lophura inornata (Salvadori's Pheasant) L.i.hoogerwerfi (Chasen, 1939) N Sumatra (322)155 L.i.inornata (Salvadori, 1879) C and S Sumatra Lophura erythrophthalma (Crestless Fireback) L.e.erythrophthalma (Raffles, 1822) Malay Pen., NE Sumatra L.e.pyronota (G.R. Gray, 1841) S and W Borneo Lophura ignita (Crested Fireback) L.i.rufa (Raffles, 1822) Malay Pen., N and C Sumatra L.i.macartneyi (Temminck, 1813) SE Sumatra L.i.nobilis (P.L. Sclater, 1863) N Borneo L.i.ignita (Shaw, 1797) S Borneo Lophura diardi (Bonaparte, 1856) (Siamese Fireback) W Burma, Thailand, C and S Indochina Lophura bulweri (Sharpe, 1874) (Bulwer's Pheasant) Borneo CROSSOPTILON Hodgson, 1838 N Crossoptilon crossoptilon (White Eared Pheasant) C.c.dolani Meyer de Schauensee, 1937 SE Qinghai (1558) C.c.crossoptilon (Hodgson, 1838) W and N Sichuan to SE Xizang, Yunnan C.c.lichiangense Delacour, 1945 N Yunnan to SW Sichuan (676) C.c.drouynii J. Verreaux, 1868 SW Qinghai to E and SE Xizang and NW Sichuan C.c.harmani Elwes, 1881156 S Xizang and N Himalayas to N Assam Crossoptilon mantchuricum Swinhoe, 1863 (Brown Eared Pheasant) Shanxi to Hebei and neighbouring Nei Mongol Crossoptilon auritum (Pallas, 1811) (Blue Eared Pheasant) N Sichuan, N and E Qinghai to Gansu and Ningxia CATREUS Cabanis, 1851 M Catreus wallichii (Hardwicke, 1827) (Cheer Pheasant) Himalayas (S Kashmir to Nepal) SYRMATICUS Wagler, 1832 M Syrmaticus ellioti (Swinhoe, 1872) (Elliot's Pheasant) SE China (Fujian to S Anhui and Zhejiang) Syrmaticus humiae (Mrs. Hume's Pheasant) S.h.humiae (Hume, 1881) E Assam and NW Burma S.h.burmanicus (Oates, 1898) NE Burma, SW Yunnan and northernmost Thailand Syrmaticus mikado (Ogilvie-Grant, 1906) (Mikado Pheasant) Taiwan Syrmaticus soemmerringi (Copper Pheasant) S.s.scintillans (Gould, 1866) N and W Honshu S.s.subrufus (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1919) Pacific side of C and SW Honshu and Shikoku S.s.intermedius (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1919) Northern side of SW Honshu and Shikoku S.s.soemmerringi (Temminck, 1830) N and C Kyushu S.s.ijimae (Dresser, 1902) S Kyushu Syrmaticus reevesii (J.E. Gray, 1829) (Reeves's Pheasant) NE Sichuan, Hubei and Anhui to EC Nei Mongol and Hebei PHASIANUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Phasianus colchicus (Common Pheasant)157 P.c.septentrionalis Lorenz, 1888 N Caucasus, W Caspian Sea to Volga Delta P.c.colchicus Linnaeus, 1758 Transcaucasia, east to W and N Azerbaijan P.c.talischensis Lorenz, 1888 E and SE Azerbaijan to NC Iran P.c.persicus Severtsov, 1875 SW Turkmenistan and NE Iran P.c.principalis P.L. Sclater, 1885 SE Turkmenistan, NW Afghanistan P.c.chrysomelas Severtsov, 1875 W Uzbekistan and N Turkmenistan P.c.zarudnyi Buturlin, 1904 Amu Dar’ya valley of E Turkmenistan P.c.bianchii Buturlin, 1904 SE Uzbekistan, SW Tajikistan, NE Afghanistan P.c.zerafschanicus Tarnovski, 1893 Regions of Bukhara and Samarkand P.c.turcestanicus Lorenz, 1896158 Syr Dar’ya valley (S Kazakhstan) to Fergana Basin P.c.mongolicus J.F. Brandt, 1844 SE Kazakhstan and N Kyrgyzstan P.c.shawii Elliot, 1870 W Tarim Basin (Xinjiang, W China) P.c.tarimensis Pleske, 1888 E Tarim Basin east to Lop Nur P.c.vlangalii Przevalski, 1876 Qaidam Basin (N Qinghai, China) P.c.strauchi Przevalski, 1876 Xining area (NE Qinghai) P.c.sohokotensis Buturlin, 1908 N foothills of Nan Shan in E Gansu P.c.satscheuensis Pleske, 1892 N foothills of Nan Shan in W Gansu P.c.hagenbecki Rothschild, 1901 W Mongolia P.c.edzinensis Sushkin, 1926 Lower Ruo Shui R. (W Nei Mongol) P.c.alaschanicus Alphéraky & Bianchi, 1908 Ningxia and SC Nei Mongol P.c.kiangsuensis Buturlin, 1904 N Shaanxi and Shanxi to W Hebei and SE Nei Mongol P.c.karpowi Buturlin, 1904 S Manchuria, C and S Korea, Cheju-do and Tsu-shima Is. P.c.pallasi Rothschild, 1901 SE Siberia, N and E Manchuria, and NE Korea P.c.suehschanensis Bianchi, 1906 N Sichuan and S Gansu P.c.elegans Elliot, 1870 W Sichuan to NW Yunnan and NE Burma P.c.decollatus Swinhoe, 1870 NE Yunnan, E Sichuan, Guizhou and W Hubei P.c.rothschildi La Touche, 1922 SE Yunnan, NW Vietnam P.c.takatsukasae Delacour, 1927 SW Guandong and NE Vietnam P.c.torquatus J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Anhui and Shandong to N Guangxi and N Guangdong P.c.formosanus Elliot, 1870 Taiwan Phasianus versicolor (Green Pheasant)159 P.v.robustipes N. Kuroda, Sr., 1919160 NW Honshu and Sado P.v.tohkaidi Momiyama, 1922 C and W Honshu, Shikoku P.v.tanensis N. Kuroda, Sr., 1919 S peninsulas and islands S of Honshu and Kyushu P.v.versicolor Vieillot, 1825 Extreme W Honshu, Kyushu and islands W of Kyushu CHRYSOLOPHUS J.E. Gray, 1834 M Chrysolophus pictus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Golden Pheasant) N Guangxi and N Guangdong to S Gansu and S Shaanxi (E China) Chrysolophus amherstiae (Leadbeater, 1829) (Lady Amherst's Pheasant) N and NE Burma, N Yunnan to W Sichuan and W Guizhou POLYPLECTRON Temminck, 1813 N Polyplectron chalcurum (Bronze-tailed Peacock-Pheasant) P.c.scutulatum Chasen, 1941 N Sumatra (324) P.c.chalcurum (Lesson, 1831) S Sumatra Polyplectron inopinatum (Rothschild, 1903) (Mountain Peacock-Pheasant) C Malay Pen. Polyplectron germaini Elliot, 1866 (Germain's Peacock-Pheasant) S Vietnam Polyplectron bicalcaratum (Grey Peacock-Pheasant) P.b.bakeri P.R. Lowe, 1925 Sikkim to N and E Assam P.b.bicalcaratum (Linnaeus, 1758)161 E Bangladesh to Burma and Laos P.b.ghigii (Delacour & Jabouille, 1924) N and C Vietnam P.b.katsumatae Rothschild, 1906 Hainan I. Polyplectron malacense (Scopoli, 1786) (Malayan Peacock-Pheasant) SW Thailand, W Malaysia, Sumatra Polyplectron schleiermacheri Brüggemann, 1877 (Bornean Peacock-Pheasant)162 Borneo Polyplectron napoleonis (Lesson, 1831)163 (Palawan Peacock-Pheasant) Palawan RHEINARDIA Maingounat, 1882164 F Rheinardia ocellata (Crested Argus) R.o.ocellata (Elliot, 1871) C Vietnam R.o.nigrescens (Rothschild, 1902) C Malay Pen. ARGUSIANUS Rafinesque, 1815 M Argusianus argus (Great Argus) A.a.grayi (Elliot, 1865) Borneo A.a.argus (Linnaeus, 1766) Malay Pen., Sumatra PAVO Linnaeus, 1758 M Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Indian Peafowl) NE Pakistan east to C Assam and south to Sri Lanka Pavo muticus (Green Peafowl) P.m.spicifer Shaw & Nodder, 1804 SE Assam and E Bangladesh to W Burma P.m.imperator Delacour, 1951 E Burma, Thailand, Indochina (679) P.m.muticus Linnaeus, 1766 W Malaysia, Java AFROPAVO Chapin, 1936 M Afropavo congensis Chapin, 1936 (Congo Peafowl) Ituri Forest (EC Zaire) (310) 1 Includes onusta R.T. Moore, 1938 (1612); see A.O.U. (1957) (1). 2 We follow A.O.U. (1998) (3) in submerging the genus Agriocharis. 3 Sequence and genera recognised based on Gutiérrez et al. (2000) (1026). 4 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 5 A new name for canescens Todd, 1940 (2406). 6 Includes thayeri see Godfrey (1986) (948); and helmei Bailey, 1941 (76). 7 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 8 Revision based on Bauer (1960) (107) and Stepanyan (1990) (2326). 9 Includes horicei Hachler, 1950 (1046) see Stepanyan (1990: 137) (2326). 10 Includes volgensis see Stepanyan (1990: 138) (2326). 11 Includes gilacorum Buturlin, 1935 (285) see Stepanyan (1990: 139) (2326). 12 In separating this we follow A.O.U. (1998) (3) and de Juana (1994) (623). 13 Includes torridus Uttal, 1939 (2456) following Godfrey (1986) (948). 14 We have been unable to trace the name hiomanus Loudon, 1951, to its source. 15 Includes lugens, pleskei (a population intermediate with volgensis), karelicus and, more recently, lonnbergi Johansen, 1957 (1208), see Stepanyan (1990: 133) (2326). 16 For recognition see Stepanyan (1990: 133) (2326). Includes obsoletus Snigerewski, 1937 (2290). 17 Includes grisescens see Stepanyan (1990: 135) (2326). 18 Most Russian literature, at least prior to Stepanyan (1990) (2326) treated this species under the name urogalloides Middendorff, 1851, but this name is preoccupied see Ogilvie-Grant (1893: 64, 66) (1675). 19 Synonyms include janensis, kolymensis and macrurus. More recently includes turensis Buturlin, 1933 (281) and stegmanni Potapov, 1985 (1912), see Stepanyan (1990: 136). 20 The name tschusii relates to intergrades. 21 Includes fedjuschini Charlemagne, 1934 (318) see Stepanyan (1990: 129) (2326). 22 Includes phaios Aldrich, 1946 (23). 23 For recognition see A.O.U. (2000: 850) (4); however the authors mentioned therein (Bradbury & Vehrencamp, 1998) (208) did not write for the purpose defined in Art. 8.1.1. (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178). 24 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 25 Including komensis, transbaicalica and, more recently, barguzinensis Buturlin, 1935 (285), and krascheninnikowi Potapov, 1985 (1912); see Stepanyan (1990: 128) (2326). 26 Includes macrorhyncha see Stepanyan (1990: 129) (2326). 27 Implicitly includes kelloggae see A.O.U. (1957: 133-134) (1). 28 Includes reinhardi (see Vaurie, 1965: 245) (2510) and carpathicus Keve, 1948 (1261A). 29 The name Red Grouse is used for scotica which some, e.g. Gutiérrez et al. (2000) (1026), consider a separate species. 30 Peters (1934) (1822) dated the name from 1789, for use of 1787 see Vaurie (1965: 240) (2510). Includes hibernica see Vaurie (1965: 240) (2510). 31 Includes pallasi nom. nov. Portenko, 1972 (1910) see Stepanyan (1990: 125) (2326). 32 Including birulai and more recently septentrionalis Buturlin, 1935 (284) see Stepanyan (1990: 125) (2326). 33 Spelling of trinomial not verified. Including dybowskii Stegmann, 1934 (2310) see Stepanyan (1990: 126) (2326). 34 Recognised by Stepanyan (1990) (2326), who included kamtschatkensis which we place in koreni following the range statement of Vaurie (1965: 241) (2510). 35 Includes tauricus Buturlin, 1933 (281) (a different taxon proposed in its own right), see Stepanyan (1990: 140) (2326). 36 In the title of the paper, but not in the description, called sauricus. 37 Includes bendi Koelz, 1951 (1281), see Stepanyan (1990: 140) (2326). 38 Includes centralis see Cheng (1987: 131) (333). 39 Treated as monotypic by Stepanyan (1990: 141) (2326). 40 In previous Editions we followed Watson (1962) (2563) in splitting these first three species; here we correct the error we made in attributing the Central Asian races to graeca. 41 Includes orlandoi Priolo, 1984 (1948) see McGowan (1994: 458) (1502). 42 Includes caucasica fide Roselaar (in litt.); Stepanyan (1990: 142) (2326) puts it in kurdestanica. 43 Includes scotti White, 1937 (2622) see Vaurie (1965: 270) (2510). 44 Includes daghestanica and armenica Buturlin, 1933 (281), see Stepanyan (1990: 142) (2326). 45 Includes farsiana Koelz, 1954 (1284) see Vaurie (1965: 271) (2510).. 46 Includes shestoperovi and both laptevi Dementiev, 1945 (688), and dementievi Rustamov, 1948 (2142) see Vaurie (1965: 271) (2510). 47 The name falki was provided to replace kakelik Falk, 1786, which was considered indeterminate by Hartert (1921: 1907) (1083), but this name was long retained for the species by Russian workers. Includes obscurata fide Roselaar (in litt.); Vaurie (1965: 273) (2510) and Stepanyan (1990: 143) (2326), put it in dzungarica). 48 Includes fallax see Cheng (1987: 135) (333). 49 Tentatively includes ¶ordoscensis Zhang, Yin-sun et al. , 1989 (2705); map published clearly implies more work is needed. 50 Includes duprezi Lavauden, 1930 (1336), and theresae R. Meinertzhagen, 1939 (1547), unless overlooked by Etchécopar & Hue (1964) (821). 51 Includes corsa see Cramp et al. (1980: 463) (589). 52 Includes australis (population considered introduced). 53 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 54 Treated as monotypic following Cramp et al. (1980: 473) (589); includes peraticus Koelz, 1950 (1280). 55 Includes saturatior see White (1965: 92) (2649). 56 Species sequence follows Crowe et al. (1986) (599) for African species. We defer recognition of several genera until more have been sequenced in molecular studies. 57 Includes billypayni R. Meinertzhagen, 1933 (1545), see Vaurie (1965: 282) (2510). 58 Includes festinus Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Vaurie (1965: 283) (2510). 59 Includes parkerae Van Tyne & Koelz, 1936 (2490), see Ripley (1982: 70) (2055). 60 See Wheeler (1998) (2615) for date of publication. 61 Includes prepositus Koelz, 1954 (1284), paganus Koelz, 1954 (1284), and titar Koelz, 1954 (1284) see Ripley (1982: 71) (2055). 62 Includes ceylonensis Whistler, 1941 (2618) see Ripley (1982: 72) (2055). 63 Includes ridibundus Koelz, 1954 (1284) see Ripley (1982: 72) (2055). 64 Includes thikae Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1934 (968) see Crowe et al. (1986: 30) (599). 65 Includes angolensis, ruahdae, campbelli, lynesi, vernayi, bourquii Monard, 1934 (1601), hoeschianus Stresemann, 1937 (2360), kasaicus White, 1945 (2630) see White (1965: 69-70) (2649) and Crowe et al. (1986: 29) (599). 66 Includes meinertzhageni White, 1944 (2627) see Crowe et al. (1986: 31) (599). 67 Includes confusus Neumann, 1933 (1643) see White (1965: 69) (2649). 68 Includes proximus Clancey, 1957 (374) see White (1965: 73) (2649). The resolution of this species complex, not reflected in previous Editions, involved moving several forms we had attached to a species africanus; gutturalis and lorti are now considered part of F. levaillantoides, uluensis is seen as a race of F. shelleyi and ellenbecki as a synonym of F. p. psilolaemus (see Crowe et al., 1986) (599). 69 Includes benguellensis (renamed momboloensis White, 1952 (2634)) and clayi White, 1944 (2626) see White (1965: 76) (2649). 70 Includes trothae; and sequestris Clancey, 1960 (385) see White (1965: 73) (2649). 71 Moved from the next species to this by White (1965: 74) (2649); followed by Crowe et al. (1986: 41) (599).; theresae R. Meinertzhagen, 1937 (1546), is a synonym see Crowe et al. (1986: 41) (599). 72 Includes eritreae see White (1965: 76) (2649). 73 Includes friedmanni Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1934 (969), stantoni Cave, 1940 (307) see White (1965: 75) (2649). 74 White (1965: 75) (2649) placed stresemanni Hoesch & Niethammer, 1940 (1126) in cunenensis which is now included herein see Crowe et al. (1986: 42) (599). 75 Includes wattii Macdonald, 1953 (1408) see White (1965: 75) (2649). 76 The belated uptake of this name is discussed in Macdonald (1953) (1408). Includes kalaharicus see Crowe et al. (1986: 41) (599). 77 Includes somaliensis Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1934 (967) see White (1965: 72) (2649). 78 Treated at specific level in last Edition, but see White (1965: 72) (2649) and Crowe et al. (1986: 43) (599). 79 Includes thompsoni see White (1965: 72) (2649). 80 Includes zuluensis see White (1965: 71) (2649). 81 Includes whitei Schouteden, 1954 (2200) a new name for confusus Schouteden, 1954 (2199A), and see White (1965: 89) (2649). 82 Includes zappeyi and tetraoninus see White (1965: 89) (2649). 83 Includes chyuluensis van Someren, 1939 (2486) see White (1965: 89) (2649). 84 We follow White (1965: 88) (2649) in recognizing hopkinsoni (93). 85 Includes helleri and fischeri see White (1965: 78) (2649). 86 Includes grotei see White (1965: 78) (2649). 87 Includes thamnobium Clancey, 1953 (370) see White (1965: 77) (2649). 88 Includes adamauae (see White (1965: 79) (2649). 89 Includes molunduensis Grote, 1948 (1020) see White (1965: 79) (2649). 90 Now generally treated as monotypic Crowe et al. (1986: 55) (599); McGowan, 1994: 497) (1502). 91 Includes testis thought, based on the type locality, to be within the range of this race, although placed in sharpii by Mackworth-Praed & Grant (1957: 280) (1411). 92 Includes cavei Macdonald, 1940 (1406) see White (1965: 80) (2649). 93 Includes kalahari see Clancey (1996) (527). 94 Includes cruzi Themido, 1937 (2396) see White (1965: 87) (2649). 95 Monotypic, see for example White (1965: 86) (2649); includes chapini Mackworth-Praed & Grant, 1934 (970) and ruandae van Saceghem, 1942 (2484). 96 Now generally treated as monotypic (e.g. White, 1965: 86) (2649); includes pollenorum R. Meinertzhagen, 1937 (1546), and presumably ¶patriciae Ripley & Bond, 1971 (2064). 97 Includes bottegi and gofanus see White (1965: 87) (2649). 98 Includes patrizii Toschi, 1958 (2420) see White (1965: 87) (2649). 99 Includes damarensis and gilli (as in Peters, 1934) (1822). The name cooperi Roberts, 1947 (2090) was applied to a hybrid of this species and F. afer see Irwin (1981: 87) (1189). 100 Type species of the genus Pternistis here submerged. 101 We keep the name spurfowl for the genus Galloperdix. The name humboldtii is considered to relate to an unstable intergrading population involving loangwae (now in the synonymy of melanogaster) and swynnertoni see White (1965: 83) (2649). 102 Includes punctulatus, boehmi, benguellensis, intercedens, nyanzae and itigi, and the more recent names tornowi Meise, 1933 (1551), mackenziei White, 1945 (2628), manueli White, 1945 (2628), and camabatelae Meise, 1958 (1553) following White (1965: 84) (2649). 103 Includes tertius Meise, 1934 (1551), loangwae Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1934 (969), and aylwinae White, 1947 (2631) following Crowe et al. (1986: 71) (599) and White (1965: 82) (2649). 104 Includes chio Meise, 1958 (1553), and palliditectus White, 1958 (2636) see White (1965: 82) (2649). 105 Includes notatus Roberts, 1924 (2087) and lehmanni following Crowe et al. (1986: 70) (599). 106 For monotypic treatment see McGowan (1994: 499) (1502); includes oldowai van Someren, 1939 (2486) placed in infuscatus by White (1965: 85) (2649). 107 Includes borkumensis Harrison, 1952 (1076) (nom. nov. for pallida Harrison, 1952 (1075)) see Vaurie (1965: 285) (2510). 108 Includes furvescens see Stepanyan (1990: 146) (2326). 109 Includes arenicola see Stepanyan (1990: 146) (2326). 110 Forms now in synonymy as given by Vaurie (1965: 288-289) (2510). 111 Spelling as used by McGowan (1994: 505) (1502) is correct; the original spelling dauuricae (see Vaurie, 1965: 288) (2510) is in the genitive case and must be corrected. 112 Includes castaneothorax Hachisuka & Taka-Tsukasa, 1939 (1045) see Vaurie (1965: 289) (2510). 113 For reasons to treat this as distinct from R. longirostris see Davison (2000) (622). 114 The original spelling; madagascarensis is an emendation. 115 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 116 Includes confisa see Cramp et al. (1980: 496) (589). Also includes ragonierii Trischitta, 1939 (2439), and parisii Trischitta, 1939 (2440), see Vaurie (1965: 292) (2510). 117 Includes ussuriensis (placed in wrong species in last Ed.) see Stepanyan (1990: 148) (2326). 118 Includes castaneus Mayr, 1944 (1474) see White & Bruce (1986: 145) (2652). 119 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 120 Includes lamonti Mayr & Gilliard, 1951 (1489) (R. Schodde in litt.). Whether the alpine and montane forms are conspecific with lowland forms requires review. 121 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). Includes cervinus and queenslandicus see Schodde & Tidemann (1986) (2196). 122 Includes lineatula (see White & Bruce, 1986: 145) (2652). For placement of Bornean birds here (contra Peters, 1934) (1822) see Chasen (1935: 5fn) (319) and Smythies (1960) (2287). 123 Mistakenly listed as australis in last Edition, but this name is preoccupied. 124 Treated as a species by McGowan (1994: 511) (1502). 125 Accepted by Ripley (1982: 74) (2055). 126 Polytypic treatment follows Ripley (1982: 75) (2055). 127 We note that within this article (but not in conjunction with the specific name where proposed) the authors name the type species of the genus and cite the authors in a different sequence. We take this to be a lapsus. 128 Now includes Tropicoperdix see Davison (1982) (621). 129 Includes tenebrarum Koelz, 1954 (1284) see Ripley (1982: 77) (2055). 130 Includes rupchandi Koelz, 1953 (1283) see Ripley (1982: 77) (2055). 131 This and the next three species previously treated as conspecific, but see Mees (1996) (1543). 132 Includes bartelsi see Mees (1996) (1543). 133 Recently, and perhaps correctly, placed in synonymy by Wells (1999: 7) (2579) contra van Marle & Voous (1988) (2468). 134 Here we follow Davison (1982) (621) in lumping merlini with chloropus. 135 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 136 Original spelling as given, but frequently spelled roulroul (as used for the vernacular name). 137 Includes rincheni Koelz, 1954 (1284) see Ripley (1982: 78) (2055). 138 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 139 Sensu stricto i.e. excluding the Perdicinae. 140 Treatment follows Vaurie (1965) (2510) except that affinis is retained, see Cheng (1987: 149) (333). However see also Yang et al. (1994) (2699). 141 Includes holoptilus Greenway, 1933 (1003) see Cheng (1987: 150) (333). 142 Includes annae Mayr & Birckhead, 1937 (152) see Cheng (1987: 148) (333). 143 Includes rupchandi Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 82) (2055). 144 Includes bethelae Fleming, 1947 (853), see Vaurie (1965: 302) (2510) and Ripley (1982: 86 fn) (2055). 145 Introduced in the Philippines (sometimes recognised as philippensis Hachisuka, 1939 (1039)) and Micronesia (named micronesiae Hachisuka, 1939 (1039)). 146 Includes gallina Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 85) (2055). 147 Includes wangyeli Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 85) (2055). 148 Includes xanthimaculatus Deraniyagala, 1955 (693), see Ripley (1982: 86) (2055). The original spelling of the specific name was lafayetii, as given by Peters (1934: 119) (1822), but the vernacular name correctly spelled Lafayette clearly implied a lapsus. 149 The original spelling. For many years spelled leucomelana. For a review of this species and the next see McGowan & Panchen (1994) (1503); we follow them in their main proposal (with a slight exception), but refrain from lumping subspecies as DNA studies are ongoing. 150 Tentatively attached here, but review in process. 151 As suggested by McGowan & Panchen (1994) (1503) this species is probably oversplit; DNA studies may soon throw light on this. 152 This name, not in Peters, reintroduced by Deignan (1943) (636). 153 Evidence is accumulating that this name has been given to a hybrid between L. edwardsi and L. nycthemera; once confirmation is published this name will disappear from future Editions. 154 Misspelled haitiensis in last Edition. Treated as a race of L. edwardsi by McGowan (1994: 535) (1502). This is also expected to prove to be a hybrid. 155 Separated from the preceding species in van Marle & Voous (1988) (2468). The male, closely similar to that of inornata, has since been discovered (Garson, 2000) (928), and separation from inornata may have been premature. Females reportedly show “very slight differences” (McGowan, 1994) (1502) or are “noticeably different” (Garson, 2000) (928). 156 May deserve specific rank, see Ludlow (1951) (1402) and Cheng (1997) (335). 157 The area of introduction is excluded; the name europaeus Hachisuka, 1937 (1035), probably relates to some such stock. 158 Includes bergii see Vaurie (1965: 319) (2510). 159 Sometimes treated as conspecific with the previous species, see for example Orn. Soc. Japan (2000) (1727) from which we take our subspecific treatment. 160 Includes kigis Taka-Tsukasa, 1944 (2383). 161 Includes bailyi see Deignan (1946) (638). 162 In previous Editions we followed Delacour (1947) (677) and Smythies (1957, 1960) (2286, 2287) in lumping this with the preceding species. See however Davison in Smythies (2000) (2289). 163 Recently known as Polyplectron emphanum Temminck, but this name has been misdated and does not have priority (Dickinson, 2001) (738). 164 For correct spelling (not Rheinartia) see Peters (1934: 132 fn.) (1822) and Banks (1993) (89). PHASIANIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD ANHIMIDAE (SCREAMERS) (2: 3) ANHIMA Brisson, 1760 F Anhima cornuta (Linnaeus, 1766) (Horned Screamer) Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas to S Bolivia and S Brazil CHAUNA Illiger, 1811 F Chauna chavaria (Linnaeus, 1766) (Northern Screamer) N Colombia, NW Venezuela Chauna torquata (Oken, 1816) (Southern Screamer) E Bolivia, S Brazil to Paraguay, N Argentina ANSERANATIDAE (MAGPIE-GOOSE) (1: 1) ANSERANAS Lesson, 1828 F Anseranas semipalmata (Latham, 1798) (Magpie-Goose) S New Guinea, N and E Australia ANATIDAE (DUCKS, GEESE, SWANS) (49: 158) DENDROCYGNINAE DENDROCYGNA Swainson, 1837 F Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766) (White-faced Whistling Duck) Costa Rica and Trinidad to N Argentine, sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, Comoro Is. Dendrocygna autumnalis (Black-bellied Whistling Duck) D.a.autumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) SE Texas to Panama D.a.discolor Sclater & Salvin, 1873 E Panama to Ecuador and E of the Andes to N Argentina Dendrocygna guttata Schlegel, 1866 (Spotted Whistling Duck) Mindanao (Philippines) to Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago Dendrocygna arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) (West Indian Whistling Duck) West Indies Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) (Fulvous Whistling Duck)1 S USA to N and C Sth. America, C and E Africa, Madagascar, S Asia east to Burma Dendrocygna eytoni (Eyton, 1838) (Plumed Whistling Duck) N and E Australia Dendrocygna arcuata (Wandering Whistling Duck) D.a.arcuata (Horsfield, 1824) Sundas, Sulawesi, Philippines, Moluccas D.a.pygmaea Mayr, 1945 N New Guinea, New Britain; formerly Fiji Is. D.a australis Reichenbach, 1850 Tropical Australia, S New Guinea Dendrocygna javanica (Horsfield, 1821) (Lesser Whistling Duck) Pakistan east to Taiwan and Ryukyu Is. and south to Sri Lanka and Gtr. Sundas THALASSORNIS Eyton, 1838 M Thalassornis leuconotos (White-backed Duck) T.l.leuconotos Eyton, 1838 E Cameroon to S Ethiopia and south to Cape Province T.l.insularis Richmond, 1897 Madagascar ANSERINAE CEREOPSIS Latham, 18022 F Cereopsis novaehollandiae (Cape Barren Goose) C.n.novaehollandiae Latham, 1802 S Australia, Tasmania C.n.grisea (Vieillot, 1818)3 Recherche Arch. (W Australia) (2524) ANSER Brisson, 1760 M Anser cygnoides (Linnaeus, 1758) (Swan Goose) C Asia to SE Siberia and Mongolia >> China Anser fabalis (Bean Goose) A.f.fabalis (Latham, 1787) N Europe to NC Siberia >> W, C and SE Europe, SW Asia A.f.johanseni Delacour, 1951 W Siberia >> Iran, Turkestan, W China A.f.middendorffi Severtsov, 1873 E Siberia, Transbaikalia >> E China and Japan A.f.rossicus Buturlin, 1933 N Russia, NW Siberia >> W and C Europe, SW Asia A.f.serrirostris Swinhoe, 1871 NE Siberia >> China, Korea, Japan Anser brachyrhynchus Baillon, 1834 (Pink-footed Goose) Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard >> W Europe Anser anser (Greylag Goose) A.a.anser (Linnaeus, 1758) N, W, WC, and SE Europe >> W and S Europe, N Africa and Middle East A.a.rubrirostris Swinhoe, 1871 EC Europe and Iraq to China >> SE Europe and S and E Asia Anser albifrons (Greater White-fronted Goose) A.a.elgasi Delacour & Ripley, 1975 C Alaska >> C California A.a.gambeli Hartlaub, 18524 NW Canada >> S USA and Mexico A.a.flavirostris Dalgety & Scott, 1948 W Greenland >> British Isles A.a.albifrons (Scopoli, 1769) N Eurasia >> W and S Europe, Middle East, Transcaspia, N India, China A.a.frontalis S.F. Baird, 1858 NE Siberia, W and N Alaska >> W USA, China, Japan Anser erythropus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lesser White-fronted Goose) N Eurasia >> C and SE Europe and China Anser indicus (Latham, 1790) (Bar-headed Goose) Montane C Asia >> N India, N Burma Anser canagicus (Sevastianov, 1802) (Emperor Goose) NE Siberia, NW Alaska >> Kamchatka, Aleutian Is., S Alaska Anser caerulescens (Snow Goose)5 A.c.caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758) NE Siberia, N Alaska, NW Canada >> S USA, N Mexico, Japan A.c.atlanticus (Kennard, 1927) NE Canada, NW Greenland >> NE USA Anser rossii Cassin, 1861 (Ross's Goose) N Canada >> W and C USA BRANTA Scopoli, 1769 F Branta canadensis (Canada Goose)6 †B.c.asiatica Aldrich, 1946 Bering I., N Kuril Is. B.c.leucopareia (J.F. Brandt, 1836) Aleutian Is. >> Japan and W USA B.c.minima Ridgway, 1885 W Alaska >> SW Canada to W USA B.c.occidentalis (S.F. Baird, 1858) Gulf of Alaska B.c.fulva Delacour, 1951 S Alaska, W British Columbia B.c.maxima Delacour, 1951 SC Canada (reintroduced) B.c.taverneri Delacour, 1951 NE Alaska, N Canada >> SW USA, Mexico B.c.parvipes (Cassin, 1852) C Alaska,C Canada >> SC USA B.c.moffitti Aldrich, 1946 SW Canada, NW USA >> NW USA to N Mexico B.c.hutchinsii (Richardson, 1832) Arctic C Canada >> Texas, Mexico B.c.interior Todd, 1938 SC Canada >> E USA B.c.canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758) E Canada >> E USA Branta sandvicensis (Vigors, 1833) (Hawaiian Goose) Hawaii Branta bernicla (Brent Goose/Brant) B.b.bernicla (Linnaeus, 1758) NW and NC Russia >> NW Europe B.b.hrota (O.F. Müller, 1776) NE Canada, Greenland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land >> NE USA, NW Europe (Ireland) B.b.nigricans (Lawrence, 1846)7 NE Siberia, Alaska, NW Canada >> E Asia and W Nth. America Branta leucopsis (Bechstein, 1803) (Barnacle Goose) NE Greenland, Svalbard, NW Russia, Baltic area >> NW Europe Branta ruficollis (Pallas, 1769) (Red-breasted Goose) NW Siberia >> E Balkan area, S Russia, Middle East COSCOROBA Reichenbach, 1853 F Coscoroba coscoroba (Molina, 1782) (Coscoroba Swan) S South America >> north to about 25oS. CYGNUS Bechstein, 1803 M Cygnus atratus (Latham, 1790) (Black Swan) S Australia, Tasmania; introduced New Zealand Cygnus melancoryphus (Molina, 1782)8 (Black-necked Swan) S South America, Falkland Is. >> north to Tropic of Capricorn Cygnus olor (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Mute Swan) Europe to C Asia >> N Africa, India Cygnus buccinator Richardson, 1832 (Trumpeter Swan) Alaska, W Canada >> USA Cygnus columbianus (Tundra Swan) C.c.columbianus (Ord, 1815) Alaska, N Canada >> coasts of USA C.c.bewickii Yarrell, 18309 N Eurasia >> W and C Europe, C and E Asia to Japan Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Whooper Swan)10 N Eurasia >> W and C Europe, C Asia, China STICTONETTINAE STICTONETTA Reichenbach, 1853 F Stictonetta naevosa (Gould, 1841) (Freckled Duck) Inland S Australia TADORNINAE HYMENOLAIMUS G.R. Gray, 1843 M Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos (Blue Duck)11 H.h.malacorhynchos (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Alpine W South Island and C North Island (New Zealand) H.m.hymenolaimus Mathews, 1937 Alpine C North Island (New Zealand) TACHYERES Owen, 1875 M Tachyeres patachonicus (P.P. King, 1831)12 (Flying Steamer Duck) S Chile, S Argentina, Falkland Is. Tachyeres pteneres (J.R. Forster, 1844)13 (Magellanic Steamer Duck) S Chile, S Argentina Tachyeres brachypterus (Latham, 1790) (Falkland Island Steamer Duck) Falkland Is. Tachyeres leucocephalus Humphrey & Thompson, 1981 (White-headed Steamer Duck) SE Argentina (1164) MERGANETTA Gould, 1842 F Merganetta armata (Torrent Duck) M.a.colombiana Des Murs, 1845 Andes W Venezuela, Colombia to C Ecuador M.a.leucogenis (Tschudi, 1843) Andes of N Peru M.a.turneri Sclater & Salvin, 1869 Andes of S Peru M.a.garleppi Berlepsch, 1894 Andes of N Bolivia M.a.berlepschi E. Hartert, 1909 Andes of S Bolivia, NW Argentina M.a.armata Gould, 184214 Andes of C Chile, W Argentina PLECTROPTERUS Stephens, 1824 M Plectropterus gambensis (Spur-winged Goose) P.g.gambensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Gambia to Sudan and C Africa P.g.niger P.L. Sclater, 1877 Southern Africa SARKIDIORNIS Eyton, 1838 M Sarkidiornis melanotos (Comb Duck) S.m.melanotos (Pennant, 1769) Sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, Pakistan to SE China south to Sri Lanka and Indochina S.m.sylvicola H. & R. Ihering, 190715 E Panama, N Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil to Paraguay, C Argentina CYANOCHEN Bonaparte, 1856 F Cyanochen cyanoptera (Rüppell, 1845) (Blue-winged Goose)16 Highlands of Eritrea, Ethiopia ALOPOCHEN Stejneger, 1885 F Alopochen aegyptiaca (Linnaeus, 1766) (Egyptian Goose)17 Sub-Saharan Africa, S Egypt; introduced U.K. NEOCHEN Oberholser, 1918 F Neochen jubata (Spix, 1825) (Orinoco Goose)18 N Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas south to Paraguay, N Argentina CHLOEPHAGA Eyton, 1838 F Chloephaga melanoptera (Eyton, 1838) (Andean Goose) Andes of C Peru to Tierra del Fuego >> lower elevations Chloephaga picta (Upland or Magellan Goose) C.p.picta (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) S Chile, S Argentina C.p.leucoptera (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Falkland Is. Chloephaga hybrida (Kelp Goose) C.h.hybrida (Molina, 1782) Coastal S Chile C.h.malvinarum J.C. Phillips, 1916 Falkland Is. Chloephaga poliocephala P.L. Sclater, 1857 (Ashy-headed Goose) S Chile, Argentina Chloephaga rubidiceps P.L. Sclater, 1861 (Ruddy-headed Goose) Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Is. TADORNA Boie, 182219 F Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus, 1758) (Common Shelduck) W Europe to E Asia >> N Africa, India, S China Tadorna radjah (Radjah Shelduck) T.r.radjah (Lesson, 1828) S Moluccas, Aru Is., New Guinea T.r.rufitergum E. Hartert, 1905 Tropical N and E Australia Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764) (Ruddy Shelduck) S Europe, NW and NE Africa and SW and C Asia >> S Europe, N Africa, S and E Asia Tadorna cana (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (South African Shelduck) Sth. Africa, Namibia Tadorna tadornoides (Jardine & Selby, 1828) (Australian Shelduck) S Australia, Tasmania Tadorna variegata (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Paradise Shelduck) New Zealand †?Tadorna cristata (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1917) (Crested Shelduck) NE Asia >> Russian Far East, Korea, S Japan, NE China ANATINAE MALACORHYNCHUS Swainson, 1831 M Malacorhynchus membranaceus (Latham, 1802)20 (Pink-eared Duck) Australia (inland waters) SALVADORINA Rothschild & Hartert, 189421 F Salvadorina waigiuensis Rothschild & Hartert, 1894 (Salvadori's Teal) Montane New Guinea22 CAIRINA J. Fleming, 1822 F Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Muscovy Duck) S Mexico to Peru and N Argentina ASACORNIS Salvadori, 1895 F Asarcornis scutulata (S. Müller, 1842) (White-winged Duck) Assam and Thailand south to Sumatra and Java23 PTERONETTA Salvadori, 1895 F Pteronetta hartlaubii (Cassin, 1859) (Hartlaub's Duck)24 Equatorial W Africa, Zaire AIX Boie, 1828 F Aix sponsa (Linnaeus, 1758) (Wood Duck) S Canada, USA, Cuba >> S USA Aix galericulata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mandarin Duck) SE Siberia, Korea, E China, Japan >> south of 40o N. Introduced U.K., California etc. CHENONETTA J.F. Brandt, 1836 F Chenonetta jubata (Latham, 1802)25 (Maned Duck) Australia, Tasmania NETTAPUS J.F. Brandt, 1836 M Nettapus auritus (Boddaert, 1783) (African Pygmy-goose) Sub-Saharan Africa (mainly coastal belt), Madagascar Nettapus coromandelianus (Cotton Teal/Indian Pygmy-goose) N.c.coromandelianus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) India to S China, Philippines, N Indonesia and N New Guinea N.c.albipennis Gould, 1842 NE Australia (E Queensland) Nettapus pulchellus Gould, 1842 (Green Pygmy-goose) Sulawesi, S Moluccas, S New Guinea, N Australia AMAZONETTA Boetticher, 1929 F Amazonetta brasiliensis (Brazilian Teal) A.b.brasiliensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) E Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, E Brazil A.b.ipecutiri (Vieillot, 1816) E Bolivia, S Brazil to Paraguay, N Argentina CALLONETTA Delacour, 1936 F Callonetta leucophrys (Vieillot, 1816) (Ringed Teal) S Bolivia, S Brazil to Paraguay, N Argentina LOPHONETTA Riley, 1914 F Lophonetta specularioides (Crested Duck) L.s.alticola (Ménégaux, 1909) Andean lakes of C Peru, Bolivia, C Chile, NW Argentina L.s.specularioides (P.P. King, 1828) S Chile, WC and S Argentina, Falkland Is. SPECULANAS Boettischer, 1929 F Speculanas specularis (P.P. King, 1828) (Spectacled Duck) S Chile, S Argentina >> somewhat further north ANAS Linnaeus, 1758 F Anas capensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (Cape Teal) Chad to Ethiopia, E Africa, Angola, Botswana and Cape Province Anas strepera (Gadwall) A.s.strepera Linnaeus, 1758 N and C Eurasia, Nth America >> SE and SC Eurasia, C Nth America, Africa †A.s.couesi (Streets, 1876) Tabuaeran I. (Kiribati) Anas falcata Georgi, 1775 (Falcated Teal) NE Asia >> NE China, Korea, Japan to N Indochina Anas sibilatrix Poeppig, 1829 (Chiloe Wigeon) S South America >> northern part of range Anas penelope Linnaeus, 1758 (Eurasian Wigeon) N Europe, N Asia >> N, NE Africa, India, Japan Anas americana J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (American Wigeon) Alaska, Canada, N USA >> coasts of Nth America to Costa Rica, W Indies, Hawaii Anas sparsa (African Black Duck) A.s.leucostigma Rüppell, 184526 Gabon; Sudan and Ethiopia to Tanzania and Angola A.s.sparsa Eyton, 1838 Namibia and Zimbabwe to Cape Province Anas rubripes Brewster, 1902 (American Black Duck) NE North America >> SE USA Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard)27 A.p.platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 175828 Europe, Asia, N America >> south to N Africa, India, Mexico A.p.conboschas C.L. Brehm, 1831 Greenland A.p.diazi Ridgway, 1886 Highlands of N and C Mexico Anas fulvigula (Mottled Duck) A.f.fulvigula Ridgway, 1874 Florida (SE USA) A.f.maculosa Sennett, 1889 SC USA, NE Mexico Anas wyvilliana P.L. Sclater, 1878 (Hawaiian Duck) Hawaiian Is. Anas laysanensis Rothschild, 1892 (Laysan Duck) Laysan I. (NW Hawaiian Is.) Anas luzonica Fraser, 1839 (Philippine Duck) Philippines Anas superciliosa (Pacific Black Duck) A.s.rogersi Mathews, 1912 Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi A.s.superciliosa J.F. Gmelin, 1789 S New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand A.s.pelewensis Hartlaub & Finsch, 1872 Micronesia29 to N New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Is, C and E Melanesia and W Polynesia to Iles Australes Anas poecilorhyncha (Spot-billed Duck) A.p.poecilorhyncha J.R. Forster, 1781 India, Sri Lanka A.p.haringtoni (Oates, 1907) Burma, SW China and N Indochina A.p.zonorhyncha Swinhoe, 1866 SE Siberia, NE and E China >> SE Asia Anas undulata (Yellow-billed Duck) A.u.ruppelli Blyth, 1855 Ethiopia, E Sudan, N Kenya A.u.undulata C.F. Dubois, 1839 S Kenya to Angola and Cape Province Anas melleri P.L. Sclater, 1865 (Meller's Duck) E Madagascar Anas discors Linnaeus, 1766 (Blue-winged Teal)30 S Canada and USA >> C America, West Indies, N Sth. America Anas cyanoptera (Cinnamon Teal) A.c.septentrionalium Snyder & Lumsden, 1951 W North America >>N W South America A.c.tropicus Snyder & Lumsden, 1951 Cauca and Magdalena valleys of NW Colombia A.c.borreroi Snyder & Lumsden, 1951 E Andes of Colombia A.c.orinomus (Oberholser, 1906) Andes of Peru, Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina A.c.cyanoptera Vieillot, 1816 SW Peru, N Chile; SE Bolivia, Paraguay, SE Brazil to Tierra del Fuego Anas smithii (E. Hartert, 1891) (Cape Shoveler) S Angola to W Zimbabwe and Cape Province Anas platalea Vieillot, 1816 (Red Shoveler) Peru, S Brazil to Tierra del Fuego Anas rhynchotis (Australasian Shoveler) A.r.rhynchotis Latham, 180231 S Australia, Tasmania A.r.variegata (Gould, 1856) New Zealand Anas clypeata Linnaeus, 1758 (Northern Shoveler) Europe, Asia, N America >> N and E Africa, India, China, Mexico Anas bernieri (Hartlaub, 1860) (Madagascan Teal) W Madagascar Anas gibberifrons (Sunda Teal) A.g.albogularis (Hume, 1873)32 Andaman Is., Cocos Is. A.g.gibberifrons S. Müller, 1842 Java to Sulawesi and Lesser Sundas to Timor I., Wetar I. Anas gracilis Buller, 1869 (Grey Teal)33 Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, vagrant to Banda Sea and SW Pacific Is. Anas castanea (Eyton, 1838) (Chestnut-breasted Teal) S Australia, Tasmania Anas chlorotis G.R. Gray, 1845 (Brown Teal) 34 New Zealand. Formerly Chatham Is. Anas aucklandica (G.R. Gray, 1844) (Auckland Islands Teal)35 Auckland Is. Anas nesiotis (J.H. Fleming, 1935) (Campbell Island Teal) Campbell I. Anas bahamensis (White-cheeked Pintail) A.b.bahamensis Linnaeus, 1758 Bahamas, Gtr. Antilles, N South America A.b.rubrirostris Vieillot, 1816 S Ecuador and S Brazil to C Peru and N Argentina A.b.galapagensis (Ridgway, 1889) Galapagos Is. Anas erythrorhyncha J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (Red-billed Duck) Ethiopia to E and S Africa, Madagascar Anas flavirostris (Speckled Teal) A.f.altipetens (Conover, 1941) Andes of E Colombia, W Venezuela A.f.andium (Sclater & Salvin, 1873) Andes of Ecuador, C and S Colombia A.f.oxyptera Meyen, 1834 Andes of N Peru to N Chile, N Argentina A.f.flavirostris Vieillot, 1816 C Chile, S Argentina to Tierra del Fuego >> Paraguay and S Brazil Anas georgica (Yellow-billed Pintail) †?A.g.niceforoi Wetmore & Borrero, 1946 EC Colombia A.g.spinicauda Vieillot, 1816 S Colombia to Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Is. A.g.georgica J.F. Gmelin, 1789 South Georgia I. Anas acuta Linnaeus, 1758 (Northern Pintail) N Europe, Asia, N America >> N tropical and E Africa, China, C America Anas eatoni (Kerguelen Pintail)36 A.e.eatoni (Sharpe, 1875) Kerguelen A.e.drygalskii Reichenow, 1904 Crozet Is. Anas querquedula Linnaeus, 1758 (Garganey) W Europe to Japan >> Africa, India, SE Asia, Indonesia, N Australia, central Pacific Ocean Anas formosa Georgi, 1775 (Baikal Teal) NE Asia >> E China, Korea, Japan Anas crecca (Common or Green-winged Teal)37 A.c.crecca Linnaeus, 1758 N and C Europe and Asia >> C and S Europe, N Africa, C, S and E Asia A.c.nimia Friedmann, 1948 Aleutian Is. A.c.carolinensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789 N Nth. America >> W and S Nth. America, C America, W Indies Anas versicolor (Silver Teal) A.v.puna Tschudi, 184438 Andes of C Peru to N Chile and NW Argentina A.v.versicolor Vieillot, 1816 C Chile; SE Bolivia, Paraguay, S Brazil to S Argentina A.v.fretensis P.P. King, 1831 S Chile, S Argentina, Falkland Is. >> C Argentina, Uruguay Anas hottentota (Eyton, 1838) (Hottentot Teal) N Nigeria, Eritrea to E and S Africa, Madagascar MARMARONETTA Reichenbach, 1853 F Marmaronetta angustirostris (Ménétričs, 1832) (Marbled Teal) S Spain and NW Africa to Kazakhstan and NW India RHODONESSA Reichenbach, 1853 F †?Rhodonessa caryophyllacea (Latham, 1790) (Pink-headed Duck) NE and E India NETTA Kaup, 1829 F Netta rufina (Pallas, 1773) (Red-crested Pochard) C and S Europe, SW and C Asia >> S Europe, N and NE Africa, S Asia Netta peposaca (Vieillot, 1816) (Rosybill) C Chile, N and C Argentina >> Paraguay, E Bolivia, S Brazil Netta erythrophthalma (Southern Pochard) N.e.brunnea (Eyton, 1838) Ethiopia, E and S Africa and Cape Province N.e.erythrophthalma (Wied, 1832) S Venezuela through E Brazil to N Argentina AYTHYA Boie, 1822 F Aythya valisineria (A. Wilson, 1814) (Canvasback) W and C Canada, NW USA >> S USA, Mexico Aythya americana (Eyton, 1838) (Redhead) C Alaska, Canada, N USA >> NW Mexico Aythya ferina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Common Pochard) W Europe to C Asia >> N and E Africa, India, S China Aythya australis (Hardhead) A.a.australis (Eyton, 1838)39 Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand A.a.extima Mayr, 1940 Vanuatu, New Caledonia †?Aythya innotata (Salvadori, 1894) (Madagascan Pochard) N and E Madagascar Aythya baeri (Radde, 1863) (Baer's Pochard) SE Siberia and NE China >> SE and E Asia Aythya nyroca (Güldenstädt, 1770) (Ferruginous Duck) C and S Europe and NW Africa to C Asia >> N and NE Africa and S Asia Aythya novaeseelandiae (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (New Zealand Scaup) New Zealand Aythya collaris (Donovan, 1809) (Ring-necked Duck) E Alaska, Canada, N USA >> S USA, Central America, W Indies Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus, 1758) (Tufted Duck) N and C Eurasia >> W Europe and N Africa to E Asia and SW Pacific Aythya marila (Greater Scaup) A.m.marila (Linnaeus, 1761) N Europe and NW Asia >> W and S Europe, NW India A.m.nearctica Stejneger, 188540 NE Asia and N and W Canada >> E Asia; W and E USA, W Indies Aythya affinis (Eyton, 1838) (Lesser Scaup) W and C Canada, W USA >> S USA to Panama, West Indies POLYSTICTA Eyton, 1836 F Polysticta stelleri (Pallas, 1769) (Steller's Eider) NE Europe and N Siberia to W and N Alaska >> Baltic Sea, N Norway, Bering Sea shores, S Alaska SOMATERIA Leach, 1819 F Somateria fischeri (J.F. Brandt, 1847) (Spectacled Eider) NE Siberia, Alaska >> offshore in Bering Sea Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (King Eider) N Europe, N Asia, N Canada >> Arctic and subarctic ocean coasts Somateria mollissima (Common Eider) S.m.v-nigra G.R. Gray, 1856 Alaska, NE Asia >> Bering Sea and Aleutian Is S.m.borealis (C.L. Brehm, 1824) NE Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land >> N Atlantic S.m.sedentaria Snyder, 1941 Hudson Bay S.m.dresseri Sharpe, 1871 SE Canada and NE USA >> NW Atlantic coasts S.m.faroeensis C.L. Brehm, 1831 Faroe Is., Shetlands, Orkneys and Outer Hebrides S.m.mollissima (Linnaeus, 1758) Mainland Scotland and Ireland to Baltic Sea, Norway and NW Russia and south to France >> NW and C Europe HISTRIONICUS Lesson, 1828 M Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Harlequin Duck)41 E Canada to Greenland and Iceland; NE Siberia and NW Nth. America >> north Pacific and NW Atlantic coasts CAMPTORHYNCHUS Bonaparte, 1838 M †Camptorhynchus labradorius (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Labrador Duck) Labrador >> NW Atlantic shore MELANITTA Boie, 1822 F Melanitta perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Surf Scoter) Alaska, N Canada >> Aleutian Is. to Baja California, SE Canada to NE USA Melanitta fusca (White-winged or Velvet Scoter)42 M.f.fusca (Linnaeus, 1758) N Europe, NW Siberia, E Turkey and Transcaucasia >> W and S Europe and SW Asia M.f.stejnegeri (Ridgway, 1887) C and E Siberia >> coasts of NE Pacific M.f.deglandi (Bonaparte, 1850)43 Alaska and Canada >> shores W and E Nth. America Melanitta nigra (Black Scoter)44 M.n.nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) N Europe, NW and NC Siberia >> W and S Europe and NW Africa M.n.americana (Swainson, 1832) NE Siberia, W Alaska, Canada >> N Pacific, Great Lakes, and NW Atlantic CLANGULA Leach, 1819 F Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Long-tailed Duck/Oldsquaw) N Europe, N Asia, N America >> W and N Europe, E Asia, W and E Nth. America BUCEPHALA S.F. Baird, 1858 F Bucephala albeola (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bufflehead) Canada, NW and NC USA >> Aleutian Is. to S USA, N Mexico Bucephala clangula (Common Goldeneye) B.c.clangula (Linnaeus, 1758) C and N Europe, N Asia >> W and S Europe, C, S, and E Asia B.c.americana (Bonaparte, 1838) Alaska, Canada, N USA >> coastal Nth. America Bucephala islandica (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Barrow's Goldeneye) Alaska, Canada, W USA, Greenland and Iceland >> W and E Nth. America MERGELLUS Selby, 184045 M Mergellus albellus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Smew) N Europe, N Asia >> W and S Europe, C and E Asia LOPHODYTES Reichenbach, 185346 M Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hooded Merganser) SE Alaska, C Canada, USA >> W, S, and E USA, N Mexico MERGUS Linnaeus, 1758 M †Mergus australis Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841 (Auckland Island Merganser) Auckland Is. Mergus octosetaceus Vieillot, 1817 (Brazilian Merganser) S Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Mergus merganser (Goosander or Common Merganser) M.m.merganser Linnaeus, 1758 Iceland to NE Asia >> Mediterranean and China M.m.orientalis Gould, 184547 C Asia to Himalayas >> Assam and Japan M.m.americanus Cassin, 1852 Canada, W USA >> E and S USA Mergus serrator Linnaeus, 1758 (Red-breasted Merganser)48 Greenland, N Europe, Asia, N America >> China, Mexico Mergus squamatus Gould, 1864 (Scaly-sided Merganser) NE China, Korea and SE Siberia >> China, Taiwan HETERONETTA Salvadori, 186549 F Heteronetta atricapilla (Merrem, 1841) (Black-headed Duck) C Chile, E Bolivia, Paraguay, N and C Argentina NOMONYX Ridgway, 188050 M Nomonyx dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Masked Duck) S USA and West Indies to N Argentina OXYURA Bonaparte, 1828 F Oxyura jamaicensis (Ruddy Duck) O.j.rubida (A. Wilson, 1814) S Canada, USA >> USA to N Mexico O.j.jamaicensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) W Indies Oxyura ferruginea (Eyton, 1838) (Andean Duck) 51 Andes of Colombia to Tierra del Fuego Oxyura vittata (Philippi, 1860) (Lake Duck) C Chile N Argentina to Tierra del Fuego >> S Brazil Oxyura australis Gould, 1836 (Blue-billed Duck) S Australia, Tasmania Oxyura maccoa (Eyton, 1838) (Maccoa Duck) Ethiopia to N Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Namibia to Cape Province Oxyura leucocephala (Scopoli, 1769) (White-headed Duck) Mediterranean to C Asia >> N Africa, N India BIZIURA Stephens, 1824 F Biziura lobata (Shaw, 1796) (Musk Duck) S Australia, Tasmania >> C Australia 1 Includes helva see Johnsgard (1979: 428) (1211). 2 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 3 For recognition see Storr (1980) (2353) (J. Kear in litt.). 4 The emended name used here is judged to be in prevailing usage; see Art. 33.2 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178) and p. 000 herein. 5 The generic name Chen Boie, 1822, was retained for this and the next two species by A.O.U. (1998: 58) (3). 6 Some authors accept two species; but more research is needed. Populations in the U.K. and New Zealand were introduced. 7 Includes orientalis see Stepanyan (1990: 45) (2326). 8 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 9 Includes jankowskyi see Johnsgard (1979: 433) (1211); if two species are recognised then jankowskii merits recognition as a race of bewickii. 10 Includes islandicus see Johnsgard (1979: 433) (1211). 11 We follow Kear (in press) (1235) in accepting a monotypic species. 12 The prior name Oidemia patachonica King, 1828, has been suppressed, it seems to have been used for a different species. See Opinion No. 1648 (I.C.Z.N. (1991) (1177). 13 Drawings with Forster’s proposed names were published many years after his death (d. 1798). 14 Includes fraenata see Johnsgard (1979: 460) (1211). 15 Includes carunculata see Johnsgard (1979: 455) (1211). 16 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 17 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 18 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 19 Cited as Fleming, 1822, by Peters (1931: 157) (1821) and as Boie, 1822, by Johnsgard (1979: 449) (1211), but with an erroneous ‘label’ of Fleming still present (although the details give the reference to Boie and imply his was earlier than Fleming’s usage). Recent references to Oken, 1817, seem to refer to use in an invalid context. 20 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 21 For reasons to retain this genus see Mlikovsky (1989) (1595). 22 Not known to occur on Waigeo. 23 Birds of Sumatra and Java may deserve subspecific recognition, see Green (1992, 1993) (999, 1000) (J. Kear in litt.). 24 Last Edition listed albifrons probably based on Scott (1972) (2220); but see Peters (1931) and Johnsgard (1979: 454) (1211). 25 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 26 Includes maclatchyi see Johnsgard (1979: 472) (1211). 27 For comments on the relationships of this and the next three species see A.O.U. (1998: 69) (3). Some authors treat diazi as a species. 28 Includes neoboria Oberholser, 1974 (1672), see Browning (1978) (246). 29 The name rukensis N. Kuroda, Sr., 1939 (1309), was given to Micronesian birds, but see Baker (1951) (82). 30 Includes orphna see Johnsgard (1979: 477) (1211). 31 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 32 This taxon requires review. Although geographically closest to gibberifrons it may not belong with it. Not sufficiently addressed by studies to date. 33 For comments on relationship to castanea see Kennedy & Spencer (2000) (1254). Includes remissa from Rennell Island (J. Kear in litt.), now thought extinct. 34 The English name New Zealand Teal is left unused here (to be used by those who prefer the broad species). 35 For reasons to split nesiotis and chlorotis from A. aucklandica see Daugherty et al. (1999) (611) and Kennedy & Spencer (2000) (1254). 36 For recognition of this at specific level see Livezey (1991) (1365). 37 We follow A.O.U. (1998: 73) in retaining one species in spite of contrary views espoused in Europe (Sangster et al., 2001, 2002) (2166, 2167). If treated as two species then carolinensis is the Green-winged Teal (and nimia attaches to crecca). 38 Since treatment at species level by Blake (1977) (164) now more usually treated here see Kear (in press) (1235). 39 Includes ledeboeri and papuana based on apparent colonists of Java and on vagrants to New Guinea respectively. See Johnsgard (1979: 485) (1211). 40 The name mariloides (Vigors, 1839), which has sometimes been applied to all or part of this population, is unavailable as it was attached to specimens of the Lesser Scaup see Banks (1986) (85). Its type locality has been corrected to San Francisco Bay. 41 Includes pacificus see Johnsgard (1979: 491) (1211). 42 We also await acoustic and behavioural evidence to split these. 43 Includes dixoni see Johnsgard (1979: 494) (1211). 44 Some authors split this, but behavioural and vocal evidence is awaited. 45 We follow A.O.U. (1998: 83) (3) in using this generic name. 46 We follow A.O.U. (1998: 83) (3) in using this generic name. 47 This name may well have been attached to a bird (types in BMNH) representative of the nominate form. If so the distinct population of C Asia must be called comatus Salvadori, 1895 (CSR). 48 Treated as monotypic following Roselaar in Cramp et al. (1977: 680) (588). 49 In the tribe of stifftails (here the genera Heteronetta, Nomonyx and Oxyura) we follow McCracken et al. (1999) (1501). 50 We follow Livezey (1995) (1366) and A.O.U. (1998: 85) (3) in recognising this genus. 51 We tentatively follow A.O.U. (1998: 86) (3) in separating this from O. jamaicensis and Fjeldsĺ (1986) (844), as updated in Fjeldsĺ & Krabbe (1990) (850), in considering andina as a name applicable to hybrids. But see also McCracken et al. (1999) (1501). ANATIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD SPHENISCIDAE (PENGUINS) (6: 17) APTENODYTES J.F. Miller, 1778 M Aptenodytes patagonicus J.F. Miller, 1778 (King Penguin)1 Prince Edward, South Georgia, Falkland, Macquarie, Kerguelen, Heard, Crozet, Marion Is. Aptenodytes forsteri G.R. Gray, 1844 (Emperor Penguin) Antarctica PYGOSCELIS Wagler, 1832 M Pygoscelis papua (Gentoo Penguin) P.p.papua (J.R. Forster, 1781)2 Subantarctica to about 60ş S P.p.ellsworthi Murphy, 1947 Antarctic Pen. to S Sandwich Is. Pygoscelis adeliae (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841) (Adelie Penguin) Antarctica, S Orkney Is., S Shetland Is. Pygoscelis antarcticus (J.R. Forster, 1781) (Chinstrap Penguin)3 Antarctic Ocean, S Atlantic EUDYPTES Vieillot, 1816 M Eudyptes pachyrhynchus G.R. Gray, 1845 (Fiordland Penguin) South Island and offshore islands (New Zealand) Eudyptes robustus Oliver, 1953 (Snares Penguin)4 Snares I. Eudyptes sclateri Buller, 1888 (Erect-crested Penguin) Auckland, Bounty and Antipodes Is. Eudyptes chrysocome (Rockhopper Penguin) E.c.chrysocome (J.R. Forster, 1781) Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Is. E.c.filholi Hutton, 1879 Kerguelen, Prince Edward, Marion, Crozet, Heard, Macquarie Is. and islands south of New Zealand E.c.moseleyi Mathews & Iredale, 1921 Tristan da Cunha, Gough, St. Paul, Amsterdam Is. Eudyptes schlegeli Finsch, 1876 (Royal Penguin) Macquarie I. Eudyptes chrysolophus (J.F. Brandt, 1837) (Macaroni Penguin) Antarctic Pen. to S Sandwich Is., S Georgia, Kerguelen, Falkland, Prince Edward, Marion, Crozet Is. MEGADYPTES A. Milne-Edwards, 1880 M Megadyptes antipodes (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841) (Yellow-eyed Penguin) South Island (New Zealand) and adjacent southern islands EUDYPTULA Bonaparte, 1856 F Eudyptula minor (Little Penguin) 5 E.m.novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) Tasmania, S Australia E.m.iredalei Mathews, 1911 N of North Island (New Zealand) E.m.variabilis Kinsky & Falla, 1976 S of North Island (New Zealand), Cook Strait E.m.minor (J.R. Forster, 1781) W and SE of South Island (New Zealand), Stewart I. E.m.albosignata Finsch, 1874 E of South Island (New Zealand) E.m.chathamensis Kinsky & Falla, 1976 Chatham Is. SPHENISCUS Brisson, 1760 M Spheniscus demersus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Jackass Penguin) S and SW coast of S Africa and islands Spheniscus magellanicus (J.R. Forster, 1781) (Magellanic Penguin)6 S South America and islands Spheniscus humboldti Meyen, 1834 (Humboldt Penguin) W coast of S America and islands Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall, 1871 (Galapagos Penguin) Galapagos Is. 1 Treated as essentially monotypic following Marchant & Higgins (1990: 135) (1426). 2 Includes taeniata see Stonehouse (1970) (2346) = taeniatus see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 3 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 4 The name Eudyptes atratus Finsch, 1875, has been suppressed as regards Priority but not as regards Homonymy see Opinion 1056 (I.C.Z.N., 1976) (1174). 5 Treatment follows Falla & Mougin (1979: 132) (824). 6 This species is closer to S. demersus than is S. humboldti see Thumser & Karron (1994) (2402). SPHENISCIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD GAVIIDAE (DIVERS OR LOONS) (1: 5) GAVIA J.R. Forster, 1788 F Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan, 1763) (Red-throated Diver or Loon) Holarctic, circumpolar >> mainly near coasts of S Europe, S China, Florida Gavia arctica (Black-throated Diver/Arctic Loon) G.a.arctica (Linnaeus, 1758)1 N Eurasia east to R Lena >> near coasts of Europe to SW and C Asia G.a.viridigularis Dwight, 1918 Lena Basin (NE Siberia) to W Alaska >> near coasts of E Asia and W North America Gavia pacifica (Lawrence, 1858) (Pacific Loon or Diver)2 NE Siberia, Alaska, N Canada >> near coasts of NE Asia and W North America Gavia immer (Brünnich, 1764) (Common Loon/Great Northern Diver)3 N North America, Iceland >> near coasts of SW and E Canada, USA, seas round Britain and off Brittany Gavia adamsii (G.R. Gray, 1859) (White-billed Diver/Yellow-billed Loon) N Eurasia, Alaska and NW Canada >> near coasts of W and N Europe, N Pacific south to Japan and NW USA DIOMEDEIDAE (ALBATROSSES)4 (4: 13) PHOEBASTRIA Reichenbach, 1853 F Phoebastria immutabilis (Rothschild, 1893) (Laysan Albatross) Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin) Is. (Japan), W Hawaii, islands off W Mexico >> N Pacific Phoebastria nigripes (Audubon, 1849) (Black-footed Albatross) Islands off S Japan, W Hawaii Is. >> N Pacific Phoebastria irrorata (Salvin, 1883) (Waved Albatross) Hood I. (Galapagos) and La Plata I. (off Ecuador) >> EC Pacific Ocean Phoebastria albatrus (Pallas, 1769) (Short-tailed Albatross) Tori-shima I. (S Japan) >> N Pacific DIOMEDEA Linnaeus, 1758 F Diomedea epomophora (Royal Albatross) D.e.sanfordi Murphy, 1917 Otago Pen. (New Zealand), Chatham Is. >> SW Pacific D.e.epomophora Lesson, 1825 Campbell and Auckland Is. >> S Australia, S Sth. America Diomedea exulans (Wandering Albatross)5 D.e.exulans Linnaeus, 17586 Tristan da Cunha, Gough I. >> S Atlantic D.e.chionoptera Salvin, 1896 South Georgia I. east to Kerguelen and Macquarie Is. >> S Oceans D.e.amsterdamensis Roux, Jouventin, Mougin, Stahl & Weimerskirch, 19837 Amsterdam I. (2112) >> S Ocean D.e.antipodensis Robertson & Warham, 1992 Antipodes and Campbell Is. >> Australasian seas, S Pacific (2093) D.e.gibsoni Robertson & Warham, 1992 Auckland Is. >> SW Pacfic Ocean (2093) PHOEBETRIA Reichenbach, 1853 F Phoebetria fusca (Hilsenberg, 1822) (Sooty Albatross) Southern Ocean, Tristan da Cunha, Gough I. east to St Paul I. >> S Ocean Phoebetria palpebrata (J.R. Forster, 1785) (Light-mantled Albatross)8 Southern Ocean, South Georgia east to Antipodes Is. >> S Ocean THALASSARCHE Reichenbach, 1853 F Thalassarche chlororhynchos (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Yellow-nosed Albatross)9 Tristan da Cunha, Gough Is., S Indian Ocean >> S Atlantic and Indian Oceans Thalassarche chrysostoma (J.R. Forster, 1785) (Grey-headed Albatross) Southern Ocean from Cape Horn to Campbell I. >> Southern Ocean Thalassarche melanophrys (Black-browed Albatross)10 T.m.impavida Mathews, 1912 Islands south of New Zealand (Campbell I.) >> S Pacific T.m.melanophrys (Temminck, 1828) S Sth. America to Antipodes Is. >> S Ocean Thalassarche bulleri (Buller's Albatross) T.b. bulleri (Rothschild, 1893) 11 Solander and Snares Is. (New Zealand waters) >> S Pacific T.b.subsp. ? Three Kings and Chatham Is. (New Zealand waters) >> S Pacific Thalassarche cauta (Shy Albatross)12 T.c.cauta (Gould, 1841) Tasmania >> Sthn. Australasian waters) T.c.steadi Falla, 193313 Auckland Is. >> Sthn. Australasian waters T.c.eremita Murphy, 1930 Chatham Is. >> New Zealand waters T.c.salvini (Rothschild, 1893) S Sth. America, Snares I., Bounty I. >> S Pacific 1 Includes suschkini see Storer (1979: 138) (2349). 2 Treated as a separate species by A.O.U. (1998: 4) (3). See also Flint & Kistchinski (1982) (855). 3 Includes elasson see Storer (1979: 139) (2349). 4 The genera used and their sequence and species essentially follow Nunn et al. (1996) (1666) and Robertson & Nunn (1998) (2092). 5 Situation confusing, but Mathews considered Tristan da Cunha birds provided the type for Linnaeus, see Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 51 fn) (1229). Contra Carboneras (1992: 211) (291) we revert to prior treatment and recognise chionoptera as the name for the larger populations of Kerguelen etc., as apparently do Robertson & Nunn (1998) (2092). 6 Includes dabbenena see Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 51) (1229). 7 Molecular studies place this as a race of D. exulans see Robertson & Nunn (1998) (2092). 8 It is now unclear upon what authority our previous Editions recognized huttoni. 9 Two subspecies listed by Carboneras (1992: 214) (291) however we have not resolved the correct nomenclature of such forms. 10 The emended name used here is judged to be in prevailing usage; see Art. 33.2 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178) and p. 000 herein. 11 Although recognised by Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 57) (1229) apparently this name was attached to a juvenile plumage phase of nominate bulleri see Robertson & Nunn (1998) (2092). 12 Oceanic ranges by subspecies very tentative. 13 For recognition of this see Hillcoat (1997) (1115). DIOMEDEIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD PROCELLARIIDAE (PETRELS, SHEARWATERS)1 (14: 74) MACRONECTES Richmond, 1905 M Macronectes giganteus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Southern Giant Petrel) Antarctic coast and islands north to 40°S >> S Oceans Macronectes halli Mathews, 1912 (Northern Giant Petrel) Falkland, South Georgia, Prince Edward, Crozet, Kerguelen, Macquarie Is. and islands off New Zealand >> S Oceans FULMARUS Stephens, 1826 M Fulmarus glacialis (Northern Fulmar) F.g.glacialis (Linnaeus, 1761)2 NE Canada, N and NE Greenland, Svalbard, Bear I., and Franz Josef Land >> N Atlantic Ocean F.g.auduboni Bonaparte, 1857 SE Canada, W and SE Greenland, and W and N Europe north to Iceland, Jan Mayen, Norway and Novaya Zemlya >> N Atlantic F.g.rodgersii Cassin, 1862 N Pacific Fulmarus glacialoides (A. Smith, 1840) (Southern Fulmar) Antarctica, Southern Ocean THALASSOICA Reichenbach, 1853 F Thalassoica antarctica (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Antarctic Petrel) Antarctic and surrounding seas DAPTION Stephens, 1826 N Daption capense (Cape Petrel) D.c.capense (Linnaeus, 1758) Antarctica and subantarctic islands D.c.australe Mathews, 1913 Seas and islands round S New Zealand PAGODROMA Bonaparte, 1856 F Pagodroma nivea (Snow Petrel) P.n.nivea (G. Forster, 1777) Islands in the Scotia Arc (Antarctica) and surrounding seas P.n.confusa Mathews, 19123 Adélie Land (Antarctica) and nearby islands and seas HALOBAENA Bonaparte, 1856 F Halobaena caerulea (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Blue Petrel) Subantarctic, Ramírez Is. and Cape Horn, east to Macquarie I. PACHYPTILA Illiger, 1811 F Pachyptila vittata (G. Forster, 1777) (Broad-billed Prion) Tristan da Cunha, South Georgia, Chatham Is., SW New Zealand >> nearby seas Pachyptila salvini (Salvin's Prion)4 P.s.salvini (Mathews, 1912) Marion, Prince Edward, Crozet Is. >> S Indian Ocean P.s.macgillivrayi (Mathews, 1912) Amsterdam, St. Paul Is. >> S Indian Ocean Pachyptila desolata (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Antarctic Prion)5 Circumpolar, from Scotia Arc to Macquarie and Auckland Is. Pachyptila belcheri (Mathews, 1912) (Slender-billed Prion) Kerguelen, Crozet, Falkland Is., Noir I. (Chile). >> southern seas Pachyptila turtur (Fairy Prion) P.t.turtur (Kuhl, 1820) Poor Knights, Chatham, Snares Is. (New Zealand), Bass Strait Is. (Australia) >> nearby seas P.t.subantarctica Oliver, 19556 Marion, Falkland, Crozet, Macquarie, Antipodes Is. >> nearby seas Pachyptila crassirostris (Fulmar-Prion) P.c.eatoni (Mathews, 1912) Heard, Auckland Is. >> nearby seas P.c.crassirostris (Mathews, 1912)7 Snares, Bounty, Chatham Is. (New Zealand) >> nearby seas APHRODROMA Olson, 2000 (1706) 8 F Aphrodroma brevirostris (Lesson, 1831) (Kerguelen Petrel) Gough, Kerguelen, Crozet, Marion Is. >> S Oceans PTERODROMA Bonaparte, 18569 F Pterodroma macroptera (Great-winged Petrel) P.m.macroptera (A. Smith, 1840) SW Australia, Tristan da Cunha, Gough, Crozet, Marion, Kerguelen Is., SW Australia >> southern seas P.m.gouldi (Hutton, 1869) North Island (New Zealand) >> southern seas Pterodroma lessonii (Garnot, 1826) (White-headed Petrel) Crozet, Kerguelen, Macquarie, Antipodes, Auckland Is. >> southern seas Pterodroma incerta (Schlegel, 1863) (Atlantic Petrel) Gough I., Tristan da Cunha >> S Atlantic Pterodroma solandri (Gould, 1844) (Providence Petrel) Lord Howe I., Philip I. >> W Pacific Ocean Pterodroma magentae (Giglioli & Salvadori, 1869) (Magenta Petrel) Chatham Is. >> nearby seas Pterodroma ultima Murphy, 1949 (Murphy's Petrel) Tuamotu, Pitcairn, Iles Australes (S Pacific) >> SC Pacific Pterodroma mollis (Gould, 1844) (Soft-plumaged Petrel) 10 Tristan da Cunha, Gough, Antipodes, Crozet, Kerguelen, Marion, Prince Edward, Macquarie Is. >> S oceans (mainly Indian and Atlantic) Pterodroma madeira Mathews, 1934 (Madeira Petrel) Madeira >> nearby seas Pterodroma feae (Salvadori, 1899) (Cape Verde Petrel) Cape Verde Is., Bugio I. (off Madeira) >> nearby seas Pterodroma cahow (Nichols & Mowbray, 1916) (Bermuda Petrel) Bermuda >> nearby seas Pterodroma hasitata (Black-capped Petrel) P.h.hasitata (Kuhl, 1820) Cuba and Hispaniola to Martinique >> nearby seas †?P.h.caribbaea Carte, 1866 Jamaica Pterodroma externa (Salvin, 1875) (Juan Fernandez Petrel)11 Robinson Crusoe I. (Juan Fernandez Is., Chile) >> central Pacific Ocean Pterodroma occulta Imber & Tennyson, 2001 (Vanuatu Petrel) Mera Lava, Banks Is. (Vanuatu) >> SW Pacific waters (1180) Pterodroma neglecta (Kermadec Petrel) P.n.neglecta (Schlegel, 1863) Lord Howe, Kermadec, Tuamotu, Austral, Pitcairn Is. >> Pacific Ocean P.n.juana Mathews, 1935 Juan Fernandez, San Ambrosio, San Felix Is. >> Pacific Ocean †?Pterodroma phillipii G.R. Gray, 1862 (Mount Pitt Petrel) Kermadec, Lord Howe, Austral and Tuamoto Is.; Juan Fernandez Is. Pterodroma arminjoniana (Herald Petrel) P.a.arminjoniana (Giglioli & Salvadori, 1869) S Trinidade I. (Atlantic Oc.), Round I. (Mauritius) >> nearby seas P.a.heraldica (Salvin, 1888)12 Chesterfield, Raine, Tonga, Tuamotu, Pitcairn, Marquesas, Easter Is. >> the tropical Pacific Ocean Pterodroma atrata (Mathews, 1912) (Henderson Petrel)13 Henderson I. (SE Pacific) >> ? Pterodroma alba (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Phoenix Petrel) Kiritimati (Pacific Ocean), Phoenix, Tonga, Marquesas, Pitcairn, Tuamotu, Kermadec Is. >> WC Pacific Ocean Pterodroma baraui (Jouanin, 1964) (Barau's Petrel) Mascarene Is. (Indian Oc.) >> nearby seas Pterodroma phaeopygia (Dark-rumped Petrel) P.p.phaeopygia (Salvin, 1876) Galapagos Is. >> C Pacific P.p.sandwichensis (Ridgway, 1884) Hawaiian Is. >> C Pacific Pterodroma inexpectata (J.R. Forster, 1844)14 (Mottled Petrel) S New Zealand, Stewart I., Snares Is. >> Pacific Ocean Pterodroma cervicalis (Salvin, 1891) (White-necked Petrel) Kermadec Is. >> W Pacific Pterodroma nigripennis (Rothschild, 1893) (Black-winged Petrel) Lord Howe, Norfolk, Kermadec Is., north to New Caledonia, south to New Zealand, Austral and Chatham Is. >> tropical Pacific Ocean Pterodroma axillaris (Salvin, 1893) (Chatham Islands Petrel) Chatham Is. >> nearby seas Pterodroma hypoleuca (Salvin, 1888) (Bonin Islands Petrel) Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin) Is., Iwo (Volcano) Is., W Hawaiian Is. >> NW Pacific Pterodroma leucoptera (Gould’s Petrel) P.l.leucoptera (Gould, 1844) Cabbage Tree and Boondelbah Is. (New South Wales) >> SW and C Pacific P.l.caledonica de Naurois, 1978 New Caledonia (627) >> ?? P.l.brevipes (Peale, 1848)15 Fiji and Cook Is. (? Solomon Is.) >> SW and C Pacific Pterodroma cookii (G.R. Gray, 1843) (Cook's Petrel)16 Great and Little Barrier Is., Codfish I., N and S New Zealand >> N and C Pacific Pterodroma defilippiana (Giglioli & Salvadori, 1869) (Masatierra17 Petrel) Juan Fernandez and Los Desventurados Is. (Chile) >> EC Pacific Pterodroma longirostris (Stejneger, 1893) (Stejneger's Petrel)18 Robinson Crusoe I. (Juan Fernandez Is.) >> ?NC Pacific Pterodroma pycrofti Falla, 1933 (Pycroft's Petrel) NE North Island (New Zealand) >> nearby seas PSEUDOBULWERIA Mathews, 193619 F †?Pseudobulweria aterrima (Bonaparte, 1857) (Mascarene Petrel) SW Mascarene Is. >> nearby seas Pseudobulweria rostrata (Tahiti Petrel) P.r.rostrata (Peale, 1848) Marquesas Is., Society Is. >> WC Pacific P.r.trouessarti (Brasil, 1917) New Caledonia >> WC Pacific †?Pseudobulweria becki Murphy, 1928 (Beck’s Petrel) 20 ? >> Bismarck Arch., Solomon Is. †?Pseduobulweria macgillivrayi (G.R. Gray, 1860) (Fiji Petrel) Gau I. (Fiji Is.) >> ? PROCELLARIA Linnaeus, 1758 F Procellaria cinerea J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (Grey Petrel) Tristan da Cunha, Gough east to Antipodes Is. >> southern oceans Procellaria aequinoctialis (White-chinned Petrel)21 P.a.aequinoctialis Linnaeus, 175822 South Georgia, Falkland east to Antipodes Is. >> southern oceans P.a.conspicillata Gould, 1844 Inaccessible I., Tristan da Cunha >> southern oceans Procellaria parkinsoni G.R. Gray, 1862 (Parkinson’s/Black Petrel) North Island (New Zealand) >> C Pacific Procellaria westlandica Falla, 1946 (Westland Petrel) NW South Island (New Zealand) >> nearby seas CALONECTRIS Mathews & Iredale, 1915 F Calonectris leucomelas (Temminck, 183623) (Streaked Shearwater) NW Pacific >> SW Pacific Ocean, New Guinea Calonectris diomedea (Cory's Shearwater)24 C.d.diomedea (Scopoli, 1769) Mediterranean Islands >> S Atlantic Ocean C.d.borealis (Cory, 1881) Portugal, Canaries, Madeira, Azores Is. >> W Atlantic C.d.edwardsii (Oustalet, 1883) Cape Verde Is. >> ? PUFFINUS Brisson, 176025 M Puffinus nativitatis Streets, 1877 (Kiritimati Shearwater)26 Central Pacific (Hawaii, Kiritimati, Phoenix, Tuamotu, Pitcairn, Austral, Marquesas Is. Puffinus pacificus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Wedge-tailed Shearwater) Tropical and subtropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Puffinus bulleri Salvin, 1888 (Buller’s Shearwater) Islands off N New Zealand >> N Pacific Puffinus puffinus (Brünnich, 1764) (Manx Shearwater)27 North Atlantic >> SW Atlantic Puffinus yelkouan (Acerbi, 1827) (Yelkouan Shearwater) Mediterranean >> local seas Puffinus mauretanicus P.R. Lowe, 1921 (Balearic Shearwater) 28 Balearic Is. >> E Atlantic Puffinus opisthomelas Coues, 1864 (Black-vented Shearwater) W coast of North America Puffinus auricularis (Townsend's Shearwater) P.a.auricularis C.H. Townsend, 1890 Revillagidedo Is. (W Mexico) >> local seas P.a.newelli Henshaw, 1900 Hawaiian Is. >> local seas Puffinus gavia (J.R. Forster, 1844)29 (Fluttering Shearwater) Islands off N New Zealand >> Tasman Sea Puffinus huttoni Mathews, 1912 (Hutton's Shearwater) NE South Island (New Zealand) >> Australian waters Puffinus lherminieri (Audubon's Shearwater)30 P.l.persicus Hume, 1873 Kuriamuria Is. (Oman) P.l.nicolae Jouanin, 1971 Seychelles, Amirantes, Maldives, Chagos P.l.colstoni Shirihai & Christie, 199631 Aldabra I. (2245) P.l.temptator Louette & Herremans, 1985 Comoro Is. (1382) P.l.bailloni (Bonaparte, 1857)32 Mauritius, Reunion, Europa Is. P.l.bannermani Mathews & Iredale, 1915 Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin), Iwo (Volcano) Is. P.l.dichrous Finsch & Hartlaub, 186733 Central Pacific (Palau, Phoenix, Kiritimati Is.) P.l.heinrothi Reichenow, 1919 New Britain P.l.gunax Mathews, 193034 Vanuatu P.l.subalaris Ridgway, 1897 Galapagos Is. P.l.lherminieri Lesson, 1839 West Indies incl. islets off Venezuela P.l.loyemilleri Wetmore, 1959 Islands off E Panama Puffinus assimilis (Little Shearwater)35 P.a.baroli (Bonaparte, 1857) Azores, Madeira, Canary Is. P.a.boydi Mathews, 191236 Cape Verde Is. P.a.elegans Giglioli & Salvadori, 186937 Tristan da Cunha, Gough, Chatham, Antipodes Is. P.a.tunneyi Mathews, 1912 Islands off SW Australia P.a.assimilis Gould, 1838 Lord Howe, Norfolk Is. P.a.haurakiensis Fleming & Serventy, 1943 NE North Island (New Zealand) P.a.myrtae Bourne, 195938 Iles Australes (central Pacific) P.a.kermadecensis Murphy, 1927 Kermadec Is., ? Chiloe I. (off Chile) Puffinus griseus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Sooty Shearwater) SE Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand to Chile, Falkland Is. ranging widely in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck, 183639) (Short-tailed Shearwater) SE Australia, Tasmania >> waters of W Pacific Puffinus creatopus Coues, 1864 (Pink-footed Shearwater) Juan Fernandez, Mocha Is. >> E Pacific Puffinus carneipes Gould, 1844 (Flesh-footed Shearwater)40 SW Australia, Lord Howe I., New Zealand >> W Pacific and Indian Oceans Puffinus gravis (O'Reilly, 1818) (Great Shearwater) Tristan da Cunha, Gough, Falkland Is. >> Atlantic Ocean BULWERIA Bonaparte, 1843 F Bulweria bulwerii (Jardine & Selby, 1828) (Bulwer's Petrel) Tropical and temperate waters of the three oceans Bulweria fallax Jouanin, 1955 (Jouanin's Petrel) Tropical waters, NW Indian Ocean 1 Based on Jouanin & Mougin (1979) (1229), with modifications derived from Imber (1985) (1179) and Bretagnolle et al. (1998) (212). 2 Includes minor see Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 62) (1229). Here we recognise subspecies based on colour accepting that size varies clinally (van Franeker, 1995; van Franeker & Wattel, 1982) (2465, 2466). 3 In last Edition we used the name major for this, but our source for that is now unclear. Range not well understood. 4 For reasons to transfer macgillivrayi from P. vittata see Roux et al. (1986) (2113). 5 Treated as monotypic following Harper (1980) (1069). 6 For reasons to recognise subantarctica see Harper (1980) (1069). 7 Includes pyramidalis see Harper (1980) (1069). 8 This name was proposed to replace Lugensa see Olson (2000) (1706), but see Bourne (2001) (204). 9 We have grouped species following Imber (1985) (1179), but we sequence the species as close to the traditional sequence as his groups allow. This contradicts his arguments in some measure, and is here purely pragmatic. 10 Clancey et al. (1981) (531) and Carboneras (1992: 242) (292) used the name dubius Mathews, 1924. This and the new name fusca Imber, 1985 (1179) are included here following Bourne (1987) (203). See also Sangster et al. (2002) (2167). 11 In last Edition we listed tristrani, see the synonymy in Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 74) (1229) but the location Tristan da Cunha is not now accepted for this. 12 Treated as a species by Imber (1985) (1179), but see Bourne (1987) (203) and A.O.U. (1998: 13) (3). Includes paschae see Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 71) (1229). For further support for two species see Brooke & Rowe (1996) (225). 13 For recognition of this see Brooke & Rowe (1996) (225). 14 Drawings with Forster’s proposed names were published many years after his death (d. 1798). 15 Sometimes treated as a species, e.g. by Imber (1985) (1179). 16 Includes orientalis see Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 77) (1229). 17 Recently renamed Alejandro Selkirk Island! 18 Includes masafuerae Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 77) (1229); described as a form of leucoptera and still so attached in our last Edition. See also A.O.U. (1998: 16) (3). 19 For recognition of this genus see Imber (1985) (1179) and Bretagnolle et al. (1998) (212). 20 Imber (1985) (1179) recognised this and we do so tentatively; its breeding grounds remain to be discovered and the range given relates to specimens taken at sea. 21 We retain the conspecific treatment of Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 86) (1229), but for a contrary opinion see Ryan (1998) (2143). 22 Includes steadi see Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 86) (1229). 23 The source (“Planches Coloriées”, Livraison 99) must date from 1836 not 1835 (Dickinson, 2001) (739). In footnotes about the “Planches” later in this book we just cite “Livr.”. 24 Now often treated as three species, but we believe these views need to gain acceptance. The name flavirostris is considered indeterminate, see Bourne (1955) (202). 25 Some forms in some of the polytypic “species” will no doubt prove to deserving splitting. 26 Previously Christmas Island Shearwater, based on Kiritimati’s old name; that name is now misleading as Christmas Island of the Indian Ocean retains that name. 27 For comments on reasons to treat this and the next two taxa as species see Sangster et al. (2002) (2167). 28 Separated tentatively from P. yelkouan, but see also Bourne (1988) (206). 29 Drawings with Forster’s proposed names were published many years after his death (d. 1798). 30 There remains much to learn of this group; treatment here very conservative and tentative. 31 Perhaps within the range of variation of nicolae, see Bretagnolle et al. (2000) (213). 32 The name atrodorsalis Shirihai et al., 1995 (2245) is tentatively placed here following comments by Bretagnolle et al. (2000) (213). 33 Includes polynesiae see Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 98) (1229). 34 We used the name nugax in last Edition (overlooking the new name found to be needed). 35 May well be more than one species. See, for example, Bourne (1955: 536) (201). 36 Placed in this species by Carboneras (1992: 256) (292), but in P. lherminieri in Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 99) (1229). 37 The names Procellaria munda Kuhl, 1820, and Nectris munda Kuhl, 1820, have been suppressed as regards Priority but not as regards Homonymy see Opinion 497 I.C.Z.N. (1957) (1170). 38 Omitted in previous Editions. 39 Livr. 99 must date from 1836 not 1835 (Dickinson, 2001) (739). 40 Includes hullianus see Peters (1931) (1821). PROCELLARIIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD HYDROBATIDAE (STORM PETRELS) (7: 21) OCEANITINAE OCEANITES Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 M Oceanites oceanicus (Wilson's Storm Petrel) O.o.oceanicus (Kuhl, 1820) Falkland, South Georgia, Crozet, Kerguelen Is. >> all main oceans O.o.exasperatus Mathews, 19121 Antarctica and closer islands >> all main oceans Oceanites gracilis (White-vented Storm Petrel) O.g.gracilis (Elliot, 1859) W coast of South America >> Humboldt current seas O.g.galapagoensis P.R. Lowe, 1921 Galapagos Is. >> Humboldt current seas GARRODIA Forbes, 1881 F Garrodia nereis (Gould, 1841) (Grey-backed Storm Petrel) South Georgia, Falkland, Crozet, Kerguelen, Macquarie and islands neighbouring New Zealand >> ? local seas PELAGODROMA Reichenbach, 1853 F Pelagodroma marina (White-faced Storm Petrel) P.m.hypoleuca (Moquin-Tandon, 1841) Salvage Is. (Madeira), NE Canary Is. >> N Atlantic P.m.eadesi Bourne, 1953 Cape Verde Is. >> N Atlantic P.m.marina (Latham, 1790) Tristan da Cunha, Gough Is. >> S Atlantic P.m.dulciae Mathews, 1912 SW to SE Australia >> Indian and S Pacific Oceans P.m.maoriana Mathews, 1912 New Zealand islands, Auckland, Chatham Is. >> ? P.m.albiclunis Murphy & Irving, 1951 Kermadec Is. >> ? FREGETTA Bonaparte, 1855 F Fregetta grallaria (White-bellied Storm Petrel) F.g.grallaria (Vieillot, 1817)2 Admiralty, Lord Howe, Kermadec Is. F.g.leucogaster (Gould, 1844)3 Tristan da Cunha group, Gough, St. Paul, (?) Amsterdam Is. F.g.segethi (Philippi & Landbeck, 1860)4 Juan Fernandez Is. (Chile) F.g.titan Murphy, 1928 Iles Australes Fregetta tropica (Black-bellied Storm Petrel) F.t.tropica (Gould, 1844)5 Circumpolar. Scotia Arc to Antipodes Is. >> tropical and subtropical parts of the three oceans F.t.melanoleuca Salvadori, 1908 Tristan da Cunha, Gough Is. NESOFREGETTA Mathews, 1912 F Nesofregetta fuliginosa (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Polynesian Storm Petrel)6 South-central equatorial Pacific Ocean from Vanuatu east to Marquesas and Gambier Is. HYDROBATINAE HYDROBATES Boie, 1822 M Hydrobates pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (European Storm Petrel) E North Atlantic, Mediterranean >> E South Atlantic OCEANODROMA Reichenbach, 1853 F Oceanodroma microsoma (Coues, 1864) (Least Storm Petrel) 7 Baja California >> local waters south to Ecuador Oceanodroma tethys (Wedge-rumped Storm Petrel) O.t.tethys (Bonaparte, 1852) Galapagos Is. >> Humboldt Current seas O.t.kelsalli (P.R. Lowe, 1925) Coast of Peru >> Humboldt Current seas Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt, 1851) (Band-rumped Storm Petrel) E Atlantic Is. (Azores and Madeira to St Helena I.); NW to SE Pacific (Japan, Hawaii to Galapagos Is.) Oceanodroma monorhis (Swinhoe, 1867) (Swinhoe's Storm Petrel) Japan to Yellow Sea, north to SE USSR >> N Indian Ocean Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Leach's Storm Petrel) O.l.leucorhoa (Vieillot, 1818)8 N Pacific and N Atlantic coasts >> tropical waters O.l.chapmani Berlepsch, 19069 San Benito and Coronados Is. (W Mexico) O.l.cheimomnestes Ainley, 1980 Guadalupe I. (Baja California) (winter breeder) (19) O.l.socorroensis C.H. Townsend, 189010 Islets off Guadalupe I. (summer breeder) †?Oceanodroma macrodactyla W.E. Bryant, 1887 (Guadalupe Storm Petrel) Guadalupe I. (Baja California) Oceanodroma markhami (Salvin, 1883) (Markham’s Storm Petrel) Central W coast Sth. America >> WC Pacific Oceanodroma tristrami Salvin, 1896 (Tristram's Storm Petrel)11 Japan, Laysan I., Midway I. >> local seas Oceanodroma melania (Bonaparte, 1854) (Black Storm Petrel) Baja California >> tropical W Pacific Oceanodroma matsudairae N. Kuroda, Sr., 1922 (Matsudaira's Storm Petrel) Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin) Is. (Japan) >> Timor Sea and tropical waters Indian Ocean Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues, 1864) (Ashy Storm Petrel) Islands off California to Coronados Is. (Mexico) >> nearby seas Oceanodroma hornbyi (G.R. Gray, 1854) (Hornby’s Storm Petrel/Ringed Storm Petrel) Humboldt Current (W Sth. America) Oceanodroma furcata (Fork-tailed Storm Petrel)12 O.f.furcata (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) N Kuril, Commander and Aleutian Is. >> N Pacific O.f.plumbea (Peale, 1848) Alaska to N California >> N Pacific Ocean PELECANOIDIDAE (DIVING PETRELS) (1: 4) PELECANOIDES Lacépčde, 1799 M Pelecanoides garnotii (Lesson, 1828) (Peruvian Diving Petrel) Coasts of Peru and Chile Pelecanoides magellani (Mathews, 1912) (Magellanic Diving Petrel) S Chile to Cape Horn Pelecanoides georgicus Murphy & Harper, 191613 (South Georgia Diving Petrel) Antarctic waters near colonies: South Georgia I., S Indian Ocean Is., islands off S New Zealand Pelecanoides urinatrix (Common Diving Petrel)14 P.u.dacunhae Nicholl, 190615 Tristan da Cunha, Gough I. P.u.berard (Gaimard, 1823) Falkland Is. P.u.urinatrix (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) SE Australia, Tasmania, N New Zealand P.u.chathamensis Murphy & Harper, 1916 Chatham, Snares, Stewart Is. P.u.exsul Salvin, 1896 South Georgia, Crozet, Marion, Heard, Kerguelen, Macquarie, Antipodes, Auckland Is. P.u.coppingeri Mathews, 1912 S Chile 1 Includes maoriana see Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 104) (1229); considered a morph and thus not eligible for possible listing as an extinct race. 2 Includes royana see Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 109) (1229). 3 Omitted in error from last Edition. 4 Submerged in grallaria in last Edition. 5 Includes lineata see Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 108) (1229). 6 Includes moestissima see Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 110) (1229). 7 Treated in the genus Halocyptena in last Edition, but see A.O.U. (1998: 26) (3). 8 Includes beali see Ainley (1980) (19). 9 Ainley (1980) (19) placed this in the synonymy of the nominate form. Distinction between the two is not reliable for all birds, see Ainley (1983) (20) and Bourne & Jehl (1982) (205). Includes willetti see Bourne & Jehl (1982) (205). 10 Includes keadingi see Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 115) (1229). 11 Includes owstoni see Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 116) (1229). 12 Treated as monotypic in last Edition. 13 In last Edition a race novus was included in error. 14 In Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 120) (1229) named urinator; but see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 15 Includes elizabethae see Jouanin & Mougin (1979: 120) (1229). HYDROBATIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD PODICIPEDIDAE (GREBES) (6: 22) TACHYBAPTUS Reichenbach, 1853 M †?Tachybaptus rufolavatus Delacour, 1932 (Alaotra Grebe) Lake Alaotra (Madagascar) Tachybaptus ruficollis (Little Grebe) T.r.ruficollis (Pallas, 1764) Europe to Urals and N Caucasus, NW Africa T.r.iraquensis (Ticehurst, 1923) Iraq, SW Iran T.r.capensis (Salvadori, 1884) Caucasus area, SW and C Asia to Tien Shan, S Asia to Burma, Ghana to Ethiopia and Cape Province, Madagascar T.r.poggei (Reichenow, 1902)1 Ladakh to C and NE China and Japan, south to Malay Pen., Indochina and E China T.r.philippensis (Bonnaterre, 1791) Taiwan, Philippines (excl. Mindanao) T.r.cotabato (Rand, 1948) Mindanao T r.tricolor (G.R. Gray, 1861)2 Java, the Lesser Sundas and Sulawesi to New Guinea T.r.collaris (Mayr, 1945)3 NE New Guinea to Bougainville I. (Solomons) Tachybaptus novaehollandiae (Australasian Grebe)4 T.n.javanicus (Mayr, 1943) Java T.n.fumosus (Mayr, 1943) Talaud Is., Sangihe Is.? T.n.incola (Mayr, 1943) N New Guinea T.n.novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826)5 Australia, New Zealand, S New Guinea, vagrant (?) to Timor T.n.leucosternos (Mayr, 1931) Vanuatu, New Caledonia T.n.rennellianus (Mayr, 1931) Rennell I. Tachybaptus pelzelnii Hartlaub, 1861 (Madagascan Grebe) Madagascar Tachybaptus dominicus (Least Grebe)6 T.d.brachypterus (Chapman, 1899) S Texas to Panama T.d.bangsi (van Rossem & Hachisuka, 1937) S Baja California T.d.dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766) Gtr. Antilles T.d.speciosus (Lynch Arribálzaga, 1877) South America (except Ecuador) south to N Argentina T.d.eisenmanni Storer & Getty, 1985 W Ecuador (2352) PODILYMBUS Lesson, 1831 M Podilymbus podiceps (Pied-billed Grebe) P.p.podiceps (Linnaeus, 1758) Canada and USA to W Panama >> C America and West Indies P.p.antillarum Bangs, 1913 Gtr. and Lesser Antilles P.p.antarcticus (Lesson, 1842) E Panama, Colombia and Venezuela to S Argentina †?Podilymbus gigas Griscom, 1929 (Atitlan Grebe) Lake Atitlan (Guatemala) ROLLANDIA Bonaparte, 1856 F Rollandia rolland (White-tufted Grebe) R.r.morrisoni (Simmons, 1962) C Peru R.r.chilensis (Lesson, 1828) S Brazil and NW Peru to Tierra del Fuego R.r.rolland (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Falkland Is. Rollandia microptera (Gould, 1868) (Short-winged Grebe) SE Peru and W Bolivia POLIOCEPHALUS Selby, 18407 M Poliocephalus poliocephalus (Jardine & Selby, 1827) (Hoary-headed Grebe) Australia, Tasmania Poliocephalus rufopectus G.R. Gray, 1843 (New Zealand Grebe) New Zealand (mainly North Island) PODICEPS Latham, 1787 M Podiceps major (Great Grebe)8 P.m.major (Boddaert, 1783) Paraguay, SE Brazil to S Argentina and C Chile >> coasts of W Peru, Chile, Argentina P.m.navasi Manghi, 1984 S Chile (1417) Podiceps grisegena (Red-necked Grebe) P.g.grisegena (Boddaert, 1783) N and C Europe to SW Siberia and Middle East >> N Africa, W and S Europe, SW Asia P.g.holboellii Reinhardt, 1854 N America, NE Asia >> China, Japan, S USA Podiceps cristatus (Great Crested Grebe) P.c.cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe to Japan, south to N Africa, Middle East and N India >> southern parts of range P.c.infuscatus Salvadori, 1884 Ethiopia, E and S Africa P.c.australis Gould, 18449 S Australia, Tasmania, South Island (New Zealand) Podiceps auritus (Slavonian or Horned Grebe) P.a.auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) Iceland and N Scotland to Kamchatka >> W Europe and C and E Asia P.a.cornutus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)10 Canada, N USA >> North America south to Texas Podiceps nigricollis (Black-necked or Eared Grebe) P.n.nigricollis C.L. Brehm, 1831 Europe to C Asia >> W and SW Palaearctic, C and E Asia P.n.gurneyi (Roberts, 1919) Ethiopia, to N Tanzania, Namibia to Transvaal and Cape Province P.n.californicus Heermann, 1854 S Canada, W and C USA, and N Mexico >> USA and C America †?Podiceps andinus Meyer de Schauensee, 1959 (Colombian Grebe)11 C Colombia Podiceps occipitalis (Silvery Grebe) P.o.juninensis Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894 Andes from Colombia to NW Argentina P.o.occipitalis Garnot, 1826 C and S Chile, C and S Argentina, Falkland Is. Podiceps taczanowskii Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894 (Junin Flightless Grebe) Lake Junin (Peru) Podiceps gallardoi Rumboll, 1974 (Hooded Grebe) SW Argentina AECHMOPHORUS Coues, 1862 M Aechmophorus occidentalis (Western Grebe) A.o.occidentalis (Lawrence, 1858) SW Canada, NW USA >> Pacific coast A.o.ephemeralis Dickerman, 1986 SC and WC Mexico (715) Aechmophorus clarkii (Clark’s Grebe) A.c.clarkii (Lawrence, 1858) N and C Mexico A.c.transitionalis Dickerman, 1986 W USA (715) PHOENICOPTERIDAE (FLAMINGOS) (3: 5) PHOENICOPTERUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Phoenicopterus ruber (Greater Flamingo) P.r.ruber Linnaeus, 1758 Caribbean coasts of Central and South America, West Indies P.r.roseus Pallas, 1811 S Europe, C Asia, NW India, N, E and S Africa Phoenicopterus chilensis Molina, 1782 (Chilean Flamingo) Peru and Uruguay to Tierra del Fuego PHOENICONAIAS G.R. Gray, 1869 F Phoeniconaias minor (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1798) (Lesser Flamingo) Mauritania, S and E Africa, NW India >> sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar and S Asia PHOENICOPARRUS Bonaparte, 1856 M Phoenicoparrus andinus (Philippi, 1854) (Andean Flamingo) Andes of Bolivia, Chile and NW Argentina Phoenicoparrus jamesi (P.L. Sclater, 1886) (James's Flamingo) Andes of S Peru, Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina 1 Includes kunikyonis see Vaurie (1965: 11) (2510). 2 Includes vulcanorum see White & Bruce (1986: 89) (2652). 3 This race accidentally omitted in last Edition. 4 In our last Edition the separation of this species from T. ruficollis was mishandled, limiting it to a single race, see Mayr (1943) (1473) 5 Includes timorensis see White & Bruce (1986: 89) (2652). 6 In last Edition listed in the genus Podiceps, but see Storer (1979: 145) (2350). 7 We follow Storer (1979: 147) (2350) in the generic name used. 8 Storer (1979: 149) (2350) footnoted the distinctness of this species. See also Bochenski (1994) (172). 9 Includes christiani see Vaurie (1965) (2510). 10 For recognition of this see Storer (1979: 150) (2350). 11 For elevation to specific rank see Fjeldsĺ (1982) (841) and A.O.U. (1998: 8) (3). PODICIPEDIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD CICONIIDAE (STORKS) (6: 19) MYCTERIA Linnaeus, 1758 F Mycteria americana Linnaeus, 1758 (Wood Stork) SE USA to C South America Mycteria cinerea (Raffles, 1822) (Milky Stork) Indochina, W Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and Bali Mycteria ibis (Linnaeus, 1766) (Yellow-billed Stork) Senegal to Eritrea and Cape Province Mycteria leucocephala (Pennant, 1769) (Painted Stork) India and Sri Lanka to SE China, Indochina ANASTOMUS Bonnaterre, 1791 M Anastomus oscitans (Boddaert, 1783) (Asian Openbill) India and Sri Lanka to Indochina Anastomus lamelligerus (African Openbill) A.l.lamelligerus Temminck, 1823 Mali to Ethiopia, Botswana and Natal A.l.madagascariensis A. Milne-Edwards, 1880 W Madagascar CICONIA Brisson, 1760 F Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) (Black Stork) a) Europe to N China >> N, E Africa, S Asia east to Indochina b) S Africa >> E Africa Ciconia abdimii M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823 (Abdim's Stork) Ethiopia to Angola >> south to S Africa Ciconia episcopus (Woolly-necked Stork) C.e.microscelis G.R. Gray, 1848 Gambia to Eritrea south to N Botswana and Natal C.e.episcopus (Boddaert, 1783) India and Sri Lanka to SE Asia, Sumatra and the Philippines C.e.neglecta (Finsch, 1904) Java, Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi Ciconia stormi (W.H. Blasius, 1896) (Storm's Stork) SW Thailand, Malay Pen., Borneo Ciconia maguari (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Maguari Stork) E Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas; C Brazil and E Bolivia to Paraguay and N Argentina Ciconia ciconia (European White Stork) C.c.ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758) a) Europe, Middle East and N Africa >> E, S Africa b) S Africa >> E Africa C.c.asiatica Severtsov, 1873 C Asia >> India Ciconia boyciana Swinhoe, 1873 (Oriental White Stork) SE Siberia, NE China, Korea, formerly Japan >> S China EPHIPPIORHYNCHUS Bonaparte, 1855 M Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus (Black-necked Stork) E.a.asiaticus (Latham, 1790) India to Malay Pen. and Vietnam E.a.australis (Shaw, 1800) New Guinea, N and E Australia Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis (Shaw, 1800) (Saddle-bill Stork) Senegal to Eritrea south to N Botswana and N Natal JABIRU Hellmayr, 1906 F Jabiru mycteria (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1819) (Jabiru) S Mexico to C Argentina LEPTOPTILOS Lesson, 1831 M Leptoptilos javanicus (Horsfield, 1821) (Lesser Adjutant) C India to S China, Gtr. Sundas Leptoptilos dubius (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Greater Adjutant) India (formerly east to Indochina and Gtr. Sundas) Leptoptilos crumeniferus (Lesson, 1831) (Marabou) Senegal to Eritrea south to Botswana and Natal CICONIIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD THRESKIORNITHIDAE (IBISES AND SPOONBILLS) (14: 32) THRESKIORNITHINAE THRESKIORNIS G.R. Gray, 1842 M Threskiornis aethiopicus (Sacred Ibis) T.a.aethiopicus (Latham, 1790) Sub-Saharan Africa, Iraq T.a.abbotti (Ridgway, 1893) Aldabra I. T.a.bernieri (Bonaparte, 1855)1 W Madagascar Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham, 1790) (Black-headed Ibis) India to China, SE Asia and Java >> S Asia and Philippines Threskiornis molucca (Australian Ibis) T.m.molucca (Cuvier, 1829)2 E Lesser Sundas, Moluccas, Kai Is., S New Guinea, Australia T.m.pygmaeus Mayr, 19313 Rennell and Bellona Is. (Solomons) Threskiornis spinicollis (Jameson, 1835) (Straw-necked Ibis) S New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania PSEUDIBIS Hodgson, 1844 F Pseudibis papillosa (Temminck, 1824) (Indian Black Ibis) N India, Nepal, Pakistan Pseudibis davisoni (Hume, 1875) (White-shouldered Ibis)4 S Vietnam, Borneo Pseudibis gigantea (Oustalet, 1877) (Giant Ibis) S Thailand, S Indochina GERONTICUS Wagler, 1832 M Geronticus eremita (Linnaeus, 1758) (Northern Bald Ibis) Morocco, Turkey >> NE Africa Geronticus calvus (Boddaert, 1783) (Southern Bald Ibis) S Africa NIPPONIA Reichenbach, 18505 F Nipponia nippon (Temminck, 1835) (Crested Ibis) E China, formerly Japan BOSTRYCHIA Reichenbach, 18536 F Bostrychia olivacea (Olive Ibis) B.o.olivacea (Du Bus, 1838) 7 Sierra Leone to Ivory Coast B.o.cupreipennis (Reichenow, 1903) S Cameroon to Zaire †?B.o.rothschildi (Bannerman, 1919) Principe I. B.o.bocagei (Chapin, 1923) Săo Tomé I. B.o.akleyorum (Chapman, 1912) Mts. of Kenya and Tanzania Bostrychia rara (Rothschild, Hartert & Kleinschmidt, 1897) (Spot-breasted Ibis) Liberia to E Zaire and Angola Bostrychia hagedash (Hadada Ibis) B.h.nilotica Neumann, 1909 Sudan and Ethiopia to Uganda and NW Tanzania B.h.brevirostris (Reichenow, 1907)8 Gambia to Zaire, Kenya, Somalia, E and S Tanzania and Zambia B.h.hagedash (Latham, 1790) Southern Africa Bostrychia carunculata (Rüppell, 1837) (Wattled Ibis) Ethiopia THERISTICUS Wagler, 18329 M Theristicus caerulescens Vieillot, 1817 (Plumbeous Ibis) C Brazil and E Bolivia to N Argentina Theristicus caudatus (Buff-necked Ibis) T.c.caudatus (Boddaert, 1783) E Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, N Brazil T.c.hyperorius Todd, 1948 E Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina Theristicus melanopis (Black-faced Ibis) T.m.branickii Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894 Andes of Ecuador, Peru, N Bolivia and N Chile T.m.melanopis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) SW Peru, W Chile, S Argentina CERCIBIS Wagler, 1832 F Cercibis oxycerca (Spix, 1825) (Sharp-tailed Ibis) SE Colombia to Surinam, N Brazil MESEMBRINIBIS J.L. Peters, 1930 F Mesembrinibis cayennensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Green Ibis) Costa Rica to Paraguay, NE Argentina PHIMOSUS Wagler, 1832 M Phimosus infuscatus (Bare-faced Ibis Ibis) P.i.berlepschi Hellmayr, 1903 N Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, N Brazil P.i.nudifrons (Spix, 1825) C and S Brazil P.i.infuscatus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) E Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, C Argentina EUDOCIMUS Wagler, 1832 M Eudocimus albus (Linnaeus, 1758) (White Ibis) SE USA to N Sth. America Eudocimus ruber (Linnaeus, 1758) (Scarlet Ibis) N South America, Trinidad PLEGADIS Kaup, 1829 M Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Glossy Ibis)10 S Europe, Africa, SW and S Asia to Java, Sulawesi, Philippines and Australia; Central America, N Sth. America Plegadis chihi (Vieillot, 1817) (White-faced Ibis) W and S USA to SC South America Plegadis ridgwayi (J.A. Allen, 1876) (Puna Ibis) Andes of Peru, Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina LOPHOTIBIS Reichenbach, 1853 F Lophotibis cristata (Madagascan Crested Ibis) L.c.cristata (Boddaert, 1783) N and E Madagascar L.c.urschi Lavauden, 1929 W and S Madagascar PLATALEINAE PLATALEA Linnaeus, 1758 F Platalea leucorodia (Eurasian Spoonbill) P.l.leucorodia Linnaeus, 175811 Europe to N China and Sri Lanka >> Africa (mainly north of the Equator) and S Asia P.l.balsaci Naurois & Roux, 1974 W Mauritania P.l.archeri Neumann, 1928 Red Sea coasts, Somalia Platalea minor Temminck & Schlegel, 184912 (Black-faced Spoonbill) E and NE China, Korea >> S China, Taiwan, Indochina and formerly Philippines Platalea alba Scopoli, 1786 (African Spoonbill) Senegal to Eritrea and south to Cape Province Platalea regia Gould, 1838 (Royal Spoonbill) Java, Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi, Moluccas, S New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand to Solomons Platalea flavipes Gould, 1838 (Yellow-billed Spoonbill) Australia AJAIA Reichenbach, 185313 F Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus, 1758) (Roseate Spoonbill) S USA to C Argentina and Chile 1 Sometimes treated as a separate species, e.g. by Roselaar in Cramp et al. (1977: 351) (588), but no detailed review published. 2 Includes strictipennis see Mees (1982) (1533). 3 For recognition see Payne (1979: 264) (1797). 4 For arguments supporting separation from P. papillosa see Sözer at al. (1997) (2300). 5 Dated 1853 by Steinbacher (1979: 266) (2315) but see Dekker et al. (2001) (672); many other names – including Bostrychia -- may be affected and need review. 6 The expansion of this genus follows Payne (1979) (1797). 7 Du Bus is here abbreviated from Du Bus de Gisignies. 8 Includes erlangeri see Payne (1979: 260) (1797). 9 The expansion of this genus follows Payne (1979) (1797). 10 For monotypic treatment see Amadon & Woolfenden (1952) (49). 11 Includes major see Payne (1979: 267) (1797). 12 Should probably be dated 1850 see Holthuis & Sakai (1970) (1128). 13 Although placed in Platalea by Payne (1979: 268) (1797), A.O.U. (1998: 50) (3) retained the genus Ajaia. THRESKIORNITHIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD ARDEIDAE (HERONS, BITTERNS AND EGRETS)1 (19: 65) TIGRISOMATINAE ZONERODIUS Salvadori, 1882 M Zonerodius heliosylus (Lesson, 1828) (Forest Bittern) New Guinea, Aru Is. TIGRIORNIS Sharpe, 1895 F Tigriornis leucolopha (Jardine, 1846) (White-crested Tiger Heron)2 Sierra Leone to SW and NE Zaire TIGRISOMA Swainson, 1827 N Tigrisoma lineatum (Rufescent Tiger Heron) T.l.lineatum (Boddaert, 1783) Honduras south through C America and S America to N Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil T.l.marmoratum (Vieillot, 1817) E and S Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, N Argentina Tigrisoma fasciatum (Fasciated Tiger Heron) T.f.salmoni Sclater & Salvin, 1875 Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia to Bolivia T.f.fasciatum (Such, 1825) SE Brazil, N Argentina T.f.pallescens Olrog, 1950 NW Argentina Tigrisoma mexicanum Swainson, 1834 (Bare-throated Tiger Heron) W Mexico to E Panama, NW Colombia AGAMIA Reichenbach, 1853 F Agamia agami (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Agami Heron) E Mexico to Brazil and N Bolivia COCHLEARIINAE COCHLEARIUS Brisson, 1760 M Cochlearius cochlearius (Boat-billed Heron) C.c.zeledoni (Ridgway, 1885) W Mexico C.c.phillipsi Dickerman, 1973 S Mexico, Belize, N Guatemala C.c.ridgwayi Dickerman, 1973 Guatemala, Honduras C.c.panamensis Griscom, 1926 S Costa Rica, Panama C.c.cochlearius (Linnaeus, 1766) N and C South America BOTAURINAE ZEBRILUS Bonaparte, 1855 M Zebrilus undulatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Zigzag Heron) Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas south to N Bolivia and C Brazil BOTAURUS Stephens, 1819 M Botaurus stellaris (Eurasian Bittern) B.s.stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe to E Asia >> N and C Africa B.s.capensis (Schlegel, 1863) S Tanzania to E Angola and Cape Province Botaurus poiciloptilus (Wagler, 1827) (Australasian Bittern) S Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand Botaurus lentiginosus (Rackett, 1813) (American Bittern) Alaska, Canada to SW and NE USA >> C America Botaurus pinnatus (Pinnated Bittern) B.p.caribaeus Dickerman, 1961 SE Mexico, Belize B.p.pinnatus (Wagler, 1829) El Salvador, Nicaragua to S Brazil, Paraguay and N Argentina IXOBRYCHUS Billberg, 1828 M Ixobrychus involucris (Vieillot, 1823) (Stripe-backed Bittern) E Columbia, Guianas, Trinidad, S Brazil to Patagonia Ixobrychus exilis (Least Bittern) I.e.exilis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Nth. America >> C America, West Indies I.e.pullus van Rossem, 1930 S Sonora (Mexico) I.e.erythromelas (Vieillot, 1817) E Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas to N Bolivia, Paraguay, and N Argentina I.e.limoncochae Norton, 19653 E Ecuador I.e.bogotensis Chapman, 1914 C Colombia I.e.peruvianus Bond, 1955 Coast of Peru Ixobrychus minutus (Little Bittern) I.m.minutus (Linnaeus, 1766) S and C Europe to C Asia and NW India >>Africa I.m.payesii (Hartlaub, 1858) Senegal to Yemen and Cape Province I.m.podiceps (Bonaparte, 1855) Madagascar I.m.dubius Mathews, 1912 E and SW Australia †Ixobrychus novaezelandiae (Potts, 1871) (New Zealand Bittern)4 New Zealand Ixobrychus sinensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Yellow Bittern) Manchuria, Japan >> India, Sundas, Philippines Ixobrychus eurhythmus (Swinhoe, 1873) (Schrenk's Bittern) E Asia >> Sundas and Philippines Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Cinnamon Bittern) S and E Asia to Philippines and Sulawesi Ixobrychus sturmii (Wagler, 1827) (Dwarf Bittern) Senegal to Ethiopia and Cape Province DUPETOR Heine & Reichenow, 1890 M Dupetor flavicollis (Black Bittern) D.f.flavicollis (Latham, 1790) S Asia to Gtr. Sundas, Philippines and Sulawesi D.f.australis (Lesson, 1831)5 Moluccas, Timor, Kai Is., Australia, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. D.f.woodfordi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1888) Solomon Is. ARDEINAE GORSACHIUS Bonaparte, 1855 M Gorsachius magnificus (Ogilvie-Grant, 1899) (White-eared Night Heron) SE China, Hainan I. Gorsachius goisagi (Temminck, 18366) (Japanese Night Heron) Japan >> E China, Japan Gorsachius melanolophus (Raffles, 1822) (Malaysian Night Heron) India to S Ryukyu Is., SE Asia, Gtr. Sundas, Philippines, Christmas I. (Indian Ocean) Gorsachius leuconotus (Wagler, 1827) (White-backed Night Heron) Senegal to W Ethiopia and Cape Province NYCTICORAX T. Forster, 1817 M Nycticorax nycticorax (Black-crowned Night Heron) N.n.nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) C and S Europe east to Kazakhstan and through S and SE Asia to E China and Japan, Taiwan, the Sundas and Philippines, N Africa >> C Africa and SE Asia N.n.hoactli (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) SE Canada to Argentina, Hawaii Is. N.n.obscurus Bonaparte, 1855 SW Peru, Chile, SW Argentina N.n.falklandicus E. Hartert, 1914 Falkland Is. Nycticorax caledonicus (Rufous Night Heron) †N.c.crassirostris Vigors, 1839 Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin) Is. (Japan) N.c.manillensis Vigors, 1831 Java, N Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines N.c.hilli Mathews, 1912 Wallacea, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand N.c.pelewensis Mathews, 1926 Palau Is., Caroline Is. N.c.caledonicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) New Caledonia N.c.mandibularis Ogilvie-Grant, 1888 Bismarck Arch., Solomon Is. NYCTANASSA Stejneger, 18877 F Nyctanassa violacea (Yellow-crowned Night Heron) N.v.violacea (Linnaeus, 1758) EC USA, E Central America N.v.bancrofti Huey, 19278 W Baja California, Socorro I., West Indies N.v.caliginis Wetmore, 1946 Panama and Columbia on Pacific coast to NW Peru N.v.cayennensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Panama and Columbia on Atlantic coast east to N Brazil N.v.pauper (Sclater & Salvin, 1870) Galapagos Is. BUTORIDES Blyth, 1852 F9 Butorides virescens (Green Heron) B.v.anthonyi (Mearns, 1895) SW USA, NW Mexico incl. N Baja California B.v.frazari (Brewster, 1888) S Baja California B.v.virescens (Linnaeus, 1758) E Nth. America and C America >> Panama B.v.maculata (Boddaert, 1783)10 Bahama Is., the Antilles, Cayman Is. and Tobago Butorides sundevalli (Reichenow, 1877) (Lava Heron)11 Galapagos Is. Butorides striata (Striated Heron)12 B.s.striata (Linnaeus, 1758) E Panama to N Argentina, Bolivia B.s.atricapilla (Afzelius, 1804) Senegal to Sudan and Cape Province B.s.brevipes (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833) Somalia, Red Sea coast B.s.rutenbergi (Hartlaub, 1880) Madagascar, Réunion B.s.rhizophorae Salomonsen, 1934 Comoro Is. B.s.crawfordi Nicoll, 1906 Amirantes, Aldabra Is. B.s.degens E. Hartert, 1920 Seychelles B.s.albolimbata Reichenow, 1900 Chagos and Maldive Is. B.s.chloriceps (Bonaparte, 1855) Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Laccadive Is. B.s.spodiogaster Sharpe, 1894 Andamans, Nicobars, W Sumatran Is. B.s.amurensis (von Schrenk, 1860) SE Siberia, NE China, Japan >> Philippines, Sulawesi, Gtr. Sundas B.s.actophila Oberholser, 1912 S China, N Indochina >> SE Asia to Gtr. Sundas B.s.javanica (Horsfield, 1821) 13 Burma, Thailand, S Indochina, Hainan, Taiwan, Malay Pen., Gtr. and Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi, Philippines B.s.moluccarum E. Hartert, 1920 Moluccas and Kai Is. B.s.papuensis Mayr, 1940 NW New Guinea B.s idenburgi Rand, 1941 N, E and SE New Guinea B.s.macrorhyncha (Gould, 1848) 14 E and NE Australia B.s.stagnatilis (Gould, 1848)15 NW and NC Australia B.s.patruelis (Peale, 1848) Tahiti Is. B.s.solomonensis Mayr, 1940 Solomon Is. ARDEOLA Boie, 1822 F Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli, 1769) (Squacco Heron) S Europe to Kazakhstan; C Africa and Madagascar Ardeola grayii (Sykes, 1832) (Indian Pond Heron) Iran to India, Sri Lanka, Burma and islands in N Indian Ocean Ardeola bacchus (Bonaparte, 1855) (Chinese Pond Heron) Inner Mongolia through China to E India and SE Asia to Sulawesi Ardeola speciosa (Javan Pond Heron) A.s.continentalis Salomonsen, 1933 SE Burma, C Thailand, Cambodia, S Vietnam A.s.speciosa (Horsfield, 1821) Borneo, Sumatra, Java, E Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi, Mindanao Ardeola idae (Hartlaub, 1860) (Madagascan Pond Heron) Aldabra, Madagascar >> C and E Africa Ardeola rufiventris (Sundevall, 1851) (Rufous-bellied Heron) S Uganda, Tanzania to N Botswana and Natal BUBULCUS Bonaparte, 1855 M Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret) B.i.ibis (Linnaeus, 1758)16 Spain to Iran, N and C Africa to Mascarene and Seychelles Is.; E Nth. America, C and N Sth. America B.i.coromandus (Boddaert, 1783) India and Pakistan to S Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, N and E Australia, New Zealand ARDEA Linnaeus, 1758 F Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron) A.c.cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 Europe to E Asia, W China, Africa A.c.jouyi Clark, 1907 Korea, Japan to Sumatra and Java A.c.monicae Jouanin & Roux, 1963 Banc d'Arguin, Mauretania A.c.firasa E. Hartert, 1917 Madagascar, Aldabra, Comoro Is. Ardea herodias (Great Blue Heron) A.h.fannini Chapman, 1901 W Nth. America A.h.herodias Linnaeus, 175817 NE Nth. America >> C America A.h.occidentalis Audubon, 1835 SE USA >> Cuba, Jamaica, West Indies A.h.cognata Bangs, 1903 Galapagos Is. Ardea cocoi Linnaeus, 1766 (Cocoi Heron) S. America Ardea pacifica Latham, 180218 (White-necked Heron) Australia, Tasmania, S New Guinea Ardea melanocephala Vigors & Children, 1826 (Black-headed Heron) Senegal to Ethiopia and Cape Province Ardea humbloti Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1885 (Humblot’s Heron) W Madagascar, Aldabra I. Ardea insignis Hume, 1878 (White-bellied Heron)19 Sikkim to C Burma Ardea sumatrana Raffles, 1822 (Great-billed Heron)20 SE Asia, the Sundas, Philippines, Wallacea, New Guinea and N Australia Ardea goliath Cretzschmar, 1827 (Goliath Heron) Senegal to Ethiopia and Cape Province (vagrant S Asia) Ardea purpurea (Purple Heron) A.p.purpurea Linnaeus, 176621 S and C Europe to Kazakhstan and Middle East, Cape Verde Is., Africa A.p.madagascariensis van Oort, 1910 Madagascar A.p.manilensis Meyen, 1834 S and E Asia east to SE Siberia through SE Asia to E Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi, Philippines Ardea alba (Great Egret) A.a.alba Linnaeus, 1758 C and SE Europe, N Asia to N Japan and NE China >> C and S Europe, Africa, S and E Asia A.a.modesta J.E. Gray, 1831 S and E Asia to S Japan and Australasia A.a.melanorhynchos Wagler, 1827 Senegal to Ethiopia and Cape Province A.a.egretta J.F. Gmelin, 1789 S Canada to Patagonia PILHERODIUS Reichenbach, 185022 M Pilherodius pileatus (Boddaert, 1783) (Capped Heron) E Panama to Bolivia, Paraguay, and S Brazil SYRIGMA Ridgway, 1878 F Syrigma sibilatrix (Whistling Heron) S.s.fostersmithi Friedmann, 1949 NW Venezuela, NE Colombia S.s.sibilatrix (Temminck, 1824) S Brazil, E Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, NE Argentina EGRETTA T. Forster, 1817 F Egretta intermedia (Intermediate Egret)23 E.i.brachyrhyncha (A.E. Brehm, 1854) Sudan to Cape Province E.i.intermedia (Wagler, 1829)24 S India to Japan, Philippines, Gtr. Sundas, S Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia Egretta picata (Gould, 1845) (Pied Heron) Sulawesi to New Guinea, N Australia Egretta novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) (White-faced Heron)25 Lombok to Timor, Australia, Loyalty Is., New Zealand >> Sulawesi, Moluccas Egretta rufescens (Reddish Egret) E.r.rufescens (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) S USA, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola E.r.dickeyi (van Rossem, 1926) NW Mexico, Baja California Egretta ardesiaca (Wagler, 1827) (Black Heron) Senegal to Ethiopia and Cape Province Egretta vinaceigula (Sharpe, 1895) (Slaty Egret) Zambia to N Botswana Egretta tricolor (Tricolored or Louisiana Heron) E.t.ruficollis Gosse, 1847 E and SE USA to NW South America E.t.occidentalis (Huey, 1927)26 Baja California >> SW USA, NW Mexico E.t.tricolor (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) N Sth. America (except extreme NW) Egretta caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758) (Little Blue Heron) S USA to C Sth. America Egretta thula (Snowy Egret) E.t.brewsteri Thayer & Bangs, 1909 W and SE USA to N Chile, N Argentina E.t.thula (Molina, 1782) E and S USA to C Chile and N Argentina Egretta garzetta (Little Egret)27 E.g.garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) Europe to Japan, India, Philippines and Africa E.g.nigripes (Temminck, 1840)28 Sundas to New Guinea, Solomons, Australia, New Zealand Egretta gularis (Western Reef Egret) E.g.gularis (Bosc, 1792) Coast tropical W Africa E.g.schistacea (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828) Coastal NE Africa to W India, Sri Lanka Egretta dimorpha E. Hartert, 1914 (Dimorphic Egret) Coastal S Kenya and N Tanzania, Pemba I., Madagascar to Seychelles Egretta sacra (Pacific Reef Egret) E.s.sacra (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)29 Coastal E and SE Asia to Australia, New Zealand, Micronesia and Polynesia E.s.albolineata (G.R. Gray, 1859) New Caledonia, Loyalty Is. Egretta eulophotes (Swinhoe, 1860) (Chinese Egret) E China and Korea >> SE China and Taiwan to Philippines and Indonesia 1 Generic sequence based on Sheldon et al. (1995) (2237), McCracken & Sheldon (1998) (1500), and Sheldon et al. (2000) (2239). Species arrangements therein largely follow Martínez-Vilalta & Motis (1992) (1447). 2 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 3 Omitted from last Edition. 4 For reasons to separate this distinct form see Marchant & Higgins (1990: 1045) (1427). 5 White & Bruce (1986: 109) (2652) recognised gouldi restricting australis to Timor; unresolved. 6 Livr. 98 must date from 1836 not 1835 (Dickinson, 2001) (739). 7 For reasons to use Nyctanassa see A.O.U. (1998: 47) (3). 8 Includes gravirostris see Payne (1979: 228) (1797). 9 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 10 Includes bahamensis (C.S.R.). 11 Implicitly recognised by A.O.U. (1998: 45) (3). 12 For reasons to separate B. virescens and B. striata see Monroe & Browning (1992) (1605). 13 Includes steini and carcinophila see Parkes (1971) (1763), White & Bruce (1986) (2652), and Cheng (1987) (333). 14 Includes littleri see Schodde et al. (1980) (2191). 15 Includes cinerea and rogersi see Schodde et al. (1980) (2191). 16 Includes seychellarum see Payne (1979: 210) (1797). 17 Includes wardi see Payne (1979: 198) (1797). 18 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 19 Payne (1979: 201) (1797) used the name imperialis, but see Walters (2001) (2558). 20 Includes mathewsae see Payne (1979: 202) (1797). 21 Includes bournei see Peters (1979: 202) (1797). 22 Usually attributed to Bonaparte, 1855, but see Reichenbach (1850: xvi) (2001). 23 We follow Sheldon et al. (2000) (2239) in placing this species in Egretta rather than retain a genus Mesophoyx. 24 Includes plumifera see Mees (1975) (1527) and Payne (1979: 209) (1797). 25 Includes parryi see Peters (1931: 102) (1821). 26 For recognition see Payne (1979: 208) (1797). 27 We separate gularis and dimorpha following Payne (1979: 213) (1797) 28 Includes immaculata see Payne (1979: 213) (1797). 29 Apparently includes micronesiae Momiyama, 1926 (1599); omitted by Peters (1931) (1821). ARDEIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD PHAETHONTIDAE (TROPICBIRDS) (1: 3) PHAETHON Linnaeus, 1758 M Phaethon aethereus (Red-billed Tropicbird) P.a.mesonauta J.L. Peters, 19301 E Pacific (California to Galapagos and coast of Peru), Caribbean, E Atlantic P.a.aethereus Linnaeus, 1758 S Atlantic P.a.indicus Hume, 1876 Persian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea Phaethon rubricauda (Red-tailed Tropicbird) P.r.rubricauda Boddaert, 1783 W Indian Ocean (Mauritius to Aldabra Is.) P.r.westralis Mathews, 1912 Indian Ocean (Christmas I., Cocos Keeling Is., islands off mid W Australia) P.r.roseotinctus (Mathews, 1926)2 Raine to Lord Howe, Norfolk, Kermadec Is. P.r.melanorhynchos J.F. Gmelin, 17893 Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin) and Iwo (Volcano) Is. through Micronesia to Vanuatu, New Caledonia and Fiji and central S Pacific Is. and Hawaii Phaethon lepturus (White-tailed Tropicbird) P.l.catesbyi J.F. Brandt, 1838 West Indies, Bahama, Bermuda Is. P.l.ascensionis (Mathews, 1915) Tropical S Atlantic Ocean P.l.lepturus Daudin, 1802 Mascarene, Seychelles, Andaman Is. P.l.europae Le Corre & Jouventin, 1999 Europa I. (Mozambique Channel) (1342) P.l.fulvus J.F. Brandt, 1838 Christmas I. (Indian Ocean) P.l.dorotheae Mathews, 1913 Micronesia to New Caledonia, islands of central south Pacific and Hawaii FREGATIDAE (FRIGATEBIRDS) (1: 5) FREGATA Lacépčde, 1799 F Fregata aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ascension Frigatebird) Ascension I. (Atlantic Ocean) Fregata andrewsi Mathews, 1914 (Christmas Island Frigatebird) Christmas I. (Indian Ocean) Fregata magnificens Mathews, 1914 (Magnificent Frigatebird)4 Coasts of the Americas (mainly intertropical), West Indies, Galapagos, Cape Verde Is. Fregata minor (Great Frigatebird) F.m.nicolli Mathews, 1914 S Atlantic Ocean F.m.aldabrensis Mathews, 1914 W Indian Ocean F.m.minor (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) C and E Indian Ocean to South China Sea F.m.palmerstoni (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)5 SW and C Pacific Ocean to Hawaii F.m.ridgwayi Mathews, 1914 E Pacific Ocean Fregata ariel (Lesser Frigatebird) F.a.trinitatis Miranda-Ribeiro, 1919 S Trindade, Martin Vaz Is. (Brazil) F.a.iredalei Mathews, 1914 W Indian Ocean F.a.ariel (G.R. Gray, 1845) E Indian Ocean to Philippines, N Australia and C Pacific Ocean SCOPIDAE (HAMMERKOP) (1: 1) SCOPUS Brisson, 1760 M Scopus umbretta (Hammerkop) S.u.umbretta J.F. Gmelin, 17896 Africa (except coastal W Africa), SW Arabia; Madagascar7 S.u.minor Bates, 1931 Coast from Sierra Leone to E Nigeria BALAENICIPITIDAE (SHOEBILL) (1: 1) BALAENICEPS Gould, 1850 M Balaeniceps rex Gould, 1850 (Shoebill) Sudan to Zambia PELECANIDAE (PELICANS) (1: 7) PELECANUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758 (Great White Pelican) S Europe, Africa, C Asia Pelecanus rufescens J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (Pink-backed Pelican) Sub-Saharan Africa Pelecanus philippensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (Spot-billed Pelican) S Asia, Iran to Philippines Pelecanus crispus Bruch, 1832 (Dalmatian Pelican) SE Europe to China Pelecanus conspicillatus Temminck, 1824 (Australian Pelican)8 Australia, New Guinea; vagrant to Lesser Sundas, Banda Sea, Solomons, Vanuatu, Fiji Is. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (American White Pelican) N and C America, West Indies Pelecanus occidentalis (Brown Pelican) P.o.occidentalis Linnaeus, 1766 West Indies P.o.carolinensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Coasts of S Carolina to Venezuela P.o.californicus Ridgway, 1884 Coast of California, W Mexico P.o.murphyi Wetmore, 1945 Coasts of W Colombia and Ecuador P.o.urinator Wetmore, 1945 Galapagos Is. P.o.thagus Molina, 1782 Coasts of Peru and Chile 1 Includes limatus see Dorst & Mougin (1979: 156) (755). 2 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 3 Includes rothschildi see Dorst & Mougin (1979: 158) (755). 4 Includes lowei and rothschildi see Dorst & Mougin (1979: 160) (755). 5 Includes strumosa see Peters (1931: 96) (1821) and peninsulae see Dorst & Mougin (1979: 161) (755). 6 Includes bannermanni see Payne (1979: 245) (1797). 7 If a Madagascan form is to be recognised the name tenuirostris is available. 8 Includes novaezealandiae Scarlett, 1966 (2170). SCOPIDAE TO PELECANIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD SULIDAE (GANNETS, BOOBIES) (3: 10) MORUS Vieillot, 1816 M Morus bassanus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Northern Gannet) E Canada, Iceland, British Isles, W France, Heligoland, Norway Morus capensis (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) (Cape Gannet) Southern Africa, St Paul (Indian Ocean) Morus serrator (G.R. Gray, 1843) (Australasian Gannet)1 St. Paul (Indian Ocean), S Australian coast, Tasmania, North Island (New Zealand) PAPASULA Olson & Warheit, 1988 (1710) F Papasula abbotti (Ridgway, 1893) (Abbott's Booby) Christmas I. (Indian Ocean) SULA Brisson, 1760 F Sula nebouxii (Blue-footed Booby) S.n.nebouxii A. Milne-Edwards, 1882 California to Peru S.n.excisa Todd, 1948 Galapagos Is. Sula variegata (Tschudi, 1843) (Peruvian Booby) Coasts of Peru and Chile Sula dactylatra (Masked Booby) S.d.dactylatra Lesson, 1831 Caribbean, Bahama Is., Ascension I. S.d.melanops Heuglin, 1859 Red Sea to NW Indian Ocean S.d.bedouti Mathews, 1913 S and E Indian Ocean (Christmas I., Lesser Sundas, central N coast W Australia) S.d.fullagari O’Brien & Davies, 1990 N Tasman Sea (Norfolk, Lord Howe, Kermadec Is.) (1674) S.d.personata Gould, 1846 Coral Sea (NE Australia) to Philippines, Micronesia and Polynesia (W and C Pacific Ocean) S.d.californica Rothschild, 1915 Islands off W Mexico Sula granti Rothschild, 1902 (Nazca Booby)2 Galapagos Is., Cocos Is., Malpelos Is., La Plata Is. Sula sula (Red-footed Booby) S.s.sula (Linnaeus, 1766) Caribbean Is. and S Trinidade I. (Brazil) S.s.rubripes Gould, 1838 Tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans S.s.websteri Rothschild, 1898 Coast of W Mexico to Galapagos Is. Sula leucogaster (Brown Booby)3 S.l.leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783) Caribbean and Atlantic Is. S.l.brewsteri Goss, 18884 Coast of California and W Mexico S.l.etesiaca Thayer & Bangs, 1905 Pacific coast of C America and Colombia S.l.plotus (J.R. Forster, 1844)5 Red and Arabian Seas through tropical Indian Ocean and Banda Sea to Micronesia and Polynesia (W and C Pacific Ocean) PHALACROCORACIDAE (CORMORANTS)6 (1: 36) PHALACROCORAX Brisson, 1760 M Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Little Pied Cormorant) P.m.melanoleucos (Vieillot, 1817)7 E Java to W Melanesia, Australia, Tasmania P.m.brevicauda Mayr, 1931 Rennell I. (Solomon Is.) P.m.brevirostris Gould, 1837 New Zealand and islands in region Phalacrocorax africanus (Long-tailed Cormorant/Reed Cormorant) P.a.africanus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Sub-Saharan Africa P.a.pictilis Bangs, 1918 Madagascar Phalacrocorax coronatus (Wahlberg, 1855) (Crowned Cormorant) Coast of SW Africa Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot, 1817) (Little Cormorant) India and Sri Lanka to Greater Sundas Phalacrocorax pygmeus8 (Pallas, 1773) (Pygmy Cormorant) C Europe to C Asia9 †Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas, 1811 (Spectacled Cormorant) Bering Island, Commander Is. Phalacrocorax penicillatus (J.F. Brandt, 1837) (Brandt's Cormorant) S Alaska to NW Mexico Phalacrocorax harrisi Rothschild, 1898 (Flightless Cormorant)10 Galapagos Is. Phalacrocorax neglectus (Wahlberg, 1855) (Bank Cormorant) Coasts of S Africa Phalacrocorax fuscescens (Vieillot, 1817) (Black-faced Cormorant) S Australia, Tasmania Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Neotropical Cormorant)11 P.b.mexicanus (J.F. Brandt, 1837)12 S USA to Nicaragua and Cuba P.b.brasilianus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)13 Panama to Tierra del Fuego Phalacrocorax auritus (Double-crested Cormorant) P.a.cincinatus (J.F. Brandt, 1837) S Alaska to SW Canada P.a.albociliatus Ridgway, 1884 SW Canada to California and Revillagigedo Is. (W Mexico) P.a.auritus (Lesson, 1831) C and E Canada, NE USA >> W Atlantic and N Caribbean P.a.floridanus (Audubon, 1835) S and SE USA >> N and W Caribbean P.a.heuretus Watson, Olson & Miller, 1991 Bahama Is., ? Cuba (2567) Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephens, 1826 (Indian Cormorant) India, Sri Lanka, Burma, C Thailand Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (J.F. Brandt, 1837) (Little Black Cormorant)14 Java and S Borneo to New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand Phalacrocorax varius (Pied Cormorant) P.v.hypoleucos (J.F. Brandt, 1837) Australia, Tasmania P.v.varius (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) New Zealand Phalacrocorax carbo (Great Cormorant) P.c.carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) E Canada to British Isles P.c.sinensis (Blumenbach, 1798) C Europe to India and China P.c.hanedae N. Kuroda, Sr., 1925 Japan P.c.maroccanus E. Hartert, 1906 NW Africa P.c.lugubris Rüppell, 1845 NE Africa P.c.lucidus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) Cape Verde Is., Senegal, Lake Chad, E and S Africa P.c.novaehollandiae Stephens, 182615 Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Chatham Is. Phalacrocorax capillatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 184816) (Japanese Cormorant) NE Asia to China, Japan Phalacrocorax nigrogularis Ogilvie-Grant & Forbes, 1899 (Socotra Cormorant) S Red Sea, Persian Gulf Phalacrocorax capensis (Sparrman, 1788) (Cape Cormorant) Coasts of W South Africa Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (Lesson, 1837) (Guanay Cormorant) Coasts of Peru, Chile and S Argentina Phalacrocorax atriceps (Imperial Shag)17 P.a.atriceps P.P. King, 182818 S Sth. America, Antarctic Pen. and islands P.a.nivalis Falla, 1937 Heard I. P.a.georgianus Lönnberg, 1906 South Georgia, South Orkney and South Sandwich Is., Shag Rocks Phalacrocorax albiventer (King Cormorant) P.a.albiventer (Lesson, 1831) S Sth. America, Falkland Is. P.a.melanogenis (Blyth, 1860) Marion, Crozet, Prince Edward, Kerguelen Is. P.a.purpurascens (J.F. Brandt, 1837) Macquarie I. Phalacrocorax verrucosus (Cabanis, 1875) (Kerguelen Shag) Kerguelen Is. Phalacrocorax carunculatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Rough-faced Shag) South Island (New Zealand) Phalacrocorax chalconotus (G.R. Gray, 1845) (Stewart Shag) Stewart I. Phalacrocorax onslowi Forbes, 1893 (Chatham Shag) Chatham Is. Phalacrocorax campbelli (Filhol, 1878) (Campbell Shag) Campbell I. Phalacrocorax colensoi Buller, 1888 (Auckland Shag) Auckland Is. Phalacrocorax ranfurlyi Ogilvie-Grant, 1901 (Bounty Shag) Bounty I. Phalacrocorax magellanicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Rock Shag) Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Is. Phalacrocorax pelagicus (Pelagic Cormorant)19 P.p.pelagicus Pallas, 1811 N Pacific islands P.p.resplendens Audubon, 1838 British Columbia to Mexico Phalacrocorax urile (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Red-faced Shag) Bering Sea to Japan. Phalacrocorax aristotelis (European Shag) P.a.aristotelis (Linnaeus, 1761) Iceland and W European coast from Lapland to Portugal P.a.riggenbachi E. Hartert, 1923 Coast of Morocco P.a.desmarestii (Payraudeau, 1826) C Mediterranean Phalacrocorax gaimardi (Lesson & Garnot, 1828) (Red-legged Cormorant)20 Coast of S South America Phalacrocorax punctatus (Spotted Shag) P.p.punctatus (Sparrman, 1786) New Zealand P.p.oliveri Mathews, 1930 Stewart I. off South Island (New Zealand) Phalacrocorax featherstoni Buller, 1873 (Pitt Shag) Chatham Is. ANHINGIDAE (ANHINGAS) (1: 2) ANHINGA Brisson, 176021 F Anhinga melanogaster (Darter) A.m.rufa (Daudin, 1802) Africa south of the Sahara; Iraq A.m.vulsini Bangs, 1918 Madagascar (mainly W) A.m.melanogaster Pennant, 1769 India through Greater Sundas to Philippines, Sulawesi A.m.novaehollandiae (Gould, 1847) New Guinea, Australia Anhinga anhinga (Anhinga) A.a.leucogaster (Vieillot, 1816) SE USA to Colombia A.a.anhinga (Linnaeus, 1766) Brazil, Argentina, E Bolivia 1 Includes rex see Dorst & Mougin (1979: 183) (755). 2 For reasons to treat as a separate species see Pitman & Jehl (1998) (1901); see A.O.U. (2000: 848) (4). The population on Los Desventurados Is. may be this species. 3 Variation may be polymorphic and irrespective of geography. 4 Includes nesiotes see Dorst & Mougin (1979: 187) (755). 5 Drawings with Forster’s proposed names were published many years after his death (d. 1798). 6 See Siegel-Causey (1988) (2272); we have broadly arranged the species in his groups, although his treatment at generic level is disputed. For a proposal to use just two genera see Christidis & Bowles (1994) (351); however, we have felt it better, in the present state of our knowledge, to use just one; the splits among Australasian taxa are accepted. For others see below. 7 Includes melvillensis see Dorst & Mougin (1979: 178) (755). 8 The original spelling repeated by Peters (1931) (1821) often emended to pygmaeus. 9 Previously in N Africa too. 10 Type species of the genus Nannopterum treated in a monotypic genus by some recent authors. 11 Previously called P. olivaceus (Humboldt, 1805), but see A.O.U. (1998: 32) (3). 12 Includes chanco see Dorst & Mougin (1979: 169) (755). 13 Includes hornensis see Orta (1992: 343) (1729). 14 Treated as monotypic following Dorst & Mougin (1979: 170) (755). 15 Includes steadi see Dorst & Mougin (1979: 167) (755). 16 Not 1850, see Holthuis & Sakai (1970) (1128) and Dekker et al. (2001) (672). 17 We have retained our previous treatment of this species and the next as the relationship of the two birds in southernmost South America is still unresolved (P. Rasmussen in litt.). 18 Includes bransfieldensis see Dorst & Mougin (1979: 175) (755). 19 Includes kenyoni Siegel-Causey, 1991 (2273) see Rohwer et al. (2000) (2098). 20 Includes cirriger see Peters (1931: 91) (1821). 21 The arrangement used is that of Orta (1992) (1730). PHALACROCORACIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD CATHARTIDAE (NEW WORLD VULTURES) (5: 7) CATHARTES Illiger, 1811 M Cathartes aura (Turkey-Vulture) C.a.aura (Linnaeus, 1758) S Canada to Costa Rica and Cuba C.a.septentrionalis Wied, 1839 E North America C.a.ruficollis Spix, 1824 Panama to N Argentina, Trinidad C.a.jota (Molina, 1782) Colombia to Patagonia, Falkland Is. Cathartes burrovianus Cassin, 1845 (Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture) E Mexico to N Argentina Cathartes melambrotus Wetmore, 1964 (Greater Yellow-headed Vulture) C South America CORAGYPS Le Maout, 18531 M Coragyps atratus (Bechstein, 1793) (Black Vulture)2 W and S USA and Mexico to Chile SARCORAMPHUS Duméril, 1806 M Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus, 1758) (King Vulture) C Mexico to N Argentina, Trinidad GYMNOGYPS Lesson, 1842 M Gymnogyps californianus (Shaw, 1798) (Californian Condor) S California VULTUR Linnaeus, 1758 M Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758 (Andean Condor) Andes from W Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego FALCONIDAE (FALCONS, CARACARAS) (11: 64) POLYBORINAE DAPTRIUS Vieillot, 1816 M Daptrius ater Vieillot, 1816 (Black Caracara) Amazonia IBYCTER Vieillot, 18163 M Ibycter americanus (Boddaert, 1783) (Red-throated Caracara) S Mexico to C Peru and S Brazil, Bolivia PHALCOBOENUS Orbigny, 1834 M Phalcoboenus carunculatus Des Murs, 1853 (Carunculated Caracara) Andes of SW Colombia and Ecuador Phalcoboenus megalopterus (Meyen, 1834) (Mountain Caracara) Andes from N Peru to C Chile, NW Argentina Phalcoboenus albogularis (Gould, 1837) (White-throated Caracara) S Chile, S Argentina Phalcoboenus australis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Striated Caracara) Falkland Is., Cape Horn islands CARACARA Merrem, 18264 F Caracara cheriway (Jacquin, 1784) (Crested Caracara)5 S USA to Sth. America (N of R. Amazon) †Caracara lutosa (Ridgway, 1876) (Guadalupe Caracara) Guadalupe I. (Mexico) Caracara plancus (J.F. Miller, 1777) (Southern Caracara) Sth. America (south of R. Amazon), Falkland Is. MILVAGO Spix, 1824 F Milvago chimachima (Yellow-headed Caracara) M.c.cordata Bangs & Penard, 19186 S Costa Rica and Panama through northern Sth. America to the Amazon M.c.chimachima (Vieillot, 1816) E Bolivia and S Brazil south to N Argentina Milvago chimango (Chimango Caracara) M.c.chimango (Vieillot, 1816) Paraguay and Uruguay to S Argentina M.c.temucoensis W.L. Sclater, 1918 S Chile, Tierra del Fuego HERPETOTHERES Vieillot, 1817 M Herpetotheres cachinnans (Laughing Falcon) H.c.chapmani Bangs & Penard, 1918 Mexico to Honduras H.c.cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758)7 Nicaragua to Peru and C Brazil H.c.queribundus Bangs & Penard, 1919 E Brazil to Paraguay, E Bolivia and N Argentina MICRASTUR G.R. Gray, 1841 M Micrastur ruficollis (Barred Forest Falcon) M.r.guerilla Cassin, 1848 Mexico to Nicaragua M.r.interstes Bangs, 1907 Costa Rica to W Colombia and Ecuador M.r.zonothorax (Cabanis, 1865) N Venezuela, E Colombia M.r.pelzelni Ridgway, 1876 W Brazil, E Peru M.r ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817) E Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina M.r.olrogi Amadon, 1964 NW Argentina Micrastur plumbeus W.L. Sclater, 1918 (Plumbeous Forest Falcon)8 W Colombia, NW Ecuador Micrastur gilvicollis (Vieillot, 1817) (Lined Forest Falcon) S Venezuela, Guianas, Amazonia Micrastur mirandollei (Schlegel, 1862) (Slaty-backed Forest Falcon) E Costa Rica to C and E Brazil Micrastur semitorquatus (Collared Forest Falcon) M.s.naso (Lesson, 1842) Mexico to NW Peru M.s.semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817) E Colombia and N Peru to Brazil and N Argentina Micrastur buckleyi Swann, 1919 (Buckley’s Forest Falcon) E Ecuador, NE Peru FALCONINAE SPIZIAPTERYX Kaup, 1852 F Spiziapteryx circumcincta (Kaup, 1852) (Spot-winged Falconet)9 S Bolivia, Paraguay, N and W Argentina POLIHIERAX Kaup, 1847 M Polihierax semitorquatus (African Pygmy Falcon) P.s.castanotus (Heuglin, 1860) S Sudan and Ethiopia to C Tanzania P.s.semitorquatus (A. Smith, 1836) S Angola, Namibia, Botswana, NW Sth. Africa Polihierax insignis (White-rumped Pygmy Falcon)10 P.i.insignis Walden, 1872 W and C Burma P.i.cinereiceps E.C.S. Baker, 1927 S Burma, NW Thailand, N Indochina P.i.harmandi (Oustalet, 1876) S and C Laos, S Vietnam, Cambodia MICROHIERAX Sharpe, 1874 M Microhierax caerulescens (Collared Falconet) M.c.caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758) Himalayas, N India M.c.burmanicus Swann, 1920 Burma to Indochina Microhierax fringillarius (Drapiez, 1824) (Black-thighed Falconet) Malay Pen., Gtr. Sundas (except NW Borneo) and Bali Microhierax latifrons Sharpe, 1879 (White-fronted Falconet) NW Borneo Microhierax erythrogenys (Philippine Falconet) M.e.erythrogenys (Vigors, 1831) Bohol, Catanduanes, Luzon, Mindoro and Negros M.e.meridionalis Ogilvie-Grant, 189711 Cebu, Leyte, Mindanao and Samar Microhierax melanoleucos (Blyth, 1843)12 (Pied Falconet) Assam, SE China, N Indochina FALCO Linnaeus, 1758 M Falco naumanni Fleischer, 1818 (Lesser Kestrel) S Europe to China >> Africa Falco tinnunculus (Common Kestrel) F.t.tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758 Europe and NW Africa to Lena basin (EC Siberia) >> south to E Africa and S Asia F.t.perpallidus (Clark, 1907)13 NE Siberia to NE China and Korea >> E and SE Asia F.t.interstinctus McClelland, 1840 Himalayas and Indochina to Japan >> E and S Asia and Philippines F.t.objurgatus (E.C.S. Baker, 1927) S India F.t.canariensis (Koenig, 1890) Madeira, W Canary Is. F.t.dacotiae E. Hartert, 1913 E Canary Is. F.t.neglectus Schlegel, 1873 N Cape Verde Is. F.t.alexandri Bourne, 1955 S Cape Verde Is. F.t.rupicolaeformis (C.L. Brehm, 1855) Egypt, S Yemen F.t.archeri Hartert & Neumann, 1932 Socotra I., Somalia, NE Kenya F.t.rufescens Swainson, 1837 Guinea and N Angola to Ethiopia and Tanzania F.t.rupicolus Daudin, 1800 C Angola and S Tanzania to Cape Province Falco newtoni (Madagascan Kestrel) F.n.newtoni (J.H. Gurney, 1863) Madagascar F.n.aldabranus Grote, 1928 Aldabra, Anjouan Is. Falco punctatus Temminck, 1821 (Mauritius Kestrel) Mauritius Falco araea (Oberholser, 1917) (Seychelles Kestrel) Seychelles Falco moluccensis (Spotted Kestrel) F.m.moluccensis (Bonaparte, 1850) Morotai, Halmahera, Bacan, Obi, Buru, Ambon, Seram (Moluccas) F.m.microbalius (Oberholser, 1919)14 15 Java, Bali, Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas to Kai Is. Falco cenchroides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 (Australian Kestrel)16 Australia, Tasmania >> Christmas I. (Indian Ocean), New Guinea Falco sparverius (American Kestrel) F.s.sparverius Linnaeus, 1758 Alaska and Canada to W Mexico >> Panama F.s.paulus (Howe & King, 1902) SE USA F.s.peninsularis Mearns, 1892 Baja California, NW Mexico F.s.tropicalis (Griscom, 1930) S Mexico, Guatemala, N Honduras F.s.nicaraguensis T.R. Howell, 1965 NW Honduras, Nicaragua F.s.sparverioides Vigors, 1827 S Bahamas Is., Cuba F.s.dominicensis J.F. Gmelin, 1788 Hispaniola F.s.caribaearum J.F. Gmelin, 1788 Puerto Rico, Virgin Is., Lesser Antilles F.s.brevipennis (Berlepsch, 1892) Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire F.s.isabellinus Swainson, 1837 The Guianas, E Venezuela, N Brazil F.s.ochraceus (Cory, 1915) Andes of E Colombia, NW Venezuela F.s.caucae (Chapman, 1915)17 Andes of W Colombia F.s.aequatorialis Mearns, 1892 NW Colombia, N Ecuador F.s.peruvianus (Cory, 1915) SW Ecuador, Peru, N Chile F.s.cinnamominus Swainson, 1837 SE Peru to Paraguay and Tierra del Fuego F.s.fernandensis (Chapman, 1915) Alejandro Selkirk I., Juan Fernandez Is. (Chile) F.s.cearae (Cory, 1915) S Brazil Falco rupicoloides (Greater Kestrel) F.r.fieldi (Elliot, 1897) Eritrea, N Somalia, NE Ethiopia, N Kenya F.r.arthuri (J.H. Gurney, 1884) C and S Kenya, N Tanzania F.r.rupicoloides A. Smith, 1829 Cape Province to S and E Angola , SW Zambia Falco alopex (Heuglin, 1861) (Fox Kestrel) Mali to Sudan and N and W Kenya Falco ardosiaceus Vieillot, 1823 (Grey Kestrel) Senegal to W Ethiopia, W Tanzania and Angola Falco dickinsoni P.L. Sclater, 1864 (Dickinson's Kestrel) Angola to C Tanzania and S Mozambique Falco zoniventris W.K.H. Peters, 1854 (Banded Kestrel) Madagascar Falco chicquera (Red-necked Falcon) F.c.chicquera Daudin, 1800 SE Iran, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh F.c.ruficollis Swainson, 1837 Gambia to W Ethiopia, E Africa to Zambia and N Mozambique F.c.horsbrughi Gunning & Roberts, 1911 Namibia to S Mozambique and Cape Province Falco vespertinus Linnaeus, 1766 (Red-footed Falcon) C Europe to C Asia >> C and S Africa Falco amurensis Radde, 1863 (Amur Falcon) E Siberia, N China >> E and S Asia, SE Africa Falco eleonorae Géné, 1839 (Eleonora's Falcon) Canary Is., Mediterranean basin >> Madagascar Falco concolor Temminck, 1825 (Sooty Falcon) NE Africa to Israel and Arabia >> Madagascar and SE Africa Falco femoralis (Aplomado Falcon) F.f.septentrionalis Todd, 1916 SW USA and Mexico F.f.femoralis Temminck, 1822 C and S America F.f.pichinchae Chapman, 1925 Andes from Colombia to Chile Falco columbarius (Merlin) F.c.subaesalon C.L. Brehm, 1827 Iceland >> W Europe F.c.aesalon Tunstall, 1771 Europe to N Russia and NW Siberia F.c.insignis (Clark, 1907) NC Siberia >> NE Africa and S and E Asia F.c.pacificus (Stegmann, 1929)18 NE Siberia and Sakhalin >> Japan and E China F.c.pallidus (Sushkin, 1900) S Urals and N and NE Kazakhstan F.c.lymani Bangs, 1913 Pamir-Alai and Altai Mts to Transbaikalia and Mongolia F.c.columbarius Linnaeus, 1758 Alaska to Newfoundland and N USA >> USA to N Sth. America F.c.suckleyi Ridgway, 1873 SE Alaska to NW USA F.c.richardsoni Ridgway, 1871 Great Plains >> C USA to N Mexico Falco rufigularis (Bat Falcon) F.r.petoensis Chubb, 191819 Mexico to W Ecuador (W of the Andes) F.r.rufigularis Daudin, 1800 Northern Sth. America E of the Andes through Amazonia to S Brazil and NE Argentina F.r.ophryophanes (Salvadori, 1895) E Bolivia, S Brazil (tableland), Paraguay, NW Argentina Falco deiroleucus Temminck, 1825 (Orange-breasted Falcon) C America to N Argentina Falco subbuteo (Eurasian Hobby) F.s.subbuteo Linnaeus, 175820 Europe to Japan, N and W China and N India >> Africa and S Asia F.s.streichi Hartert & Neumann, 1907 Burma, N Indochina and S China Falco cuvieri A. Smith, 1830 (African Hobby) Guinea to Ethiopia, E Africa to Namibia and Transvaal Falco severus Horsfield, 1821 (Oriental Hobby)21 F.s.severus Horsfield, 1821 E Himalayas to Philippines and Gtr. Sundas F.s.papuanus Meyer & Wiglesworth, 1894 Sulawesi, Moluccas, Papuasia to Solomons Falco longipennis (Australian Hobby) F.l.hanieli Hellmayr, 1914 Lesser Sundas F.l.longipennis Swainson, 1837 SW and SE Australia, Tasmania >> to New Guinea and Moluccas F.l.murchisonianus Mathews, 1912 Australia except SE, SW; also S Papuasia to Moluccas and New Britain Falco novaezeelandiae J.F. Gmelin, 1788 (New Zealand Falcon) New Zealand, Auckland Is. Falco berigora (Brown Falcon) F.b.novaeguineae (A.B. Meyer, 1894) C and E New Guinea, coastal N Australia F.b.berigora Vigors & Horsfield, 182722 E, C and N Australia F.b.occidentalis (Gould, 1844) SW and WC Australia F.b.tasmanicus (Mathews, 1916)23 Tasmania Falco hypoleucos Gould, 1841 (Grey Falcon) W, N and C Australia Falco subniger G.R. Gray, 1843 (Black Falcon) Australia Falco biarmicus (Lanner Falcon) F.b.feldeggii Schlegel, 1843 Italy to Transcaucasia and NW Levant F.b.erlangeri Kleinschidt, 1901 NW Africa F.b.tanypterus Schlegel, 1843 NE Africa, Israel, Arabia and Iraq F.b.abyssinicus Neumann, 1904 N tropical Africa F.b.biarmicus Temminck, 1825 S Uganda and Kenya to Angola and Cape Province Falco jugger J.E. Gray, 1834 (Laggar Falcon) Baluchistan, Himalayas, N and C India Falco cherrug (Saker Falcon)24 F.c.cherrug J.E. Gray, 183425 C Europe to SC Siberia and N Kazakhstan >> south to NE Africa and SW Asia F.c.milvipes Jerdon, 187126 C Tien Shan and Altai to N China and S Transbaikalia F.c.coatsi Dementiev, 1945 Transcaspian plains to E Uzbekistan and S Kazakhstan F.c.hendersoni Hume, 1871 Pamir Mts. to Tibetan Plateau Falco rusticolus Linnaeus, 1758 (Gyrfalcon) Arctic Europe, Asia, N America Falco mexicanus Schlegel, 1851 (Prairie Falcon) SW Canada, W USA, NW Mexico >> NC Mexico Falco peregrinus (Peregrine Falcon) F.p.tundrius C.M. White, 1968 N Alaska to Greenland south to Sth. America F.p.pealei Ridgway, 1873 Commander Is., Aleutian Is., S Alaska, SW Canada >> south to Japan and W USA F.p.anatum Bonaparte, 1838 Aleutians through coastal Alaska to Washington State (USA) >> south to C America F.p.cassini Sharpe, 187327 Southern Sth. America, Falkland Is. F.p.peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 W, C and SE Europe to SE Siberia and NE China F.p.calidus Latham, 1790 N European Russia and N Siberia east to Yena R. >> S Europe, Africa, S and E Asia to New Guinea F.p.japonensis J.F. Gmelin, 1788 NE Siberia to Japan >> Japan, China, Borneo and Philippines F.p.brookei Sharpe, 1873 Mediterranean region to Crimea, Caucasus area and N Iran F.p.peregrinator Sundevall, 1837 Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka to S and E China F.p.fruitii Momiyama, 1927 Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin) Is. (Japan) F.p.madens Ripley & Watson, 1963 Cape Verde Is. F.p.minor Bonaparte, 1850 Gambia to Somalia and Cape Province F.p.radama Hartlaub, 1861 Madagascar, Comoro Is. F.p.ernesti Sharpe, 1894 Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. F.p.macropus Swainson, 183728 Australia, Tasmania F.p.nesiotes Mayr, 1941 Solomons, Vanuatu, Loyalty Is., New Caledonia, Fiji Falco pelegrinoides (Barbary Falcon)29 F.p.babylonicus P.L. Sclater, 1861 E Iran to Mongolia and Pakistan F.p.pelegrinoides Temminck, 1829 Canary Is, Saharan hills to Somalia, Arabia, and Israel to SW Iran >> N tropical Africa Falco fasciinucha Reichenow & Neumann, 1895 (Taita Falcon) S Ethiopia to Zimbabwe 1 For this correction see Gregory, 1998 (1011). 2 Includes brasiliensis and foetens see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 275) (2368). 3 For use of this genus see A.O.U. (2000: 849) (4). 4 For use of this generic name in place of Polyborus see A.O.U. (1998: 106) (3). 5 For reasons to treat C. plancus as three species see Dove & Banks (1999) (757). 6 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 7 Includes fulvescens see Peters (1931: 276) (1821). 8 For recognition as a species see Hilty & Brown (1986: 117) (1116), but see Bierregaard (1994: 253) (147). 9 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 10 Type species of the genus Neohierax here submerged. 11 Omitted in last Edition. 12 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 13 For recognition see Stepanyan (1990) (2326). 14 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 15 Includes jungei Mees, 1961 (1510), see White & Bruce (1986: 132) (2652). 16 Includes baru (New Guinea birds are winter visitors). 17 Omitted in last Edition. 18 Omitted in last Edition. 19 Includes petrophilus see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 414) (2368). 20 Includes jugurtha see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 415) (2368). 21 For treatment as polytypic see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 416) (2368). 22 Includes centralia (R.S.) 23 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 24 Races recognised follow Stepanyan (1990) (2326). 25 Incudes cyanopus see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 419) (2368). 26 Includes altaicus a name applied to a morph of this race (Stepanyan, 1990) (2326). 27 Includes kreyenborgi a colour morph, see Ellis & Peres (1983) (799). 28 Includes submelanogenys see Marchant & Higgins (1993: 319) (1428). 29 Here tentatively treated as a separate species due to distinctiveness, following Vaurie, 1961 (2507), but although babylonicus is thought to breed more or less sympatrically with nominate peregrinus in NE Iran this needs substantiation. CATHARTIDAE TO FALCONIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD ACCIPITRIDAE (OSPREY, KITES, HAWKS AND EAGLES) (67: 233) SAGITTARIINAE SAGITTARIUS Hermann, 1783 M Sagittarius serpentarius (J.F. Miller, 1779) (Secretary Bird) Senegal to Somalia and Cape Province PANDIONINAE PANDION Savigny, 1809 M Pandion haliaetus (Osprey) P.h.haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe, Asia >> Africa, India, Sundas P.h.carolinensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) N America >> C South America P.h.ridgwayi Maynard, 1887 Bahama Is., E Belize, Cuba P.h.cristatus (Vieillot, 1816)1 Australia to New Caledonia, Papuasia, Indonesia, Philippines, Palau Is. ACCIPITRINAE 2 AVICEDA Swainson, 1836 F Aviceda cuculoides (African Cuckoo-Hawk) A.c.cuculoides Swainson, 1837 Gambia to N Nigeria and N Zaire A.c.batesi (Swann, 1920) Guinea to Cameroon and Congo basin A.c.verreauxi Lafresnaye, 18463 Angola to Uganda and E Cape Province Aviceda madagascariensis (A. Smith, 1834) (Madagascan Cuckoo-Hawk) Madagascar Aviceda jerdoni (Jerdon's Baza) A.j.jerdoni (Blyth, 1842) E Himalayas, N India to Indochina, Sumatra and Philippines A.j.ceylonensis (Legge, 1876) SW India, Sri Lanka A.j.borneensis (Brüggemann, 1876) Borneo A.j.magnirostris (Kaup, 1847) Philippines A.j.celebensis (Schlegel, 1873) Sulawesi, Banggai and Sula Is. Aviceda subcristata (Pacific Baza) A.s.timorlaoensis (A.B. Meyer, 1894) Lesser Sundas east to Tanimbar A.s.rufa (Schlegel, 1866) Obi (C Moluccas) A.s.stresemanni (Siebers, 1930) Buru (S Moluccas) A.s.reinwardtii (Schlegel & Müller, 1841) Seram and Ambon (S Moluccas) A.s.pallida (Stresemann, 1913) Seramlaut Is., Kai Is. (S Moluccas) A.s.waigeuensis Mayr, 1940 Waigeo I. A.s.obscura Junge, 1956 Biak I. A.s.stenozona (G.R. Gray, 1858) W New Guinea, Aru Is., Misool I. A.s.megala (Stresemann, 1913) E New Guinea, Yapen, Fergusson and Goodenough Is. A.s.coultasi Mayr, 1945 Admiralty Is. A.s.bismarckii (Sharpe, 1888) E Bismarck Arch. A.s.gurneyi (E.P. Ramsay, 1882)4 Solomon Is. A.s.subcristata (Gould, 1838)5 N and E Australia Aviceda leuphotes (Black Baza) A.l.syama (Hodgson, 1837) C and E Himalayas, N Burma and S China >> Indochina A.l.wolfei Deignan, 1948 Sichuan >> ?? A.l.leuphotes (Dumont, 1820)6 Indian plains to Indochina and Hainan A.l.andamanica Abdulali, 1970 Andaman Is. LEPTODON Sundevall, 1836 M Leptodon cayanensis (Grey-headed Kite) L.c.cayanensis (Latham, 1790)7 EC Mexico to NW Sth. America and Trinidad L.c.monachus (Vieillot, 1817) C Brazil to N Argentina CHONDROHIERAX Lesson, 1843 M Chondrohierax uncinatus (Hook-billed Kite) C.u.uncinatus (Temminck, 1822)8 Mexico to N Argentina, Trinidad C.u.mirus Friedmann, 1934 Grenada C.u.wilsonii (Cassin, 1847) E Cuba HENICOPERNIS G.R. Gray, 1859 M9 Henicopernis longicauda (Garnot, 1828) (Long-tailed Buzzard) 10 New Guinea, Geelvink Bay, W Papua Is, Aru Is. Henicopernis infuscatus J.H. Gurney, 1882 (New Britain Honey Buzzard) New Britain PERNIS Cuvier, 181611 M Pernis apivorus (Linnaeus, 1758) (European Honey Buzzard) Europe, N Asia >> Africa Pernis ptilorhynchus (Oriental Honey Buzzard) P.p.orientalis Taczanowski, 1891 SE Siberia to NE China >> SE Asia to Sundas and Philippines P.p.ruficollis Lesson, 1830 India, Sri Lanka, Burma, SW China P.p.torquatus Lesson, 1830 Malay Pen., Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo P.p.ptilorhynchus (Temminck, 1821)12 Java P.p.palawanensis Stresemann, 1940 Palawan I. P.p.philippensis Mayr, 1939 Philippines (except Palawan) Pernis celebensis (Barred Honey Buzzard) P.c.celebensis Wallace, 1868 Sulawesi P.c.winkleri Gamauf & Preleuthner, 1998 Luzon I. (908) P.c.steerei W.L. Sclater, 1919 Philippines (main islands except Luzon and Palawan) LOPHOICTINIA Kaup, 1847 F Lophoictinia isura (Gould, 1838) (Square-tailed Kite) Australia HAMIROSTRA T. Brown, 1846 F Hamirostra melanosternon (Gould, 1841) (Black-breasted Buzzard) N and C Australia ELANOIDES Vieillot, 1818 M Elanoides forficatus (Swallow-tailed Kite) E.f.forficatus (Linnaeus, 1758) S USA, N Mexico >> S America E.f.yetapa (Vieillot, 1818) S Mexico to N Argentina >> S America MACHEIRAMPHUS Bonaparte, 185013 M Macheiramphus alcinus (Bat Hawk) M.a.anderssoni (J.H. Gurney, 1866) Gambia to Somalia and Natal; Madagascar M.a.alcinus Bonaparte, 1850 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo M.a.papuanus Mayr, 1940 Lowland E New Guinea GAMPSONYX Vigors, 1825 M Gampsonyx swainsonii (Pearl Kite) G.s.leonae Chubb, 1918 W Nicaragua, N South America G.s.magnus Chubb, 1918 S Ecuador, N Peru G.s.swainsonii Vigors, 1825 C Brazil to N Argentina ELANUS Savigny, 1809 M Elanus caeruleus (Black-winged Kite)14 E.c.caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789) SW Iberian Pen., Africa, SW Arabia E.c.vociferus (Latham, 1790) Pakistan to Yunnan (China), Indochina, Malay Pen. E.c.hypoleucus Gould, 185915 Sumatra and Java to Philippines, Sulawesi and New Guinea Elanus axillaris (Latham, 1802)16 (Black-shouldered Kite)17 Australia Elanus leucurus (White-tailed Kite) E.l.majusculus Bangs & Penard, 1920 S USA and E Mexico E.l.leucurus (Vieillot, 1818) N South America to C Chile Elanus scriptus Gould, 1842 (Letter-winged Kite) C Australia CHELICTINIA Lesson, 1843 F Chelictinia riocourii (Vieillot, 1822) (Scissor-tailed Kite) Senegal to Eritrea and N Kenya ROSTRHAMUS Lesson, 1830 M Rostrhamus sociabilis (Snail Kite) R.s.plumbeus Ridgway, 1874 Florida R.s.levis Friedmann, 1933 Cuba, Isla de la Juventud R.s.major Nelson & Goldman, 1933 E Mexico, Guatemala, Belize R.s.sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817) Honduras and Nicaragua to C Argentina Rostrhamus hamatus (Temminck, 1821) (Slender-billed Kite) E Panama to N Bolivia and E Brazil HARPAGUS Vigors, 1824 M Harpagus bidentatus (Double-toothed Kite) H.b.fasciatus Lawrence, 1869 S Mexico to W Colombia and W Ecuador H.b.bidentatus (Latham, 1790) E Bolivia to E Colombia and E Brazil Harpagus diodon (Temminck, 1823) (Rufous-thighed Kite) The Guianas, E anc C Brazil to Paraguay and N Argentina ICTINIA Vieillot, 1816 F Ictinia mississippiensis (A. Wilson, 1811) (Mississippi Kite) S USA >> C South America Ictinia plumbea (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Plumbeous Kite) EC Mexico to Paraguay and N Argentina >> South America MILVUS Lacépčde, 1799 M Milvus milvus (Red Kite) M.m.milvus (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe and NW Africa to Turkey and N Iran >> S of range M.m.fasciicauda E. Hartert, 1914 Cape Verde Is. Milvus migrans (Black Kite) M.m.migrans (Boddaert, 1783)18 S and C Europe, Cape Verde Is., Madeira, N Africa, SW Asia to W Pakistan >> Africa M.m.lineatus (J.E. Gray, 1831) Asia from Ural Mts to Japan, south to Himalayas and N Indochina >> S Asia M.m.govinda Sykes, 1832 Pakistan to S Indochina, Sri Lanka and Malay Pen. M.m.formosanus N. Kuroda, Sr., 1920 Hainan I., Taiwan M.m.affinis Gould, 1838 Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Australia M.m.aegyptius (J.F. Gmelin, 1788)19 Egypt and Red Sea >> Kenya M.m.parasitus (Daudin, 1800) Senegal to Ethiopia and Cape Province, Madagascar HALIASTUR Selby, 1840 M Haliastur sphenurus (Vieillot, 1818) (Whistling Kite) E New Guinea, New Caledonia, Australia Haliastur indus (Brahminy Kite) H.i.indus (Boddaert, 1783) India, Sri Lanka to S China, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam H.i.intermedius Blyth, 1865 Malay Pen., Gtr. and Lesser Sundas, Philippines, Sulawesi H.i.girrenera (Vieillot, 1822) Moluccas, Australia, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. H.i flavirostris Condon & Amadon, 1954 Solomon Is. HALIAEETUS Savigny, 1809 M Haliaeetus leucogaster (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (White-bellied Sea Eagle) India to SE China, through New Guinea to Australia Haliaeetus sanfordi Mayr, 1935 (Sanford's Sea Eagle) Solomon Is. Haliaeetus vocifer (Daudin, 1800) (African Fish Eagle) Sub-Saharan Africa Haliaeetus vociferoides Des Murs, 1845 (Madagascan Fish Eagle) W Madagascar Haliaeetus leucoryphus (Pallas, 1771) (Pallas's Fish Eagle) C Asia to Pakistan, N India and Burma Haliaeetus albicilla (White-tailed Sea Eagle) H.a.albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe, N Asia, Japan to India, China H.a.groenlandicus C.L. Brehm, 1831 Greenland Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Bald Eagle) H.l.washingtoniensis (Audubon, 1827)20 Aleutian Is., Alaska, Canada, N USA H.l.leucocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766) S USA to NW Mexico Haliaeetus pelagicus (Steller's Sea Eagle) H.p.pelagicus (Pallas, 1811) NE Asia >> NE China, Japan H.p.niger Heude, 1887 Korea ICHTHYOPHAGA21 Lesson, 1843 F Ichthyophaga humilis (Lesser Fish Eagle) I.h.plumbea (Jerdon, 1871) Himalayas from Kashmir E and through N Thailand and N Indochina to Hainan I.h.humilis (Müller & Schlegel, 1841) Malay Pen., Borneo, Sumatra to Sulawesi Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus (Horsfield, 1821) (Grey-headed Fish Eagle) India and Sri Lanka east through mainland SE Asia, the Sundas and Philippines GYPOHIERAX Rüppell, 1836 M Gypohierax angolensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Palm-nut Vulture) Gambia to S Sudan and Kenya, south to Cape Province GYPAETUS Storr, 1784 M Gypaetus barbatus (Bearded Vulture/Lammergeier) G.b.aureus (Hablizl, 1783)22 S Europe, Tibetan Plateau north to Pamir, Tien Shan and Altai Mts., SW and S Asia, east to W Pakistan through the Himalayas to Nepal G.b.barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758) NW Africa G.b.meridionalis Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 Yemen, NE and E Africa, Sth. Africa NEOPHRON Savigny, 1809 M Neophron percnopterus (Egyptian Vulture) N.p.percnopterus (Linnaeus, 1758) S Europe, Middle East, Africa ¶N.p.majorensis Donázar et al., 2002 Canary Islands (753A) N.p.ginginianus (Latham, 1790) Himalayas to S India NECROSYRTES Gloger, 1841 M Necrosyrtes monachus (Temminck, 182323) (Hooded Vulture)24 Mali to Eritrea, south to South Africa GYPS Savigny, 1809 M Gyps africanus Salvadori, 1865 (African White-backed Vulture) Senegal to Eritrea and E Africa, south to Botswana and N Transvaal Gyps bengalensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Indian White-backed Vulture) S Asia from SE Iran to S Indochina Gyps tenuirostris G.R. Gray, 184425 (Slender-billed Vulture) Himalayan foothills from Kashmir to Assam and the Gangetic Plain Gyps indicus (Scopoli, 1786) (Indian Vulture)26 Plains of Pakistan and India (south of the Gangetic Plain); formerly east to Indochina Gyps rueppelli (Rüppell's Griffon) G.r.rueppelli (A.E. Brehm, 1852) Senegal to Sudan, Uganda Kenya and N Tanzania G.r.erlangeri Salvadori, 1908 Ethiopia, Somalia Gyps himalayensis Hume, 1869 (Himalayan Griffon) C Asia to N India Gyps fulvus (Eurasian Griffon) G.f.fulvus (Hablizl, 1783) S Europe, N and NE Africa to C Asia G.f.fulvescens Hume, 1869 Afghanistan to N India Gyps coprotheres (J.R. Forster, 1798) (Cape Griffon) Namibia, Botswana and SW Zimbabwe to , Cape Province SARCOGYPS Lesson, 184227 M Sarcogyps calvus (Scopoli, 1786) (Red-headed Vulture) Pakistan to Yunnan, Indochina and Malay Pen. TRIGONOCEPS Lesson, 184228 M Trigonoceps occipitalis (Burchell, 1824) (White-headed Vulture) N tropical, E and S Africa AEGYPIUS Savigny, 1809 M Aegypius monachus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Cinereous Vulture) S Europe to SW and C Asia >> N Africa, India and China TORGOS Kaup, 182829 M Torgus tracheliotus (Lappet-faced Vulture) T.t.negevensis Bruun, Mendelssohn & Bull, 1981 Arabia north to S Israel (264) T.t.nubicus (H. Smith, 1829) Mauritania to Egypt and Kenya T.t.tracheliotus (J.R. Forster, 1791) Angola and C Kenya to S Africa CIRCAETUS Vieillot, 1816 M Circaetus gallicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Short-toed Eagle)30 S Europe, N Africa to India and China Circaetus beaudouini Verreaux & Des Murs, 1862 (Beaudouin’s Snake Eagle)31 Senegal to Sudan Circaetus pectoralis A. Smith, 1829 (Black-breasted Snake Eagle) E and S Africa Circaetus cinereus Vieillot, 1818 (Brown Snake Eagle) N tropical, E and S Africa Circaetus fasciolatus J.H. Gurney, 1861 (Southern Banded Snake Eagle) E Kenya to Natal Circaetus cinerascens J.W. von Müller, 1851 (Western Banded Snake Eagle) Guinea to W Ethiopia, south to Angola and N Zimbabwe TERATHOPIUS Lesson, 1830 M Terathopius ecaudatus (Daudin, 1800) (Bateleur) Senegal to Eritrea, south to Botswana and E Transvaal SPILORNIS G.R. Gray, 1840 M Spilornis cheela (Crested Serpent Eagle)32 S.c.cheela (Latham, 1790) N India, Nepal S.c.melanotis (Jerdon, 1844) S India S.c.spilogaster (Blyth, 1852) Sri Lanka S.c.burmanicus Swann, 1920 Burma to C and S Indochina S.c.ricketti W.L. Sclater, 191933 SC and SE China, N Vietnam S.c.malayensis Swann, 1920 Malay Pen., N Sumatra S.c.davisoni Hume, 1873 Andaman Is. S.c.minimus Hume, 187334 C Nicobar Is. S.c.perplexus Swann, 1922 S Ryukyu Is. S.c.hoya Swinhoe, 1866 Taiwan S.c.rutherfordi Swinhoe, 1870 Hainan I. S.c.pallidus Walden, 1872 N Borneo S.c.richmondi Swann, 192235 S Borneo S.c.natunensis Chasen, 1934 Bunguran I., Belitung I. S.c.sipora Chasen & Kloss, 1926 Mentawei Is., Sipora I. S.c.batu Meyer de Schauensee & Ripley, 1939 Batu I., S Sumatra S.c.asturinus A.B. Meyer, 1884 Nias I. S.c.abbotti Richmond, 1903 Simeuluë I. S.c.bido (Horsfield, 1821) Java, Bali S.c.baweanus Oberholser, 1917 Bawean I. S.c.palawanensis W.L. Sclater, 1919 Palawan, Balabac, Calamian Is. S.c.holospilus (Vigors, 1831)36 Philippines (except Palawan group) Spilornis klossi Richmond, 1902 (Nicobar Serpent Eagle) Gt. Nicobar I. Spilornis kinabaluensis W.L. Sclater, 1919 (Kinabalu Serpent Eagle) NE Borneo Spilornis rufipectus (Sulawesi Serpent Eagle)37 S.r.rufipectus Gould, 1858 Sulawesi S.r.sulaensis (Schlegel, 1866) Sula, Banggai Is. Spilornis elgini (Blyth, 1863) (Andaman Serpent Eagle)38 Andaman Is. DRYOTRIORCHIS Shelley, 1874 M Dryotriorchis spectabilis (Congo Serpent Eagle) D.s.spectabilis (Schlegel, 1863) Liberia to N Cameroon D.s.batesi Sharpe, 1904 S Cameroon and Gabon to C Zaire EUTRIORCHIS Sharpe, 1875 M Eutriorchis astur Sharpe, 1875 (Madagascan Serpent Eagle) Madagascar (E rainforest) CIRCUS Lacépčde, 1799 M Circus aeruginosus (Western Marsh Harrier) C.a.aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe and Middle East to C Asia >> S Europe, Africa, S Asia C.a.harterti Zedlitz, 1914 NW Africa Circus spilonotus (Eastern Marsh Harrier) C.s.spilonotus Kaup, 1847 E Asia to Japan >> SE Asia to Greater Sundas and Philippines C.s.spilothorax Salvadori & D'Albertis, 1875 New Guinea Circus approximans Peale, 1848 (Swamp Harrier) S New Guinea, Australia39, New Zealand, SW Pacific islands Circus ranivorus (Daudin, 1800) (African Marsh Harrier) S Sudan and Kenya to Cape Province Circus maillardi (Réunion Harrier) C.m.maillardi J. Verreaux, 1862 Reunion I. C.m.macrosceles A. Newton, 186340 Madagascar, Comoro Is. Circus buffoni (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Long-winged Harrier) Colombia, Trinidad, Guianas to C Argentina Circus assimilis Jardine & Selby, 1828 (Spotted Harrier) Sulawesi, Timor, Sumba, New Guinea, W, N and E Australia Circus maurus (Temminck, 1828) (Black Harrier) Cape Province >> S Namibia and Transvaal Circus cyaneus (Northern Harrier/Hen Harrier) C.c.cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766) Europe, C and N Asia >> south to N Africa, S Asia C.c.hudsonius (Linnaeus, 1766) N and C America >> south to C America and West Indies Circus cinereus Vieillot, 1816 (Cinereous Harrier) W and S Sth. America, Falkland Is. Circus macrourus (S.G. Gmelin, 1770) (Pallid Harrier) E Europe and C Asia >> Africa and India Circus melanoleucos (Pennant, 1769) (Pied Harrier) EC Asia >> S and mainland SE Asia and Philippines Circus pygargus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Montagu's Harrier) W Europe to EC Asia >> sub-Sharan Africa and S Asia POLYBOROIDES A. Smith, 1829 M Polyboroides typus (African Harrier-Hawk) P.t.typus A. Smith, 1829 Sudan and E Africa to N Botswana and E Cape Province P.t.pectoralis Sharpe, 1903 Gambia to Gabon and Zaire Polyboroides radiatus (Scopoli, 1786) (Madagascan Harrier-Hawk) Madagascar MELIERAX G.R. Gray, 1840 M Melierax metabates (Dark Chanting Goshawk) M.m.theresae R. Meinertzhagen, 1939 SW Morocco M.m.ignoscens Friedmann, 1928 Yemen M.m.neumanni E. Hartert, 1914 Mali east to N Sudan M.m.metabates Heuglin, 1861 Senegal to Eritrea and N Tanzania M.m.mechowi Cabanis, 1882 S Tanzania to N Namibia and E Transvaal Melierax poliopterus Cabanis, 1869 (Eastern Chanting Goshawk) Ethiopia and Somalia to N Tanzania Melierax canorus (Rislachi, 1799)41 (Pale Chanting Goshawk) Namibia, Botswana, South Africa MICRONISUS G.R. Gray, 1840 M Micronisus gabar (Gabar Goshawk)42 M.g.niger (Vieillot, 1823) N Nigeria to S Yemen south to M.g.aequatorius Clancey, 1987 C Africa (509) M.g.gabar (Daudin, 1800) Cape Province to Angola and Malawi ACCIPITER Brisson, 1760 M Accipiter poliogaster (Temminck, 1824) (Grey-bellied Hawk) N and C Sth. America Accipiter trivirgatus (Crested Goshawk) A.t.indicus (Hodgson, 1836) NE India to S China, Thailand, Indochina and the Malay Pen. A.t.formosae Mayr, 194943 Taiwan A.t.peninsulae Koelz, 1949 SW India A.t.layardi (Whistler, 1936) Sri Lanka A.t.trivirgatus (Temminck, 1824) Sumatra A.t.niasensis Mayr, 1949 Nias I. A.t.javanicus Mayr, 1949 Java A.t.microstictus Mayr, 1949 Borneo A.t.palawanus Mayr, 1949 Palawan, Calamian Is. A.t.castroi Manuel & Gilliard, 1952 Polillo Is. A.t.extimus Mayr, 1945 Negros, Samar, Leyte, Mindanao Accipiter griseiceps (Schlegel, 1862) (Sulawesi Goshawk) Sulawesi, Muna, Buton Accipiter toussenelii (Red-chested Goshawk)44 A.t.macroscelides (Hartlaub, 1855) Sierra Leone to W Cameroon A.t.lopezi (Alexander, 1903) Bioko A.t.toussenelii (J. & E. Verreaux, 1855) Cameroon, Gabon, N and W Zaire Accipiter tachiro (African Goshawk) A.t.canescens (Chapin, 1921) E Zaire to W Uganda A.t.unduliventer (Rüppell, 1836) Eritrea, N and E Ethiopia A.t.croizati Desfayes, 1974 SW Ethiopia A.t.sparsimfasciatus (Reichenow, 1895) Angola to N Mozambique, E Africa and Somalia A.t.pembaensis Benson & Elliott, 197545 Pemba I. (Tanzania) A.t.tachiro (Daudin, 1800) S Angola and Mozambique to Transvaal and Cape Province Accipiter castanilius (Chestnut flanked Sparrowhawk) A.c.castanilius Bonaparte, 1853 S Nigeria to Gabon; W Zaire A.c.beniensis Lönnberg, 1917 E Zaire Accipiter badius (Shikra) A.b.sphenurus (Rüppell), 1836) Gambia to Eritrea, south to N Tanzania A.b.polyzonoides A. Smith, 1838 S Tanzania and S Zaire to Cape Province A.b.cenchroides (Severtsov, 1873) Transcaucasia, N Iran to C Asia >> NW India A.b.dussumieri (Temminck, 1824) Himalayas, N India A.b.badius (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) S India, Sri Lanka A.b.poliopsis (Hume, 1874) Assam to S China, Indochina, Taiwan Accipiter butleri (Nicobar Sparrowhawk)46 A.b.butleri (J.J. Gurney, 1898) Car Nicobar I. A.b.obsoletus (Richmond, 1902) Katchal, Camorta (C Nicobars) Accipiter brevipes (Severtsov, 1850) (Levant Sparrowhawk) Balkans to S Russia >> NE Africa Accipiter soloensis (Horsfield, 1821) (Chinese Goshawk) S and E China to Korea >> E China to Indonesia and Philippines Accipiter francesii (Frances's Sparrowhawk) A.f.francesii A. Smith, 1834 Madagascar A.f.griveaudi Benson, 1960 Grande Comore I. A.f.pusillus (J.H. Gurney, 1875) Anjouan A.f.brutus (Schlegel, 1866) Mayotte Accipiter trinotatus Bonaparte, 1850 (Spot-tailed Goshawk) Sulawesi, Muna and Buton Is. Accipiter novaehollandiae (Variable Goshawk/Grey Goshawk) A.n.sylvestris Wallace, 1864 Sumbawa, Flores, Pantar, Alor Is. (Lesser Sundas) A.n.polionotus (Salvadori, 1890) Babar, Damar, Banda, Tanimbar Is. (Banda Sea) A.n.mortyi E. Hartert, 1925 Morotai I. (Moluccas) A.n.griseogularis (G.R. Gray, 1860) Halmahera and Bacan (N Moluccas) A.n.obiensis (E. Hartert, 1903) Obi I. (Moluccas) A.n.hiogaster (S. Müller, 1841) Seram, Ambon (Moluccas) A.n.pallidiceps (Salvadori, 1879) Buru (Moluccas) A.n.albiventris (Salvadori, 1875) Kai Is. A.n.leucosomus (Sharpe, 1874) New Guinea and Is. A.n.misoriensis (Salvadori, 1875) Biak I. (Geelvink Bay) A.n.pallidimas Mayr, 1940 D'Entrecasteaux Arch. (New Guinea) A.n.misulae Mayr, 1940 Louisiade Arch. (New Guinea) A.n.lavongai Mayr, 1945 New Hanover (Bismarck Arch.) A.n.matthiae Mayr, 1945 St. Matthias I. (Bismarck Arch.) A.n.manusi Mayr, 1945 Admiralty Is. A.n.dampieri (J.H. Gurney, 1882) New Britain, Umboi I. A.n.lihirensis Stresemann, 1933 Lihir Is., Tanga Is. A.n.bougainvillei (Rothschild & Hartert, 1905) Bougainville I., Shortland Is. (Solomons) A.n.rufoschistaceus (Rothschild & Hartert, 1902) Ysabel I., Choiseul I. (Solomons) A.n.rubianae (Rothschild & Hartert, 1905) New Georgia, Rendova, Vella Lavella I. (Solomons) A.n.malaitae Mayr, 1931 Malaita I. (Solomons) A.n.pulchellus (E.P. Ramsay, 1881) Guadalcanal I. (Solomons) A.n.novaehollandiae (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) N and E Australia, Tasmania Accipiter fasciatus (Brown Goshawk) A.f.natalis (Lister, 1889) Christmas I. (Indian Ocean) A.f.wallacii (Sharpe, 1874) Lombok to Wetar, Damar, Moa I. (Lesser Sundas) A.f.tjendanae Stresemann, 1925 Sumba I. A.f.stresemanni Rensch, 1931 Djampea I., Tukangbesi Is. A.f.savu Mayr, 1941 Savu I. (Lesser Sundas) A.f.hellmayri Stresemann, 192247 Alor, Samao, Timor (Lesser Sundas) A.f.buruensis Stresemann, 191448 Buru (Moluccas) A.f.dogwa Rand, 1941 S New Guinea A.f.polycryptus Rothschild & Hartert, 1915 E New Guinea A.f.vigilax (Wetmore, 1926) New Caledonia, Vanuatu A.f.didimus (Mathews, 1912) N Australia A.f.fasciatus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Australia, E Solomons Accipiter melanochlamys (Black-mantled Goshawk) A.m.melanochlamys (Salvadori, 1875) Montane NW New Guinea A.m.schisacinus (Rothschild & Hartert, 1903)49 Montane C and E New Guinea Accipiter albogularis (Pied Goshawk) A.a.eichhorni E. Hartert, 1926 Feni I. (Bismarck Arch.) A.a.woodfordi (Sharpe, 1888) Bougainville, Guadalcanal, Malaita, Choiseul Is. (Solomons) A.a.gilvus Mayr, 1945 New Georgia, Rendova, Vella Lavella, Kolombangara Is. (Solomons) A.a.albogularis G.R. Gray, 1870 San Cristobal, Ugi, Santa Ana Is. (Solomons) A.a.sharpei (Oustalet, 1875) Vanikoro I., Utupua I. (Santa Cruz Is., Solomons) Accipiter haplochrous P.L. Sclater, 1859 (White-bellied Goshawk) New Caledonia Accipiter rufitorques (Peale, 1848) (Fiji Goshawk) Fiji Is. Accipiter henicogrammus (G.R. Gray, 1860) (Moluccan Goshawk) Bacan, Halmahera, Morotai Is. (N Moluccas) Accipiter luteoschistaceus Rothschild & Hartert, 1926 (Slaty-backed Sparrowhawk) New Britain Accipiter imitator E. Hartert, 1926 (Imitator Sparrowhawk) Bougainville, Choiseul, Guadalcanal and Santa Ysabel Is. (Solomons) Accipiter poliocephalus G.R. Gray, 1858 (Grey-headed Goshawk) New Guinea and islands Accipiter princeps Mayr, 1934 (New Britain Goshawk) Montane New Britain Accipiter superciliosus (Tiny Hawk) A.s.fontanieri Bonaparte, 1853 SE Nicaragua to W Colombia, W Ecuador A.s.superciliosus (Linnaeus, 1766) E Peru to Venezuela, Guianas, N Argentina Accipiter collaris P.L. Sclater, 1860 (Semi-collared Hawk) W Venezuela, E and S Colombia, Ecuador Accipiter erythropus (Red-thighed Sparrowhawk) A.e.erythropus (Hartlaub, 1855) Gambia to Nigeria A.e.zenkeri Reichenow, 1894 Cameroon to W Uganda and N Angola Accipiter minullus (African Little Sparrowhawk)50 A.m.tropicalis Reichenow, 1898 S Somalia and coastal Kenya to E Mozambique A.m.minullus (Daudin, 1800)51 Ethiopia and inland E Africa to Angola and Cape Province Accipiter gularis (Japanese Sparrowhawk)52 53 A.g.sibiricus Stepanyan, 1959 Altai and Mongolia to SE Yakutia and Sea of Okhotsk >> SE Asia to Greater Sundas A.g.gularis (Temminck & Schlegel, 184454) Russian Far East, NE China, Sakhalin, Japan >> SE China, Java, Borneo, Philippines and Lesser Sundas A.g.iwasakii Mishima, 1962 Iriomote I., Ishigaki I. (S Ryukyu Is.) Accipiter virgatus (Besra) A.v.affinis Hodgson, 1836 W Himalayas to N Burma, S and C China, Thailand and N Indochina >> Sthn. mainland SE Asia A.v.fuscipectus Mees, 1970 Taiwan A.v.besra Jerdon, 1839 S India, Sri Lanka A.v.vanbemmelli Voous, 1950 Sumatra A.v.rufotibialis Sharpe, 1887 N Borneo A.v.virgatus (Temminck, 1822) Java A.v.quinquefasciatus Mees, 1984 Flores (1535) A.v.abdulalii Mees, 1981 Andaman Is. (1532) A.v.confusus E. Hartert, 1910 Catanduanes Luzon, Mindoro, Negros A.v.quagga Parkes, 1973 Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Mindanao, Samar Accipiter nanus (W.H. Blasius, 1897) (Dwarf Sparrowhawk) Sulawesi Accipiter erythrauchen (Rufous-necked Sparrowhawk) A.e.erythrauchen G.R. Gray, 1861 Bacan, Halmahera, Morotai, Obi Is. (N and C Moluccas) A.e.ceramensis (Schlegel, 1862) Seram, Buru Is. (S Moluccas) Accipiter cirrhocephalus (Collared Sparrowhawk) A.c.papuanus (Rothschild & Hartert, 1913) New Guinea and nearby islands A.c.rosselianus Mayr, 1940 Rossel I., Louisiade Arch. A.c.cirrhocephalus (Vieillot, 1817)55 Australia, Tasmania Accipiter brachyurus (E.P. Ramsay, 1879) (New Britain Sparrowhawk) New Britain Accipiter rhodogaster (Vinous-breasted Sparrowhawk) A.r.rhodogaster (Schlegel, 1862) Sulawesi, Buton, Muna Is. A.r.sulaensis (Schlegel, 1866) Peleng, Banggai, Sula Is. Accipiter madagascariensis A. Smith, 1834 (Madagascan Sparrowhawk) Madagascar Accipiter ovampensis J.H. Gurney, 1875 (Ovambo Sparrowhawk) Ghana to Ethiopia south to N Namibia and E Transvaal Accipiter nisus (Eurasian Sparrowhawk) A.n.nisus (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe to SW Siberia, N Iran and SW Turkmenistan >> south to NE Africa and SW Asia A.n.nisosimilis (Tickell, 1833) NW and C Siberia to Altai, N China and Japan >> SW, C and E Asia A.n.dementjevi Stepanyan, 195856 Pamir-Alai to Tien Shan Mts. A.n.melaschistos Hume, 1869 E Afghanistan and Himalayas to W Sichuan A.n.wolterstorffi Kleinschmidt, 1901 Corsica, Sardinia A.n.punicus Erlanger, 1897 NW Africa A.n.granti Sharpe, 1890 Madeira, Canary Is. Accipiter rufiventris (Rufous-breasted Sparrowhawk) A.r.perspicillaris (Rüppell, 1836) Ethiopia A.r.rufiventris A. Smith, 1830 Zaire and Kenya to Cape Province Accipiter striatus (Sharp-shinned Hawk)57 A.s.perobscurus Snyder, 1938 Queen Charlotte Is. >> south to Oregon A.s.velox (A. Wilson, 1812) Canada, USA >> Middle America A.s.suttoni van Rossem, 1939 N Mexico A.s.madrensis Storer, 1952 SW Mexico A.s.fringilloides Vigors, 1827 Cuba A.s.striatus Vieillot, 180858 Hispaniola A.s.venator Wetmore, 1914 Puerto Rico A.s.chionogaster (Kaup, 1852) S Mexico, Guatemala to Nicaragua A.s.ventralis P.L. Sclater, 1866 Andes of W Venezuela and Colombia to C Bolivia A.s.erythronemius (Kaup, 1850) E Bolivia and S Brazil to Uruguay and N Argentina Accipiter cooperii (Bonaparte, 1828) (Cooper's Hawk) S Canada to N Central America Accipiter gundlachii (Gundlach's Hawk) A.g.gundlachii Lawrence, 1860 W and C Cuba A.g.wileyi Wotzkow, 1991 E Cuba (2691) Accipiter bicolor (Bicoloured Hawk) A.b.fidens Bangs & Noble, 1918 SW Mexico A.b.bicolor (Vieillot, 1817) SE Mexico to E Bolivia A.b.pileatus (Temminck, 1823) S Brazil A.b.guttifer Hellmayr, 1917 S Bolivia, W Paraguay, N Argentina A.b.chilensis Philippi & Landbeck, 186459 Andes of Chile, Argentina to Tierra del Fuego Accipiter melanoleucus (Black Sparrowhawk) A.m.temminckii (Hartlaub, 1855) Liberia to W Zaire and N Angola A.m.melanoleucus A. Smith, 1830 Sudan, Ethiopia and E Africa to E Cape Province Accipiter henstii (Schlegel, 1873) (Henst's Goshawk) W, N and E Madagascar Accipiter gentilis (Northern Goshawk) A.g.buteoides (Menzbier, 1882) NE Europe, NW and CN Siberia to Lena R. >> C Europe to C Asia A.g.albidus (Menzbier, 1882) NE Siberia (Lena R. to Kamchatka) A.g.schvedowi (Menzbier, 1882) S Ural region and SW Siberia to Kuril Is., Sakhalin and N China >> C and E Asia A.g.fujiyamae (Swann & Hartert, 1923) Japan A.g.gentilis (Linnaeus, 1758) C and N Europe east to S and C European Russia A.g.marginatus (Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783)60 Italy and Balkans to Caucasus and N Iran A.g.arrigonii (O. Kleinschmidt, 1903) N Morocco, Iberia, Corsica, Sardinia A.g.atricapillus (A. Wilson, 1812) N America (except as below) >> Sthn. N America A.g.laingi (Taverner, 1940) SW Canada (islands of Brit. Columbia) A.g.apache van Rossem, 1938 SW USA, NW Mexico Accipiter meyerianus (Sharpe, 1878) (Meyer's Goshawk) Moluccas, Yapen I., New Guinea, New Britain, Solomon Is. ERYTHROTRIORCHIS Sharpe, 187561 M Erythrotriorchis buergersi (Reichenow, 1914) (Chestnut-shouldered Goshawk) Montane E New Guinea Erythrotriorchis radiatus (Latham, 1802)62 (Red Goshawk) N and E Australia MEGATRIORCHIS Salvadori & D’Albertis, 1875 M Megatriorchis doriae Salvadori & D'Albertis, 1875 (Doria's Goshawk) New Guinea UROTRIORCHIS Sharpe, 1874 M Urotriorchis macrourus (Hartlaub, 1855) (Long-tailed Hawk)63 Liberia to E Zaire KAUPIFALCO Bonaparte, 1854 M Kaupifalco monogrammicus (Lizard Buzzard) K.m.monogrammicus (Temminck, 1824) Senegal to Ethiopia and Kenya K.m.meridionalis (Hartlaub, 1860) Tanzania to Angola and Natal BUTASTUR Hodgson, 1843 M Butastur rufipennis (Sundevall, 1851) (Grasshopper Buzzard) Senegal to Somalia >> N Zaire and E Africa Butastur teesa (Franklin, 1831) (White-eyed Buzzard) SE Iran to India and Burma Butastur liventer (Temminck, 1827) (Rufous-winged Buzzard) S Burma to S China, south to Sulawesi and Greater and Lesser Sundas Butastur indicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Grey-faced Buzzard) E Asia to Japan >> Indochina to Indonesia and Philippines GERANOSPIZA Kaup, 1844 F Geranospiza caerulescens (Crane-Hawk) G.c.livens Bangs & Penard, 1921 NW Mexico G.c.nigra (Du Bus, 1847)64 Mexico to C Panama G.c.balzarensis W.L. Sclater, 1918 E Panama to NW Peru G.c.caerulescens (Vieillot, 1817) E Ecuador and Colombia to Guianas, N Brazil G.c.gracilis (Temminck, 1821) NE Brazil G.c.flexipes J.L. Peters, 1935 S Brazil and Bolivia to N Argentina LEUCOPTERNIS Kaup, 1847 M65 Leucopternis plumbeus Salvin, 1872 (Plumbeous Hawk) E Panama to NW Peru Leucopternis schistaceus (Sundevall, 1851) (Slate-coloured Hawk) Amazonia Leucopternis princeps P.L. Sclater, 1865 (Barred Hawk) Costa Rica to NW Ecuador Leucopternis melanops (Latham, 1790) (Black-faced Hawk) N Amazonia Leucopternis kuhli Bonaparte, 1850 (White-browed Hawk) S Amazonia Leucopternis lacernulatus (Temminck, 1827) (White-necked Hawk) SE Brazil Leucopternis semiplumbeus Lawrence, 1861 (Semiplumbeous Hawk) Honduras to NW Ecuador Leucopternis albicollis (White Hawk) L.a.ghiesbreghti (Du Bus, 1845)66 S Mexico to Nicaragua L.a.costaricensis W.L. Sclater, 1919 Honduras to NW Colombia L.a.williaminae Meyer de Schauensee, 1950 NW Colombia to W Venezuela L.a.albicollis (Latham, 1790) Trinidad, C Venezuela and the Guianas to Bolivia Leucopternis occidentalis Salvin, 1876 (Grey-backed Hawk) W Ecuador, NW Peru Leucopternis polionotus (Kaup, 1847) (Mantled Hawk) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, E Uruguay BUTEOGALLUS Lesson, 1830 M Buteogallus aequinoctialis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Rufous Crab Hawk) Coasts from Venezuela to SE Brazil Buteogallus anthracinus (Common Black Hawk) B.a.anthracinus (Deppe, 1830) SW USA to NW Guyana, Trinidad, St Vincent I. B.a.utilensis Twomey, 1956 Bay I., Honduras B.a.gundlachii (Cabanis, 1855) Cuba, Isla de la Juventud Buteogallus subtilis (Mangrove Black Hawk)67 B.s.rhizophorae Monroe, 1963 Pacific coast of El Salvador and Honduras B.s.bangsi (Swann, 1922) Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Panama B.s.subtilis (Thayer & Bangs, 1905) Pacific coast of Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru Buteogallus urubitinga (Great Black Hawk) B.u.ridgwayi (J.H. Gurney, 1884) N Mexico to Panama B.u.urubitinga (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) N and C Sth. America, Trinidad Buteogallus meridionalis (Latham, 1790) (Savanna Hawk) E Panama and Trinidad south to C Argentina PARABUTEO Ridgway, 1874 M Parabuteo unicinctus (Harris's Hawk) P.u.harrisi (Audubon, 1837)68 SE California and S Texas to N Peru P.u.unicinctus (Temminck, 1824) S America (except NW) BUSARELLUS Lesson, 1843 M Busarellus nigricollis (Black-collared Hawk) B.n.nigricollis (Latham, 1790) Mexico to N Brazil B.n.leucocephalus (Vieillot, 1816) Paraguay, Uruguay, N Argentina GERANOAETUS Kaup, 1844 M Geranoaetus melanoleucus (Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle) G.m.australis Swann, 1922 Venezuela and western Sth. America, Tierra del Fuego G.m.melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1819) S Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, NE Argentina HARPYHALIAETUS Lafresnaye, 1842 M Harpyhaliaetus solitarius (Solitary Eagle) H.s.sheffleri (van Rossem, 1948)69 W Mexico to Panama H.s.solitarius (Tschudi, 1844) Colombia to the Guianas, south to NW Argentina Harpyhaliaetus coronatus (Vieillot, 1817) (Crowned Eagle) S Brazil to SE Bolivia and C Argentina ASTURINA Vieillot, 181670 F Asturina nitida (Grey Hawk) A.n.plagiata Schlegel, 1862 S USA to NW Costa Rica A.n.costaricensis Swann, 1922 SW Costa Rica to W Ecuador A.n.nitida (Latham, 1790) Trinidad, N Amazonia A.n.pallida Todd, 1915 S Brazil, E Bolivia to NC Argentina BUTEO Lacépčde, 1799 M Buteo magnirostris (Roadside Hawk) B.m.griseocauda Ridgway, 1873 Mexico to W Peru B.m.conspectus (J.L. Peters, 1913) SE Mexico, N Belize B.m.gracilis (Ridgway, 1885) Cozumel, Holbox Is. B.m.sinushonduri Bond, 1936 Bonacca I., Ruatan I. (Honduras) B.m.petulans van Rossem, 1935 SW Costa Rica, SW Panama B.m.alius (Peters & Griscom, 1929) Pearl Is. (Panama) B.m.magnirostris (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) S America (N of R. Amazon) B.m.occiduus (Bangs, 1911) E Peru, W Brazil B.m.saturatus (Sclater & Salvin, 1876) Bolivia to W Argentina B.m.nattereri (Sclater & Salvin, 1869) NE Brazil B.m.magniplumis (Bertoni, 1901) S Brazil, NW Argentina B.m.pucherani (J. & E. Verreaux, 1855) E Argentina, Paraguay Buteo lineatus (Red-shouldered Hawk) B.l.lineatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) E Nth America B.l.alleni Ridgway, 1885 Florida to E Texas B.l.extimus Bangs, 1920 S Florida and Keys B.l.texanus Bishop, 1912 SC Texas to C Mexico B.l.elegans Cassin, 1856 S Oregon to Baja California Buteo ridgwayi (Cory, 1883) (Ridgway's Hawk) Hispaniola Buteo platypterus (Broad-winged Hawk) B.p.platypterus (Vieillot, 1823) SE Canada, E USA >> Peru and Brazil B.p.cubanensis Burns, 1911 Cuba B.p.brunnescens Danforth & Smyth, 1935 Puerto Rico B.p.insulicola Riley, 1908 Antigua I. B.p.rivierei Verrill, 1905 Dominica, Martinique, St Lucia Is. B.p.antillarum Clark, 1905 Barbados, St Vincent, Grenada, Tobago Is Buteo leucorrhous (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (White-rumped Hawk) Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia; also NE Argentina, Paraguay, SE Brazil Buteo brachyurus (Short-tailed Hawk) B.b.fuliginosus P.L. Sclater, 1858 S Florida to Panama B.b.brachyurus Vieillot, 1816 S America (Trinidad to N Argentina) Buteo albigula Philippi, 1899 (White-throated Hawk) Andes from Colombia to C Chile and NW Argentina Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte, 1838 (Swainson's Hawk) W Canada, W USA, NW Mexico >> South America Buteo albicaudatus (White-tailed Hawk) B.a.hypospodius J.H. Gurney, 1876 Texas to N Colombia, W Venezuela B.a.colonus Berlepsch, 1892 E Colombia to Surinam B.a.albicaudatus Vieillot, 1816 S Brazil to C Argentina Buteo galapagoensis (Gould, 1837) (Galapagos Hawk) Galapagos Is. Buteo polyosoma (Red-backed Hawk) B.p.polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) NW Colombia to Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Is. B.p.exsul Salvin, 1875 Robinson Crusoe I. (Juan Fernandez Is. (Chile)71 Buteo poecilochrous J.H. Gurney, 1879 (Puna Hawk/Variable Hawk) Andes from S Colombia to N Chile, NW Argentina Buteo albonotatus Kaup, 1847 (Zone-tailed Hawk) SW USA to NC Sth. America Buteo solitarius Peale, 1848 (Hawaiian Hawk) Hawaii Is. Buteo jamaicensis (Red-tailed Hawk) B.j.alascensis Grinnell, 1909 SE Alaska, SW Canada B.j.harlani (Audubon, 1830) N Brit. Columbia, N Alberta >> S USA B.j.calurus Cassin, 1856 W Nth America >> C America B.j.borealis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) E Nth America >> N Mexico B.j.kriderii Hoopes, 187372 SC Canada, NC USA >> S USA B.j.socorroensis Nelson, 1898 Socorro I. (W of Mexico) B.j.suttoni Dickermann, 1993 S Baja California (723) B.j.fuertesi Sutton & Van Tyne, 1935 SW USA, NW Mexico B.j.fumosus Nelson, 1898 Tres Marias Is. (off WC Mexico) B.j.hadropus Storer, 1962 north to SC Mexico B.j.kemsiesi Oberholser, 1959 S Mexico to Nicaragua B.j.costaricensis Ridgway, 1874 Costa Rica, W Panama B.j.umbrinus Bangs, 1901 S Florida, Bahama Is. B.j.solitudinis Barbour, 1935 Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, N Lesser Antilles B.j.jamaicensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Jamaica Buteo ventralis Gould, 1837 (Rufous-tailed Hawk) S Chile, S Argentina Buteo buteo (Eurasian Buzzard)73 B.b.bannermani Swann, 1919 Cape Verde Is. B.b.insularum Floericke, 190374 Canary Is. and Azores B.b.harterti Swann, 1919 Madeira B.b.pojana (Savi, 1822) Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, C and S Italy B.b.buteo (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe (except SC) east to S Finland, Rumania and W Turkey B.b.vulpinus (Gloger, 1833) N and E Europe, C Asia >> E and S Africa and S Asia B.b.menetriesi Bogdanov, 1879 Crimea, C and E Turkey and Caucasus to N Iran B.b.japonicus Temminck & Schlegel, 184475 NE China and E Siberia to to Sakhalin and Japan >> S and E Asia B.b.refectus Portenko, 1929 Himalayas and E Tibetan Plateau B.b.toyoshimai Momiyama, 1927 Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin) Is., Izu Is. B.b.oshiroi N. Kuroda, Jr., 1971 Daito Is. Buteo oreophilus (Mountain Buzzard) B.o.oreophilus Hartert & Neumann, 1914 Ethiopia to Malawi B.o.trizonatus Rudebeck, 1957 Transvaal to S Cape Province Buteo brachypterus Hartlaub, 1860 (Madagascan Buzzard) Madagascar Buteo rufinus (Long-legged Buzzard) B.r.rufinus (Cretzschmar, 1827) C Europe to C Asia >> N tropical Africa B.r.cirtensis (Levaillant, 1850) N Africa Buteo hemilasius Temminck & Schlegel, 184476 (Upland Buzzard) C and E Asia Buteo regalis (G.R. Gray, 1844) (Ferruginous Hawk) SW Canada, WC USA >> N Mexico Buteo lagopus (Rough-legged Buzzard) B.l.lagopus (Pontoppidan, 1763) N Europe, NW Siberia >> south to C and E Europe, SW Asia B.l.menzbieri Dementiev, 1951 NC and NE Siberia >> south to SE Europe, C and E Asia B.l.kamchatkensis Dementiev, 1931 Shores of Sea of Okhotsk to Kamchatka, N Kuril Is. B.l.sanctijohannis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Alaska, Canada >> N USA Buteo auguralis Salvadori, 1865 (Red-necked Buzzard) Sierra Leone to Ethiopia, W Uganda and Angola Buteo augur (Augur Buzzard)77 B.a.archeri W.L. Sclater 1918 N Somalia B.a.augur Rüppell, 1836 E Sudan and Ethiopia to Zimbabwe, C Namibia and W Angola Buteo rufofuscus (J.R. Forster, 1798) (Jackal Buzzard) S Namibia, South Africa MORPHNUS Dumont, 1816 M Morphnus guianensis (Daudin, 1800) (Crested Eagle) Honduras to N Paraguay and N Argentina HARPIA Vieillot, 1816 F Harpia harpyja (Linnaeus, 1758) (Harpy Eagle) S Mexico to E Bolivia and N Argentina HARPYOPSIS Salvadori, 1875 F Harpyopsis novaeguineae Salvadori, 1875 (Papuan Harpy Eagle) New Guinea PITHECOPHAGA Ogilvie-Grant, 1896 F Pithecophaga jefferyi Ogilvie-Grant, 1896 (Philippine Eagle) Luzon, Samar, Mindanao ICTINAETUS Blyth, 1843 M Ictinaetus malayensis (Indian Black Eagle) I.m.perniger (Hodgson, 1836) India, Sri Lanka I.m.malayensis (Temminck, 1822) Burma to S China and Moluccas AQUILA Brisson, 1760 F Aquila pomarina (Lesser Spotted Eagle) A.p.pomarina C.L. Brehm, 1831 C Europe to Ukraine, Caucasus area and N Iran >> SW Asia and E and S Africa A.p.hastata (Lesson, 1831)78 India, N Burma Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811 (Greater Spotted Eagle) E Europe to E Asia >> SE Europe, NE Africa, S Asia to Malay Pen. Aquila rapax (Tawny Eagle) A.r.vindhiana Franklin, 1831 Pakistan, India, N Burma A.r.belisarius (Levaillant, 1850) Morocco to Nigeria and Ethiopia, SW Arabia A.r.rapax (Temminck, 1828) Angola, Uganda and Kenya to Sth. Africa Aquila nipalensis (Steppe Eagle)79 A.n.orientalis Cabanis, 1854 E Europe to C Kazakhstan >> SW Asia, Middle East and E Africa A.n.nipalensis Hodgson, 1833 E Kazakhstan to Mongolia and N China >> S Asia Aquila adalberti C.L. Brehm, 1861 (Spanish Imperial Eagle)80 Iberia Aquila heliaca Savigny, 1809 (Eastern Imperial Eagle) SE Europe to C Siberia >> NE Africa, S Asia Aquila gurneyi G.R. Gray, 1860 (Gurney's Eagle) Moluccas, New Guinea and nearby islands Aquila chrysaetos (Golden Eagle) A.c.chrysaetos (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe (except Iberia), NW and CN Asia to Yenisey R. A.c.kamtschatica Severtsov, 188881 NE Asia (Yenisey and Mongolia to Kamchatka and NE China) A.c.japonica Severtsov, 1888 Korea, Japan A.c.daphanea Severtsov, 1873 Mts. of C Asia from Pamir to C China A.c.homeyeri Severtsov, 1888 Iberia, N Africa, Middle East and Arabia to Caucasus area, Iran and E Uzbekistan A.c.subsp. ? Ethiopia A.c.canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758) Canada, W USA Aquila audax (Wedge-tailed Eagle) A.a.audax (Latham, 1802)82 S New Guinea, Australia A.a.fleayi Condon & Amadon, 1954 Tasmania Aquila verreauxii Lesson, 1830 (Verreaux's Eagle) Israel, Arabia, Ethiopia, Sudan to Cape Province HIERAAETUS Kaup, 1844 M Hieraaetus wahlbergi (Sundevall, 1851) (Wahlberg's Eagle)83 Gambia to Eritrea south to Transvaal and Natal Hieraaetus fasciatus (Bonelli's Eagle) H.f.fasciatus (Vieillot, 1822) N Africa and S Europe to S and C Asia and along Red Sea H.f.renschi Stresemann, 1932 Lesser Sundas Hieraaetus spilogaster (Bonaparte, 1850) (African Hawk-Eagle) Senegal to Eritrea south to Cape Province Hieraaetus pennatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Booted Eagle)84 S Europe and N Africa to NW India and C Asia, Sth. Africa >> E and S Africa Hieraaetus morphnoides (Little Eagle) H.m.weiskei (Reichenow, 1900) Montane E and C New Guinea H.m.morphnoides (Gould, 1841) Australia Hieraaetus ayresii (J.H. Gurney, 1862) (Ayres's Hawk-Eagle)85 Nigeria to Ethiopia and Cape Province Hieraaetus kienerii (Rufous-bellied Hawk-Eagle) H.k.kienerii (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835) S Himalayas, W India, Sri Lanka H.k.formosus Stresemann, 1924 Burma through mainland SE Asia to Sundas, Philippines and Sulawesi POLEMAETUS Heine, 189086 M Polemaetus bellicosus (Daudin, 1800) (Martial Eagle) Senegal to Somalia and Cape Province SPIZASTUR G.R. Gray, 1841 M Spizastur melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1816) (Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle) E and S Mexico to Paraguay and NE Argentina LOPHAETUS Kaup, 184787 M Lophaetus occipitalis (Daudin, 1800) (Long-crested Eagle) Senegal to Ethiopia, south to Angola and E Cape Province SPIZAETUS Vieillot, 1816 M Spizaetus africanus (Cassin, 1865) (Cassin's Hawk-Eagle) Togo to Zaire and W Uganda Spizaetus cirrhatus (Changeable Hawk-Eagle) S.c.limnaeetus (Horsfield, 1821) Himalaya foothills E mainland SE Asia, and south to Gtr. Sundas and Philippines. S.c.cirrhatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) S India S.c.ceylanensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Sri Lanka S.c.andamanensis Tytler, 1865 Andaman Is. S.c.vanheurni Junge, 1936 Simeuluë I. (W Sumatran Is.) S.c.floris (E. Hartert, 1898) Sumbawa, Flores Is. (Lesser Sundas) Spizaetus nipalensis (Mountain Hawk-Eagle) S.n.nipalensis (Hodgson, 1836) Himalayas east to China and south to Malay Pen. S.n.kelaarti Legge, 1878 Sri Lanka S.n.orientalis Temminck & Schlegel, 184488 Japan >> NE China Spizaetus alboniger (Blyth, 1845) (Blyth's Hawk-Eagle) S Burma to Sumatra and Borneo Spizaetus bartelsi Stresemann, 1924 (Javan Hawk-Eagle) Java Spizaetus lanceolatus Temminck & Schlegel, 184489 (Sulawesi Hawk-Eagle) Sulawesi, Banggai and Sula Is. Spizaetus philippensis (Philippine Hawk-Eagle) S.p.philippensis Gould, 1863 Luzon S.p.pinskeri Preleuthner & Gamauf, 1998 Basilan, Leyte, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Samar, Siquijor (1923) Spizaetus nanus (Wallace's Hawk-Eagle) S.n.nanus Wallace, 1868 Malay Pen., Sumatra and Borneo S.n.stresemanni Amadon, 1953 Nias I. (off W Sumatra) Spizaetus tyrannus (Black Hawk-Eagle) S.t.serus Friedmann, 1950 C Mexico to E Peru S.t.tyrannus (Wied, 1820) E and S Brazil Spizaetus ornatus (Ornate Hawk-Eagle) S.o.vicarius Friedmann, 1935 Mexico to Colombia, W Ecuador S.o.ornatus (Daudin, 1800) C Colombia to Guianas and N Argentina STEPHANOAETUS W.L. Sclater, 192290 M Stephanoaetus coronatus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Crowned Hawk-Eagle) Guinea to W Ethiopia; Zaire, E Africa and E Cape Province OROAETUS Ridgway, 192091 M Oroaetus isidori (Des Murs, 1845) (Black-and-chestnut Eagle) W Venezuela to Bolivia and NW Argentina 1 Includes melvillensis and microhaliaetus see Prevost (1983) (1926). Some authors use leucocephalus Gould, 1838, for the Australasian form. 2 With rare exceptions the sequence of genera and species used here is that of Thiollay (1994) (2398). 3 Includes emini see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 280) (2368). 4 Includes robusta and proxima see Debus (1994: 108) (631). 5 Includes njikena see Marchant & Higgins (1993: 34) (1428). 6 Includes burmana see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 284) (2368). 7 The validity of Leptodon forbesi Swann, 1922, seems not to have been established, but see Teixeira et al. (1987) (2393) and Bierregaard (1994: 108) (147). 8 Includes aquilonis see Bierregaard (1994: 109) (147). 9 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 10 Includes minimus and fraterculus see Debus (1994: 111) (631). 11 Dated 1817 by Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 287) (2368), but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258) and www.zoonomen.net (A.P. Peterson in litt.). 12 Original spelling on the wrapper see Froriep (1821) (888), not an emendation contra Orta (1994: 111) (1731); the spelling ptilorhyncus reported by Stresemann & Amadon (1979) (2368) comes from the text issued some time later. 13 See Deignan (1960) (661) and Brooke & Clancey (1981) (238). 14 Mees (1982) (1534) argued for recognition of a separate species hypoleucus and reviewed alternative treatments; we do not follow him in this or in sinking vociferus in nominate caeruleus. 15 Includes sumatranus and wahgiensis see Mees (1982) (1534). 16 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 17 Previously E. notatus Gould, 1838. 18 Includes tenebrosus see Hazevoet (1995) (1092). 19 Includes arabicus see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 298) (2368). 20 Replaces alascanus see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 301) (2368). 21 There is still some dispute about the original spelling of this name. 22 Includes haemachalanus see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 303) (2368). A Central Asian race altaicus may prove separable (Roselaar, in litt.) 23 Where plate 222 not 22 -- a lapsus in Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 305) (2368). 24 Treated as monotypic by White (1965) (2649). 25 Previously called nudiceps but see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 306) (2368). For separation of this from the next taxon see Rasmussen & Parry (2001) (1992) and Rasmussen et al. (2001) (1996). 26 This scientific name may require change (P. Rasmussen, in litt.). 27 Treated in the genus Aegypius in last Edition. 28 Treated in the genus Aegypius in last Edition. 29 Treated in the genus Aegypius in last Edition. 30 Includes heptneri see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 309) (2368). 31 For a defence of the separation of this species and the next see Clark (1999) (534). 32 Treatment of this has changed often, see Amadon (1974) (46). Stepanyan (1993) (2328) has suggested that there are two species, one small and one large, with both represented on mainland Asia. We await more evidence of this. The Philippine populations is allopatric and we keep holospilus in this species, see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 33 Tentatively includes ¶tonkinensis Stepanyan, 1992 (2327). 34 In placing this taxon here and separating klossi we tentatively follow Clark (1994: 133) (533); we are unsure there is sympatry in the Nicobars. 35 This was lumped in pallidus in Smythies (1981) (2288) and in our last Edition, but recognised in Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 313) (2368) and in Clark (1994: 133) (533). 36 Includes panayensis see Dickinson et al. (1991: 125) (745). 37 May be conspecific with cheela; no sympatry involved. 38 For reasons to recognise this as a second species in the Andamans see Amadon (1974) (46) 39 Tasmanian birds migrate to Australia and perhaps S New Guinea. 40 For recognition see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 321) (2368). 41 Was called M. musicus Daudin, 1800, but this name preoccupied, not due to Thunberg, 1801 (contra White, 1965 (2649)), but to Rislachi, 1799, see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 323 fn) (2368). 42 For recognition of these subspecies, but not defensorum, see Clancey (1987) (509). 43 For recognition see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 324) (2368); omitted in last Edition. 44 For separation of this species see Prigogine (1980) (1937). 45 Not recognised in last Edition; see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 326) (2368). 46 See Rasmussen (2000) (1987) on the sole Great Nicobar record. 47 Retained following White & Bruce (1986: 122) (2652). 48 Recognition tentative as status uncertain, see White & Bruce (1986: 123) (2652). 49 For recognition see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 333) (2368). 50 Treated as polytypic by White (1965: 49) (2649). 51 Tentatively includes ¶infrequens Clancey, 1982 (488). 52 Subspecies recognised as in Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 337) (2368). Treated as monotypic in last Edition. 53 Tentatively includes nisoides see Mees (1981) (1532). 54 Should perhaps date from 1845 see Holthuis & Sakai (1970) (1128). 55 The emended name used here is judged to be in prevailing usage; see Art. 33.2 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178) and p. 000 herein. Includes quaesitandus see Debus (1994:157) (631). 56 For recognition see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 341) (2368); omitted in last Edition. 57 We follow Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 344) (2368) and A.O.U. (1998: 93) (3) in retaining S American forms herein. 58 Dated 1807 by Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 344) (2368), but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). 59 We follow Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 345) (2368) and A.O.U. (1998: 94) (3) in retaining chilensis. 60 For recognition see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 346) (2368); omitted in last Edition. 61 We follow Thiollay (1994) (2398) in using the genera Erythrotriorchis and Megatriorchis. 62 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 63 If treated within the genus Accipiter must be called amadoni Wolters, 1978, 64 Du Bus is abbreviated from Du Bus de Gisignies. 65 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 66 Du Bus is abbreviated from Du Bus de Gisignies. 67 Treated as monotypic in last Edition, but see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 356) (2368). 68 Includes superior see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 358) (2368). 69 For recognition see Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 360) (2368); treated as a synonym in last Edition. 70 Genus retained following A.O.U. (1998: 97) (3), but placed next to Buteo as in Thiollay (1994) (2398). 71 Bierregaard (1994: 183) (147) wrote Alejandro Selkirk I., which is Masatierra; Másafuera is Robinson Crusoe I. 72 ‘Probably not a valid subspecies’ (Preston & Beane, 1993) (1925). 73 Subspecies recognised following Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 371) (2368). 74 Includes rothschildi but this may be recognisable. 75 Should perhaps date from 1845 see Holthuis & Sakai (1970) (1128). 76 Should perhaps date from 1845 see Holthuis & Sakai (1970) (1128). 77 Treated as two species by Thiollay (1994) (2398); we await detailed studies. 78 Given as 1834 in Stresemann & Amadon (1979) (2368) but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). The priority of this name compared to Brehm’s pomarina has not been explored. 79 For reasons to split this from A. rapax see Clark (1992) (532) and Sangster et al. (2002) (2167). 80 For reasons to separate this from the next species see Hiraldo et al. (1976) (1123) and Sangster et al. (2002) (2167). 81 Recognised by Stepanyan (1990) (2326). 82 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 83 For treatment in this genus we follow Smeenk (1974) (2279), as in last Edition, but confirmation needed. 84 Includes milvoides and harterti as we now prefer to treat this as monotypic, see Kemp (1994: 199) (1250). However ¶ minisculus Yosef et al., 2000 (2701), needs evaluation. 85 Previously called H. dubius (e.g. in Stresemann & Amadon, 1979) (2368), but Kemp (1994: 200) (1250) confirmed that that name related to H. pennatus. 86 This genus is employed following Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 390) (2368). 87 This genus is used as in Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 385) (2368). 88 Should perhaps date from 1845 see Holthuis & Sakai (1970) (1128). 89 Should perhaps date from 1845 see Holthuis & Sakai (1970) (1128). 90 This genus is used as in Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 389) (2368). 91 This genus is used as in Stresemann & Amadon (1979: 389) (2368). ACCIPITRIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD RALLIDAE (RAILS, WATERHENS, COOTS)1 (33: 141) SAROTHRURA Heine, 1890 F Sarothrura pulchra (White-spotted Flufftail) S.p.pulchra (J.E. Gray, 1829) Senegal and Gambia to N and C Cameroon S.p.zenkeri Neumann, 1908 SE Nigeria, coastal Cameroon, Gabon S.p.batesi Bannerman, 1922 S Cameroon S.p.centralis Neumann, 1908 Congo and N Angola to S Sudan, W Kenya, NW Tanzania and NW Zambia Sarothrura elegans (Buff-spotted Flufftail) S.e.reichenovi (Sharpe, 1894) Sierra Leone to Uganda south to N Angola S.e.elegans (A. Smith, 1839) S Ethiopia and Kenya to Zimbabwe and E Sth. Africa Sarothrura rufa (Red-chested Flufftail) S.r.bonapartii (Bonaparte, 1856) Sierra Leone to Cameroon and Gabon S.r.elizabethae van Someren, 1919 Ethiopia, Central African Republic and N Zaire to Uganda and W Kenya S.r.rufa (Vieillot, 1819) C Kenya to NE Tanzania, Angola and S Zaire to Sth. Africa Sarothrura lugens (Chestnut-headed Flufftail) S.l.lugens (Böhm, 1884)2 Cameroon to Zaire, Rwanda, W Tanzania S.l.lynesi (Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1934) C Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe (969) Sarothrura boehmi Reichenow, 1900 (Streaky-breasted Flufftail) Nigeria to Kenya, south to Zimbabwe Sarothrura affinis (Striped Flufftail) S.a.antonii Madarŕsz & Neumann, 1911 S Sudan to E Zimbabwe S.a.affinis (A. Smith, 1828) Sth. Africa Sarothrura insularis (Sharpe, 1870) (Madagascan Flufftail) E Madagascar Sarothrura ayresi (J.H. Gurney, 1877) (White-winged Flufftail) Ethiopia, Zimbabwe and Sth. Africa Sarothrura watersi (E. Bartlett, 1880) (Slender-billed Flufftail) E Madagascar HIMANTORNIS Hartlaub, 1855 M Himantornis haematopus Hartlaub, 1855 (Nkulengu Rail) Sierra Leone to W Uganda, south to coastal and C Zaire CANIRALLUS Bonaparte, 1856 M Canirallus oculeus (Hartlaub, 1855) (Grey-throated Rail) Sierra Leone to W Uganda Canirallus kioloides (Madagascan Forest Rail)3 C.k.berliozi (Salomonsen, 1934) NW Madagascar (2149) C.k.kioloides (Pucheran, 1845) E Madagascar COTURNICOPS G.R. Gray, 1855 M Coturnicops exquisitus (Swinhoe, 1873) (Swinhoe’s Rail) Baikal area to Russian Far East and NE China >> Japan, Korea to S China Coturnicops noveboracensis (Yellow Rail)4 C.n.noveboracensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)5 SC and SE Canada to NC and NE USA >> S and SE USA C.n.goldmani (Nelson, 1904) River Lerma (C Mexico) Coturnicops notatus (Gould, 1841) (Speckled Rail) Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, S Brazil to N Argentina MICROPYGIA Bonaparte, 1856 F Micropygia schomburgkii (Ocellated Crake) M.s.schomburgkii (Schomburgk, 1848) Costa Rica, Colombia, SE Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, the Guianas M.s.chapmani (Naumburg, 1930) C to SE Brazil RALLINA G.R. Gray, 1846 F Rallina rubra (Chestnut Forest Rail) R.r.rubra (Schlegel, 1871) W New Guinea R.r.klossi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1913) 6 WC New Guinea R.r.telefolminensis (Gilliard, 1961) C New Guinea (940) Rallina leucospila (Salvadori, 1875) (White-striped Forest Rail) NW New Guinea Rallina forbesi (Forbes's Forest Rail) R.f.steini (Rothschild, 1934) C New Guinea (2369) R.f.parva (Pratt, 1982) Adelbert Mts. (NE New Guinea) (1921) R.f.dryas (Mayr, 1931) Huon Pen. (NE New Guinea) R.f.forbesi (Sharpe, 1887) SE New Guinea Rallina mayri (Mayr's Forest Rail) R.m.mayri (E. Hartert, 1930) Cyclops Mts. (N New Guinea) R.m.carmichaeli (Diamond, 1969) Torricelli and Bewani Mts. (N New Guinea) (698) Rallina tricolor G.R. Gray, 1858 (Red-necked Crake)7 N and E Queensland, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., S Moluccas, E Lesser Sundas Rallina canningi (Blyth, 1863) (Andaman Crake) Andaman Is. Rallina fasciata (Raffles, 1822) (Red-legged Crake) NE India to Philippines, south to Flores I., Moluccas, Greater and Lesser Sundas Rallina eurizonoides (Slaty-legged Crake) R.e.amauroptera (Jerdon, 1864) NW Pakistan, India >> Sri Lanka R.e.telmatophila Hume, 1878 Burma to Indochina and SE China >>S Thailand to Java R.e.sepiaria (Stejneger, 1887) Ryukyu Is. R.e.formosana Seebohm, 1894 Taiwan and nearby Lanyu I. R.e.alvarezi Kennedy & Ross, 1987 Batan Is. (1257) R.e.eurizonoides (Lafresnaye, 1845) Philippines (except Batan), Palau Is. R.e.minahasa Wallace, 1863 Sulawesi, Peleng, Sula Is. ANUROLIMNAS Sharpe, 1893 M Anurolimnas castaneiceps (Chestnut-headed Crake) A.c.coccineipes Olson, 1973 S Colombia, NE Ecuador (1690) A.c.castaneiceps (Sclater & Salvin, 1868) E Ecuador, N Peru, NW Bolivia Anurolimnas viridis (Russet-crowned Crake) A.v.brunnescens (Todd, 1932) E Colombia A.v.viridis (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) S Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, south to N Bolivia Anurolimnas fasciatus (Sclater & Salvin, 1867) (Black-banded Crake) S and SE Colombia to NE Peru, NW Brazil LATERALLUS G.R. Gray, 1855 M Laterallus melanophaius (Rufous-sided Crake) L.m.oenops (Sclater & Salvin, 1880) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil L.m.melanophaius (Vieillot, 1819) N Venezuela, east to Surinam, south to N Argentina Laterallus levraudi (Sclater & Salvin, 1868) (Rusty-flanked Crake) N Venezuela Laterallus ruber (Sclater & Salvin, 1860) (Ruddy Crake) S and E Mexico to NW Costa Rica Laterallus albigularis (White-throated Crake) L.a.cinereiceps (Lawrence, 1875) SE Honduras and Nicaragua to NW Panama L.a.albigularis (Lawrence, 1861) SW Costa Rica to W Ecuador L.a.cerdaleus Wetmore, 1958 E Colombia (2599) Laterallus exilis (Temminck, 1831) (Grey-breasted Crake) Guatemala south to N Ecuador, Venezuela and the Guianas south to Bolivia, Paraguay and SE Brazil Laterallus jamaicensis (Black Rail) L.j.coturniculus (Ridgway, 1874) California, Baja California L.j.jamaicensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) E USA, E Central America >> S USA to Guatemala and Greater Antilles L.j.murivagans (Riley, 1916) W Peru L.j.tuerosi Fjeldsĺ, 1983 C Peru (842) L.j.salinasi (Philippi, 1857) C Chile, W Argentina Laterallus spilonotus (Gould, 1841) (Galapagos Rail) Galapagos Is. Laterallus leucopyrrhus (Vieillot, 1819) (Red-and-white Crake) SE Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, NE Argentina Laterallus xenopterus Conover, 1934 (Rufous-faced Crake) SC Brazil, C Paraguay (557) NESOCLOPEUS J.L. Peters, 19328 M Nesoclopeus poecilopterus (Bar-winged Rail) 9 N.p.woodfordi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1889)10 Guadalcanal and Santa Isabel Is. N.p.tertius Mayr, 1949 Bougainville I. (1475) †?N.p.poecilopterus (Hartlaub, 1866) Viti Levu I., Ovalau (S Fiji Is.) GALLIRALLUS Lafresnaye, 1841 M Gallirallus australis (Weka) G.a.greyi (Buller, 1888) North Island (New Zealand) G.a.australis (Sparrman, 1786) N and W South Island (New Zealand) G.a.hectori (Hutton, 1874) E South Island, Chatham Is. (New Zealand) G.a.scotti (Ogilvie-Grant, 1905) Stewart I. †?Gallirallus lafresnayanus Verreaux & Des Murs, 1860 (New Caledonian Rail) New Caledonia Gallirallus sylvestris (P.L. Sclater, 187011) (Woodhen/Lord Howe Rail) Lord Howe I. Gallirallus okinawae (Yamashina & Mano, 1981) (Okinawa Rail) N Okinawa I. (2696) Gallirallus torquatus (Barred Rail) G.t.torquatus (Linnaeus, 1766)12 Philippines G.t.celebensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830)13 Sulawesi G.t.sulcirostris (Wallace, 1863)14 Peling, Sula Is. G.t.kuehni (Rothschild, 1902) Tukangbesi Is. G.t.limarius (J.L. Peters, 1934) Salawati I., NW New Guinea Gallirallus insignis (P.L. Sclater, 1880) (New Britain Rail) New Britain †Gallirallus pacificus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)15 (Tahitian Rail) Tahiti Gallirallus philippensis (Buff-banded Rail) G.p.andrewsi (Mathews, 1911) Cocos Keeling Is. G.p.xerophilus (van Bemmel & Hoogerwerf, 1940) Gunung Api (Lesser Sundas) (2461) G.p.wilkinsoni (Mathews, 1911) Flores G.p.philippensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumba to Timor G.p.pelewensis (Mayr, 1933) Palau Is. (1464) G.p.anachoretae (Mayr, 1949) Kaniet Is. (1475) G.p.admiralitatis (Stresemann, 1929) Admiralty Is. G.p.praedo Mayr, 1949 Skoki I., Sabben group (1475) G.p.lesouefi (Mathews, 1911) New Hanover, Tabar and Tanga Is. G.p.meyeri (E. Hartert, 1930) Witu Is., New Britain G.p.christophori (Mayr, 1938) Solomon Is. (1467) G.p.sethsmithi (Mathews, 1911) Vanuatu, Fiji G.p.swindellsi (Mathews, 1911) New Caledonia, Loyalty Is. G.p.goodsoni (Mathews, 1911) Samoa and Niue Is. G.p.ecaudatus (J.F. Miller, 1783) Tonga G.p.assimilis (G.R. Gray, 1843) New Zealand and Auckland Is. †G.p.macquariensis (Hutton, 1879) Macquarie Is. G.p.lacustris (Mayr, 1938) N New Guinea (1467) G.p.reductus (Mayr, 1938) NE and C New Guinea, Long I. (1467) G.p.randi (Mayr & Gilliard, 1951) W montane New Guinea (1489) G.p.wahgiensis (Mayr & Gilliard, 1951) E montane New Guinea (1489) G.p.tounelieri Schodde & de Naurois, 1982 Coral Sea and islands in Gt. Barrier Reef (2182) G.p.mellori (Mathews, 1912)16 Moluccas17, S and SW New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, Norfolk I. Gallirallus owstoni (Rothschild, 1895) (Guam Rail) Guam I., Rota I. †Gallirallus wakensis (Rothschild, 1903) (Wake Island Rail) Wake I. (tropical N Pacific) Gallirallus rovianae Diamond, 1991 (Roviana Rail) # C Solomon Is. (703) †Gallirallus dieffenbachii (G.R. Gray, 1843) (Dieffenbach’s Rail) Chatham Is. †Gallirallus modestus (Hutton, 1872) (Chatham Islands Rail) Chatham Is. Gallirallus striatus (Slaty-breasted Rail) G.s.albiventer (Swainson, 1838)18 India and Sri Lanka eastward through Burma and Thailand to S China G.s.obscurior (Hume, 1874)19 Andaman and Nicobar Is. G.s.jouyi (Stejneger, 1886) SE China, Hainan G.s.taiwanus (Yamashina, 1932) Taiwan G.s.gularis (Horsfield, 1821) Vietnam and Cambodia to Sumatra, Java, S Borneo G.s.striatus (Linnaeus, 1766)20 Borneo, Philippines (incl. Sulu Is.), Sulawesi †Gallirallus sharpii (Büttikofer, 1893) (Sharpe’s Rail) Unknown21 RALLUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Rallus longirostris (Clapper Rail)22 R.l.obsoletus Ridgway, 1874 C California R.l.levipes Bangs, 1899 SC California to Baja California R.l.yumanensis Dickey, 1923 SE California, S Arizona, NW Mexico R.l.beldingi Ridgway, 1882 23 S Baja California R.l.crepitans J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Connecticut to NE North Carolina R.l.waynei Brewster, 1899 SE North Carolina to Florida R.l.saturatus Ridgway, 1880 SW Alabama to NE Mexico R.l.scotti Sennett, 1888 Coastal Florida R.l.insularum W.S. Brooks, 1920 Florida Keys R.l.coryi Maynard, 1887 Bahama Is. R.l.leucophaeus Todd, 1913 Isla de la Juventud R.l.caribaeus Ridgway, 188024 Cuba to Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles to Antigua, Guadeloupe R.l.pallidus Nelson, 1905 Yucatán (Mexico) R.l.grossi Paynter, 1950 Quintana Roo (Mexico) (1805) R.l.belizensis Oberholser, 1937 Ycacos Lagoon (Belize) (1671) R.l.phelpsi Wetmore, 194125 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela (2590) R.l.margaritae Zimmer & Phelps, 1944 Margarita I. (Venezuela) (2722) R.l.pelodramus Oberholser, 1937 Trinidad (1671) R.l.longirostris Boddaert, 1783 Coast of the Guianas R.l.crassirostris Lawrence, 1871 Coast of Brazil R.l.cypereti Taczanowski, 1877 Coastal SW Colombia to NW Peru Rallus elegans (King Rail)26 R.e.elegans Audubon, 1834 E Canada, NE USA R.e.tenuirostris Ridgway, 1874 C Mexico R.e.ramsdeni Riley, 1913 Cuba, Isla de la Juventud Rallus wetmorei Zimmer & Phelps, 1944 (Plain-flanked Rail) N Venezuela (2722) Rallus limicola (Virginia Rail) R.l.limicola Vieillot, 1819 S Canada, W, C and NE USA >> SW Canada to Guatemala R.l.friedmanni Dickerman, 1966 SC Mexico to Guatemala (705) R.l.aequatorialis Sharpe, 1894 SW Colombia, Ecuador R.l.meyerdeschauenseei Fjeldsĺ, 1990 Coastal Peru (south to Arequipa) (845). Rallus semiplumbeus (Bogota Rail) R.s.semiplumbeus P.L. Sclater, 1856 E Colombia †?R.s.peruvianus Taczanowski, 188627 Peru Rallus antarcticus P.P. King, 1828 (Austral Rail) C Chile, N Argentina Rallus aquaticus (Water Rail) R.a.hibernans Salomonsen, 1931 Iceland R.a.aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 Europe, N Africa, W Asia R.a.korejewi Zarudny, 190528 Aral Sea to Iran, Kashmir and WC China R.a.indicus Blyth, 1849 N Mongolia,Tuva Rep. and Baikal area to SE Siberia and Japan >> E Bengal to Indochina and S Japan Rallus caerulescens J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (African Rail) Ethiopia, Uganda and S Kenya south to N Namibia and Sth. Africa Rallus madagascariensis J. Verreaux, 1833 (Madagascan Rail) E Madagascar LEWINIA G.R. Gray, 1855 F29 30 Lewinia mirifica (Parkes & Amadon, 1959) (Brown-banded Rail)31 Luzon (1785) Lewinia pectoralis (Lewin’s Rail) L.p.exsul (E. Hartert, 1898) Flores I. L.p.mayri (E. Hartert, 1930) NW New Guinea L.p.capta Mayr & Gilliard, 1951 32 Montane C New Guinea (1489) L.p.alberti (Rothschild & Hartert, 1907)33 E New Guinea †?L.p.clelandi (Mathews, 1911) SW Australia L.p.pectoralis (Temminck, 1831) SE and E Australia L.p.brachipus (Swainson, 1838) Tasmania Lewinia muelleri (Rothschild, 1893) (Auckland Rail) Auckland Is. (S New Zealand) DRYOLIMNAS Sharpe, 1893 M Dryolimnas cuvieri (White-throated Rail) D.c.cuvieri (Pucheran, 1845) Madagascar, Mauritius D.c.aldabranus (Günther, 1879) Aldabra I. †D.c.abbotti (Ridgway, 1894) Assumption I. (Indian Ocean) CREX Bechstein, 1803 F Crex egregia (W.K.H. Peters, 1854) (African Crake)34 Senegal and Gambia to S Sudan and Kenya, south to N Namibia and Sth. Africa Crex crex (Linnaeus, 1758) (Corncrake) Europe to C Siberia and NW China >> E Zaire and S Tanzania to E Sth. Africa ROUGETIUS Bonaparte, 1856 M Rougetius rougetii (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) (Rouget's Rail) Ethiopia and Eritrea ARAMIDOPSIS Sharpe, 1893 F Aramidopsis plateni (W.H. Blasius, 1886) (Snoring Rail) N, NC and SE Sulawesi ATLANTISIA P.R. Lowe, 1923 F Atlantisia rogersi P.R. Lowe, 1923 (Inaccessible Rail) Inaccessible I. ARAMIDES Pucheran, 1845 M35 Aramides mangle (Spix, 1825) (Little Wood Rail) E Brazil Aramides axillaris Lawrence, 1863 (Rufous-necked Wood Rail) S Mexico to Panama, NW Colombia to NW Peru, east to Guyana Aramides cajanea (Grey-necked Wood Rail) A.c.mexicanus Bangs, 1907 S Mexico A.c.vanrossemi Dickey, 1929 S Mexico to S Guatemala and El Salvador A.c.albiventris Lawrence, 1867 Yucatán to Belize and N Guatemala A.c.pacificus Miller & Griscom, 1921 Honduras, Nicaragua A.c.plumbeicollis Zeledon, 1888 NE Costa Rica A.c.latens Bangs & Penard, 1918 San Miguel and Viveros (Pearl Is., Panama) A.c.morrisoni Wetmore, 1946 San José and Pedro González (Pearl Is., Panama) (2592) A.c.cajanea (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776)36 Costa Rica to Paraguay and N Argentina A.c.avicenniae Stotz, 1992 SE Brazil (Săo Paulo coast)37 (2355) Aramides wolfi Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884 (Brown Wood Rail) Colombia to SW Ecuador and NW Peru Aramides ypecaha (Vieillot, 1819) (Giant Wood Rail) E and SE Brazil to NE Argentina Aramides saracura (Spix, 1825) (Slaty-breasted Wood Rail) SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Aramides calopterus Sclater & Salvin, 1878 (Red-winged Wood Rail) E Ecuador, NE Peru, W Brazil AMAUROLIMNAS Sharpe, 1893 M Amaurolimnas concolor (Uniform Crake) A.c.guatemalensis (Lawrence, 1863) S Mexico to Ecuador A.c.castaneus (Pucheran, 1851) Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, E Peru, E Bolivia †A.c.concolor (Gosse, 1847) Jamaica GYMNOCREX Salvadori, 1875 F Gymnocrex rosenbergii (Schlegel, 1866) (Bald-faced Rail) N and NC Sulawesi, Peleng I. Gymnocrex talaudensis Lambert, 1998 (Talaud Rail) # Karakelong I. (Talaud Is.) (1317) Gymnocrex plumbeiventris (Bare-eyed Rail) G.p.plumbeiventris (G.R. Gray, 1862) N Moluccas, Misool I., N New Guinea, Karkar, New Ireland G.p.hoeveni (von Rosenberg, 1866) S New Guinea, Aru Is. AMAURORNIS Reichenbach, 1853 F38 Amaurornis akool (Brown Crake) A.a.akool (Sykes, 1832) India, Bangladesh, W Burma A.a.coccineipes (Slater, 1891) SE China to NE Vietnam Amaurornis isabellina (Schlegel, 1865) (Isabelline Bush-hen) Sulawesi Amaurornis olivacea (Meyen, 1834) (Plain Bush-hen)39 A.o.olivacea (Meyen, 1834) Philippines A.o.magnirostris Lambert, 199840 # Karakelong I. (Talaud Is.) (1316) A.o.moluccana (Wallace, 1865) N and W New Guinea, Misool I, Moluccas, Sangihe Is. A.o.nigrifrons (E. Hartert, 1926) Bismarck Arch., W Solomon Is. A.o.ultima Mayr, 1949 E Solomon Is. (1475) A.o.ruficrissa (Gould, 1869)41 S and E New Guinea, N and NE Australia Amaurornis phoenicurus (White-breasted Waterhen)42 A.p.phoenicurus (Pennant, 1769)43 Pakistan to E China and Philippines, south to Maldives, Sri Lanka, Java, Borneo and Sangihe Is. A.p.insularis Sharpe, 189444 Andaman and Nicobar Is. A.p.leucomelana (S. Müller, 1842)45 Lesser Sundas, W Moluccas, Sulawesi Amaurornis flavirostra (Swainson, 1837) (Black Crake)46 Senegal to Ethiopia and Sth. Africa †?Amaurornis olivieri (Grandidier & Berlioz, 1929) (Sakalava Rail) WC Madagascar PORZANA Vieillot, 1816 F Porzana bicolor Walden, 1872 (Black-tailed Crake)47 NE India east to Yunnan, W Sichuan, NW Thailand and N Indochina Porzana parva (Scopoli, 1769) (Little Crake) S, C and E Europe to NW China >> Mediterranean, W and NE Africa, Arabia to NW India Porzana pusilla (Baillon's Crake) P.p.intermedia (Hermann, 1804) N Africa and Europe to Asia Minor >> N sub-Saharan Africa P.p.obcura Neumann, 1897 S and E Africa, Madagascar P.p.pusilla (Pallas, 1776)48 Ukraine, S European Russia and Iran to NW India, China and Japan >> S and SE Asia P.p.mira Riley, 193849 Borneo (2023) P.p.mayri Junge, 1952 New Guinea (1232) P.p.palustris Gould, 1843 E New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania P.p.affinis (J.E. Gray, 1846) New Zealand, Chatham Is. Porzana porzana (Linnaeus, 1766) (Spotted Crake) W Europe to C Asia >>Africa, Pakistan, India, W Burma Porzana fluminea Gould, 1843 (Australian Crake) Australia, Tasmania Porzana carolina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Sora Rail) SE Alaska, Canada, USA >> S USA, West Indies, Central America to C Peru and the Guianas Porzana spiloptera Durnford, 1877 (Dot-winged Crake) S Uruguay, N Argentina Porzana albicollis (Ash-throated Crake) P.a.olivacea (Vieillot, 1819)50 Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad to the Guianas, N Brazil P.a.albicollis (Vieillot, 1819) E and S Brazil, N and E Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina Porzana fusca (Ruddy-breasted Crake)51 P.f.erythrothorax (Temminck & Schlegel, 1849) NE China to Japan >> mainland SE Asia P.f.phaeopyga Stejneger, 1887 Ryukyu Is. P.f.bakeri E. Hartert, 1917 Pakistan, N India, Burma to SE China and Indochina P.f.fusca (Linnaeus, 1766) SW India, Sri Lanka, Malay Pen. and Philippines to Sulawesi and Lesser Sundas Porzana paykullii (Ljungh, 1813) (Band-bellied Crake)52 SE Siberia, N Korea, NE China >> E ASia to Greater Sundas Porzana tabuensis (Spotless Crake) P.t.tabuensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Philippines to lowland New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Chatham Is., New Caledonia, SW Pacific Is., Micronesia, Polynesia P.t.richardsoni Rand, 1940 NW New Guinea (Mts. in the Vogelkop) (1963) P.t.edwardi Gyldenstolpe, 1955 WC New Guinea (Snow Mts.) (1032) †?Porzana monasa (Kittlitz, 1858) (Kosrae Crake) Kosrae I. (E Caroline Is.) Porzana atra North, 1908 (Henderson Crake) Henderson I. (C Pitcairn Is.) †Porzana sandwichensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Hawaiian Crake)53 Hawaii (Hawaiian Is.) Porzana flaviventer (Yellow-breasted Crake) P.f.gossii (Bonaparte, 1856) Cuba, Jamaica P.f.hendersoni Bartsch, 1917 Hispaniola, Puerto Rico P.f.woodi van Rossem, 1934 C Mexico to NW Costa Rica (2471) P.f.bangsi Darlington, 1931 N Colombia P.f.flaviventer (Boddaert, 1783) Panama, Colombia to the Guianas, N Brazil south to N Argentina Porzana cinerea (Vieillot, 1819) (White-browed Crake)54 Malay Pen. through the Sundas, the Philippines and the Moluccas to New Guinea, N Australia, Micronesia, Melanesia, WC Polynesia †Porzana palmeri (Frohawk, 1892) (Laysan Crake) Laysan I. (Hawaiian Is.) AENIGMATOLIMNAS J.L. Peters, 1932 M Aenigmatolimnas marginalis (Hartlaub, 1857) (Striped Crake) N Ivory Coast to Cameroon and coastal Congo, E Zaire to Sth. Africa CYANOLIMNAS Barbour & Peters, 1927 M Cyanolimnas cerverai Barbour & Peters, 1927 (Zapata Rail) Zapata Swamp (WC Cuba) NEOCREX Sclater & Salvin, 186855 F Neocrex columbiana (Colombian Crake) N.c.ripleyi Wetmore, 1967 C Panama, NW Colombia (2604) N.c.columbiana Bangs, 1898 N and W Colombia, W Ecuador Neocrex erythrops (Paint-billed Crake) N.e.olivascens Chubb, 1917 E Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas to NW Argentina N.e.erythrops (P.L. Sclater, 1867) Peru, Galapagos Is. PARDIRALLUS Bonaparte, 1856 M Pardirallus maculatus (Spotted Rail) P.m.insolitus (Bangs & Peck, 1908) Mexico to Costa Rica P.m.maculatus (Boddaert, 1783) Colombia to E Brazil, south to Argentina, Trinidad and Tobago, W Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica Pardirallus nigricans (Blackish Rail) P.n.caucae (Conover, 1949) SW Colombia (564) P.n.nigricans (Vieillot, 1819) E Ecuador to E Brazil, south to NE Argentina Pardirallus sanguinolentus (Plumbeous Rail) P.s.simonsi Chubb, 1917 W Peru, N Chile P.s.tschudii Chubb, 1919 Peru, C and SE Bolivia P.s.zelebori (Pelzeln, 1865) SE Brazil P.s.sanguinolentus (Swainson, 1838) SE Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, W Argentina P.s.landbecki (Hellmayr, 1932) C Chile, SW Argentina P.s.luridus (Peale, 1848) S Chile, S Argentina EULABEORNIS Gould, 1844 M Eulabeornis castaneoventris (Chestnut-bellied Rail) E.c.sharpei Rothschild, 1906 Aru Is. E.c.castaneoventris Gould, 1844 Coast of N Australia HABROPTILA G.R. Gray, 1860 F Habroptila wallacii G.R. Gray, 1860 (Invisible Rail) Halmahera I. (Moluccas) MEGACREX D’Albertis & Salvadori, 1879 F Megacrex inepta (New Guinea Flightless Rail) M.i.pallida Rand, 1938 NC New Guinea (1962) M.i.inepta D’Albertis & Salvadori, 1879 SC New Guinea GALLICREX Blyth, 1852 F Gallicrex cinerea (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Watercock) Pakistan to Japan, south to Sri Lanka, Indochina and Philippines >> S and SE Asia to W and C Indonesia PORPHYRIO Brisson, 1760 M Porphyrio porphyrio (Purple Swamphen)56 P.p.porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758) SW Europe, NW Africa P.p.madagascariensis (Latham, 1802)57 Egypt, sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar P.p.caspius E. Hartert, 1917 Caspian Sea, NW Iran, Turkey P.p.seistanicus Zarudny & Härms, 1911 Iraq to NW India P.p.poliocephalus (Latham, 1802) 58 India, Sri Lanka, Andaman and Nicobar Is. to Yunnan, Burma, W Thailand, Malay Pen. and N Sumatra P.p.viridis Begbie, 1834 C Thailand and S and C Indochina to the Malay Pen. P.p.indicus Horsfield, 1821 Sumatra, Java, SE Borneo P.p.melanopterus Bonaparte, 1856 Sulawesi, Moluccas and Lesser Sundas P.p.melanotus Temminck, 1820 Kai Is., Aru Is., New Guinea, Trobriand Is., Woodlark I., Misima I., N and E Australia, Tasmania, Lord Howe I., Norfolk I., Kermadec Is., New Zealand and Chatham Is., P.p.bellus Gould, 1841 SW Australia P.p.pulverulentus Temminck, 1826 Philippines (and Talaud Is.?) P.p.pelewensis Hartlaub & Finsch, 1872 Palau Is. P.p.samoensis Peale, 1848 Admiralty Is and Bismarck Arch. to New Caledonia, E through SW Pacific to Samoa †Porphyrio albus (Shaw, 1790)59 (Lord Howe Swamphen) Lord Howe I. (Tasman Sea) Porphyrio hochstetteri (A.B. Meyer, 1883) (Southern Takahe)60 SW South Island (New Zealand) Porphyrio alleni Thomson, 1842 (Allen's Gallinule)61 Senegal and Gambia to Eritrea south to N Namibia and E Sth. Africa Porphyrio martinica (Linnaeus, 1766) (Purple Gallinule)62 SE USA to N Argentina, West Indies Porphyrio flavirostris (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Azure Gallinule) E Colombia to the Guianas, south to N Bolivia, N, W and C Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina GALLINULA Brisson, 1760 F †?Gallinula silvestris (Mayr, 1933) (San Cristobal Moorhen) San Cristobal I. (Solomon Is.) (1463) Gallinula nesiotis (Tristan da Cunha Moorhen) 63 †G.n.nesiotis P.L. Sclater, 1861 Tristan da Cunha G.n.comeri (J.A. Allen, 1892) Gough Is. Gallinula chloropus (Common Moorhen) G.c.chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758)64 Europe, N Africa, Azores and Canary Is., east to Japan, south to Sri Lanka and mainland SE Asia (some birds winter further south) G.c.meridionalis (C.L. Brehm, 1855) Sub-Saharan Africa, St Helena G.c.pyrrhorrhoa A. Newton, 1861 Madagascar, Reunion, Mauritius, Comoros Is. G.c.orientalis Horsfield, 182165 Seychelles, Andaman Is., Malay Pen., Greater and Lesser Sundas to Philippines and Palau Is. G.c.guami E. Hartert, 1917 N Mariana Is. G.c.sandvicensis Streets, 1877 Hawaiian Group G.c.cachinnans Bangs, 1915 SE Canada, USA to W Panama, Bermuda, Galapagos Is. G.c.cerceris Bangs, 1910 Greater and Lesser Antilles G.c.barbadensis Bond, 1954 Barbados (184) G.c.pauxilla Bangs, 1915 E Panama, N and W Colombia, W Ecuador, NW Peru G.c.garmani J.A. Allen, 187666 Peru, Bolivia, Chile, NW Argentina G.c.galeata (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1818) Trinidad, the Guianas south to Uruguay and N Argentina Gallinula tenebrosa (Dusky Moorhen) G.t.frontata Wallace, 1863 Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas and S Moluccas to W and SE New Guinea G.t.neumanni E. Hartert, 1930 NC New Guinea G.t.tenebrosa Gould, 1846 Australia Gallinula angulata Sundevall, 1851 (Lesser Moorhen) Senegal and Gambia to Ethiopia, south to E Sth. Africa Gallinula melanops (Spot-flanked Gallinule) G.m.bogotensis (Chapman, 1914) C Colombia G.m.melanops (Vieillot, 1819) E and S Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, NE Argentina, E Bolivia G.m.crassirostris (J.E. Gray, 1829) Chile, Argentina Gallinula ventralis Gould, 1837 (Black-tailed Native-hen) Australia Gallinula mortierii (Du Bus, 1840)67 (Tasmanian Native-hen) Tasmania †Gallinula pacifica (Hartlaub & Finsch, 1871) (Samoan Woodhen) Samoa FULICA Linnaeus, 1758 F Fulica cristata J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (Red-knobbed Coot) S Spain and N Morocco, Ethiopia to Sth. Africa, Madagascar Fulica atra (Common Coot) F.a.atra Linnaeus, 1758 Europe and N Africa to Japan, south to India and Sri Lanka F.a.lugubris S. Müller, 184768 Java, Bali and upland New Guinea F.a.australis Gould, 1845 Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand Fulica alai Peale, 1848 (Hawaiian Coot)69 Hawaiian Group Fulica americana (American Coot) F.a.americana J.F. Gmelin, 1789 SE Alaska, Canada to Costa Rica, W Indies F.a.colombiana Chapman, 1914 Colombia, N Ecuador ¶F.a.peruviana Morrison, 1939 Peru (1628) Fulica caribaea Ridgway, 1884 (Caribbean Coot) S Bahamas to Trinidad, Curaçao, NW Venezuela Fulica leucoptera Vieillot, 1817 (White-winged Coot) Bolivia and S Brazil to Cape Horn Fulica ardesiaca (Slate-coloured Coot)70 F.a.atrura Fjeldsĺ, 1983 S Colombia, Ecuador, NW Peru (843) F.a.ardesiaca Tschudi, 1843 C Peru to N Chile and NW Argentina Fulica armillata Vieillot, 1817 (Red-gartered Coot) Paraguay and S Brazil to Cape Horn, Falkland Is. Fulica rufifrons Philippi & Landbeck, 1861 (Red-fronted Coot) S Peru, SE Brazil, C Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay to S Argentina Fulica gigantea Eydoux & Souleyet, 1841 (Giant Coot) S Peru, W Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina Fulica cornuta Bonaparte, 1853 (Horned Coot) SW Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina HELIORNITHIDAE (FINFOOTS) (3: 3) PODICA Lesson, 1831 F Podica senegalensis (African Finfoot) P.s.senegalensis (Vieillot, 1817) Senegal to Nigeria, N and NE Zaire, Uganda and NW Tanzania, Ethiopia P.s.camerunensis Sjöstedt, 1893 S Cameroon, Gabon, C Congo basin P.s.somereni Chapin, 1954 C and SE Kenya, NE Tanzania (313) P.s.petersii Hartlaub, 185271 Angola to Mozambique, south to E Sth. Africa HELIOPAIS Sharpe, 1893 M Heliopais personatus (G.R. Gray, 1849) (Masked Finfoot)72 Bangladesh and NE India to Indochina, Sumatra HELIORNIS Bonnaterre, 1791 M Heliornis fulica (Boddaert, 1783) (Sungrebe) SE Mexico south to Bolivia and NE Argentina PSOPHIIDAE (TRUMPETERS) (1: 3) PSOPHIA Linnaeus, 1758 F Psophia crepitans (Grey-winged Trumpeter) P.c.crepitans Linnaeus, 1758 SE Colombia to the Guianas, N Brazil P.c.napensis Sclater & Salvin, 1873 SE Colombia to NE Peru, NW Brazil Psophia leucoptera (Pale-winged Trumpeter) P.l.leucoptera Spix, 1825 E Peru, NE Bolivia, WC Brazil P.l.ochroptera Pelzeln, 1857 NW Brazil Psophia viridis (Dark-winged Trumpeter) 73 P.v.viridis Spix, 1825 C Brazil P.v.dextralis Conover, 1934 EC Brazil (558) P.v.obscura Pelzeln, 1857 NE Brazil 1 Unlike last Edition here we broadly follow the systematic treatment of Olson in Ripley (1977) (2050), as modified in Taylor (1996) (2387). Comparison with last Edition would show numerous changes in generic assignment. 2 Includes modesta Monard, 1949 (1602), see Mayr (1957) (1479) and Keith el al. (1970) (1243A). 3 We have elected to reserve the generic vernacular Wood Rail for members of the genus Aramides. 4 Treated as conspecific with exquisitus in last Edition, but see A.O.U. (1983:149) (2). 5 A.O.U. (1957: 157) (1) implicitly included emersoni Bailey, 1935 (75), and richii Bailey, 1935 (75). 6 Tentatively includes subrubra Rand, 1940 (1963), but see Mayr (1944) (1474). 7 Treatment of this as monotypic may be inappropriate; it presently includes recent names laeta Mayr, 1949 (1475), and maxima Mayr, 1949 (1475). A review is needed; some migration occurs. 8 Treated in the genus Rallus in last Edition. 9 Treated as one species by Pratt et al. (1987) (1920) and in last Edition, but poecilopterus sometimes separated as a monotypic species, see Taylor (1996: 161) (2387). No detailed review traced. 10 Includes immaculatus Mayr, 1949 (1475) see Kratter et al. (2001) (1305A). 11 For correct date see Duncan (1937) (770). 12 Parkes (1971) (1763) placed maxwelli Lowe, 1944 (1391), quisumbingi Gilliard, 1949 (938), and sanfordi Gilliard, 1949 (938), in synonymy. 13 Includes remigialis Stresemann, 1936 (2359), see White & Bruce (1986: 151) (2652). 14 Includes simillimus Neumann, 1939 (1646), see White & Bruce (1986: 151) (2652). 15 Treated as Rallus ecaudata J.F. Miller by Peters (1934: 166) (1822), but this name is now attributed to the Tongan form of G. pectoralis see Lysaght (1953) (1405). 16 Includes norfolkensis; birds occurring on Norfolk I. are now thought to be Australian visitors. 17 White & Bruce (1986) (2652) stated that Moluccan birds (including those from Buru) were not safely distinguishable from mellori. However, they tentatively recognised them as yorki; in addition they listed two forms from Buru (the second being the nominate). A review is needed. 18 Some authors (e.g. Cheng, 1987) (333) use the name gularis for Chinese birds; fresh comparison with Indian birds seems indicated and Indochinese birds need review. 19 Includes nicobarensis Abdulali, 1967 (8) see Ripley (1982: 93) (2055). 20 Includes paratermus (see Dickinson et al. 1991) (745) and deignani Ripley, 1970 (2049), see Ripley & Olson (1973) (2070). 21 See Olson (1987) (1699). 22 The salt-water counterpart of the next species, see Olson (1997) (1704). 23 Includes magdalenae van Rossem, 1947 (2480) see Ripley (1977) (2050). 24 Includes manglecola Danforth, 1934 (609), and limnetis Oberholser, 1937 (1671) see Ripley (1977) (2050). 25 Includes ¶ dillonripleyi Phelps & Aveledo, 1987 (1839), which requires evaluation. 26 In last Edition treated as part of a broad species R. longirostris following Ripley (1977) (2050), but see A.O.U. (1998: 131) (3). 27 Taxon virtually unknown and not recognised in last Edition, but may not be extirpated, see Fjeldsĺ (1990) (845). 28 Includes deserticolor Sudilovskaya, 1934 (2373), tsaidamensis Buturlin, 1935 (285), and arjanicus Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Stepanyan (1990: 158) (2326). 29 These species were treated in the genus Rallus in last Edition, but see Taylor (1996: 170-171) (2387). 30 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 31 May be conspecific with pectoralis; breeding range still unknown. 32 Includes connectens Junge, 1952 (1232), see comments by Rand & Gilliard (1966: 109) (1975). 33 Includes insulsa Greenway, 1935 (1004), see comments by Rand & Gilliard (1966: 109) (1975). 34 Treated in the genus Porzana in last Edition. We follow Keith & Taylor (1986: 98) (1242) in placing it here. 35 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 36 Includes gutturalis see Taylor (1996: 176) (2387). 37 Not included in Taylor (1996) (2387); see also Bornschein & Reinert (1996) (194). 38 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 39 The case for splitting this species needs to be made in more detail, especially after the description of magnirostris. 40 We see this as a link form between olivaceus and moluccanus and closer to the former. 41 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 42 Possibly overlumped, a thorough review is needed; some authors on Asia (e.g. White & Bruce, 1986) (2652) follow Ripley (1977) (2050), but others retain chinensis (e.g. Cheng, 1987) (333) and javanica (e.g. Mees, 1986; Dickinson et al., 1991) (1539, 745). 43 Includes maldivus Phillips & Sims, 1958 (1882), see Ripley (1982: 97) (2055). 44 Includes leucocephalus Abdulali, 1964 (6), see Ripley (1982: 97) (2055); and tentatively midnicobarica Abdulali, 1979 (13), not listed by Ripley (1982: 97) (2055). But see Ripley & Beehler (1989) (2061A). 45 Includes variabilis Stresemann, 1936 (2359) (see White & Bruce, 1986) (2652). 46 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 47 For a review see Inskipp & Round (1989) (1181). 48 Includes bareji Dunajewski, 1937 (767) (see Stepanyan, 1990: 160) (2326). 49 The validity of this needs review. 50 For reasons to use this name see Stresemann (1953: Zool. Meded. 31: 328). 51 After a review by CSR we follow Whistler (1944) (2619) in uniting southern birds from S India and Sri Lanka to the Philippines. 52 Includes Amaurornis boineti Bourret, 1944 (207) see Stepanyan (1990: 161) (2326). 53 Pennula millsi is a synonym see A.O.U. (1983: 156) (2). 54 We follow Taylor (1996: 190) (2387) in treating this as monotypic (but see Mees, 1982) (1534). Includes micronesiae Hachisuka, 1939 (1038). Also includes †brevipes from the Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin) Is. 55 This genus was submerged in Porzana in last Edition. 56 Molecular studies by Trewick (1997) (2437), covering part of this assemblage, suggest that this species as treated here is polyphyletic. Although some populations are reasonably well understood (see Roselaar in Cramp et al., 1980) (589), others, especially in SE Asia, are not. Colour morphs seem to be present (see Mayr, 1938, 1949) (1467, 1475), but may represent sympatry, and await adequate studies. Pending these we retain one species. 57 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 58 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 59 Scientific names in White’s ‘Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales’ were not his but Shaw’s see Schodde & Mason (1997: 127) (2188). 60 For evidence of separation from North Island P. mantelli (Owens, 1848) – known only from subfossil remains -- see Trewick (1997) (2437). 61 Type species of the genus Porphyrula submerged here. 62 Includes georgica Pereyra, 1944 (1819) see Mayr (1957) (1479). Based on a vagrant juvenile. 63 For an account of the questioned relationships of these two populations see Beintema (1972) (114). A remnant population on SE Tristan da Cunha seems to resemble comeri and is believed to have been introduced (see Taylor, 1996: 200) (2387) in 1956 (though this was unknown to Beintema). 64 Tentatively includes indica and correiana, and the more recently named lucida Dunajewski, 1938 (768), and vestigialis Clancey, 1939 (361) (see Stepanyan, 1990: 163) (2326); some confusion is engendered by migrant specimens and by southward expansion by the Eurasian population(s). 65 Tentatively includes the intermediate Philippine population called lozanoi by Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 66 Includes hypomelaena Todd, 1954 (2415) see Krabbe & Fjeldsĺ (1990) (850). 67 An abbreviated name; in full Du Bus de Gisignies. 68 Includes novaeguineae Rand, 1940 (1963) (though australis occurs in New Guinea as a lowland vagrant) and anggiensis Thompson & Temple, 1964 (2400) (R.S.). 69 For separation from americana see Pratt (1987) (1920). 70 For the latest treatment of this see Fjeldsĺ (1983) (843). 71 Includes albipectus, which White (1965: 107) (2649) treated as a synonym of the nominate form. 72 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 73 The name interjecta Griscom & Greenway, 1937 (1017), is considered applicable to intergrades, see Sherman (1996: 107) (2243). RALLIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD GRUIDAE (CRANES) (4: 15) BALEARICINAE BALEARICA Brisson, 1760 F Balearica regulorum (Grey Crowned Crane) B.r.gibbericeps Reichenow, 18921 S Uganda and C and S Kenya to N Zimbabwe and N Mozambique B.r.regulorum (E.T. Bennett, 1834) S Angola and N Namibia to E Sth. Africa Balearica pavonina (Black Crowned Crane) B.p.pavonina (Linnaeus, 1758) Senegal and Gambia to Chad B.p.ceciliae Mitchell, 1904 Sudan to W Ethiopia, N Uganda and NW Kenya GRUINAE ANTHROPOIDES Vieillot, 1816 M Anthropoides virgo (Linnaeus, 1758) (Demoiselle Crane) SE European Russia and E Turkey to Inner Mongolia >> NE Africa and S Asia. Vagr. to Burma Anthropoides paradiseus (A.A.H. Lichtenstein, 1793) (Blue Crane)2 E and S Sth. Africa, Etosha Pan (Namibia) BUGERANUS Gloger, 1842 M Bugeranus carunculatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Wattled Crane) Ethiopia, SE Zaire and SW Tanzania to N Botswana, Zimbabwe and C Mozambique, Angola, SE South Africa GRUS Pallas, 1766 F Grus leucogeranus Pallas, 1773 (Siberian Crane) NW and EC Siberia >> Iran, NW India and China Grus canadensis (Sandhill Crane) G.c.canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758) NE Siberia, Alaska and Canada to Baffin I >> S USA and N Mexico G.c.rowani Walkinshaw, 1965 British Colombia to N Ontario (2553) G.c.tabida (J.L. Peters, 1925) SW Canada, W and C USA >> S USA, NC Mexico G.c.pratensis F.A.A. Meyer, 1794 Georgia, Florida G.c.pulla Aldrich, 1972 Mississippi (24) G.c.nesiotes Bangs & Zappey, 1905 Isla de la Juventud, Cuba Grus antigone (Sarus Crane) G.a.antigone (Linnaeus, 1758) N India, Nepal, Bangladesh G.a.sharpii Blanford, 18953 Cambodia, S Laos (in past Luzon, Philippines) G.a.gillae Schodde, Blackman & Haffenden, 19894 NE Australia (2177) Grus rubicunda (Perry, 1810) (Brolga) S New Guinea, N and E Australia Grus vipio Pallas, 1811 (White-naped Crane) N Mongolia, S and E Transbaikalia, NE China and Russian Far East >> Korea, S Japan, EC China Grus grus (Common Crane) G.g.grus (Linnaeus, 1758) C, N, and E Europe to the Urals >> S Europe, N Africa G.g.lilfordi Sharpe, 1894 Turkey, lower Volga river, and Urals to EC Asia >> NE Africa and S Asia east to SE China Grus monacha Temminck, 1835 (Hooded Crane) S Siberia, N China >> Japan, South Korea, C and E China Grus americana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Whooping Crane) N Saskatchewan >> SE Texas Grus nigricollis Przevalski, 1876 (Black-necked Crane) Tibetan Plateau >> Bhutan, NE India to SC China Grus japonensis (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (Red-crowned Crane) N Japan, NE China, SE Russia >> Korea, EC China ARAMIDAE (LIMPKIN) (1: 1) ARAMUS Vieillot, 1816 M Aramus guarauna (Limpkin) A.g.pictus (F.A.A. Meyer, 1794) Florida, Cuba, Jamaica A.g.elucus J.L. Peters, 1925 Hispaniola, Puerto Rico A.g.dolosus J.L. Peters, 1925 SE Mexico to Panama A.g.guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766) N Sth. America to Paraguay and Argentina 1 Mistakenly assigned to pavonina in previous Editions (the two species were once considered conspecific). 2 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 3 Includes luzonica Hachisuka, 1941 (1040), see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 4 The spelling gilliae as used in Archibald & Meine, (1996: 87) (51) is not correct. The name fordi Bruce & McAllan, 1989 (260), appeared later and is a synonym. GRUIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD BURHINIDAE (THICK-KNEES) (2: 9) BURHINUS Illiger, 1811 M Burhinus oedicnemus (Eurasian Stone Curlew) B.o.distinctus (Bannerman, 1914) W Canary Is. B.o.insularum (Sassi, 1908) E Canary Is. B.o.oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758) W and S Europe to N Balkans, Ukraine and Caucasus area B.o.saharae (Reichenow, 1894)1 N Africa, Balearic Is., Malta, Cyprus, Levant to SC Turkey and SW Iran >> S Europe, N Africa, and Arabia B.o harterti Vaurie, 1963 Volga Delta, Transcaspia and NE Iran to W Pakistan and E Kazakhstan >> NE Africa and SW Asia (2509) B.o.indicus (Salvadori, 1865)2 C Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka to east to mainland SE Asia. Burhinus senegalensis (Swainson, 1837) (Senegal Thick-knee)3 Senegal to Sudan, Egypt, Ethiopia, N Uganda and NW Kenya Burhinus vermiculatus (Water Dikkop) B.v.buettikoferi (Reichenow, 1898) Coastal Nigeria and Gabon B.v.vermiculatus (Cabanis, 1868) Zaire, S Somalia, and S Kenya to Angola, N Botswana and E and S Cape Province Burhinus capensis (Spotted Dikkop) B.c.maculosus (Temminck, 1824)4 Senegal to Ethiopia and Somalia, south to N Uganda and N Kenya B.c.dodsoni (Ogilvie-Grant, 1899) 5 S Arabia, Eritrea and N Somalia B.c.capensis (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) Sth. Africa and E Botswana to E and NW Angola, Tanzania and S Kenya B.c.damarensis (Reichenow, 1905) Namibia, Botswana, SW Angola Burhinus bistriatus (Double-striped Thick-knee) B.b.bistriatus (Wagler, 1829)6 S Mexico to NW Costa Rica B.b.vocifer (L’Herminier, 1837) N Colombia to Guyana and N Brazil B.b.pediacus Wetmore & Borrero, 1964 N Colombia (2609) B.b.dominicensis (Cory, 1883) Hispaniola Burhinus superciliaris (Tschudi, 1843) (Peruvian Thick-knee) SW Ecuador to SW Peru Burhinus grallarius (Latham, 1802)7 (Bush Stone Curlew)8 Australia, SC New Guinea ESACUS Lesson, 1831 M Esacus recurvirostris (Cuvier, 1829) (Great Stone Curlew) SE Iran to India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia and Hainan Esacus magnirostris (Vieillot, 1818) (Beach Stone Curlew)9 Coasts of Andaman Is. and islets off Malay Pen. to New Guinea and Australia 1 Includes jordansi, astutus and theresae R. Meinertzhagen, 1948 (1548) see Vaurie (1965: 447) (2510). 2 Includes mayri Koelz, 1939 (1279), see Ripley (1982: 106) (2055). 3 Includes inornatus see White (1965: 118) (2649). 4 Includes affinis implicitly placed here by White (1965: 119) (2649). 5 Includes ehrenbergi see White (1965: 119) (2649). 6 Includes vigilans van Rossem, 1934 (2469) see Hume (1996: 362) (1163). 7 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 8 Treated as monotypic by Schodde & Mason (1980) (2186). For some years known as B. magnirostris (including in our last Edition). The name grallarius, however, appears to have been properly selected by Sharpe (1896) (2233) following Gould as “First Reviser” and was then in general use for over 40 years. 9 Two alternative names have been proposed for this (giganteus and neglectus). We believe application to the ICZN is needed to resolve this dispute and for now follow Hume (1996: 363) (1163) pending a ruling. BURHINIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD CHIONIDAE (SHEATHBILLS AND ALLIES) (2: 3) CHIONINAE CHIONIS J.R. Forster, 1788 M Chionis albus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Snowy Sheathbill)1 Antarctic Pen., S Shetland Is., Elephant I., S Georgia, S Orkneys >> Falkland Is., Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia Chionis minor (Black-faced Sheathbill) C.m.marionensis Reichenow, 1908 Prince Edward and Marion Is. C.m.crozettensis (Sharpe, 1896) Crozet Is. C.m.minor Hartlaub, 18412 Kerguelen Is. C.m.nasicornis Reichenow, 1904 Heard and McDonald Is. PLUVIANELLINAE 3 PLUVIANELLUS G.R. Gray, 1846 M Pluvianellus socialis G.R. Gray, 1846 (Magellanic Plover) S Chile, S Argentina HAEMATOPODIDAE (OYSTERCATCHERS) (1: 11) HAEMATOPUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Haematopus leucopodus Garnot, 1826 (Magellanic Oystercatcher) SC Chile and SC Argentina south to Cape Horn, Falkland Is. Haematopus ater Vieillot & Oudart, 1825 (Blackish Oystercatcher) N Peru to Tierra del Fuego, north to SC Argentina, Falkland Is. Haematopus bachmani Audubon, 1838 (American Black Oystercatcher) W coast of N America Haematopus palliatus (American Oystercatcher) H.p.palliatus Temminck, 18204 Coasts of N and S America, W Indies H.p.galapagensis Ridgway, 1886 Galapagos Is. †?Haematopus meadewaldoi Bannerman, 1913 (Canary Island Oystercatcher) E Canary Is. Haematopus moquini Bonaparte, 1856 (African Black Oystercatcher) N Namibia to Natal Haematopus ostralegus (Eurasian Oystercatcher) H.o.ostralegus Linnaeus, 17585 Iceland to NW European Russia, south to W Mediterranean >> W and S Europe and W Africa H.o.longipes Buturlin, 1910 Balkan, Ukraine, and Turkey to S and C European Russia and W Siberia >> E Mediterranean, coastal E Africa, Arabia H.o.buturlini Dementiev, 19416 Lower Ural R. basin and Transcaspia to E Kazakhstan and NW China>> Red Sea and SW Asia to India (687) H.o.osculans Swinhoe, 1871 Shores Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka to Korea and NE China >> E China and Korea Haematopus finschi G.H. Martens, 1897 (South Island Pied Oystercatcher)7 Inland South Island (New Zealand) >> North Island (New Zealand) Haematopus longirostris Vieillot, 1817 (Australian Pied Oystercatcher) Kai Is. (SE Moluccas), Aru Is., S New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania Haematopus unicolor (Variable Oystercatcher)8 H.u.unicolor J.R. Forster, 18449 Coasts of New Zealand H.u.chathamensis E. Hartert, 1827 Chatham Is. (New Zealand) Haematopus fuliginosus (Sooty Oystercatcher) H.f.fuliginosus Gould, 1845 Coast of S Australia, Tasmania H.f.opthalmicus Castelnau & Ramsay, 1877 Coast of N Australia DROMADIDAE (CRAB PLOVER) (1: 1) DROMAS Paykull, 1805 M Dromas ardeola Paykull, 1805 (Crab Plover) Coasts (mainly west) of Indian Ocean >> south to SE Africa and Madagascar, east to Andaman Is. 1 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 2 Includes nivea Mathews, 1933 (1455). 3 For reasons to treat this here see Wolters (1983) (2686) and Chu (1995) (354). 4 Includes prattii, pitanay and durnfordi, but not frazari thought to have been used to name a hybrid swarm, see Hockey (1996: 322) (1125). 5 Includes malacophaga (which, contrary to its original spelling, should be rendered as malacophagus) and occidentalis see Stepanyan (1990: 184) (2326). 6 For recognition of this see Stepanyan (1990: 185) (2326). 7 For reasons to separate this from longirostris see Marchant & Higgins (1993: 715) (1428). 8 We prefer to follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) (2262) and treat chathamensis as conspecific 9 Drawings with Forster’s proposed names were published many years after his death (d. 1798). HAEMATOPODIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD IBIDORHYNCHIDAE (IBISBILL) (1: 1) IBIDORHYNCHA Vigors, 1832 F Ibidorhyncha struthersii Vigors, 1832 (Ibisbill) Tien Shan, Pamir, and Tibetan Plateau to Shaanxi, Shanxi and W and N Hebei >> south to nearby southern foothill rivers beds from N India to NE Burma RECURVIROSTRIDAE (STILTS, AVOCETS) (3: 7) HIMANTOPUS Brisson, 1760 M Himantopus himantopus (Black-winged Stilt)1 H.h.himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758)2 S Europe to C Asia, Africa, India to Sri Lanka, Indochina and Taiwan >> S Europe, Africa, S and E Asia to Gtr. Sundas and Philippines H.h.leucocephalus Gould, 1837 Java east to New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand (migrant >> Philippines ?) H.h.knudseni Stejneger, 1887 Hawaiian Is. H.h.mexicanus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) W and S USA to N and C Sth. America, W Indies, Galapagos H.h.melanurus Vieillot, 1817 C and S Andes to Sthn. S America Himantopus novaezelandiae Gould, 1841 (Black Stilt) New Zealand CLADORHYNCHUS G.R. Gray, 1840 M Cladorhynchus leucocephalus (Vieillot, 1816) (Banded Stilt) C and S Australia RECURVIROSTRA Linnaeus, 1758 F Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus, 1758 (Pied Avocet) C and S Europe to SW and C Asia, N, E, and S Africa >> W Europe to NW India and SE China Recurvirostra americana J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (American Avocet) C and W North America, E USA, C Mexico >> S and SE USA to N Honduras, Bahamas to Cuba Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Vieillot, 1816 (Red-necked Avocet) Australia Recurvirostra andina Philippi & Landbeck, 1861 (Andean Avocet) C Peru to N Chile, NW Argentina CHARADRIIDAE (PLOVERS) (10: 66) VANELLINAE VANELLUS Brisson, 1760 M Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Northern Lapwing) W Europe to China and Japan Vanellus crassirostris (Long-toed Lapwing) V.c.crassirostris (Hartlaub, 1855)3 N Nigeria, S Sudan to E Zaire, Kenya and N Tanzania V.c.leucopterus Reichenow, 1889 S Zaire to Malawi, N Botswana and Natal Vanellus armatus (Burchell, 1822) (Blacksmith Plover)4 Angola, Tanzania and S Kenya to Cape Province Vanellus spinosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Spur-winged Plover) SE Europe, Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa south to Ghana, Central African Republic and Kenya Vanellus duvaucelii (Lesson, 1826) (River Lapwing) N and C India to Indochina Vanellus tectus (Black-headed Lapwing) V.t.tectus (Boddaert, 1783) Senegal and S Mauritania to Ethiopia, Uganda and NW Kenya V.t.latifrons (Reichenow, 1881) S Somalia to E Kenya Vanellus malabaricus (Boddaert, 1783) (Yellow-wattled Lapwing) India, Sri Lanka Vanellus albiceps Gould, 1834 (White-headed Lapwing) Senegal and Gambia to SW Sudan and N Angola, S Tanzania, Zambia to N Transvaal and S Mozambique Vanellus lugubris (Lesson, 1826) (Lesser Black-winged Lapwing) S Mali and Sierra Leone to SW Nigeria, Gabon and Zaire to E Africa, Mozambique and Natal Vanellus melanopterus (Black-winged Lapwing) V.m.melanopterus (Cretzschmar, 1829) Ethiopia and Eritrea to SW Arabia V.m.minor (Zedlitz, 1908) Kenya and N Tanzania, Transvaal to E Cape Province Vanellus coronatus (Crowned Plover) V.c.demissus (Friedmann, 1928) N Somalia V.c.coronatus (Boddaert, 1783) Ethiopia and E Africa to Zambia and Sth. Africa V.c.xerophilus Clancey, 19605 SW Angola, Namibia, Botswana, W Zimbabwe, W Transvaal (387) Vanellus senegallus (African Wattled Lapwing) V.s.senegallus (Linnaeus, 1766) Senegal and Gambia to Sudan, NE Zaire and N Uganda V.s.major (Neumann, 1914) W and C Ethiopia, Eritrea V.s.lateralis A. Smith, 18396 S and E Zaire to S Uganda, and W Kenya, south to N Namibia and E Sth. Africa Vanellus melanocephalus (Rüppell, 1845) (Spot-breasted Lapwing) Ethiopian highlands Vanellus superciliosus (Reichenow, 1886) (Brown-chested Lapwing) Togo to NE Zaire >> Uganda, NW Tanzania, SE Zaire Vanellus cinereus (Blyth, 1842) (Grey-headed Lapwing) NE and E China, S Russia Far East, Japan >> Nepal to N Indochina, S China, Taiwan and S Japan Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled Lapwing) V.i.aigneri (Laubman, 1913) Turkey to W Pakistan and NE Arabia V.i.indicus (Boddaert, 1783) C Pakistan, India, and Nepal to N Assam and Bangladash V.i.lankae (Koelz, 1939)7 Sri Lanka (1279) V.i.atronuchalis (Jerdon, 1864) S Assam east to W Yunnan and south through mainland SE Asia to the Malay Pen. and N Sumatra †?Vanellus macropterus (Wagler, 1827) (Javan Wattled Lapwing) Java Vanellus tricolor (Vieillot, 1818) (Banded Lapwing) C and S Australia, Tasmania Vanellus miles (Masked Lapwing) V.m.miles (Boddaert, 1783) Coastal New Guinea, Aru Is., N Australia >> SE Wallacea V.m.novaehollandiae Stephens, 1819 S Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand Vanellus gregarius (Pallas, 1771) (Sociable Plover) SC Russia, Kazakhstan >> NE Africa, Arabia, N India Vanellus leucurus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) (White-tailed Plover) Middle East to Iran and Kazakhstan>> NE Africa to NW India Vanellus cayanus (Latham, 1790) (Pied Lapwing) N and C Sth. America Vanellus chilensis (Southern Lapwing) V.c.cayennensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) N Sth. America V.c.lampronotus (Wagler, 1827) C, E and S Brazil to N Chile and N Argentina V.c.chilensis (Molina, 1782) C Chile, SW Argentina V.c.fretensis (Brodkorb, 1934)8 S Chile, S Argentina (217) Vanellus resplendens (Tschudi, 1843) (Andean Lapwing) SW Colombia to N Chile, NW Argentina ERYTHROGONYS Gould, 18389 M Erythrogonys cinctus Gould, 1838 (Red-kneed Dotterel) Australia PLUVIALINAE PLUVIALIS Brisson, 1760 F Pluvialis apricaria (Eurasian Golden Plover) P.a.altifrons (C.L. Brehm, 1831) EC Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Is., Norway, and W and N Sweden to Taymyr >> W and S Europe, N Africa, and Middle East P.a.apricaria (Linnaeus, 1758) 10 British Isles to S Sweden and Baltic States >> W and S Europe Pluvialis fulva (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Pacific Golden Plover)11 NC and NE Russia, N Siberia, W Alaska >> E Africa, India, SE Asia to Oceania, Australia and New Zealand Pluvialis dominica (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (American Golden Plover) Alaska and N Canada >> C Sth. America Pluvialis squatarola (Grey Plover/Black-bellied Plover)12 P.s. squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758) N Eurasia (except Wrangel I.) and Alaska >> W and S Europe, Africa, S and E Asia, Australasia, W America P.s.tomkovichi Engelmoer & Roselaar, 1998 Wrangel I. (NE Siberia) >> ?? P.s.cynosurae (Thayer & Bangs, 1914) N Canada >> coastal N and S America CHARADRIINAE CHARADRIUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Charadrius obscurus J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (Red-breasted Plover)13 New Zealand Charadrius hiaticula (Common Ringed Plover)14 C.h.psammodroma Salomonsen, 1930 NE Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard >> SW Europe and W Africa C.h.hiaticula Linnaeus, 1758 15 British Isles and W France to S Norway, S Sweden, and Baltic States >> W Europe and NW Africa C.h.tundrae (P.R. Lowe, 1915)16 N Europe and N Eurasia >> S Europe, Africa and SW Asia Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, 1825 (Semipalmated Plover) Alaska, N Canada >> coastal N, C and S America, Bermuda, West Indies, Galapagos Is. Charadrius placidus J.E. & G.R. Gray, 1863 (Long-billed Plover)17 Russian Far East to NE and E China and Japan >> E Nepal to S China and Japan Charadrius dubius (Little Ringed Plover) C.d.curonicus J.F. Gmelin, 1789 N Africa, Europe, Asia (except SC and SE) >> Africa and S Asia to Indonesia and Philippines C.d.jerdoni (Legge, 1880) India to S China and Indochina C.d.dubius Scopoli, 178618 Philippines to New Guinea and Bismarck Arch. >> SE Asia to Australasia Charadrius wilsonia (Wilson's Plover) C.w.wilsonia Ord, 1814 E USA to E Mexico and Belize C.w.rufinucha (Ridgway, 1874) Bahama Is., Gtr. and N Lesser Antilles C.w.beldingi (Ridgway, 1919) Baja California to C Peru C.w.cinnamominus (Ridgway, 1919) Colombia to French Guiana, Dutch Antilles, Trinidad, Grenada Charadrius vociferus (Killdeer) C.v.vociferus Linnaeus, 1758 Canada, USA, Mexico >> south to NW Sth. America C.v.ternominatus Bangs & Kennard, 1920 Bahamas, Gtr. Antilles C.v.peruvianus (Chapman, 1920) Peru, NW Chile Charadrius melodus Ord, 1824 (Piping Plover) C and E North America >> S USA, W Mexico, Bahama Is., Gtr. Antilles Charadrius thoracicus (Richmond, 1896) (Black-banded Plover/Madagascan Plover) W and SW Madagascar Charadrius pecuarius Temminck, 1823 (Kittlitz's Sand Plover)19 Egypt, Senegal to Sudan and Cape Province, Madagascar Charadrius sanctaehelenae (Harting, 1873) (St. Helena Plover) St. Helena I. Charadrius tricollaris (Three-banded Plover) C.t.tricollaris Vieillot, 181820 Ethiopia and E Africa to Gabon, S Zaire and Sth. Africa C.t.bifrontatus Cabanis, 1882 Madagascar Charadrius forbesi (Shelley, 1883) (Forbes’s Plover)21 S Senegal to SW Sudan and south to N Angola and N Zambia Charadrius marginatus (White-fronted Plover) C.m.mechowi (Cabanis, 1884)22 Sub-Saharan Africa to inland N Namibia, N Botswana and Transvaal C.m.marginatus Vieillot, 1818 Coastal SW Angola to SW Cape Province C.m.arenaceus Clancey, 197123 Coastal S Mozambique to S Cape Province (432) C.m.tenellus Hartlaub, 1861 Madagascar Charadrius alexandrinus (Kentish Plover) C.a.alexandrinus Linnaeus, 175824 W Europe, Atlantic islands and N Africa to NE China >> N tropical Africa, S Asia, W Indonesia C.a.dealbatus (Swinhoe, 1870)25 S Japan, E and SE China >> south to Philippines, and Borneo C.a.seebohmi Hartert & Jackson, 191526 S India, Sri Lanka C.a.nivosus (Cassin, 1858)27 USA, Mexico, Bahamas, Greater and Dutch Antilles >> south to Panama C.a.occidentalis (Cabanis, 1872) Coastal Peru to SC Chile Charadrius javanicus Chasen, 1938 (Javan Plover)28 Java (321) Charadrius ruficapillus Temminck, 182129 (Red-capped Plover) Australia, Tasmania Charadrius peronii (Schlegel, 1865 Malaysian Plover)30 S Thailand, Malay Pen. and S Vietnam to Philippines, Sulawesi, Borneo, Sumatra, Bali to Timor Charadrius pallidus (Chestnut-banded Plover) 31 C.p.venustus Fischer & Reichenow, 1884 S Kenya, N Tanzania C.p.pallidus Strickland, 1852 SW Angola to Mozambique, south to NC Sth Africa Charadrius collaris Vieillot, 1818 (Collared Plover) WC Mexico to N Argentina and C Chile Charadrius alticola (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902) (Puna Plover) C Peru to W Bolivia and NW Argentina Charadrius falklandicus Latham, 1790 (Two-banded Plover) S Sth. America, Falkland Is. Charadrius bicinctus (Double-banded Plover) C.b.bicinctus Jardine & Selby, 1827 New Zealand, Chatham Is. >> S and E Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and Fiji C.b.exilis Falla, 1978 Auckland Is. (823) Charadrius mongolus (Lesser Sand Plover)32 C.m.pamirensis (Richmond, 1896) W Tien Shan, Pamir and NW Himalaya to W Kunlun Shan >> E and S Africa to India (2015) C.m.atrifrons Wagler, 1829 C and E Himalayas and S Tibetan Plateau>> S China and Gtr. Sundas C.m.schaeferi Meyer de Schauensee, 193733 E Tibetan Plateau to S Mongolia >> S China to Gtr. Sundas (1558) C.m.mongolus Pallas, 1776 Lake Baikal to Sea of Okhotsk >> SE China and Taiwan to Australia C.m.stegmanni Portenko, 193934 NE Siberia, Kamchatka and Commander Is. >> Taiwan, Philippines, New Guinea, E Australia and W and SW Pacific Is. (1904) Charadrius leschenaultii (Greater Sand Plover)35 C.l.columbinus Wagler, 1829 Turkey and Syria to SW Iran >> SE Mediterranean, Red Sea, Persian Gulf C.l.crassirostris (Severtsov, 1873) E Transcaucasia and Transcaspia to Syr Dar’ya basin and Karatau (WC Kazakhstan) >> shores NE and E Africa to W India C.l.leschenaultii Lesson, 1826 Chu basin (EC Kazakhstan) and W China east to Mongolia and Nei Mongol >> shores of Indian Ocean (incl. E Africa), Indonesia, Philippines and Australasia Charadrius asiaticus Pallas, 1773 (Caspian Plover) Caspian Sea to E Kazakhstan and NW China >> E and S Africa Charadrius veredus Gould, 1848 (Oriental Plover) Tuva Republic (Russia) and Mongolia to SE Transbaikalia and N Nei Mongol >> to Australia Charadrius morinellus Linnaeus, 1758 (Eurasian Dotterel)36 N Europe and N Asia to E Russia >> Mediterranean to W Iran Charadrius modestus M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823 (Rufous-chested Dotterel) SC and S Chile, WC and S Argentina, Falkland Is. >> north to N Chile and SE Brazil Charadrius montanus J.K. Townsend, 1837 (Mountain Plover) W USA >> SW USA to NE Mexico PELTOHYAS Sharpe, 189637 M Peltohyas australis (Gould, 1841) (Inland Dotterel) SW, SC and EC Australia THINORNIS G.R. Gray, 1845 38 M Thinornis rubricollis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Hooded Dotterel) S Australia, Tasmania Thinornis novaeseelandiae (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Shore Dotterel) Rangatira I. (Chatham Is.) ELSEYORNIS Mathews, 1914 M Elseyornis melanops (Vieillot, 1818) (Black-fronted Dotterel) Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand OREOPHOLUS Jardine & Selby, 183539 M Oreopholus ruficollis (Tawny-throated Dotterel) O.r.pallidus Carriker, 1935 N Peru (302) O.r.ruficollis (Wagler, 1829) C Peru to Tierra del Fuego ANARHYNCHUS Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 M Anarhynchus frontalis Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 (Wry-bill) New Zealand PHEGORNIS G.R. Gray, 1846 M Phegornis mitchellii (Fraser, 1845) (Diademed Plover) NC Peru to SC Chile and SC Argentina 1 Mayr & Short (1970) (1495) recommended splitting, which we did in last Edition. Despite the reservations of CSR we now follow Pierce (1996: 345) (1883), finding each of the alternative groupings of subspecies unsatisfactory. 2 Includes ceylonensis Whistler, 1944 (2619), although recognised by Ripley (1982: 105) (2055). 3 Includes hybrida see White (1965: 120) (2649). 4 The generic name Antibyx was retained for this in last Edition. 5 For acceptance of this race see White (1965: 122) (2649). 6 Apparently includes solitaneus Clancey, 1979 (466). 7 For recognition of this see Ripley (1982: 112) (2055). 8 For recognition of this see Wiersma (1996: 420) (2662). 9 The need to recognise this genus and the next was discussed by Christian et al. (1992) (348). 10 Includes oreophilos. The ranges used in last Edition for this and for apricaria were those used by Peters (1934) (1822) See also Cramp et al. (1983: 215) (590). 11 For details of separation from P. dominica see references in Sangster et al. (2002) (2167). 12 For polytypic treatment see Englemoer & Rosendaal (1998) (800). 13 Treated in Pluvialis in last Edition, but see Christian et al. (1992) (348). Tentatively includes aquilonius Dowding, 1994 (758), but this awaits evaluation. 14 We follow Englemoer & Rosendaal (1998) (800) in recognising psammodroma. 15 Includes harrisoni Clancey, 1949 (362) see Ibis, 93: 298. 16 Includes kolymensis Buturlin, 1934 (283), see Stepanyan (1990: 173) (2326). 17 Includes japonicus Mishima, 1956 (1589), see Orn. Soc. Japan (1974) (1726). 18 Includes papuanus Mayr, 1938 (1467), see Mees (1982) (1534). 19 Includes allenbyi and tephricolor Clancey, 1971 (431), see Cramp et al. (1983: 146) (590). 20 Thought to include pelodromus Clancey, 1981 (484). 21 Already treated as a species by White (1965: 125) (2649). 22 Includes pons see White (1965: 125) (2649). 23 For recognition see Urban (1986: 237) (2451). 24 Includes spatzi see Stepanyan (1990: 178) (2326) and implictly hesperius see White (1965: 125) (2649). 25 Includes nihonensis Deignan, 1941 (635), see Stepanyan (1990: 178) (2326). 26 Includes leggei Whistler & Kinnear, 1937 (2621), see Ripley (1982: 116) (2055). 27 We follow A.O.U. (1998: 146) (3) in including occidentalis and nivosus, with tenuirostris as a synonym, see Wiersma (1996: 432) (2662), in this species. 28 This split, suggested by Roselaar in Cramp et al. (1983: 165) (590), has not yet been properly documented, partly due to the relative inaccessibility of the type, and the taxon might be better attached to C. ruficapillus. 29 Dated 1822 in Peters (1934: 250) (1822) a lapsus. 30 Van Marle & Voous (1988: 87) (2468) implicitly placed chaseni Junge, 1939 (1230), in synonymy. 31 In last Edition we named this C. venustus believing that pallidus applied to a synonym of C. alexandrinus see Peters (1934: 250) (1822). This was wrong and we now follow White (1965: 126) (2649). 32 We now follow the treatment in Cramp et al. (1983: 166) (590). 33 Sometimes cited as 1938. This date is not that given by Schäfer (1939) (2171). 34 A new name for litoralis Stegmann, 1937 (2311). 35 In last Edition treated as monotypic. We now follow Cramp et al. (1983: 170) (590); see also Hirschfeld et al. (2000) (1124) and works in Russian and German cited therein. 36 Treated in the genus Eudromias in last Edition, but see Cramp et al. (1983: 114) (590). 37 The species included is close to Charadrius see Christian et al. (348). 38 We suspect this genus and the next will prove to be close to the Vanellinae. 39 Treated in the genus Eudromias in last Edition, but see Piersma (1996: 386) (1884). Position in generic sequence doubtful. CHARADRIIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD ROSTRATULIDAE (PAINTED-SNIPE) (2: 2) ROSTRATULA Vieillot, 1816 F Rostratula benghalensis (Greater Painted-snipe) R.b.benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) Africa, Madagascar, Asia Minor through S Asia to Japan and Philippines, south east to Gtr. and Lesser Sundas (east to Flores) R.b.australis (Gould, 1838) N and E Australia NYCTICRYPHES Wetmore & Peters, 1923 M Nycticryphes semicollaris (Vieillot, 1816) (South American Painted-snipe) E and SE Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, C Chile to C Argentina JACANIDAE (JACANAS) (6: 8) MICROPARRA Cabanis, 1877 F Microparra capensis (A. Smith, 1839) (Lesser Jacana) Mali to Sudan and Ethiopia, south to E Sth. Africa ACTOPHILORNIS Oberholser, 1899 M Actophilornis africanus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (African Jacana) Sub-Saharan Africa Actophilornis albinucha (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832) (Madagascan Jacana) W Madagascar IREDIPARRA Mathews, 1911 F Irediparra gallinacea (Temminck, 1828) (Comb-crested Jacana)1 Borneo and Mindanao to S Moluccas and Lesser Sundas to New Guinea and N and E Australia HYDROPHASIANUS Wagler, 1832 M Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scopoli, 1786) (Pheasant-tailed Jacana) Pakistan east to SE and E China and south to Sri Lanka, Philippines and Gtr. Sundas >> (some) E Arabia, S Asia METOPIDIUS Wagler, 1832 M Metopidius indicus (Latham, 1790) (Bronze-winged Jacana) India east to mainland SE Asia south to Sumatra and Java JACANA Brisson, 1760 F Jacana spinosa (Northern Jacana) J.s.gymnostoma (Wagler, 1831)2 Mexico and Cozumel I. J.s.violacea (Cory, 1881) Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, Jamaica, Hispaniola J.s.spinosa (Linnaeus, 1758)3 Belize and Guatemala to W Panama Jacana jacana (Wattled Jacana) J.j.hypomelaena (G.R. Gray, 1846) WC Panama, N Colombia J.j.melanopygia (P.L. Sclater, 1857) W Colombia, W Venezuela J.j.intermedia (P.L. Sclater, 1857) N and C Venezuela J.j.jacana (Linnaeus, 1766) SE Colombia, S Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas to E Bolivia, N Argentina and Uruguay J.j.scapularis Chapman, 1922 W Ecuador, NW Peru J.j.peruviana J.T. Zimmer, 1930 NE Peru, NW Brazil PEDIONOMIDAE (PLAINS WANDERER)4 (1: 1) PEDIONOMUS Gould, 1841 M Pedionomus torquatus Gould, 1841 (Plains Wanderer) Inland E Australia THINOCORIDAE (SEEDSNIPES) (2: 4) ATTAGIS Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Lesson, 1831 M Attagis gayi (Rufous-bellied Seedsnipe) A.g.latreillii Lesson, 1831 N Ecuador A.g.simonsi Chubb, 1918 C Peru to NW Argentina A.g.gayi Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Lesson, 1831 Chile, Argentina Attagis malouinus (Boddaert, 1783) (White-bellied Seedsnipe)5 S Chile and S Argentina THINOCORUS Eschscholtz, 1829 M Thinocorus orbignyianus (Grey-breasted Seedsnipe) T.o.ingae Tschudi, 1843 N Peru to N Chile, NW Argentina T.o.orbignyianus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Lesson, 1831 NC and S Chile and Argentina Thinocorus rumicivorus (Least Seedsnipe) T.r.pallidus Salvadori & Festa, 1910 SW Ecuador, NW Peru T.r.cuneicauda (Peale, 1848) Peruvian desert T.r.bolivianus P.R. Lowe, 1921 S Peru, N Chile and W Bolivia to NW Argentina T.r.rumicivorus Eschscholtz, 18296 Patagonia >> C Chile, NE Argentina and Uruguay 1 Sometimes treated as polytypic see Mees (1982) (1534). 2 Implicitly includes lowi van Rossem, 1938 (2474) see Jenni (1996: 291) (1205). 3 Includes dorsalis Brodkorb, 1939 (220) see Blake (1977: 534) (164). 4 For a review of this and its placement see Olson & Steadman (1981) (1709). 5 Includes cheeputi see Fjeldsĺ (1996: 545) (849). 6 Includes patagonicus see Fjeldsĺ (1996: 545) (849). ROSTRATULIDAE AND JACANIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD SCOLOPACIDAE (SANDPIPERS, SNIPE) (23: 92) SCOLOPACINAE SCOLOPAX Linnaeus, 1758 F Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus, 1758 (Eurasian Woodcock)1 Palaearctic >> W and S Europe and N Africa to SE Asia Scolopax mira E. Hartert, 1916 (Amami Woodcock) C Ryukyu Is. Scolopax saturata Horsfield, 1821 (Javan Woodcock) N and SC Sumatra, W Java Scolopax rosenbergii Schlegel, 1871 (New Guinea Woodcock)2 New Guinea Scolopax bukidnonensis Kennedy, Fisher, Harrap, Diesmos & Manamtam, 2001 (Bukidnon Woodcock) # Mts. of N and C Luzon and Mindanao (1260) Scolopax celebensis Riley, 1921 (Sulawesi Woodcock) S.c.heinrichi Stresemann, 19323 NE Sulawesi S.c.celebensis Riley, 1921 C Sulawesi Scolopax rochussenii Schlegel, 1866 (Moluccan Woodcock) Obi and Bacan Is. (N Moluccas) Scolopax minor J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (American Woodcock) SC and SE Canada, E USA >> SE USA GALLINAGININAE COENOCORYPHA G.R. Gray, 1855 F Coenocorypha pusilla (Buller, 1869) (Chatham Snipe)4 Chatham Is. Coenocorypha aucklandica (New Zealand Snipe)5 C.a.huegeli (Tristram, 1893) Snares Is. †?C.a.iredalei Rothschild, 1921 Islands off Stewart I. †C.a.barrierensis Oliver, 1955 Little Barrier I. (Hauraki Gulf), New Zealand (1676) C.a.meinertzhagenae Rothschild, 1927 Antipodes Is. C.a.aucklandica (G.R. Gray, 1845) Auckland Is. LYMNOCRYPTES Boie, 1826 M Lymnocryptes minimus (Brünnich, 1764) (Jack Snipe)6 7 N Europe and Baltic to Siberia east to Kolyma basin >> W Europe south to W and E Africa, east to Indochina GALLINAGO Brisson, 1760 F Gallinago solitaria (Solitary Snipe) G.s.solitaria Hodgson, 1831 Mts. of S Siberia and perhaps N Mongolia >> S, C and E Asia south to E Pakistan to Burma G.s.japonica (Bonaparte, 1856) NE Mongolia to NE China and Kamchatka >> Amurland to Kamchatka, Korea, Japan, E China Gallinago hardwickii (J.E. Gray, 1831) (Latham’s Snipe) Russian Far East, S Sakhalin and S Kurils to N Japan >> E Australia, Tasmania Gallinago nemoricola Hodgson, 1836 (Wood Snipe) Himalayas to Burma and SC China >> India, Bangladesh, Burma, N Indochina Gallinago stenura (Bonaparte, 1830) (Pintail Snipe) NE European Russia to NE Siberia, south to N Mongolia and NE China >> Saudi Arabia, E Africa and Aldabra Is. (W Indian Ocean), India to SE China and Taiwan, south to Philippines and W Indonesia Gallinago megala Swinhoe, 1861 (Swinhoe's Snipe) C and SE Siberia, south to N Mongolia >> India to N Australia Gallinago nigripennis (African Snipe) G.n.aequatorialis Rüppell, 18458 Ethiopia to E Zaire, Malawi, E Zimbabwe and Mozambique G.n.angolensis Bocage, 1868 Angola and N Namibia to Zambia and W Zimbabwe G.n.nigripennis Bonaparte, 1839 Sth. Africa Gallinago macrodactyla Bonaparte, 1839 (Madagascan Snipe) N and E Madagascar Gallinago media (Latham, 1787) (Great Snipe) N and E Europe to W and C Siberia >> sub-Saharan Africa and Iran Gallinago gallinago (Common Snipe) G.g.delicata (Ord, 1825) N and C North America >> NW and C USA to N Sth. America G.g.faeroeensis (C.L. Brehm, 1831) Iceland, Faroe Is., Orkney and Shetland Is. >> British Is. G.g.gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758) N and C Palaearctic >> W Europe and N, W and E Africa to S Japan and W Indonesia Gallinago paraguaiae (South American Snipe) G.p.paraguaiae (Vieillot, 1816) Trinidad, Colombia to the Guianas south to N Argentina and Uruguay G.p.magellanica (P.P. King, 1828) C Chile and C Argentina to Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Is. Gallinago andina Taczanowski, 1875 (Puna Snipe) 9 S Peru, W Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina Gallinago nobilis P.L. Sclater, 1856 (Noble Snipe) NW Venezuela to Ecuador Gallinago undulata (Giant Snipe) G.u.undulata (Boddaert, 1783) W and E Colombia to the Guianas G.u.gigantea (Temminck, 1826) E Bolivia, Paraguay, SE Brazil, NE Argentina Gallinago stricklandii (G.R. Gray, 1845) (Cordilleran Snipe) S Chile, S Argentina, Tierra del Fuego Gallinago jamesoni (Bonaparte, 1855) (Jameson’s Snipe)10 N Colombia and W Venezuela to WC Bolivia Gallinago imperialis Sclater & Salvin, 1869 (Imperial Snipe) Colombia, Peru LIMNODROMUS Wied, 1833 M Limnodromus griseus (Short-billed Dowitcher)11 L.g.caurinus Pitelka, 1950 S Alaska and S Yukon >> C USA to Peru (1900) L.g.hendersoni Rowan, 1932 C Canada >> SE USA to Panama L.g.griseus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) NE Canada >> S USA to Brazil Limnodromus scolopaceus (Say, 1823) (Long-billed Dowitcher)12 Taymyr (NC Siberia) east to Chukotkiy and Koryakskiy Mts. (NE Siberia), W Alaska, N Yukon >> >> W and S USA to Panama and French Guiana Limnodromus semipalmatus (Blyth, 1848) (Asian Dowitcher) S Siberia (patchy), N Mongolia and NE China >> E India to Indochina, south to N Australia TRINGINAE LIMOSA Brisson, 1760 F Limosa limosa (Black-tailed Godwit) L.l.islandica C.L. Brehm, 183113 Iceland to Shetland Is. and W and N Norway >> British Is. and SW Netherlands to Iberia L.l.limosa (Linnaeus, 1758) W and C Europe to C Asia >> Mediterranean and Africa to W India L.l.melanuroides Gould, 1846 Lena Basin and Lake Baikal to Kamchatka >> India to Indochina, south to Australia Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hudsonian Godwit) NW Alaska to Hudson Bay >> SE Sth. America and SC Chile Limosa lapponica (Bar-tailed Godwit) L.l.lapponica (Linnaeus, 1758) N Europe to NC European Russia >> North Sea coasts south to Sth. Africa L.l.taymyrensis Engelmoer & Roselaar, 1998 NW and NC Siberia (Yamal Pen. to Anabar basin) >> Africa to W India (800) L.l.menzbieri Portenko, 193614 Lena delta to Chaunskaya Bay (NE Siberia) >> SE Asia to NW Australia (1902) L.l.baueri J.F. Naumann, 183615 E Anadyrland (NE Siberia) to N and W Alaska >> China to Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Is. Limosa fedoa (Marbled Godwit) L.f.fedoa (Linnaeus, 1758) C Canada, NW USA >> S USA to Panama and NW Sth. America L.f.beringiae Gibson & Kessel, 1989 Alaska >> W USA (936) NUMENIUS Brisson, 1760 M Numenius minutus Gould, 1841 (Little Curlew) NC and NE Siberia >> New Guinea, Australia †?Numenius borealis (J.R. Forster, 1772) (Eskimo Curlew) NC Canada >> Uruguay, Argentina Numenius phaeopus (Whimbrel)16 N.p.islandicus C.L. Brehm, 1831 Iceland and British Is. >> W Africa N.p.phaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758) Norway and Estonia to Evenkia (NC Siberia) >> Africa and S Asia east to W Burma and south to Sumatra N.p.alboaxillaris P.R. Lowe, 1921 Lower Volga R. to N Kazakhstan, SW Siberia >> Persian Gulf, Red Sea, W Indian Ocean islands and SE Africa N.p.variegatus (Scopoli, 1786) NE Siberia (east from Yana basin) >> E India to Australasia N.p. rufiventris Vigors, 1829 Alaska and NW Canada >> W Nth. America, C and S America N.p.hudsonicus Latham, 1790 Hudson Bay area to NE Canada >> Caribbean and Sth. America, Australasia Numenius tahitiensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Bristle-thighed Curlew) W Alaska >> Marshall and Hawaiian Is. to Society Is. (WC Pacific) Numenius tenuirostris Vieillot, 1817 (Slender-billed Curlew) SW Siberia and N Kazakhstan >> NW Africa and Iraq and Persian Gulf Numenius arquata (Eurasian Curlew)17 N.a.arquata (Linnaeus, 1758) W, N and C Europe to N European Russia >> W and S Europe and W Africa N.a.orientalis C.L.Brehm, 1831 W and C Siberia to Transbaikalia >> coasts of E Mediterranean, Africa, and S and E Asia south to Philippines and Gtr. Sundas N.a.suschkini Neumann, 1929 Lower Volga R. to SW Siberia and N Kazakhstan >> coasts of sub-Saharan Africa and SW Asia Numenius madagascariensis (Linnaeus, 1766) (Far Eastern Curlew) E Siberia and Russian Far East >> Taiwan and Indonesia to Australia and New Zealand Numenius americanus (Long-billed Curlew) N.a.parvus Bishop, 191018 SW and SC Canada to SW USA >> SW USA to Mexico N.a.americanus Bechstein, 1812 WC USA >> SW USA to Guatemala BARTRAMIA Lesson, 1831 F Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein, 1812) (Upland Sandpiper) C Alaska, C and S Canada, NC USA >> Surinam, Paraguay and S Brazil to C Argentina TRINGA Linnaeus, 1758 F Tringa erythropus (Pallas, 1764) (Spotted Redshank) N Europe, N and NE Siberia >> W and S Europe, N, W and E Africa to SE Asia, SE China and Taiwan Tringa totanus (Common Redshank)19 T.t.robusta (Schiřler, 1919) Iceland and Faroe Is. >> British Is. and W Europe T.t.totanus (Linnaeus, 1758)20 N and W Europe from the British Isles and Spain to W Siberia >> W Africa and the Mediterranean east to India, Indonesia T.t.ussuriensis Buturlin, 1934 S Siberia and Mongolia to E Asia >> E Mediterranean and E Africa to India and SE Asia (283) T.t.terrignotae R. & A. Meinertzhagen, 1926 S Manchuria, E China >> SE and E Asia, ? Australia T.t.craggi Hale, 1971 Xinjiang (NW China) >> S Asia, SE Asia (to Australia ?) (1057) T.t.eurhinus (Oberholser, 1900)21 Pamir Mts. (Tajikhstan), N India, C and S Tibet >> India to the Malay Pen. Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803) (Marsh Sandpiper) E Baltic and Ukraine to E Siberia and NE China >> Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa to Indonesia and Australasia Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus, 1767) (Common Greenshank) N Palaearctic >> W Europe, Africa and Middle East to Australasia Tringa guttifer (Nordmann, 1835) (Nordmann’s Greenshank) Russian Far East (Sea of Okhotsk) >> NE India to mainland SE Asia Tringa melanoleuca (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Greater Yellowlegs) S Alaska and E across C Canada to NE Nova Scotia >> coastal and S USA, C and Sth. America Tringa flavipes (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Lesser Yellowlegs) Alaska to C Canada >> S USA, West Indies, C and Sth. America Tringa ochropus Linnaeus, 1758 (Green Sandpiper) N Palaearctic >> W Europe and Africa to Philippines and N Borneo Tringa solitaria (Solitary Sandpiper) T.s.cinnamomea (Brewster, 1890) C and S Alaska to NE Manitoba >> Sth. America T.s.solitaria A. Wilson, 1813 E British Columbia to Quebec and Labrador >> W Indies, C and Sth. America Tringa glareola Linnaeus, 1758 (Wood Sandpiper) N Palaearctic >> Africa, S Asia, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia XENUS Kaup, 1829 M Xenus cinereus (Güldenstädt, 1774) (Terek Sandpiper) E Baltic area, Belarus and N Ukraine to NE Siberia >> S and E Africa, Middle East, S Asia, Indonesia to Australasia ACTITIS Illiger, 1811 M Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758) (Common Sandpiper) Europe and N and C Asia >> S Europe, Africa, and S and E Asia to Australasia Actitis macularius (Linnaeus, 1766) (Spotted Sandpiper)22 23 Canada and N USA (but not Arctic) >> W Indies, S USA to C Sth. America HETEROSCELUS S.F. Baird, 1858 M Heteroscelus brevipes (Vieillot, 1816) (Grey-tailed Tattler) NC and NE Siberia >> Taiwan and Malay Pen. to Australia and New Zealand Heteroscelus incanus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Wandering Tattler) NE Siberia, S Alaska to NW British Columbia >> SW USA and W Mexico, Ecuador and Galapagos Is., Pacific islands to E Australia and New Zealand CATOPTROPHORUS Bonaparte, 1827 M Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Willet) C.s.inornatus (Brewster, 1887) SC Canada and NC USA >> S USA to N Sth. America C.s.semipalmatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) SE Canada, E and S USA, West Indies >> S USA, C America, West Indies to S Brazil AECHMORHYNCHUS Coues, 187424 M †Aechmorhynchus cancellatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Kiritimati Sandpiper)25 ? Kiritimati I. (Pacific Ocean) Aechmorhynchus parvirostris (Peale, 1848) (Tuamotu Sandpiper) Tuamotu Is. PROSOBONIA Bonaparte, 1850 F †Prosobonia leucoptera (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Tahiti Sandpiper) Tahiti (Society Is.) †Prosobonia ellisi Sharpe, 1906 (Moorean Sandpiper) Moorea (Society Is.) ARENARIINAE ARENARIA Brisson, 1760 F Arenaria interpres (Ruddy Turnstone) A.i.interpres (Linnaeus, 1758)26 NE Canada, Greenland and N Europe to NE Siberia and W Alaska >> W and S Europe, Africa and S and E Asia, Australasia, Pacific Is., and W USA to W Mexico A.i.morinella (Linnaeus, 1766) NE Alaska and N Canada >> S USA to Sth. America Arenaria melanocephala (Vigors, 1829) (Black Turnstone) W and S Alaska >> SE Alaska to NW Mexico CALIDRIDINAE APHRIZA Audubon, 183927 F Aphriza virgata (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Surfbird) S and C Alaska and C Yukon >> Pacific coast of N, C and Sth. America CALIDRIS Merrem, 1804 F Calidris tenuirostris (Horsfield, 1821) (Great Knot) NE Siberia >> E Arabia to Indochina, New Guinea and Australia Calidris canutus (Red Knot) C.c.canutus (Linnaeus, 1758) NC Siberia >> W and S Africa C.c.piersmai Tomkovich, 2001 New Siberian Is. >> NW Australia (2418) C.c.rogersi Mathews, 1913 Mountains of Chukotka and Chukotskiy Pen. >> Australasia C.c.roselaari Tomkovich, 1990 Wrangel I. (NE Siberia) and NW Alaska >> shores of Gulf of Mexico (2417) C.c.rufa (A. Wilson, 1813) N Canada >> NE and S Sth. America C.c.islandica (Linnaeus, 1767)28 Islands off N Canada, N Greenland >> W Europe Calidris alba (Pallas, 1764) (Sanderling)29 C.a.alba (Pallas, 1764) Ellesmere I., N and E Greenland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Taymyr >> coastal W Europe, Africa, Asia and Australasia C.a.rubida (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) NE Siberia, Alaska and Canada >> coastal E Asia and W and S America Calidris pusilla (Linnaeus, 1766) (Semipalmated Sandpiper) N Chukotskiy Pen., W and N Alaska, N Canada >> C and S America, W Indies Calidris mauri (Cabanis, 1857) (Western Sandpiper) N and E Chukotskiy Pen., W and N Alaska >> coastal USA to N Sth. America, West Indies Calidris ruficollis (Pallas, 1776) (Red-necked Stint) NC Taymyr NE Siberia, W and N Alaska >> SE Asia to Australasia Calidris minuta (Leisler, 1812) (Little Stint) N Europe and N Siberia >> SW Europe and Africa to India Calidris temminckii (Leisler, 1812) (Temminck's Stint) N Europe, N Siberia >> W and E Africa, S Asia to S China, south through mainland SE Asia to the Malay Pen. and Borneo Calidris subminuta (Middendorff, 1853) (Long-toed Stint) SW to E Siberia >> India and Indochina to Australasia Calidris minutilla (Vieillot, 1819) (Least Sandpiper) Alaska and N Canada >> S USA to N Sth. America, West Indies Calidris fuscicollis (Vieillot, 1819) (White-rumped Sandpiper) NE Alaska and N Canada to S Baffin I. >> S Sth. America Calidris bairdii (Coues, 1861) (Baird's Sandpiper) Extreme NE Siberia, Alaska and NW Canada to NW Greenland >> W and S Sth. America Calidris melanotos (Vieillot, 1819) (Pectoral Sandpiper) N Siberia, W and N Alaska, and N Canada >> SE Australia, New Zealand, S Sth. America Calidris acuminata (Horsfield, 1821) (Sharp-tailed Sandpiper) NC and NE Siberia >> New Guinea to Australia and New Zealand Calidris ferruginea (Pontoppidan, 1763) (Curlew Sandpiper) N Siberia (rarely N Alaska) >> Africa to Australasia Calidris maritima (Purple Sandpiper)30 C.m.belcheri Engelmoer & Roselaar, 1998 E Hudson Bay and James Bay (Canada) >> E Nth. America (800) C.m.maritima (Brünnich, 1764)31 N Canada, Greenland, Svalbard and Scandinavia to NC Siberia >> E Nth. America and W and N Europe C.m.littoralis (C.L. Brehm, 1831) Iceland Calidris ptilocnemis (Rock Sandpiper) C.p.tschuktschorum (Portenko, 1937)32 E Chukotskiy Pen., St. Lawrence and Nunivak Is., W Alaska >> NW North America (1903) C.p.ptilocnemis (Coues, 1873) St. Mathew, Hall and Pribilof Is. >>Alaska Pen. C.p.couesi (Ridgway, 1880) Aleutian Is., Alaska Pen. C.p.quarta (E. Hartert, 1920)33 Kuril Is., S Kamchatka and Commander Is. >> E Japan Calidris alpina (Dunlin)34 C.a.arctica (Schiřler, 1922) NE Greenland >> NW Africa C.a.schinzii (C.L. Brehm, 1822) SE Greenland, Iceland and British Is. to S Scandinavia and Baltic >> SW Europe and NW Africa C.a.alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) N Europe and NW Siberia to Yenisey R >> W Europe, Mediterranean, Africa and ? SW Asia to India C.a.centralis (Buturlin, 1932) Taymyr to Kolyma delta (NE Siberia) >> E Mediterranean, Red Sea and SW and S Asia C.a.sakhalina (Vieillot, 1816) Extreme NE Asia >> E China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan C.a.kistchinskii Tomkovich, 198635 N Sea of Okhotsk and S Koryakland to N Kuril Is. and Kamchatka >> E Asia (2416) C.a.actites Nechaev & Tomkovich, 198836 N Sakhalin >> E Asia (1641) C.a.arcticola (Todd, 1953) NW and N Alaska and NW Canada >> E China, Korea, Japan (2414) C.a.pacifica (Coues, 1861) W and S Alaska >> W USA and W Mexico C.a.hudsonia (Todd, 1953) NC Canada east to Hudson Bay >> SE USA (2414) Calidris himantopus (Bonaparte, 1826) (Stilt-Sandpiper) 37 N Alaska and N Canada >> S USA, C Sth. America EURYNORHYNCHUS Nilsson, 1821 M Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Spoon-billed Sandpiper) Chukotskiy Pen. to N Kamchatka >> SE India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand and the Malay Pen. south to Singapore LIMICOLA Koch, 1816 F Limicola falcinellus (Broad-billed Sandpiper) L.f.falcinellus (Pontoppidan, 1763) N Europe, NW Siberia >> E and S Africa to W and S India and Sri Lanka L.f.sibirica Dresser, 1876 NE Siberia >> NE India to Australia TRYNGITES Cabanis, 1857 M Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot, 1819) (Buff-breasted Sandpiper) Extreme NE Siberia, N Alaska, N Canada >> SC Sth. America PHILOMACHUS Merrem, 1804 M Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ruff) 38 N and C Europe and across N Siberia to Sakhalin >> W and S Europe, Africa and S Asia east to India, more rarely SE Asia and Australia PHALAROPODINAE PHALAROPUS Brisson, 1760 M Phalaropus tricolor (Vieillot, 1819) (Wilson's Phalarope)39 S Canada, NW and CN USA >> W and S Sth. America and subantarctic islands Phalaropus lobatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Red-necked Phalarope) N Holarctic >> pelagic areas off WC Sth. America, Arabian Sea, Philippines, Wallacea to W Melanesia and Australasia Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus, 1758)40 (Grey Phalarope/Red Phalarope) N Holarctic >> pelagic areas off W Sth. America and W and SW Africa and subantarctic 1 Includes ultimus Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 125) (2055). 2 For treatment of this at specific level see Kennedy et al. (2001) (1260). 3 Considered distinct by Kennedy et al. (2001) (1260) contra White & Bruce (1986: 175) (2652). 4 We follow Higgins & Davies (1996: 47-53) (1113) in separating C. pusilla from C. aucklandica. 5 Higgins & Davies (1996: 47-53) (1113) included, but did not employ, a recommended treatment splitting this into a monotypic huegeli and two other species -- each with a second race attached. 6 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 7 Includes nipponensis Momiyama, 1939 (1600), see Stepanyan (1990: 203) (2326). 8 For recognition see Clancey (1974) (442). 9 For reasons to separate this from G. paraguaiae see Fjeldsĺ & Krabbe (1990) (850). Includes innotata see van Gils & Wiersma (1996: 496) (2467). 10 Thought to include chapmani R.T. Moore, 1937 (1610), but may need re-evaluation. 11 For recognition of three races see A.O.U. (1957: 201) (1). 12 Includes fasciatus Brodkorb, 1933 (216), see Pitelka (1950: 68) (1900). 13 For recognition of this see Vaurie (1965: 420) (2510) and Engelmoer & Roselaar (1998) (800). 14 In synonymy in last Edition following Vaurie (1965) (2510) but recognised by Stepanyan (1990: 212) (2326). 15 Includes anadyrensis Engelmoer & Roselaar, 1998 (800), see Tomkovich & Serra (1999) (2419). 16 Based on review by Engelmoer & Roselaar (1998) (800). 17 For recognition of suschkini see Engelmoer & Roselaar (1998) (800). 18 Van Gils & Wiersma (1996: 505) (2467) used the name parvus as did A.O.U. (1957: 181) (1); it is apparently unknown whether the earlier name occidentalis Woodhouse, 1852, would apply or not. It was based on a bird taken in New Mexico. 19 We follow Hale (1971, 1973) (1057, 1058); a more recent review, that of Engelmoer & Roselaar (1998) (800), is apparently to be further revised and we defer changes until then. 20 Including britannica Mathews, 1935. 21 Includes meinertzhageni Thiede, 1963 (2397), see Hale (1971: 251) (1057). 22 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 23 Includes rava Burleigh, 1960 (272), see van Gils & Wiersma (1996: 513) (2467). 24 Lumped with Prosobonia by Zusi & Jehl (1970) (2738), but better retained (C.S.R.). 25 For the retention of this taxon, not lumping it with Tuamotu birds, see Walters (1993) (2554). 26 Birds from Siberia east to W Alaska may be recognised as oahuensis (Bloxham, 1826). 27 For placement next to the knots see Jehl (1968) (1203); we retain the genus Aphriza with reservations, submergence in Calidris may be more appropriate. 28 For recognition of this see Roselaar (1983) (2104). 29 For acceptance of rubida see Engelmoer & Roselaar (1998) (800). 30 Revision based on Engelmoer & Roselaar (1998) (800). 31 Includes groenlandica Lřvenskiold, 1950 (1388), see Vaurie (1965: 397) (2510) and Engelmoer & Roselaar (1998) (800). 32 For recognition see Stepanyan (1990: 199) (2326). 33 Includes kurilensis see Vaurie (1965: 399) (2510), but perhaps valid (P. Tomkovich in litt.). 34 For a partial review, recognising actites, sakhalina and arcticola see Browning (1991) (252). Engelmoer & Roselaar (1998) (800) validated centralis and hudsonia. 35 For evaluation and acceptance of this race and the next see Browning (1991) (252). 36 A new name for litoralis Nechaev & Tomkovich, 1987 (1640), preoccupied. 37 van Gils & Wiersma (1996: 530) (2467) retained the genus Micropalama but A.O.U. (1998: 173) (3) did not. 38 Includes occidentalis Verhayen, 1941 (2519), see Vaurie (1965: 405) (2510). 39 A.O.U. (1998: 180) (3) acknowledged work showing the next two species to be closer to each other than to this, but keep this in Phalaropus. We accept this and submerge Steganopus. 40 For an explanation of the spelling fulicarius see David & Gosselin (2000) (612). SCOLOPACIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD LARIDAE (SKUAS, GULLS AND TERNS) (15: 97) LARINAE 1 LEUCOPHAEUS Bruch, 18532 M Leucophaeus scoresbii (Traill, 1823) (Dolphin Gull) S coast Sth. America, Falkland Is. LARUS Linnaeus, 17583 M Larus pacificus (Pacific Gull) L.p.georgii P.P. King, 1826 4 W, SW and SC Australia L.p.pacificus Latham, 1802 5 SE Australia, Tasmania Larus belcheri Vigors, 1829 (Belcher’s Gull) Coastal N Peru to N Chile >> to N Ecuador and C Chile Larus atlanticus Olrog, 1958 (Olrog’s Gull) 6 SE Sth. America (1678) Larus crassirostris Vieillot, 1818 (Black-tailed Gull) SE Russia, Japan, Korea, E China Larus modestus Tschudi, 1843 (Grey Gull) S Peru and N Chile Larus heermanni Cassin, 1852 (Heermann's Gull) NW Mexico >> Pacific coast of USA Larus leucophthalmus Temminck, 1825 (White-eyed Gull) Red Sea, Gulf of Aden Larus hemprichii Bruch, 1853 (Sooty Gull) Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Persian Gulf to S Pakistan and N Kenya >> south to Tanzania Larus canus (Mew Gull)7 L.c.canus Linnaeus, 1758 Iceland and British Is. to White Sea >> Europe and N Africa to Persian Gulf L.c.heinei Homeyer, 18538 NC and C European Russia and W and C Siberia >> C and S Europe, Middle East and Caspian Sea L.c.kamtschatschensis (Bonaparte, 1857) NE Siberia >> SE Asia L.c.brachyrhynchus Richardson, 1831 N Alaska, W Canada >> W USA Larus audouinii Payraudeau, 1826 (Audouin's Gull) Mediterranean >> south to Senegal and Gambia Larus delawarensis Ord, 1815 (Ring-billed Gull) Canada, N USA >> south to S USA, C America, Greater Antilles Larus californicus (Californian Gull) L.c.albertaensis Jehl, 19879 C Canada, NW USA (east of the Rocky Mts.) >> SW Canada to SW Mexico (1204) L.c.californicus Lawrence, 1854 NW USA (S of albertaensis) >> W USA to SW Mexico Larus marinus Linnaeus, 1758 (Great Black-backed Gull) E North America, S Greenland, Iceland, W and N Europe to White Sea >> south to West Indies and SW Europe Larus dominicanus (Kelp Gull) L.d.dominicanus M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823 W and SE Sth. America, New Zealand, S Australia, subantarctic islands L.d.vetula (Bruch, 1853)10 Madagascar, S Africa Larus glaucescens J.F.Naumann, 1840 (Glaucous-winged Gull) St. Lawrence and Commander Is. to S Alaska and N Oregon >> Bering Sea to N Japan and Baja California Larus occidentalis (Western Gull) L.o.occidentalis Audubon, 1839 W USA L.o.wymani Dickey & Van Rossem, 1925 C California to C Baja California Larus livens Dwight, 1919 (Yellow-footed Gull) Gulf of California Larus hyperboreus (Glaucous Gull) L.h.hyperboreus Gunnerus, 1767 N Europe and NW Siberia L.h.pallidissimus Portenko, 1939 Taymyr Pen. to Bering Sea (1905) L.h.barrovianus Ridgway, 1886 Alaska to W Canada L.h.leuceretes Schleep, 181911 N Canada, Greenland, Iceland Larus glaucoides (Iceland Gull) L.g.kumlieni Brewster, 188312 NE Canada >> SE Canada, NE USA L.g.glaucoides B. Meyer, 1822 S and W Greenland and Novaya Zemlya >> south to N Europe (1557) Larus thayeri W.S. Brooks, 1915 (Thayer's Gull) Arctic Canada, W Greenland >> W coast North America Larus argentatus (Herring Gull)13 L.a.smithsonianus Coues, 1862 North America >> south to C America L.a.argenteus C.L. Brehm, 1822 Iceland, Faroe Is., W Europe >> south to N Iberia L.a.argentatus Pontoppidan, 176314 Denmark to E Kola Pen. >> N and W Europe L.a.vegae Palmén, 188715 NE Siberia >> south to China Larus cachinnans (Yellow-legged Gull)16 L.c.atlantis Dwight, 1922 Azores, Madeira, Canary Is. L.c.michahellis J.F. Naumann, 184017 W and S Europe, NW Africa, Mediterranean L.c.cachinnans Pallas, 181118 Black Sea to C Kazakhstan and Caspian Sea >> south to Middle East and SW Asia L.c.barabensis H. Johansen, 196019 C Asia >>SW Asia (1209) L.c.mongolicus Sushkin, 192520 SE Altai (incl. E Kazakhstan) and Lake Baikal to Mongolia >> S Asia Larus armenicus Buturlin, 1934 (Armenian Gull) E Turkey and NW Iran to Caucasus >> N Red Sea, E Mediterranean and SE Black Sea (282) Larus schistisagus Stejneger, 1884 (Slaty-backed Gull)21 NE Siberia to Japan and E Russia >> south to Taiwan Larus fuscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull) L.f.graellsii A.E. Brehm, 1857 Iceland, Faroe Is., W Europe >> SW Europe, E coast USA, W Africa L.f.intermedius Schiřler, 1922 Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, SW Sweden and coastal Norway >> W Europe, W Africa L.f.fuscus Linnaeus, 1758 Baltic Sea, Finland, and Karelia (inland NW European Russia) >> NE and E Africa, SW Asia L.f.heuglini Bree, 187622 N European Russia and NW Siberia east to Taymyr Pen. >> Middle East to E Africa, SW Asia and NW India Larus ichthyaetus Pallas, 1773 (Great Black-headed Gull) S Russia to NW Mongolia and N China >> E Mediterranean to Burma and NE Africa Larus brunnicephalus Jerdon, 1840 (Brown-headed Gull) SC Asia >> E Arabia to SE Asia Larus cirrocephalus (Grey-hooded Gull) L.c.cirrocephalus Vieillot, 1818 Coastal Ecuador, Peru and C Brazil to Argentina L.c.poiocephalus Swainson, 1837 W, C, E and S Africa, Madagascar Larus hartlaubii Bruch, 1853 (Hartlaub’s Gull) Coastal C Namibia to SW Cape Province Larus novaehollandiae (Silver Gull)23 L.n.forsteri (Mathews, 1912) New Caledonia, Loyalty Is., SW Pacific L.n.novaehollandiae Stephens, 1826 Australia L.n.gunni Mathews, 1912 Tasmania L.n.scopulinus J.R. Forster, 184424 New Zealand, Stewart, Chatham, Bounties, Snares, Auckland and Campbell Is. Larus bulleri Hutton, 1871 (Black-billed Gull) New Zealand Larus maculipennis M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823 (Brown-hooded Gull) S Sth. America, Falkland Is. Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766 (Common Black-headed Gull) NE North America, S Greenland, Iceland, Europe, Asia >> south to W and E Africa, India, SE Asia, Philippines Larus genei Brčme, 1839 (Slender-billed Gull) Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania, Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Asia Minor to C Asia, and NW India >> coastal regions to Sthn. Africa Larus philadelphia (Ord, 1815) (Bonaparte's Gull) W Alaska, W, C and E Canada >> coastal USA Larus saundersi (Swinhoe, 1871) (Saunders's Gull) Coastal NE China >> S Japan and South Korea to N Vietnam Larus serranus Tschudi, 1844 (Andean Gull) Andean lakes from N Ecuador to N Argentina >> coastal W Sth. America Larus melanocephalus Temminck, 1820 (Mediterranean Gull) Europe to Black Sea and Caucasus >> W Europe, NW Africa, Mediterranean Larus relictus Lönnberg, 1931 (Relict Gull) SE Kazkhstan to NW China >> Korea to E China Larus fuliginosus Gould, 1841 (Lava Gull) Galapagos Is. Larus atricilla (Laughing Gull) L.a.megalopterus Bruch, 185525 Coastal SE Canada, E, S and SW USA, W Mexico and E Central America >> south to S Peru L.a.atricilla Linnaeus, 1758 West Indies to N Venezuela Is >> south to N Brazil Larus pipixcan Wagler, 1831 (Franklin's Gull) C and S Canada, C USA >> coastal W Central and Sth. America Larus minutus Pallas, 1776 (Little Gull) Baltic area to Lena basin and Transbaikalia and Nei Mongol (China) >> E North America, W Europe, Mediterranean, Black Sea, China (E coast) PAGOPHILA Kaup, 1829 F Pagophila eburnea (Phipps, 1774) (Ivory Gull) Circumpolar from N Canada to NC Siberia >> Arctic RHODOSTETHIA W. Macgillivray, 1842 F Rhodostethia rosea W. Macgillivray, 1842 (Ross's Gull) N Siberia, N Canada, SW Greenland >> Arctic XEMA Leach, 1819 F Xema sabini (Sabine, 1819) (Sabine's Gull)26 Arctic N America and N Eurasia >> S America and S Africa CREAGRUS Bonaparte, 1854 M Creagrus furcatus (Néboux, 1846) (Swallow-tailed Gull) Galapagos Is., Malpelo Is. (E Pacific Ocean) >> Pacific coast Sth. America RISSA Stephens, 1826 F Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) (Black-legged Kittiwake)27 N Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Rissa brevirostris (Bruch, 1853) (Red-legged Kittiwake) Pribilof Is., Commander Is., Aleutians >> N Pacific Ocean STERNINAE 28 STERNA Linnaeus, 175829 F Sterna nilotica (Gull-billed Tern) S.n.nilotica J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Europe to Mauritania, W India, and NE China >> Africa to SE Asia S.n.affinis Horsfield, 182130 E India to SE and E China >> mainland and archipelagic SE Asia to Australia S.n.macrotarsa Gould, 1837 Australia >> N Australia and S New Guinea S.n.aranea A. Wilson, 1814 E and S USA, Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Cuba >> coastal C America south to Peru and Brazil S.n.vanrossemi (Bancroft, 1929) S California to Sinaloa (Mexico) >> south to Ecuador S.n.groenvoldi (Mathews, 1912) French Guiana to NE Argentina Sterna caspia Pallas, 1770 (Caspian Tern) N America, N Europe, Africa, Madagascar, C and S Asia, Australia, New Zealand Sterna elegans Gambel, 1849 (Elegant Tern)31 S California to C Baja California and Gulf of California >> W USA to W Sth. America Sterna bengalensis (Lesser Crested Tern) S.b.emigrata Neumann, 1934 Libya and Persian Gulf >> W and NE Africa and W India (1644) S.b.bengalensis Lesson, 183132 Red Sea and Indian Ocean >> E and S Africa S.b.torresii (Gould, 1843) Australasia >> Gulf of Bengal and Philippines to Bismarck Arch. Sterna sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern) S.s.sandvicensis Latham, 1787 Europe to Caspian Sea >> Mediterranean and Africa to NW India and Sri Lanka S.s.acuflavida Cabot, 1848 E North America to S Caribbean >> Caribbean to S Peru and Uruguay S.s.eurygnatha Saunders, 1876 Islands off Venezuela and French Guiana, N and E Sth. America Sterna bernsteini Schlegel, 1863 (Chinese Crested Tern) Coastal E China, Taiwan >> E China to Philippines and Indonesia Sterna maxima (Royal Tern) S.m.maxima Boddaert, 1783 S California to Peru, Florida to Argentina, W Indies S.m. albididorsalis E. Hartert, 1921 Coastal W Africa >> Angola Sterna bergii (Greater Crested Tern) S.b.bergii M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823 Namibia and Sth. Africa S.b.enigma Clancey, 197933 Zambezi delta (467) S.b.thalassina Stresemann, 1914 Tanzania and Madagascar to Mascarenes and Chagos Arch. >> S Somalia S.b.velox Cretzschmar, 1827 Red Sea and NW Somalia to Burma and W Sumatra, Maldives and Sri Lanka >> Kenya S.b.cristata Stephens, 182634 Coasts of E and S China and Java Seas to W, N and E Australia, east to Ryukyu and Tuamotu Is. Sterna aurantia J.E. Gray, 1831 (River Tern) Rivers systems of E Pakistan to SW China Sterna dougallii (Roseate Tern) S.d.dougallii Montagu, 1813 E USA to N Venezuela, NW Europe, Azores, E and S Africa >> mid-Atlantic, W Africa S.d.arideensis Mathews, 1912 Seychelles and ? Madagascar and Rodrigues I. S.d.korustes (Hume, 1874) Sri Lanka, Andaman Is., Mergui Arch. (SW Burma) S.d.bangsi Mathews, 1912 Ryukyu Is. and S China to Java Seas and east to N and NE Australia and SW Pacific Is. S.d.gracilis Gould, 1845 W coasts of Australia >> NW Australia and Wallacea Sterna striata J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (White-fronted Tern) 35 Tasmania, islands in Bass Strait, New Zealand, Auckland, Chatham and Snares Is. Sterna sumatrana (Black-naped Tern) S.s.mathewsi Stresemann, 1914 Islands in W Indian Ocean S.s.sumatrana Raffles, 1822 Islands in E Indian and W Pacific Oceans, N Australia Sterna hirundinacea Lesson, 1831 (South American Tern) S Peru and EC Brazil to Tierra del Fuego Sterna hirundo (Common Tern) S.h.hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 N America to N Sth. America, Europe, N and W Africa, W Asia >> south of Tropic of Capricorn S.h.tibetana Saunders, 1876 Tibetan Plateau to Pamir, Tien Shan and Ningxia >> E Africa, India and SE Asia S.h.minussensis Sushkin, 1925 Mongolia and upper Yenisey R. to Lake Baikal >> N Indian Ocean S.h.longipennis Nordmann, 1835 NE Siberia to NE China >> SE Asia to Australia Sterna repressa E. Hartert, 1916 (White-cheeked Tern) Red Sea to Kenya and W India Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763 (Arctic Tern) Arctic regions south to NE USA and W Europe >> Antarctica Sterna vittata (Antarctic Tern) S.v.tristanensis Murphy, 1938 Tristan da Cunha, Gough, St. Paul, Amsterdam Is. (1634) S.v.georgiae Reichenow, 1904 S Georgia, S Orkneys, S Sandwich Is. S.v.gaini Murphy, 1938 S Shetland Is., Antarctic Pen. (1634) S.v.vittata J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Prince Edward, Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen, Bouvet and Heard Is. S.v.bethunei Buller, 189636 Stewart, Snares, Auckland, Bounty, Antipodes, Campbell and Macquarie Is. Sterna virgata (Kerguelen Tern) S.v.mercuri Voisin, 1971 Crozet and Prince Edward Is. (2535) S.v.virgata Cabanis, 1875 Kerguelen Is. (S Indian Ocean) Sterna forsteri Nuttall, 1834 (Forster's Tern) S Canada, USA, NE Mexico >> S USA, C America Sterna trudeaui Audubon, 1838 (Trudeau's Tern) S Sth. America Sterna albifrons (Little Tern) S.a.albifrons Pallas, 1764 Europe and N Africa to C Asia, Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean (Seychelles and Comoros), India >> Africa S.a.guineae Bannerman, 1931 Mauritania to Gabon S.a.sinensis J.F. Gmelin, 178937 a) E and SE Asia (incl. Philippines) >> SE Asia and Philippines to N Australia b) N and E Australia and Tasmania >> Indonesia and tropical SW Pacific Sterna saundersi Hume, 1877 (Saunders’s Tern) Red Sea and S Arabian Gulf to S Somalia, coastal Pakistan and islands off NW Sri Lanka >> Arabian Sea to E Africa38 Sterna antillarum (Least Tern) S.a.athalassos Burleigh & Lowery, 194239 C North America >> south to N Brazil (277) S.a.antillarum (Lesson, 1847)40 E and S USA and Bermuda to N Venezuela >> south to N Brazil S.a.browni Mearns, 191641 C California to W Mexico >> C America Sterna superciliaris Vieillot, 1819 (Yellow-billed Tern) N, C and E Sth. America Sterna lorata Philippi & Landbeck, 1861 (Peruvian Tern) Coastal C Ecuador to N Chile Sterna nereis (Fairy Tern) S.n.exsul (Mathews, 1912) New Caledonia, Coral Sea S.n.nereis (Gould, 1843)42 W and S Australia, Victoria, Tasmania S.n.davisae (Mathews & Iredale, 1913) N North Island (New Zealand) Sterna balaenarum (Strickland, 1852) (Damara Tern) Namibia to Cape Province >> WC African coast Sterna acuticauda J.E. Gray, 1832 (Black-bellied Tern)43 Pakistan, Nepal, India, Burma, SW China, Indochina Sterna aleutica S.F. Baird, 1869 (Aleutian Tern) Sakhalin, Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea to S Alaska >> Hong Kong, Philippines, South China Sea south to waters near Singapore Sterna lunata Peale, 1848 (Grey-backed Tern) N Mariana to Hawaiian Is., Fiji, Austral, Tuamotu Is. >> some to N Moluccas Sterna anaethetus (Bridled Tern) S.a.melanoptera Swainson, 183744 Caribbean Sea and W Africa S.a.antarctica Lesson, 183145 Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and W Indian Ocean S.a.anaethetus Scopoli, 178646 E Indian Ocean and W Pacific from S Japan to Australasia S.a.nelsoni Ridgway, 191947 W coast of Mexico and C America Sterna fuscata (Sooty Tern) S.f.fuscata Linnaeus, 1766 Gulf of Mexico, W Indies, Gulf of Guinea, S Atlantic S.f.nubilosa Sparrman, 178848 S Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean to Ryukyu Is., Gtr. Sundas and Philippines S.f.serrata Wagler, 1830 W and N Australia, New Guinea through S Pacific Ocean to Easter I. S.f.kermadeci (Mathews, 1916) Kermadec, Lord Howe and Norfolk Is. S.f.oahuensis Bloxham, 1826 Hawaii, Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin) Is. and tropical N Pacific Ocean south to Kiritimati I. S.f.crissalis (Lawrence, 1872) Islands off W Mexico and C America to Galapagos Is. S.f.luctuosa Philippi & Landbeck, 186649 Juan Fernández Is. (Chile) Sterna albistriata (G.R. Gray, 1845) (Black-fronted Tern)50 New Zealand CHLIDONIAS Rafinesque, 1822 M Chlidonias hybrida (Whiskered Tern)51 52 C.h.hybrida (Pallas, 1811)53 N Africa and SW and C Europe, C Asia, NC India (Gangetic plain), SE Siberia (Lake Khanka), China >> Africa, S Asia, mainland SE Asia south to Malay Pen., Sulawesi and Philippines C.h.delalandei (Mathews, 1912)54 S and E Africa, Madagascar C.h.javanicus (Horsfield, 1821)55 Australia >> Philippines, Sundas, Wallacea, N Australia and New Guinea Chlidonias leucopterus (Temminck, 1815) (White-winged Black Tern) C Europe to E Asia >> Africa, S and SE Asia and Australasia Chlidonias niger (Black Tern) C.n.niger (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe to C Asia >> Africa C.n.surinamensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Canada, N USA >> C America, N Sth. America PHAETUSA Wagler, 1832 F Phaetusa simplex (Large-billed Tern) P.s.simplex (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) N, C and E Sth. America P.s.chloropoda (Vieillot, 1819) SC and SE Sth. America ANOUS Stephens, 1826 M Anous stolidus (Brown Noddy) A.s.pileatus (Scopoli, 1786)56 Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean east to Marquesas Is., Easter I., and Los Desventurados Is. A.s.galapagensis Sharpe, 1879 Galapagos Is A.s.ridgwayi Anthony, 1898 Islands off W Mexico and W Central America A.s.stolidus (Linnaeus, 1758) Caribbean and tropical Atlantic to Tristan da Cunha Is. Anous tenuirostris (Lesser Noddy) A.t.tenuirostris (Temminck, 1823) Seychelles, Madagascar, Mascarene Is., Maldive and Chagos Arch. A.t.melanops Gould, 1846 Houtman Abrolhos Is. and Ashmore Reef (W Australia) Anous minutus (Black Noddy) A.m.worcesteri (McGregor, 1911) Cavilli I. and Tubbataha Reef (Sulu Sea) A.m.minutus Boie, 1844 NE Australia and New Guinea to Tuamotu and Kermadec Is. and Samoa A.m.marcusi (Bryan, 1903) Marcus and Wake Is. to Caroline Is. A.m.melanogenys G.R. Gray, 1846 Hawaiian Is. A.m.diamesus (Heller & Snodgrass, 1901) Clipperton Is., Cocos I. A.m.americanus (Mathews, 1912) Islands in the Caribbean A.m.atlanticus (Mathews, 1912) Tropical S Atlantic islands PROCELSTERNA Lafresnaye, 1842 F Procelsterna cerulea (Blue Noddy)57 P.c.saxatilis W.K. Fisher, 1903 NW Hawaiian Is. to N Marshall Is. and Marcus I. P.c.cerulea (F.D. Bennett, 1840) Kiritimati I. (Pacific Ocean) P.c.nebouxi Mathews, 1912 Phoenix, Ellice, Samoa Is. P.c.teretirostris (Lafresnaye, 1841) Tuamotu, Cook, Austral, Society and Marquesas Is. P.c.murphyi Mougin & de Naurois, 1981 Gambier Is. (1629) Procelsterna albivitta (Grey Noddy) P.a.albivitta Bonaparte, 1856 Lord Howe, Norfolk, Kermadec Is., New Zealand (Bay of Plenty) P.a.skottsbergii Lönnberg, 1921 Henderson I., Easter I., Sala y Gómez I. P.a.imitatrix Mathews, 1912 San Ambrosio and San Félix Is. (Chile) GYGIS Wagler, 1832 F Gygis alba (White Tern)58 G.a.alba (Sparrman, 1786) Tropical S Atlantic Ocean G.a.candida (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Seychelles and Mascarenes to tropical Pacific Ocean (except for ranges of next two subspecies) G.a.microrhyncha Saunders, 1876 Marquesas Is. and Kiribati Is. G.a.leucopes Holyoak & Thibault, 1976 Henderson I., Pitcairn I. (1132) LAROSTERNA Blyth, 1852 F Larosterna inca (Lesson, 1827) (Inca Tern) Coastal N Peru to C Chile RYNCHOPINAE RYNCHOPS Linnaeus, 1758 M Rynchops niger (Black Skimmer) R.n.niger Linnaeus, 175859 Coastal USA and Mexico >> south to Panama R.n.cinerascens Spix, 1825 N Sth. America including Orinoco and Amazon rivers R.n.intercedens Saunders, 1895 E and SE Sth. America (south of the Amazon) Rynchops flavirostris Vieillot, 1816 (African Skimmer) Senegal to Sudan and SW Ethiopia, south to N Namibia, N Botswana and S Mozambique Rynchops albicollis Swainson, 1838 (Indian Skimmer) E Pakistan, N and EC India to Burma, Cambodia STERCORARIIDAE (SKUAS OR JAEGERS) (1: 7) STERCORARIUS Brisson, 176060 M Stercorarius chilensis Bonaparte, 1857 (Chilean Skua) S Sth. America >> Chile and Argentina to S Peru and Falkland Is. Stercorarius maccormicki Saunders, 1893 (South Polar Skua) Antarctica >> N Pacific and NW Atlantic Stercorarius antarcticus (Brown or Southern Skua) S.a.antarcticus (Lesson, 1831) Falkland Is., S Argentina S.a.lonnbergi (Mathews, 1912) Circumpolar on subantarctic islands and Antarctic Pen. >> Tropic of Capricorn S.a.hamiltoni (Hagen, 1952) Gough I., Tristan da Cunha (1055) Stercorarius skua (Brünnich, 1764) (Great Skua) N Atlantic >> C Atlantic Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck, 1815) (Pomarine Skua) N Holarctic >> Peru, S Africa, India, Australia, N New Zealand Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Parasitic Jaeger/Arctic Skua)61 N Holarctic >> S Sth. America, S Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand Stercorarius longicaudus (Long-tailed Jaeger) S.l.longicaudus Vieillot, 1819 Scandinavia, N Russia >> subantarctic, S Sth. America and S Africa S.l.pallescens Lřppenthin, 193262 Greenland, Nearctic, E Siberia >> subantarctic, S Sth. America, S Africa, temperate Australasia 1 Generic treatments traditional. Likely to change when molecular work is completed. 2 In last Edition this species and the next were placed in the genus Gabianus; however pacificus is type species of that genus and as pacificus is now placed in Larus the applicable and available generic name is Leucophaeus. 3 The systematics of many species are still subject to much debate; here, except where explained, we follow Burger & Gochfeld (1996) (270). 4 For recognition of this see Higgins & Davies (1996: 471) (1113). 5 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 6 For reasons to treat this as a species separate from L. belcheri see Devillers (1977) (696) and A.O.U. (1998: 187) (3). 7 For recognition of heini and kamtschatkensis see Vaurie (1965: 477) (2510). 8 Includes stegmanni Brodkorb, 1936 (218), an unnecessary new name for major Middendorff, see Vaurie (1965: 477) (2510). 9 For recognition see Browning (1990) (251). 10 For recognition of vetula see Brooke & Cooper (1979) (239). 11 This race requires re-evaluation. 12 For recognition of kumlieni see, for example, A.O.U. (1998: 191) (3). 13 Compared to last Edition we have accepted the split of L. cachinnans see Marion et al. (1985) (1434) and A.O.U. (1998: 190) (3). 14 Including omissus see Vaurie (1965: 470) (2510) and Burger & Gochfeld (1996: 609) (270), which may deserve recognition. 15 Includes birulae see Vaurie (1965: 470) (2510); but this may deserve recognition. 16 Some, including Roselaar (in litt.), would treat this as three species: michahellis (with a race atlantis), cachinnans (with a race barabensis) and mongolicus. We prefer to wait for adoption of this by a broader consensus before we follow. 17 Includes lusitanius Joiris, 1978 (1222), but this may belong in synonymy of L. c. atlantis. 18 Includes ponticus Stegmann, 1934 (2309) see Stepanyan (1990: 222) (2326). 19 Treated as a synonym of cachinnans in last Edition as in Vaurie (1965) (2510) and Stepanyan (1990: 222) (2326), but it was recognised by Cramp et al. (1983) (590) and by Burger & Gochfeld (1996: 610) (270). 20 Not listed in last Edition, but see Vaurie (1965: 472) (2510). 21 Implictly includes ochotensis Portenko, 1963 (1909), see Stepanyan (1990: 223) (2326) for monotypic treatment. 22 In last Edition treated as part of L. argentatus and perhaps closely related to L.a.vegae, and both heuglini and vegae require further study if either is to be recognised, see Burger & Gochfeld (1996: 611) (270), who include antelius and taimyrensis as synonyms. 23 We follow Higgins & Davies (1996: 517) (1113) in retaining scopulinus within this species and recognising the Tasmanian form. 24 Drawings with Forster’s proposed names were published many years after his death (d. 1798). 25 For recognition of this see Burger & Gochfeld (1996: 618) (270). 26 Includes palaearctica Stegmann, 1934 (2308), tschuktschorum Portenko, 1939 (1905), and woznesenskii Portenko, 1939 (1905), see Stepanyan (1990: 226) (2326). 27 Includes pollicaris; we follow Vaurie (1965: 480) (2510) and Stepanyan (1990: 227) (2326) in treating this as monotypic. 28 In contradiction to our treatment of the gulls we here take a broad view of the genus Sterna. 29 With some reservations we employ a broad genus engulfing Gelochelidon, Hydroprogne and Thalasseus. 30 This name, based on a specimen taken in Java, presumably a migrant, has priority over addenda and is used by most recent authors on Asian birds, e.g. Cheng, 1987 (333), Deignan, 1963 (663), Dickinson et al., 1991 (745), Ripley, 1982 (2055), van Marle & Voous, 1988 (2468), Wells, 1999 (2579), and White & Bruce, 1986 (2652). 31 The name ichla Mathews, 1937 (1457), a nomen novum, is apparently not needed. 32 Includes par based on Red Sea birds. Ranges misunderstood in last Edition. 33 For recognition of this see Britton (1986: 381) (215). 34 Includes gwendolenae see Mees (1982) (1534). 35 Higgins & Davies (1996: 632) (1113) stated “no races described”; their monotypic treatment nonetheless apparently included two synonyms incerta and aucklandorna. 36 Includes macquariensis Falla, 1937 (822), see Higgins & Davies (1996: 677, 691) (1113). 37 Includes pusilla see Junge (1948) (1231); and placens see Vaurie (1965: 501) (2510) -- it would appear that breeding birds in E China are not distinguishable from those of Australia. 38 For reasons to omit Malay Pen. from range see Wells (1999: 319) (2579). 39 For a validation of this form see Johnson et al. (1998) (1216). 40 Thought to include staebleri Brodkorb, 1940 (221), but may need re-evaluation. 41 Includes mexicanus Van Rossem & Hachisuka, 1937 (2481), see Gochfeld & Burger (1996: 657) (946). 42 Includes horni see Higgins & Davies (1996: 736) (1113). 43 This name has been used almost universally since Deignan (1945: 134) (637) and replaced S. melanogaster which was used by Peters (1934: 336) (1822). For a dissenting view see Mees (1989: 370) (1540). 44 Includes recognita see Higgins & Davies (1996: 738) (1113). 45 Includes fuligula see Higgins & Davies (1996: 738) (1113). 46 Includes rogersi see Higgins & Davies (1996: 738) (1113). 47 Perhaps not distinct from melanoptera see Olsen & Larsson (1995) (1689). 48 Includes somaliensis (listed in last Edition). See also Gochfeld & Burger (1996: 661) (946). 49 Omitted in last Edition. 50 Originally spelled albistriata in the text and on the plate contra Gochfeld & Burger (1996) (946) who used albostriata which is an emendation. 51 For note on spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 52 Our arrangement follows Mees (1977) (1530) except that hybrida reaches Sulawesi (White & Bruce, 1986) (2652) and Luzon in good numbers (Dickinson et al., 1991) (745). 53 Includes indicus and swinhoei see Mees (1977: 47) (1530). 54 Includes sclateri see Mees (1977: 47) (1530). 55 Includes fluviatilis see Mees (1977: 47) (1530). 56 Includes plumbeigularis see Cramp et al. (1985: 163) (591). 57 In separating P. albivitta we follow Gochfeld & Burger (1996: 666) (946). 58 This arrangement follows A.O.U. (1998: 207) (3), but leucopes is tentatively recognised. 59 Tentatively includes oblita Griscom, 1935 (1016), but this may require re-evaluation as A.O.U. (1957: 244) (1) did not treat the species in a way that contradicted Griscom’s review. 60 A.O.U. (2000: 850) (4) recommended placing Catharacta in Stercorarius. We follow. 61 Includes parallelus Dementiev, 1940 (686), see Stepanyan (1990: 216) (2326). 62 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1983: 675) (590). LARIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD ALCIDAE (AUKS)1 (11: 24) ALLE Link, 1806 F Alle alle (Little Auk/Dovekie) A.a.alle (Linnaeus, 1758) N Atlantic Ocean to Svalbard >> New Jersey and W Europe A.a.polaris Stenhouse, 1930 Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya >> Barents Sea URIA Brisson, 1760 F Uria lomvia (Thick-billed Murre/Brunnich's Guillemot)2 U.l.lomvia (Linnaeus, 1758)3 N Atlantic (NE Canada east to Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya) U.l.eleonorae Portenko, 1937 E Taymyr Pen. to New Siberian Is. and De Long I. (1903) U.l.heckeri Portenko, 1944 Wrangel I., Herald I., N Chukotskiy Pen. (1906) U.l.arra (Pallas, 1811) N Pacific (Sakhalin to S and E Chukotka, Aleutians and NW and S Alaska) Uria aalge (Guillemot/Common Murre) U.a.aalge (Pontoppidan, 1763)4 E Canada, SW Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Is., Scotland, C and S Norway and Baltic Sea U.a.hyperborea Salomonsen, 1932 Jan Mayen I., N Norway, Svalbard and N European Russia U.a.albionis Witherby, 1923 Ireland and Britain to Helgoland and W Portugal U.a.inornata Salomonsen, 1932 E Korea, Japan and Bering Sea to W Alaska and SW Canada U.a.californica (H. Bryant, 1861) N Washington to California (USA) ALCA Linnaeus, 1758 F Alca torda (Razorbill) A.t.torda Linnaeus, 1758 E North America, Greenland to N Scandinavia and White Sea A.t.islandica C.L. Brehm, 18315 Iceland, Faroe Is., British Isles to Heligoland and NW France PINGUINUS Bonnaterre, 1790 M †Pinguinus impennis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Great Auk) N Atlantic islands >> offshore waters to south CEPPHUS Pallas, 1769 M Cepphus grylle (Black Guillemot) C.g.mandtii (Mandt, 1822)6 NE Canada, N Greenland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, N Siberia and N Alaska C.g.arcticus (C.L..Brehm, 1824)7 SE Canada, NE USA, S Greenland, British Isles, Denmark, SW Sweden and Norway to White Sea C.g.islandicus Hřrring, 19378 Iceland (1148) C.g.faeroeensis (C.L. Brehm, 1831)9 Faroe Is. C.g.grylle (Linnaeus, 1758) Baltic Sea Cepphus columba (Pigeon Guillemot) C.c.columba Pallas, 181110 Kamchatka to Chukotka, Bering Sea Is., EC and E Aleutians, W and S Alaska and W USA >> Bering Sea to Japan and NW Mexico C.c.snowi Stejneger, 1897 N and C Kuril Is. (Paramushir to Iturup) >> Hokkaido C.c.kaiurka Portenko, 1937 Commander Is. to WC Aleutian Is. >> Hokkaido (1903) Cepphus carbo Pallas, 1811 (Spectacled Guillemot) Russian Far East north to Sea of Okhotsk and S Kuril Is., coasts of N and C Japan BRACHYRAMPHUS J.F. Brandt, 183711 M Brachyramphus perdix (Pallas, 1811) (Long-billed Murrelet)12 Shores of Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka to Hokkaido (N Japan) >> Honshu Brachyramphus marmoratus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Marbled Murrelet) W Aleutians to SE Alaska and C California Brachyramphus brevirostris (Vigors, 1829) (Kittlitz's Murrelet) Bering Sea to Chukchi Sea and Gulf of Alaska SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS J.F. Brandt, 1837 M Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (Xántus's Murrelet)13 S.h.scrippsi Green & Arnold, 193914 S Californian Channel Is., W Baja California Is. (1001) S.h.hypoleucus (Xántus de Vesey, 1860) NW Baja California Synthliboramphus craveri (Salvadori, 1865) (Craveri's Murrelet) Gulf of California, W Baja Califonia Synthliboramphus antiquus (Ancient Murrelet) S.a.antiquus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan to S Alaska and Queen Charlotte Is. S.a.microrhynchos Stepanyan, 197215 Commander Is. (2318) Synthliboramphus wumizusume (Temminck, 183616) (Japanese Murrelet) Islands off Korea, Japan (Kyushu and the Izu Is.) PTYCHORAMPHUS J.F. Brandt, 1837 M Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Cassin's Auklet) P.a.aleuticus (Pallas, 1811) Aleutians to SW and SE Alaska, south to N Baja California P.a.australis van Rossem, 193917 W Baja Califonia (2476) AETHIA Merrem, 178818 F Aethia psittacula (Pallas, 1769) (Parakeet Auklet) Coasts and islands of Bering Sea south to Sea of Okhotsk and Kodiak I. >> N Pacific Ocean Aethia pusilla (Pallas, 1811) (Least Auklet) Bering Sea islands and coasts >> N Pacific Ocean Aethia pygmaea (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Whiskered Auklet) NE Sea of Okhotsk to C Kuril Is. and Aleutian Is. Aethia cristatella (Pallas, 1769) (Crested Auklet) Bering Sea south to C Kuril Is. and Kodiak I. >> N Pacific Ocean CERORHINCA Bonaparte, 1828 F Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas, 1811) (Rhinoceros Auklet) Korea to S Sea of Okhotsk and S Kuril Is., and SE Alaska to W California >> N Pacific Ocean FRATERCULA Brisson, 1760 F Fratercula arctica (Atlantic Puffin) F.a.naumanni Norton, 1901 NW and E Greenland to Svalbard and N Novaya Zemlya >> subarctic Atlantic Ocean F.a.arctica (Linnaeus, 1758) E Canada, NE USA, SW Greenland, Iceland, C and N Norway to Bear I., Kola Pen. and S Novaya Zemlya >> N Atlantic and W Mediterranean F.a.grabae (C.L. Brehm, 1831) Faroe Is., S Norway, British Isles, NW France >> N Atlantic and W Mediterranean Fratercula corniculata (J.F. Naumann, 1821) (Horned Puffin) Sakhalin to Chukotka, Bering Sea Is., Aleutians and W and S Alaska >> N Pacific Ocean Fratercula cirrhata (Pallas, 1769) (Tufted Puffin)19 Russian Far East and Hokkaido to Chukotka, Bering Sea Is., Aleutians, W and S Alaska to W California >> N Pacific Ocean 1 Generic sequence as in A.O.U. (1998) (3). 2 This arrangement, recognising eleonorae and heckeri, follows Vaurie (1965: 511) (2510) and Cramp et al. (1985: 184) (591). 3 Includes arroides Portenko, 1937 (1903), see Stepanyan (1990: 239) (2326). 4 Includes intermedia and spiloptera see Vaurie (1965: 509) (2510). 5 Includes britannica Ticehurst, 1936 (2403), see Vaurie (1965: 506) (2510). 6 Includes ultimus Salomonsen, 1944 (2151), and tajani Portenko, 1944 (1906), see Vaurie (1965: 514) (2510). 7 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1985: 208) (591) who apparently included atlantis Salomonsen, 1944 (2151) herein (Roselaar in litt.). 8 For recognition see Vaurie (1965: 515) (2510). 9 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1985: 208) (591). 10 This arrangement, with adianta Storer, 1950 (2347), correctly adiantus see David & Gosselin (2002) (613), and eureka Storer, 1950 (2347), in synonymy, follows Stepanyan (1990: 241) (2326). 11 Often incorrectly cited as “M. Brandt” but his papers in French published in Russia used “M” meaning Monsieur! 12 For split from B. marmoratus see A.O.U. (1998: 212) (3). 13 This species, and the next, once in the genus Endomychura were returned to Brachyramphus by Peters (1934: 355) (1822), but later moved to this genus see A.O.U. (1983: 245) (2). 14 For recognition of this see A.O.U. (1957; 1998) (1, 3). Includes pontilis van Rossem, 1939 (2476). 15 Omitted in previous Edition. 16 Livr. 98 must date from 1836 not 1835 (Dickinson, 2001) (739). 17 Recognised by A.O.U. (1957) (1). 18 We follow A.O.U. (1998: 214) (3) in submerging Cyclorrhynchus in Aethia. 19 Previously treated in a genus Lunda now submerged. ALCIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD RAPHIDAE (DODOS, SOLITAIRES) (2: 3) RAPHUS Brisson, 1760 M †Raphus cucullatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Dodo) Mauritius †Raphus solitarius (Sélys-Longchamps, 1848) (Réunion Solitaire) Réunion I. PEZOPHAPS Strickland, 1848 F †Pezophaps solitaria (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Rodriguez Solitaire) Rodriguez I. (Mauritius) COLUMBIDAE (DOVES, PIGEONS) (42: 308) COLUMBINAE COLUMBA Linnaeus, 1758 F Columba livia (Rock Dove)1 C.l.livia J.F. Gmelin, 1789 W and S Europe to S Urals and SW Siberia, W and N Turkey, Cyprus, N and W Caucasus, W Transcaucasia, Atlantic Is., N Africa to NW Egypt C.l.gymnocycla G.R. Gray, 18562 3 Senegal and Gambia to S Mali and Nigeria C.l.targia Geyr von Schweppenburg, 1916 Mts. of C Sahara (N Mali and S Algeria to C Sudan C.l.dakhlae R. Meinertzhagen, 1928 Oases of W Egypt C.l.schimperi Bonaparte, 18544 Nile Valley and E Egypt to E Sudan and N Eritrea C.l.palestinae Zedlitz, 1912 Sinai, W and S Arabia, Israel to Syria C.l.gaddi Zarundy & Loudon, 1906 E Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran to Uzbekistan and W and N Afghanistan C.l.neglecta Hume, 1873 W Pakistan, E Afghanistan and Tajikistan to Himalayas and Tien Shan C.l.intermedia Strickland, 1844 S India, Sri Lanka Columba rupestris (Hill Pigeon) C.r.turkestanica Buturlin, 1908 Mts. of C Asia, from Pamir to Himalayas, W Sichuan and Gansu, and from Alai to Tien Shan and Altai C.r.rupestris Pallas, 1811 W Mongolia and SE Siberia to E Sichuan, Shandong, Korea, and Russian Far East Columba leuconota (Snow Pigeon) C.l.leuconota Vigors, 1831 Himalayas C.l.gradaria E. Hartert, 1916 E Tibet, E Nan Shan to Yunnan and N Burma Columba guinea (Speckled Pigeon) C.g.guinea Linnaeus, 1758 Senegal and Gambia to Ethiopia and N Malawi C.g.phaeonota G.R. Gray, 1856 SW Angola to Zimbabwe and Cape Province Columba albitorques Rüppell, 1837(White-collared Pigeon) Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands Columba oenas (Stock Dove) C.o.oenas Linnaeus, 17585 NW Africa and Europe to N Iran, N Kazakhstan and SW Siberia C.o.yarkandensis Buturlin, 1908 SW Turkmenistan to Tien Shan and fringes of Tarim Basin (W China) to Lop Nor Lake Columba eversmanni Bonaparte, 1856 (Pale-backed or Yellow-eyed Pigeon) NE Iran and N Afghanistan to S Kazakhstan and NW China >> Iran to NW India Columba oliviae Stephenson Clarke, 1918 (Somali Pigeon) N and NE Somalia Columba palumbus (Woodpigeon) C.p.palumbus Linnaeus, 17586 NW Africa and Europe to Iraq, Caucasus area and Urals †C.p.maderensis Tschusi, 1904 Madeira C.p.azorica E. Hartert, 1905 E and C Azores C.p.excelsa (Bonaparte, 1856) NW Africa C.p.iranica (Zarudny, 1910) SW and N Iran to SW Turkmenistan C.p.casiotis (Bonaparte, 1854)7 N Oman, SE Iran and Afghanistan to NW and C Himalayas and Tien Shan Columba trocaz Heineken, 1829 (Madeira Laurel Pigeon) Madeira Columba bollii Godman, 1872 (Dark-tailed Laurel Pigeon) La Palma, Gomera and Tenerife (W Canary Is.) Columba junoniae E. Hartert, 1916 (White-tailed Laurel Pigeon) La Palma, Gomera and Tenerife (W Canary Is.) Columba unicincta Cassin, 1860 (Afep Pigeon) Liberia to NW Angola east to Uganda Columba arquatrix Temminck, 1809 (African Olive Pigeon) Ethiopia and E Africa to Angola and Sth. Africa Columba sjostedti Reichenow, 1898 (Cameroon Olive Pigeon) E Nigeria, Cameroon, Bioko I. Columba thomensis Bocage, 1888 (Săo Tomé Olive Pigeon) Săo Tomé I. Columba pollenii Schlegel, 1866 (Comoro Olive Pigeon) Comoro Is. Columba hodgsonii Vigors, 1832 (Speckled Woodpigeon) W Himalayas to Burma, NW Thailand, NW Laos, Yunnan, E Qinghai and W Gansu Columba albinucha Sassi, 1911 (White-naped Pigeon) E Zaire to W Uganda, W Cameroon Columba pulchricollis Blyth, 1846 (Ashy Woodpigeon) C Himalayas and Assam hills through most of upland Burma to NW Thailand, N Laos, S China and Taiwan Columba elphinstonii (Sykes, 1833) (Nilgiri Woodpigeon) Western Ghats (SW India) Columba torringtoni (Bonaparte, 1854) (Sri Lanka Woodpigeon) Sri Lanka Columba punicea Blyth, 1842 (Pale-capped Pigeon) S Tibet and E India through much of Burma and Thailand to Indochina and Hainan Columba argentina Bonaparte, 1855 (Silvery Pigeon) Islands E and W of Sumatra and W of Borneo Columba palumboides (Hume, 1873) (Andaman Woodpigeon) Andaman and Nicobar Is. Columba janthina (Japanese Woodpigeon) C.j.janthina Temminck, 18308 Tsushima and S Japan to Izu Is. and Ryukyu Is. †?C.j.nitens (Stejneger, 1887) Ogasawara and Iwo Is. C.j.stejnegeri (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1923)9 Yaeyama Is. (Ryukyu Is.) †Columba versicolor Kittlitz, 1832 (Bonin Woodpigeon) Parry Group, Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin) Is. †Columba jouyi (Stejneger, 1887) (Ryukyu Woodpigeon) C Ryukyu Is. and Borodino Is. Columba vitiensis (White-throated Pigeon) C.v.griseogularis (Walden & Layard, 1872) Philippines, Sulu Arch., N Bornean Is. C.v.anthracina (Hachisuka, 1939) Palawan (1038) C.v.metallica Temminck, 1835 Lesser Sundas (Lombok east to Damar) C.v.halmaheira (Bonaparte, 1855)10 Banggai and Sula Is., Moluccas to New Guinea, Louisiade Arch. and Solomon Is. C.v.leopoldi (Tristram, 1879) Vanuatu C.v.hypoenochroa (Gould, 1856) New Caledonia, Isle of Pines, Loyalty Is. C.v.vitiensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 Fiji C.v.castaneiceps Peale, 1848 Samoa Columba leucomela Temminck, 1821 (White-headed Pigeon) E Australia Columba pallidiceps (E.P. Ramsay, 1877) (Yellow-legged Pigeon) Solomon Is., Bismarck Arch. Columba leucocephala Linnaeus, 1758 (White-crowned Pigeon) Florida Keys, Bahamas, Greater and Lesser Antilles, Caribbean islands off C America, N Columbia Columba squamosa Bonnaterre, 1792 (Scaly-naped Pigeon) Greater and Lesser Antilles Columba speciosa J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (Scaled Pigeon) S Mexico to E Peru, N and E Bolivia and S Brazil, Trinidad Columba picazuro (Picazuro Pigeon) C.p.marginalis Naumburg, 1932 NE Brazil C.p.picazuro Temminck, 1813 E and S Brazil and Bolivia to SC Argentina Columba corensis Jacquin, 1784 (Bare-eyed Pigeon) Coastal N Colombia and N Venezuela, Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, Margarita, Blanquilla Columba maculosa (Spot-winged Pigeon) C.m.albipennis Sclater & Salvin, 1876 C Peru to NW Argentina C.m.maculosa Temminck, 1813 S Bolivia to Uruguay and SC Argentina Columba fasciata (Band-tailed Pigeon) C.f.monilis Vigors, 183911 Pacific NW USA to California C.f.fasciata Say, 1823 Rocky Mts. (W USA) to Guatemala, Honduras and NC Nicaragua C.f.vioscae Brewster, 1888 S Baja California C.f.letonai Dickey & van Rossem, 1926 Border of Honduras and El Salvador C.f.parva Griscom, 1935 N Nicaragua C.f.crissalis Salvadori, 1893 Costa Rica, W Panama C.f.albilinea Bonaparte, 1854 Colombia to NW Argentina C.f.roraimae Chapman, 1929 Mt. Roraima (Venezuela) Columba araucana Lesson, 1827 (Chilean Pigeon) C and S Chile, Mocha I., SC and S Argentina Columba caribaea Jacquin, 1784 (Ring-tailed Pigeon) Jamaica Columba cayennensis (Pale-vented Pigeon) C.c.pallidicrissa Chubb, 191012 S Mexico to N Colombia C.c.occidentalis Stolzmann, 1926 W Ecuador C.c.andersoni Cory, 191513 SE Colombia and E Ecuador east to Venezuela and N Brazil C.c.tobagensis Cory, 1915 Trinidad and Tobago Is. C.c.cayennensis Bonnaterre, 1792 The Guianas C.c.sylvestris Vieillot, 1818 E Peru to N Argentina and Uruguay Columba flavirostris (Red-billed Pigeon) C.f.flavirostris Wagler, 1831 Texas to E Costa Rica C.f.madrensis Nelson, 1898 Tres Marias Is. C.f.restricta van Rossem, 1930 W Mexico C.f.minima Carriker, 1910 W Costa Rica Columba oenops Salvin, 1895 (Peruvian Pigeon) SE Ecuador, N Peru Columba inornata (Plain Pigeon)14 C.i.inornata Vigors, 1827 Cuba and Isla de la Juventud, Hispaniola C.i.exigua (Ridgway, 1915) Jamaica C.i.wetmorei J.L. Peters, 1937 Puerto Rico Columba plumbea (Plumbeous Pigeon)15 C.p.delicata Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902 E Colombia to N Brazil and N and E Bolivia C.p.chapmani (Ridgway, 1916) NW Ecuador C.p.pallescens E. Snethlage, 1908 Sthn. tributaries of the Amazon C.p.baeri Hellmayr, 1908 C Brazil C.p.plumbea Vieillot, 1818 SE Brazil, NE and E Paraguay Columba subvinacea (Ruddy Pigeon)16 C.s.subvinacea (Lawrence, 1868) Costa Rica, Panama C.s.berlepschi E. Hartert, 1898 SE Panama to SW Ecuador C.s.peninsularis Chapman, 1915 NE Venezuela C.s.zuliae Cory, 1915 NE Colombia, W Venezuela C.s.purpureotincta Ridgway, 1888 SE Colombia, S Venezuela, the Guianas C.s.bogotensis (Berlepsch & Leverkühn, 1890) W Colombia to C Brazil and N and E Bolivia Columba nigrirostris P.L. Sclater, 1860 (Short-billed Pigeon) SE Mexico to NW Colombia Columba goodsoni E. Hartert, 1902 (Dusky Pigeon) W Colombia, NW Ecuador Columba delegorguei (Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon) C.d.sharpei (Salvadori, 1893) SE Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zanzibar I. C.d.delegorguei Delegorgue, 1847 Malawi to E Sth. Africa Columba iriditorques Cassin, 1856 (Western Bronze-naped Pigeon) Sierra Leone to NW Angola west to W Uganda Columba malherbii J. & E. Verreaux, 1851 (Săo Tomé Bronze-naped Pigeon) Săo Tomé, Príncipe and Pagalu Is. Columba larvata (African Lemon Dove)17 C.l.hypoleuca (Salvadori, 1903) Sierra Leone to NW Cameroon, Bioko I., Pagalu I. C.l.principalis (Hartlaub, 1866) Príncipe I. C.l.simplex (Hartlaub, 1849) Săo Tomé C.l.bronzina (Rüppell, 1837) SE Sudan, Ethiopia C.l.larvata Temminck, 1810 S Sudan to Cape Province C.l.jacksoni (Sharpe, 1904) E Zaire and SW Uganda to W Tanzania and NC Zambia C.l.samaliyae (C.M.N. White, 1948) Angola, extreme NW Zambia (2633) NESOENAS Salvadori, 189318 F Nesoenas mayeri (Prévost, 1843) (Pink Pigeon) Mauritius STREPTOPELIA Bonaparte, 1855 F Streptopelia turtur (European Turtle Dove) S.t.turtur (Linnaeus, 1758)19 Europe to W Siberia, Madeira, Canary Is. >> Senegal east to Ethiopia S.t.arenicola (E. Hartert, 1894) N Africa, Iraq and Iran to NW China >> Senegal east to Ethiopia S.t.hoggara (Geyr von Schweppenburg, 1916) Hoggar and Aďr Massifs (S Sahara) S.t.rufescens (C.L. Brehm, 1855)20 Nile Delta and Dakhla and Kharga Oases (Egypt) >> C Sudan and NW Ethiopia Streptopelia lugens (Rüppell, 1837) (Dusky Turtle Dove)21 SW Arabia, SE Sudan to Somalia and Malawi Streptopelia hypopyrrha (Reichenow, 1910) (Adamawa Turtle Dove) NC and E Nigeria, N Cameroon, SW Chad 22 Streptopelia orientalis (Oriental Turtle Dove) S.o.meena (Sykes, 1832) W Siberia to Nepal and Himalayas >> India S.o.orientalis (Latham, 1790) C Siberia to Japan and Himalayas >> S and E Asia S.o.stimpsoni (Stejneger, 1887) Ryukyu Is. S.o.orii Yamashina, 1932 Taiwan S.o.erythrocephala (Bonaparte, 1855)23 S India S.o.agricola (Tickell, 1833) 24 NE India to SC China Streptopelia bitorquata (Island Collared Dove) S.b.dusumieri (Temminck, 1823) Philippines, N Borneo S.b.bitorquata (Temminck, 1810) Java to Timor Streptopelia decaocto (Eurasian Collared Dove) S.d.decaocto (Frivaldszky, 1838)25 Europe to W China S.d.xanthocycla (Newman, 1906)26 Burma to E China Streptopelia roseogrisea (African Collared Dove) S.r.roseogrisea (Sundevall, 1857) Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania to N Sudan and NW Ethiopia S.r.arabica (Neumann, 1904) NE Sudan, Eritrea, NE Ethiopia and N Somalia, SW Arabia Streptopelia reichenowi (Erlanger, 1901) (White-winged Collared Dove) S Somalia, SE Ethiopia, NE Kenya Streptopelia decipiens (Mourning Collared Dove)27 S.d.shelleyi (Salvadori, 1893) Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania to C Nigeria S.d.logonensis (Reichenow, 1921) L Chad to S Sudan, N and E Zaire and N Uganda S.d.decipiens (Hartlaub & Finsch, 1870) W and C Sudan, N and C Ethiopia, NW Somalia S.d.elegans (Zedlitz, 1913) S Ethiopia, S Somalia, N and E Kenya S.d.perspicillata (Fischer & Reichenow, 1884) W and S Kenya, C Tanzania S.d.ambigua (Bocage, 1877) E Angola to Malawi and Limpopo and Zambezi Rivers Streptopelia semitorquata (Rüppell, 1837) (Red-eyed Turtle Dove)28 SW Arabia, sub-Saharan Africa Streptopelia capicola (Ring-necked Dove) S.c.electa (Madarász, 1913) W Ethiopia S.c.somalica (Erlanger, 1905) E Ethiopia, Somalia, N Kenya S.c.tropica (Reichenow, 1902)29 C Kenya to Angola and Sth. Africa S.c.onguati Macdonald, 1957 N Namibia, SW Angola (1410) S.c.damarensis (Hartlaub & Finsch, 1870) Namibia, Botswana, SW Zimbabwe S.c.capicola (Sundevall, 1857) W Cape Province Streptopelia vinacea (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Vinaceous Dove) Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania to Eritrea, C Ethiopia and C Uganda Streptopelia tranquebarica (Red Turtle Dove) S.t.humilis (Temminck, 1824) NE Tibet to N China and N Philippines S.t.tranquebarica (Hermann, 1804) India Streptopelia picturata (Madagascan Turtle Dove)30 S.p.rostrata (Bonaparte, 1855) Seychelles S.p.aldabrana (P.L. Sclater, 1872) Amirantes Is. S.p.coppingeri (Sharpe, 1884) Aldabra (South I.), Glorieuse Is. S.p.comorensis (E. Newton, 1877) Comoro Is. S.p.picturata (Temminck, 1813) Madagascar Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted-necked Dove)31 S.c.suratensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)32 Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and N Assam S through India to Sri Lanka S.c.tigrina (Temminck, 1810)33 Bangladesh, S Assam through W, S Burma and mainland SE Asia to W Yunnan. Introd. Philippines and the Sundas east to Timor S.c.chinensis (Scopoli, 1786)34 NE Burma east to C and E China and Taiwan S.c.hainana E. Hartert, 1910 Hainan Streptopelia senegalensis (Laughing Dove) S.s.phoenicophila E. Hartert, 1916 S Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, NW Libya S.s.aegyptiaca (Latham, 1790) Nile valley (Egypt) S.s.sokotrae C.H.B. Grant, 1914 Socotra I. S.s.senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766) 35 W Arabia, sub-Saharan Africa S.s.cambayensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)36 E Arabia and E Iran to Pakistan, India and Bangladesh S.s.ermanni (Bonaparte, 1856) Transcaspia east to Kazakhstan, Xinjiang and N Afghanistan MACROPYGIA Swainson, 1837 F Macropygia unchall (Barred Cuckoo-Dove) M.u.tusalia (Blyth, 1843) Himalayas to Sichuan, SW Yunnan and Shan States M.u.minor Swinhoe, 1870 SE China, N Indochina, Hainan I. M.u.unchall (Wagler, 1827) Malay Pen., Sumatra and Java to Flores I. Macropygia amboinensis (Brown Cuckoo-Dove)37 M.a.sanghirensis Salvadori, 1878 Sangihe Is., Talaud Is. M.a.atrata Ripley, 1941 Togian I. (Sulawesi) (2024) M.a.albicapilla Bonaparte, 185438 Sulawesi, Banggai Is., Sula Is. M.a.albiceps Bonaparte, 185639 N Moluccas M.a.amboinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) S Moluccas M.a.keyensis Salvadori, 1876 Kai Is. M.a.doreya Bonaparte, 1854 NW New Guinea, W Papuan islands M.a.maforensis Salvadori, 1878 Numfor I. M.a.griseinucha Salvadori, 1876 Mios Num I. M.a.cinereiceps Tristram, 188940 Yapen I., New Guinea (except NW and perhaps NC) and D'Entrecasteaux Arch. M.a.balim Rand, 1941 Montane NC New Guinea (1964) M.a.meeki Rothschild & Hartert, 1915 Manam I. M.a.admiralitatis Mayr, 1937 Admiralty Is. (1465) M.a.carteretia Bonaparte, 1854 New Britain, New Ireland, Lihir Is. M.a.hueskeri Neumann, 1922 New Hanover M.a.cunctata E. Hartert, 1899 Louisiade Arch. M.a.quinkan Schodde, 1989 Cape York Pen. (2177) M.a.robinsoni Mathews, 1912 N and C E Queensland M.a.phasianella (Temminck, 1821) S and C E Australia Macropygia magna (Dusky Cuckoo-Dove) M.m.macassariensis Wallace, 1865 SW Sulawesi, Saleyar I., Tana Keke I. M.m.longa Meise, 1930 Tanahjampea I., Kalaotoa I. M.m.magna Wallace, 1864 E Lesser Sundas M.m.timorlaoensis A.B. Meyer, 1884 Tanimbar Is. Macropygia rufipennis Blyth, 1846 (Andaman Cuckoo-Dove)41 Andaman and Nicobar Is. Macropygia tenuirostris (Philippine Cuckoo-Dove)42 M.t.phaea McGregor, 190443 Lanyu I. (off S Taiwan), Batan and Calayan (Philippines) M.t.tenuirostris Bonaparte, 1854 Philippines incl. Sulu Arch. Macropygia emiliana (Ruddy Cuckoo-Dove)44 M.e.hypopercna Oberholser, 1912 Simeuluë I. M.e.modiglianii Salvadori, 1887 Nias I. M.e.elassa Oberholser, 1912 Mentawai Is., Pagi Is. M.e.cinnamomea Salvadori, 1892 Enggano I. M.e.emiliana Bonaparte, 1854 Java to W Lesser Sundas (Flores and Paloe I.) M.e.megala Siebers, 1929 Kangean Is. M.e.borneensis Robinson & Kloss, 1921 Borneo Macropygia nigrirostris Salvadori, 1875 (Black-billed Cuckoo-Dove) New Guinea, Yapen and Karkar Is., Bismarck Arch., D’Entrecasteaux Arch. Macropygia mackinlayi (Mackinlay's Cuckoo-Dove) M.m.goodsoni E. Hartert, 1924 Admiralty and St Matthias Is., Squally, Watom and Witu Is., WC New Britain M.m.krakari Rothschild & Hartert, 1915 Karkar I. M.m.arossi Tristram, 1879 Solomon Is. M.m.mackinlayi E.P. Ramsay, 187845 Santa Cruz Is., Banks Is., Vanuatu Macropygia ruficeps (Little Cuckoo-Dove) M.r.assimilis Hume 1874 S Burma and SC China to NW, NE and W Thailand M.r.engelbachi Delacour, 1928 NW Vietnam, N Laos M.r.malayana Chasen & Kloss, 1931 Mts. of W Malaysia M.r.simalurensis Richmond, 1902 Simeuluë I. M.r.sumatrana Robinson & Kloss, 1919 Sumatra M.r.nana Stresemann, 1913 Borneo M.r.ruficeps (Temminck, 183546) Java, Bali I. M.r.orientalis E. Hartert, 1896 Lesser Sundas (Lombok to Timor) REINWARDTOENA Bonaparte, 1854 F Reinwardtoena reinwardtii (Great Cuckoo-Dove) R.r.reinwardtii (Temminck, 1824)47 Moluccas R.r.griseotincta E. Hartert, 1896 New Guinea and islands from Misool and Waigeo (except Biak) round north coast to D’Entrecasteaux Arch. R.r.brevis J.L. Peters, 1937 Biak I. (New Guinea) Reinwardtoena browni (P.L. Sclater, 1877) (Pied Cuckoo-Dove)48 Admiralty Is., Bismarck Arch. Reinwardtoena crassirostris (Gould, 1856) (Crested Cuckoo-Dove) Solomon Is. TURACOENA Bonaparte, 1854 F Turacoena manadensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) (White-faced Cuckoo-Dove) Sulawesi, Togian, Banggai and Sula Is. Turacoena modesta (Temminck, 1835) (Black Cuckoo-Dove) Timor and Wetar Is. (Lesser Sundas) TURTUR Boddaert, 1783 M Turtur chalcospilos (Wagler, 1827) (Emerald-spotted Wood Dove) Coastal Gabon to SW Angola. Ethiopia, S Somalia and Kenya to N Namibia and E Cape Province Turtur abyssinicus (Sharpe, 1902) (Black-billed Wood Dove) Senegal, Gambia and S Mauritania to Eritrea Turtur afer (Linnaeus, 1766) (Blue-spotted Wood Dove)49 Senegal and Gambia to Ethiopia, south to Angola and N Transvaal Turtur tympanistria (Temminck, 1810) (Tambourine Dove) S Senegal to S Nigeria, Zaire and Ethiopia, south to N Angola and E and S Sth. Africa, Bioko I., Comoro Is. Turtur brehmeri (Blue-headed Wood Dove) T.b.infelix J.L. Peters, 1937 Coastal Guinea and Sierra Leone to coastal Cameroon T.b.brehmeri (Hartlaub, 1865) S Cameroon to E Zaire and Cabinda OENA Swainson, 1837 F Oena capensis (Namaqua Dove) O.c.capensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Sub-Saharan Africa, Arabia, Socotra I., S Israel O.c.aliena Bangs, 1918 Madagascar CHALCOPHAPS Gould, 1843 F Chalcophaps indica (Emerald Dove) C.i.indica (Linnaeus, 1758)50 India, S China, Taiwan, the Yaeyama Is. (Japan) south through SE Asia and the Philippines to Greater and W Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi, Moluccas and W Papuan Is. C.i.robinsoni E.C.S. Baker, 1928 Sri Lanka C.i.maxima E. Hartert, 1931 Andaman Is. C.i.augusta Bonaparte, 1855 Nicobar Is. C.i.natalis Lister, 1889 Christmas I. (Indian Ocean) C.i.timorensis Bonaparte, 1856 E Lesser Sundas C.i.minima E. Hartert, 1931 Numfoor, Biak and Mios Num Is., Irian Jaya C.i.longirostris Gould, 184851 N Northern Territory, N Western Australia C.i.rogersi Mathews, 1912 E Australia, Lord Howe I., Norfolk I., New Guinea (incl. eastern arch.) C.i.sandwichensis E.P. Ramsay, 1878 Santa Cruz Is., Banks Is., Vanuatu, New Caledonia Chalcophaps stephani (Stephan’s Dove) C.s.wallacei Brüggemann, 1877 Sulawesi, Sula Is. C.s.stephani Pucheran, 1853 Kai, Aru and W Papuan Is., New Guinea to Bismarck Arch. and D’Entrecasteaux Arch. C.s.mortoni E.P. Ramsay, 1882 Solomon Is. HENICOPHAPS G.R. Gray, 1862 F Henicophaps albifrons (New Guinea Bronzewing) H.a.albifrons G.R. Gray, 1862 W Papuan Is., New Guinea, Yapen I. H.a.schlegeli (Rosenberg, 1866) Aru Is. Henicophaps foersteri Rothschild & Hartert, 1906 (New Britain Bronzewing) S Bismarck Arch. PHAPS Selby, 1835 F Phaps chalcoptera (Latham, 1790) (Common Bronzewing)52 Australia, Tasmania Phaps elegans (Brush Bronzewing) P.e.occidentalis Schodde, 1989 SW Western Australia (2177) P.e.elegans (Temminck, 1809)53 SE Queensland to SC South Australia, Tasmania Phaps histrionica (Gould, 1841) (Harlequin or Flock Bronzewing)54 Inland N, E and C Australia OCYPHAPS G.R. Gray, 1842 F Ocyphaps lophotes (Crested Pigeon) O.l.whitlocki Mathews, 1912 NW Australia O.l.lophotes (Temminck, 1822) NE, C, S and E Australia GEOPHAPS G.R. Gray, 184255 F Geophaps plumifera (Spinifex Pigeon)56 G.p.ferruginea (Gould, 1865) WC Western Australia G.p.plumifera Gould, 184257 N Western Australia, W Northern Territory G.p.leucogaster (Gould, 1867) C to inland NE Australia Geophaps scripta (Squatter Pigeon) G.s.peninsulae H.L. White, 1922 NE Queensland G.s.scripta (Temminck, 1821) C and S Queensland, NC New South Wales Geophaps smithii (Partridge-Pigeon)58 G.s.blaauwi Mathews, 1912 Kimberley region (NE Western Australia) G.s.smithii (Jardine & Selby, 1830) NE Western Australia, N Northern Territory TRUGON G.R. Gray, 1849 59 F Trugon terrestris (Thick-billed Ground Pigeon) T.t.terrestris G.R. Gray, 1849 NW New Guinea, Salawati I. T.t.mayri Rothschild, 1931 NC New Guinea T.t.leucopareia (A.B. Meyer, 1886) S New Guinea LEUCOSARCIA Gould, 1843 F Leucosarcia melanoleuca (Latham, 1802)60 (Wonga Pigeon) EC Queensland to SC Victoria PETROPHASSA Gould, 1841 F Petrophassa rufipennis Collett, 1898 (Chestnut-quilled Rock Pigeon) W Arnhem Land (Australia) Petrophassa albipennis (White-quilled Rock Pigeon) P.a.albipennis Gould, 1841 N and NE Western Australia, N NW Northern Territory P.a.boothi Goodwin, 1969 Central NW Northern Territory (961) GEOPELIA Swainson, 1837 F Geopelia cuneata (Latham, 1802)61 (Diamond Dove) Arid interior of Australia Geopelia striata (Linnaeus, 1766) (Zebra Dove)62 S Burma to Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, Java and Lombok I. Geopelia placida (Peaceful Dove) G.p.papua Rand, 1938 S New Guinea (1962) G.p.placida Gould, 184463 N and E Australia G.p.clelandi Mathews, 1912 WC Western Australia Geopelia maugei (Temminck, 1809)64 (Barred Dove) Sumbawa to Tanimbar and Kai Is. Geopelia humeralis (Bar-shouldered Dove)65 G.h.gregalis Bangs & Peters, 1926 S New Guinea G.h.headlandi Mathews, 1913 NC Western Australia G.h.inexpectata Mathews, 1912 N Australia, Cape York Pen. G.h.humeralis (Temminck, 1821) E Australia ECTOPISTES Swainson, 1827 M †Ectopistes migratorius (Linnaeus, 1766) (Passenger Pigeon) Nthn. N America >> Sthn. N America ZENAIDA Bonaparte, 1838 F Zenaida macroura (Mourning Dove) Z.m.marginella (Woodhouse, 1852)66 W Nth. America to SC Mexico Z.m.carolinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) E Nth. America, Bahama Is., Bermuda Z.m.macroura (Linnaeus, 1758) Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica Z.m.clarionensis (C.H. Townsend, 1890) Clarion I. Z.m.turturilla Wetmore, 1956 Costa Rica, W Panama (2597) †Zenaida graysoni (Lawrence, 1871) (Socorro Dove)67 Socorro I. (W Mexico) Zenaida auriculata (Eared Dove)68 Z.a.caucae Chapman, 1922 W Colombia Z.a.antioquiae Chapman, 1917 NC Colombia Z.a.ruficauda Bonaparte, 1855 E Colombia, W Venezuela Z.a.vinaceorufa Ridgway, 1884 Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire Is. Z.a.rubripes Lawrence, 188569 Lesser Antilles, Trinidad, C Colombia through S Venezuela to Guyana and N Brazil Z.a.jessieae Ridgway, 1888 Lower Amazon (Brazil) Z.a.marajoensis Berlepsch, 1913 River Amazon estuary Z.a.noronha Sharpe, 1890 NE Brazil and Fernando de Noronha Is. Z.a.hypoleuca Bonaparte, 1855 W Ecuador, Peru Z.a.virgata Bertoni, 190170 Bolivia, Uruguay, NW Argentina, C Brazil Z.a.auriculata (Des Murs, 1847) C Chile, WC Argentina Zenaida aurita (Zenaida Dove) Z.a.salvadorii Ridgway, 1916 N Yucatán Pen., Cozumel, Holbox and Mujeres Is. Z.a.zenaida (Bonaparte, 1825) Bahama, Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, Cayman Is., Jamaica and Puerto Rico to Virgin Is. Z.a.aurita (Temminck, 1810) Lesser Antilles Zenaida galapagoensis (Galapagos Dove) Z.g.galapagoensis Gould, 1839 Galapagos Is. Z.g.exsul (Rothschild & Hartert, 1899) Culpepper and Wenman Is. (N Galapagos Is.) Zenaida asiatica (White-winged Dove)71 Z.a.mearnsi (Ridgway, 1915) SW USA, W Mexico, Tres Marias Is. Z.a.asiatica (Linnaeus, 1758)72 S USA to Nicaragua, S Bahamas to Puerto Rico and Cayman Is. Z.a.australis (J.L. Peters, 1913) W Costa Rica, W Panama Zenaida meloda (Tschudi, 1843) (West Peruvian Dove)73 SW Ecuador to N Chile COLUMBINA Spix, 1825 F Columbina inca (Lesson, 1847) (Inca Dove)74 SW and SC USA to NW Costa Rica Columbina squammata (Scaled Dove) C.s.ridgwayi (Richmond, 1896) Coastal Colombia to French Guiana C.s.squammata (Lesson, 1831) C and E Brazil to Paraguay and NE Argentina Columbina passerina (Common Ground Dove) C.p.passerina (Linnaeus, 1758) South Carolina to SE Texas C.p.pallescens (S.F. Baird, 1860) SW USA to Guatemala and Belize C.p.socorroensis (Ridgway, 1887) Socorro I. (W Mexico) C.p.neglecta (Carriker, 1910) Honduras to Panama C.p.bahamensis (Maynard, 1887) Bahamas, Bermuda C.p.exigua (Riley, 1905) 75 Great Inagua and Mona Is. C.p.insularis (Ridgway, 1888)76 Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, Cayman Is., Hispaniola and nearby islands C.p.jamaicensis (Maynard, 1899) Jamaica C.p.navassae (Wetmore, 1930) Navassa I. (SW Hispaniola) C.p.portoricensis (P.R. Lowe, 1908) Puerto Rico, Virgin Is., Culebras and Vieques Is. C.p.nigrirostris (Danforth, 1935) St Croix I., N Lesser Antilles C.p.trochila (Bonaparte, 1855) Martinique C.p.antillarum (P.R. Lowe, 1908) S Lesser Antilles C.p.albivitta (Bonaparte, 1855)77 N Colombia, N Venezuela, Aruba I. to Trinidad C.p.parvula (Todd, 1913) C Colombia C.p.nana (Todd, 1913) W Colombia C.p.quitensis (Todd, 1913) C Ecuador C.p.griseola (Spix, 1825) S Venezuela, the Guianas, N and NE Brazil Columbina minuta (Plain-breasted Ground Dove) C.m.interrupta (Griscom, 1929) S Mexico, S Guatemala, Belize to Nicaragua C.m.elaeodes (Todd, 1913) Costa Rica to WC Colombia C.m.minuta (Linnaeus, 1766) Venezuela to the Guianas and NE Argentina C.m.amazilia (Bonaparte, 1855)78 SW Ecuador, W Peru Columbina buckleyi (Ecuadorian Ground Dove) C.b.buckleyi (Sclater & Salvin, 1877) NW Ecuador to NW Peru C.b.dorsti (Koepcke, 1962) 79 NW Peru (Marańon Valley) (1289) Columbina talpacoti (Ruddy Ground Dove) C.t.eluta (Bangs, 1901) W Mexico C.t.rufipennis (Bonaparte, 1855) EC Mexico to N Colombia, N Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago C.t.caucae (Chapman, 1915) W Colombia C.t.talpacoti (Temminck, 1811) E Ecuador east to the Guianas and south to N Argentina Columbina picui (Picui Ground Dove) C.p.strepitans Spix, 1825 NE Brazil C.p.picui (Temminck, 1813) Bolivia and S Brazil to C Chile and S Argentina Columbina cruziana Prévost, 1842 (Croaking Ground Dove) N Ecuador to N Chile Columbina cyanopis (Pelzeln, 1870) (Blue-eyed Ground Dove) SC Brazil CLARAVIS Oberholser, 1899 F Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Pérez, 1886) (Blue Ground Dove) E Mexico to Paraguay and N Argentina Claravis godefrida (Temminck, 1811) (Purple-winged Ground Dove) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Claravis mondetoura (Maroon-chested Ground Dove)80 C.m.ochoterena van Rossem, 1934 SE Mexico C.m.salvini Griscom, 1930 Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras C.m.umbrina Griscom, 1930 Costa Rica C.m.pulchra Griscom, 1930 W Panama C.m.mondetoura (Bonaparte, 1856) N and NW Venezuela, Colombia, E Ecuador C.m.inca van Rossem, 1934 Peru, WC Bolivia METRIOPELIA Bonaparte, 1855 F Metriopelia ceciliae (Bare-faced Ground Dove) M.c.ceciliae (Lesson, 1845) W Peru M.c.obsoleta (J.T. Zimmer, 1924) E Peru M.c.zimmeri J.L. Peters, 193781 S Peru to N Chile Metriopelia morenoi (Sharpe, 1902) (Moreno’s Ground Dove) NW Argentina Metriopelia melanoptera (Black-winged Ground Dove) M.m.saturatior Chubb, 1917 SW Colombia, Ecuador M.m.melanoptera (Molina, 1782) Peru to Chile and W Argentina Metriopelia aymara (Prévost, 1840) (Golden-spotted Ground Dove) S Peru to N Chile and NW Argentina UROPELIA Bonaparte, 1855 F Uropelia campestris (Long-tailed Ground Dove)82 U.c.campestris (Spix, 1825) NC and C Brazil U.c.figginsi Oberholser, 1931 WC Brazil, N and E Bolivia LEPTOTILA Swainson, 1837 F Leptotila verreauxi (White-tipped Dove) L.v.capitalis Nelson, 1898 Tres Marias Is. L.v.angelica Bangs & Penard, 192283 S Texas, N and C Mexico L.v.fulviventris (Lawrence, 1882) SE Mexico, NE Guatemala, Belize L.v.bangsi Dickey & van Rossem, 1926 W Guatemala to W Nicaragua and W Honduras L.v.nuttingi Ridgway, 1915 Lake Nicaragua L.v.verreauxi (Bonaparte, 1855)84 SW Nicaragua and Costa Rica to N Venezuela and the Dutch Antilles L.v.zapluta J.L. Peters, 1937 Trinidad L.v.tobagensis Hellmayr & Seilern, 1915 Tobago I. ¶L.v.hernandezi Romero & Morales, 1981 SW Colombia (2101) L.v.decolor (Salvin, 1895) W Colombia to W and N Peru L.v.brasiliensis (Bonaparte, 1856) The Guianas, N Brazil L.v.approximans (Cory, 1917) NE Brazil L.v.decipiens (Salvadori, 1871) E Peru, E Bolivia, W Brazil L.v.chalcauchenia (Sclater & Salvin, 1870) S Bolivia to Uruguay and NC Argentina Leptotila megalura (Sclater & Salvin, 1879) (Large-tailed Dove)85 N, E and SE Bolivia, NW Argentina Leptotila rufaxilla (Grey-fronted Dove) L.r.pallidipectus Chapman, 1915 E Colombia, W Venezuela L.r.dubusi (Bonaparte, 1855) SE Colombia to E Peru and SC Venezuela L.r.rufaxilla (Richard & Bernard, 1792)86 E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil L.r.hellmayri Chapman, 1915 NE Venezuela, Trinidad L.r.bahiae (Berlepsch, 1885) C Brazil L.r.reichenbachii (Pelzeln, 1870) C and S Brazil to Paraguay, NE Argentina and Uruguay Leptotila plumbeiceps (Grey-headed Dove)87 L.p.plumbeiceps (Sclater & Salvin, 1868) E Mexico to W Costa Rica and W Colombia L.p.notia J.L. Peters, 193188 W Panama Leptotila pallida (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884) (Pallid Dove) W Colombia, W Ecuador Leptotila battyi (Brown-backed Dove) L.b.malae Griscom, 1927 S Veraguas, W Herrera and Cebaco I (W Panama) L.b.battyi (Rothschild, 1901) Coiba I. (SC Panama) Leptotila wellsi (Lawrence, 1884) (Grenada Dove) Grenada I. Leptotila jamaicensis (Caribbean Dove) L.j.gaumeri (Lawrence, 1885) N Yucatán Pen. and islands, NE Belize, Honduran islands L.j.collaris (Cory, 1886) Cayman Is. L.j.jamaicensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Jamaica L.j.neoxena (Cory, 1887) San Andrés I. (off EC Nicaragua) Leptotila cassini (Grey-chested Dove) L.c.cerviniventris (Sclater & Salvin, 1868) E Guatemala to W Panama L.c.rufinucha (Sclater & Salvin, 1873) SW Costa Rica, NW Panama L.c.cassini (Lawrence, 1867) E Panama, N Colombia Leptotila ochraceiventris Chapman, 1914 (Ochre-bellied Dove) SW Ecuador, NW Peru Leptotila conoveri Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1943 (Tolima Dove) C Colombia (192) GEOTRYGON Gosse, 1847 F Geotrygon lawrencii Salvin, 1874 (Purplish-backed Quail-Dove) Costa Rica, Panama Geotrygon carrikeri (Wetmore, 1941) (Tuxtla Quail-Dove)89 SE Vera Cruz (SE Mexico) (2590) Geotrygon costaricensis Lawrence, 1868 (Buff-fronted Quail-Dove) Costa Rica, W Panama Geotrygon goldmani (Russet-crowned Quail-Dove) G.g.oreas (Wetmore, 1950) Cerro Chucantí (E Panama) (2593) G.g.goldmani Nelson, 1912 E Panama, NW Colombia Geotrygon saphirina (Sapphire Quail-Dove) G.s.purpurata (Salvin, 1878) NW Colombia to NW Ecuador G.s.saphirina Bonaparte, 1855 E Ecuador to SE Peru and W Amazonian Brazil, N Bolivia G.s.rothschildi (Stolzmann, 1926) Marcapata valley (SE Peru) Geotrygon veraguensis (Lawrence, 1867) (Olive-backed Quail-Dove) E Costa Rica to NW Ecuador Geotrygon caniceps (Grey-headed Quail-Dove) G.c.caniceps (Gundlach, 1852) Cuba G.c.leucometopia (Chapman, 1917)90 Dominican Republic Geotrygon versicolor (Lafresnaye, 1846) (Crested Quail-Dove) Jamaica Geotrygon albifacies P.L. Sclater, 1858 (White-faced Quail-Dove)91 SE Mexico to NW Nicaragua Geotrygon chiriquensis P.L. Sclater, 1856 (Rufous-breasted Quail-Dove) Costa Rica, W Panama Geotrygon linearis (Prévost, 1843) (Lined Quail-Dove)92 NE and C Colombia to N and W Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago I. Geotrygon frenata (White-throated Quail-Dove)93 G.f.bourcieri Bonaparte, 1855 W Colombia, W Ecuador G.f.erythropareia Salvadori, 1893 E Ecuador G.f.frenata (Tschudi, 1843) 94 N Peru to C Bolivia G.f.margaritae Blake, Hoy & Cantino, 1961 S Bolivia to NW Argentina (167) Geotrygon chrysia Bonaparte, 1855 (Key West Quail-Dove) Bahama Is., Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico Geotrygon mystacea (Temminck, 1811) (Bridled Quail-Dove)95 Puerto Rico, Virgin Is., Lesser Antilles to St Lucia Geotrygon violacea (Violaceous Quail-Dove) G.v.albiventer Lawrence, 1865 Nicaragua to NE Colombia and W, N and SC Venezuela G.v.violacea (Temminck, 1810) Surinam to Paraguay and NE Argentina Geotrygon montana (Ruddy Quail-Dove) G.m.martinica (Linnaeus, 1766) Lesser Antilles Is. G.m.montana (Linnaeus, 1758) Mexico to NE Argentina, Greater Antilles, Trinidad STARNOENAS Bonaparte, 1838 F Starnoenas cyanocephala (Linnaeus, 1758) (Blue-headed Quail-Dove) Cuba, Isla de la Juventud CALOENAS G.R. Gray, 1840 F Caloenas nicobarica (Nicobar Pigeon) C.n.nicobarica (Linnaeus, 1758) Andaman and Nicobar Is. along coasts and on islets from the Malay Pen. through the Sundas and Wallacea to islands off New Guinea and Solomon Is. C.n.pelewensis Finsch, 1875 Palau Is. GALLICOLUMBA Heck, 1849 F Gallicolumba luzonica (Luzon Bleeding-heart) G.l.griseolateralis Parkes, 1962 N Luzon (1755) G.l.luzonica (Scopoli, 1786) C and S Luzon G.l.rubiventris Gonzales, 1983 Catanduanes (953) Gallicolumba crinigera (Mindanao Bleeding-heart)96 G.c.leytensis (E. Hartert, 1918) Samar, Leyte, Bohol G.c.crinigera (Pucheran, 1853) Mindanao, Dinagat G.c.bartletti (P.L. Sclater, 1863) Basilan (2217) Gallicolumba platenae (Salvadori, 1893) (Mindoro Bleeding-heart) Mindoro Gallicolumba keayi (W.E. Clarke, 1900) (Negros Bleeding-heart) Negros and Panay Gallicolumba menagei (Bourns & Worcester, 1894) (Sulu Bleeding-heart) Tawitawi (S Sulu Is.) Gallicolumba rufigula (Cinnamon Ground Dove) G.r.rufigula (Pucheran, 1853) W Papuan islands and Vogelkop G.r.helviventris (Rosenberg, 1867) Aru Is. G.r.septentrionalis (Rand, 1941) N New Guinea east to Huon Gulf (1964) G.r.orientalis (Rand, 1941) 97 SE New Guinea (1964) G.r.alaris (Rand, 1941) S New Guinea (1964) Gallicolumba tristigmata (Sulawesi Ground Dove) G.t.tristigmata (Bonaparte, 1855) N and NC Sulawesi G.t.auripectus Stresemann, 194198 SC and SE Sulawesi (2364) G.t.bimaculata (Salvadori, 1892) S Sulawesi Gallicolumba hoedtii (Schlegel, 1871) (Wetar Ground Dove) Wetar and Timor Is. Gallicolumba jobiensis (White-bibbed Ground Dove) G.j.jobiensis (A.B. Meyer, 1875) New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., D’Entrecasteaux Arch. G.j.chalconota Mayr, 1935 Vella Lavella and Guadalcanal Is. (C and S Solomon Is.) Gallicolumba kubaryi (Finsch, 1880) (Carolines Ground Dove) Chuuk and Pohnpei (C and E Caroline Is.) †?Gallicolumba erythroptera (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Polynesian Ground Dove) Tuamotu Arch. Gallicolumba xanthonura (Temminck, 1823) (White-throated Ground Dove) Mariana Is., Yap I. Gallicolumba stairi (G.R. Gray, 1856) (Shy Ground Dove)99 Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna Is. Gallicolumba sanctaecrucis Mayr, 1935 (Santa Cruz Ground Dove) Santa Cruz Is. †?Gallicolumba salamonis (E.P. Ramsay, 1882) (Thick-billed Ground Dove) San Cristobal and Ramos Is. (SE Solomon Is.) Gallicolumba rubescens (Vieillot, 1818) (Marquesan Ground Dove) Fatu Huku and Hatuta Is. (Marquesas Is.) Gallicolumba beccarii (Bronze Ground Dove) G.b.beccarii (Salvadori, 1876) Montane New Guinea G.b.johannae (P.L. Sclater, 1877)100 Karkar I., Bismarck Arch., Nissan I. G.b.eichhorni E. Hartert, 1924 St. Matthias Group G.b.admiralitatis (Rothschild & Hartert, 1914) Admiralty Is. G.b.intermedia (Rothschild & Hartert, 1905) W Solomon Is. G.b.solomonensis (Ogilvie-Grant, 1888) E Solomon Is. Gallicolumba canifrons (Hartlaub & Finsch, 1872) (Palau Ground Dove) Palau Is. MICROGOURA Rothschild, 1904 F †Microgoura meeki Rothschild, 1904 (Choiseul Pigeon) Choiseul I. (NW Solomon Is.) OTIDIPHABINAE OTIDIPHAPS Gould, 1870 F Otidiphaps nobilis (Pheasant Pigeon) O.n.aruensis Rothschild, 1928 Aru Is. O.n.nobilis Gould, 1870 Batanta and Waigeo Is., W New Guinea O.n.cervicalis E.P. Ramsay, 1880 E and SE New Guinea O.n.insularis Salvin & Godman, 1883 Fergusson I. GOURINAE GOURA Stephens, 1819 F Goura cristata (Western Crowned Pigeon) G.c.cristata (Pallas, 1764) NW New Guinea (Vogelkop), Salwati I. G.c.minor Schlegel, 1864 W Papuan islands (except Salwati and Misool) G.c.pygmaea Mees, 1965 Misool (1515) Goura scheepmakeri (Southern Crowned Pigeon) G.s.sclaterii Salvadori, 1876101 S New Guinea G.s.scheepmakeri Finsch, 1876 SE New Guinea Goura victoria (Victoria Crowned Pigeon) G.v.victoria (Fraser, 1844) Yapen and Biak Is. G.v.beccarii Salvadori, 1876 N New Guinea DIDUNCULINAE DIDUNCULUS Peale, 1848 M Didunculus strigirostris (Jardine, 1845) (Tooth-billed Pigeon) Upolu and Savaii Is. (Western Samoa) TRERONINAE PHAPITRERON Bonaparte, 1854 M102 Phapitreron leucotis (White-eared Brown Dove) P.l.leucotis (Temminck, 1823) Catanduanes, Luzon, Mindoro P.l.nigrorum (Sharpe, 1877) W Visayas (Philippines) P.l.brevirostris (Tweeddale, 1877) 103 E Visayas, Mindanao P.l.occipitalis (Salvadori, 1893) Basilan, Sulu Is. Phapitreron amethystinus (Amethyst Brown Dove) P.a.amethystinus Bonaparte, 1855104 N, E and SE Philippines P.a.imeldae de la Paz, 1976 Marinduque (625) P.a.maculipectus (Bourns & Worcester, 1894) Negros †P.a.frontalis (Bourns & Worcester, 1894) Cebu Phapitreron cinereiceps (Dark-eared Brown Dove)105 P.c.brunneiceps (Bourns & Worcester, 1894) Mindanao, Basilan P.c.cinereiceps (Bourns & Worcester, 1894) Tawitawi I. TRERON Vieillot, 1816 M106 Treron fulvicollis (Cinnamon-headed Green Pigeon) T.f.fulvicollis (Wagler, 1827) Malay Pen. to Sumatra T.f.melopogenys (Oberholser, 1912) Nias and Siberut I. T.f.oberholseri Chasen, 1934 Natuna Is. T.f.baramensis A.B. Meyer, 1891 Borneo and islands off N Borneo Treron olax (Temminck, 1823) (Little Green Pigeon) Malay Pen. to Sumatra, Java and Borneo Treron vernans (Linnaeus, 1771) (Pink-necked Green Pigeon) 107 Mainland SE Asia to Gtr. and W Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi and the Philippines. Treron bicinctus (Orange-breasted Green Pigeon) T.b.leggei E. Hartert, 1910 Sri Lanka T.b.bicinctus (Jerdon, 1840) India to mainland SE Asia T.b.domvilii (Swinhoe, 1870) Hainan I. T.b.javanus Robinson & Kloss, 1923 Java, Bali Treron pompadora (Pompadour Green Pigeon)108 T.p.conoveri Rand & Fleming, 1953 Nepal (1973) T.p.phayrei (Blyth, 1862) W Bengal through Burma and Thailand to SW China and S Indochina T.p.affinis (Jerdon, 1840) SW India T.p.pompadora (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Sri Lanka T.p.chloropterus Blyth, 1846 Andaman and Nicobar Is. T.p.amadoni Parkes, 1965 N Luzon (1757) T.p.axillaris (Bonaparte, 1855) Catanduanes, Luzon, Mindoro, Polillo T.p.canescens Parkes, 1965 W and E Visayas, Mindanao, Basilan (1757) T.p.everetti (Rothschild, 1894) Sulu Arch. T.p.aromaticus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Islands in Flores Sea and Buru I. (S Moluccas) Treron curvirostra (Thick-billed Green Pigeon)109 T.c.nipalensis (Hodgson, 1836) W Nepal through Assam and Burma to Thailand and Indochina T.c.hainanus Hartert & Goodson, 1918 Hainan I. T.c.curvirostra (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)110 Malay Pen., Sumatra T.c.haliplous Oberholser, 1912 Simeuluë I. T.c.pegus Oberholser, 1912 Nias I. T.c.smicrus Oberholser, 1912 Sipora, Siberut, Batu Is. T.c.hypothapsinus Oberholser, 1912 Enggano I. T.c.nasica Schlegel, 1863 Borneo T.c.erimacrus Oberholser, 1924 Balabac, Palawan, Mindoro Treron griseicauda (Grey-cheeked Green Pigeon) T.g.sangirensis Brüggemann, 1876 Sangihe Is. T.g.wallacei (Salvadori, 1893)111 Sulawesi, Salayar I., Muna I., Buton I., Tukangbesi I., Banggai Is., Sula Is. T.g.vordermani Finsch, 1900 Kangean Is. T.g.pallidior (E. Hartert, 1896)112 Kalao, Kalaotoa, Tanahjampea T.g.griseicauda Bonaparte, 1854113 Java, Bali114 Treron teysmannii Schlegel, 1879 (Sumba Green Pigeon) Sumba I. Treron floris Wallace, 1864 (Flores Green Pigeon) Lombok to Alor (WC Lesser Sundas) Treron psittaceus (Temminck, 1808) (Timor Green Pigeon) Roti, Timor and Semau Is. (EC Lesser Sundas) Treron capellei (Large Green Pigeon) T.c.magnirostris Strickland, 1844115 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo (171) T.c.capellei (Temminck, 1822116) Java Treron phoenicopterus (Yellow-legged Green Pigeon) T.p.phoenicopterus (Latham, 1790) E Pakistan and N India to Bangladesh and Assam T.p.chlorigaster (Blyth, 1843) C and S India T.p.phillipsi Ripley, 1949 Sri Lanka (2033) T.p.viridifrons Blyth, 1846 Burma, Yunnan and NW Thailand T.p.annamensis (Ogilvie-Grant, 1909) E Thailand, S Laos, S Vietnam Treron waalia (F.A.A. Meyer, 1793) (Bruce’s Green Pigeon)117 Senegal to Eritrea, N Somalia and N Uganda, Socotra I., SW Arabia Treron australis (Madagascan Green Pigeon) T.a.griveaudi Benson, 1960 Mwali (Moheli) I. (Comoro Is.) (122) T.a.xenius Salomonsen, 1934 W Madagascar T.a.australis (Linnaeus, 1771) E Madagascar Treron calvus (African Green Pigeon)118 T.c.nudirostris (Swainson, 1837) Senegal, Gambia, Guinea T.c.sharpei (Reichenow, 1902) Sierra Leone to C Nigeria T.c.calvus (Temminck, 1808) E Nigeria to C Angola and east to E and S Zaire T.c.poensis Hartert & Goodson, 1918 Bioko I. T.c.virescens Amadon, 1953 Principe I. (42) T.c.uellensis (Reichenow, 1912) N Zaire to S Sudan, NW Uganda and SW Ethiopia T.c.gibberifrons (Madarász, 1915)119 S Sudan to Lake Victoria basin T.c.brevicera Hartert & Goodson, 1918 S Ethiopia, E Kenya, N and C Tanzania T.c.wakefieldii (Sharpe, 1874) Coastal Kenya and NE Tanzania T.c.granti (van Someren, 1919) E Tanzania T.c.salvadorii (A.J.C. Dubois, 1897)120 SE Zaire, W Tanzania, Zambia, N Malawi, NW Mozambique T.c.ansorgei Hartert & Goodson, 1918 W Angola T.c.schalowi Reichenow, 1880121 E Angola, NE Namibia, N Botswana, W Zimbabwe T.c.vylderi Glydenstolpe, 1924 NW Namibia T.c.delalandii (Bonaparte, 1854)122 SE Tanzania to Sth. Africa Treron pembaensis Pakenham, 1940 (Pemba Green Pigeon) Pemba I. (NE Tanzania) (1740) Treron sanctithomae (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Săo Tomé Green Pigeon) Săo Tomé I. Treron apicauda (Pin-tailed Green Pigeon) T.a.apicauda Blyth, 1846 C and E Himalayas to Assam, W Yunnan, SW Sichuan, N and W Thailand and Burma T.a.laotinus (Delacour, 1926) SE Yunnan, N Laos, N Vietnam T.a.lowei (Delacour & Jabouille, 1924) W, NW and NE Thailand, C Laos, C Vietnam Treron oxyurus (Temminck, 1823) (Sumatran Green Pigeon) Sumatra, W Java Treron seimundi (Yellow-vented Green Pigeon) T.s.modestus (Delacour, 1926) W and SE Thailand, N and C Laos, C and S Vietnam T.s.seimundi (Robinson, 1910) SC Malay Pen. Treron sphenurus (Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon) T.s.sphenurus (Vigors, 1832)123 Himalayas to Assam, Burma, Yunnan and Sichuan T.s.delacouri Biswas, 1950124 C Vietnam (153) T.s.robinsoni (Ogilvie-Grant, 1906) Mts. of W Malaysia T.s.etorques (Salvadori, 1879) Sumatra T.s.korthalsi (Bonaparte, 1855) Java, Bali, Lombok Treron sieboldii (White-bellied Green Pigeon) T.s.sieboldii (Temminck, 1835) Japan, E China T.s.fopingenis Cheng, Tan & Sung, 1973 E Sichuan and S Shaanxi (342) T.s.sororius (Swinhoe, 1866)125 Taiwan T.s.murielae (Delacour, 1927)126 SC China, N and C Vietnam, N Thailand Treron formosae (Whistling Green Pigeon) T.f.permagnus Stejneger, 1887 N Ryukyu Is. (Tanegashima to Okinawa) T.f.medioximus (Bangs, 1901) S Ryukyu Is. T.f.formosae Swinhoe, 1863 Taiwan and nearby Lanyu I. T.f.filipinus Hachisuka, 1952127 Islands to N of Luzon (1043) PTILINOPUS Swainson, 1825 M Ptilinopus cinctus (Banded Fruit Dove)128 P.c.baliensis E. Hartert, 1896 Bali P.c.albocinctus Wallace, 1864 Lombok, Sumbawa and Flores P.c.everetti Rothschild, 1898 Pantar and Alor P.c.cinctus (Temminck, 1810) Timor, Wetar and Romang P.c.lettiensis (Schlegel, 1873) Leti, Moa, Luang, Sermata and Teun Is. P.c.ottonis E. Hartert, 1904 Damar, Babar and Nila Is. P.c.alligator (Collett, 1898) W Arnhem Land (N Australia) Ptilinopus dohertyi (Rothschild, 1896) (Red-naped Fruit Dove) Sumba I. Ptilinopus porphyreus (Temminck, 1822129) (Pink-headed Fruit Dove) Sumatra, Java, Bali Ptilinopus marchei (Oustalet, 1880) (Flame-breasted Fruit Dove) Luzon Ptilinopus merrilli (Cream-bellied Fruit Dove) P.m.faustinoi (Manuel, 1936) Mt. Tabuan (N Luzon) (1419) P.m.merrilli (McGregor, 1916) E and S Luzon, Catanduanes and Polillo Ptilinopus occipitalis (Yellow-breasted Fruit Dove) P.o.occipitalis Gray & Mitchell, 1844 N and C Philippines P.o.incognitus (Tweeddale, 1877) Mindanao Ptilinopus fischeri (Red-eared Fruit Dove) P.f.fischeri (Brüggemann, 1876) N Sulawesi P.f.centralis (A.B. Meyer, 1903) C and SE Sulawesi P.f.meridionalis (Meyer & Wiglesworth, 1893) SW Sulawesi Ptilinopus jambu (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Jambu Fruit Dove) Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo, Java Ptilinopus subgularis (Maroon-chinned Fruit Dove) P.s.epia (Oberholser, 1918)130 Sulawesi P.s.subgularis (Meyer & Wiglesworth, 1896) Banggai Is. P.s.mangoliensis Rothschild, 1898 Sula Is. Ptilinopus leclancheri (Black-chinned Fruit Dove) P.l.taiwanus Ripley, 1962131 Taiwan (2043) P.l.longialis (Manuel, 1936) Lanyu I. (off S Taiwan), islands N of Luzon (Philippines) (1419) P.l.leclancheri (Bonaparte, 1855) Philippines (except northern isles and Palawan group) P.l.gironieri (Verreaux & Des Murs, 1862) Palawan and nearby islands Ptilinopus bernsteinii (Scarlet-breasted Fruit Dove)132 P.b.micrus (Jany, 1955) Obi I. (1200) P.b.bernsteinii (Schlegel, 1863) Halmahera, Ternate and Bacan Ptilinopus magnificus (Wompoo Fruit Dove) P.m.puella (Lesson, 1827)133 W Papuan Is., Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) P.m.interpositus (E. Hartert, 1930)134 135 W New Guinea P.m.septentrionalis (A.B. Meyer, 1893) N New Guinea and islands P.m.poliurus (Salvadori, 1878)136 SE New Guinea P.m.assimilis (Gould, 1850) E Cape York Pen. P.m.keri (Mathews, 1912) NE Queensland P.m.magnificus (Temminck, 1821) S Queensland, E New South Wales Ptilinopus perlatus (Pink-spotted Fruit Dove) P.p.perlatus (Temminck, 1835) NW New Guinea and W Papuan Is. P.p.plumbeicollis (A.B. Meyer, 1890) NC and NE New Guinea P.p.zonurus (Salvadori, 1876) S New Guinea, Aru Is., D’Entrecasteaux Arch. Ptilinopus ornatus (Ornate Fruit Dove) P.o.ornatus (Schlegel, 1871) 137 NW New Guinea P.o.gestroi (D'Albertis & Salvadori, 1875) C and E New Guinea Ptilinopus tannensis (Latham, 1790) (Tanna Fruit Dove) Vanuatu, Banks Is. Ptilinopus aurantiifrons (G.R. Gray, 1858) (Orange-fronted Fruit Dove) W Papuan Is., New Guinea, Aru Is. Ptilinopus wallacii (G.R. Gray, 1858) (Wallace's Fruit Dove) S Moluccas, E Lesser Sundas, Aru Is., SW New Guinea Ptilinopus superbus (Superb Fruit Dove) P.s.temminckii (Des Murs & Prévost, 1849) Sulawesi; Sulu Is. (once), P.s.superbus (Temminck, 1809)138 Moluccas and New Guinea to Bismarck Arch., Solomon Is. and E Australia Ptilinopus perousii (Many-coloured Fruit Dove) P.p.perousii Peale, 1848 Samoa P.p.mariae (Jacquinot & Pucheran, 1853) Tonga, Fiji Ptilinopus porphyraceus (Purple-capped Fruit Dove)139 P.p.ponapensis (Finsch, 1878) Chuuk and Pohnpei (Caroline Is.) P.p.hernsheimi Finsch, 1880 Kosrae (Caroline Is.) P.p.porphyraceus (Temminck, 1821) Niue, Tonga, Fiji Is. P.p.fasciatus Peale, 1848 Samoa Ptilinopus pelewensis Hartlaub & Finsch, 1868 (Palau Fruit Dove) Palau Is. Ptilinopus rarotongensis (Rarotongan Fruit Dove) P.r.rarotongensis Hartlaub & Finsch, 1871 Rarotonga I. (Cook Is.) P.r.goodwini Holyoak, 1974 Atiu I. (Cook Is.) (1129) Ptilinopus roseicapilla (Lesson, 1831) (Marianas Fruit Dove) Marianas Is. Ptilinopus regina (Rose-crowned Fruit Dove) P.r.flavicollis Bonaparte, 1855 Flores, Roti, Sawu, Semau and W Timor P.r.roseipileum E. Hartert, 1904 E Timor, Wetar, Romang, Kisar, Moa and Leti P.r.xanthogaster (Wagler, 1827) Banda, Kai, Damar, Babar, Teun, Nila, Tanimbar, Aru Is. P.r.ewingii Gould, 1842 N Australia, Melville I. P.r.regina Swainson, 1825 Torres Straits Is., E Australia Ptilinopus richardsii (Silver-capped Fruit Dove) P.r.richardsii (E.P. Ramsay, 1882) E Solomon Is. P.r.cyanopterus Mayr, 1931 Rennell and Bellona Is. (SE Solomon Is.) Ptilinopus purpuratus (Grey-green Fruit Dove)140 P.p.chrysogaster (G.R. Gray, 1854) W Society Is. P.p.frater Ripley & Birckhead, 1942 Moorea I. (E Society, Is.) (2062) P.p.purpuratus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Tahiti (E Society Is.) Ptilinopus chalcurus (G.R. Gray, 1859) (Makatea Fruit Dove) Makatea I. (Tuamotu Arch.) Ptilinopus coralensis Peale, 1848 (Atoll Fruit Dove) Tuamotu Arch. Ptilinopus greyii Bonaparte, 1857 (Red-bellied Fruit Dove) Ndai I., Santa Cruz Is., Banks Group, Vanuatu to Loyalty Is., New Caledonia and Isle of Pines Ptilinopus huttoni (Finsch, 1874) (Rapa Fruit Dove) Rapa I. Ptilinopus dupetithouarsii (White-capped Fruit Dove) P.d.viridior (Murphy, 1924) N Marquesas Is. P.d.dupetithouarsii (Neboux, 1840) S Marquesas Is. Ptilinopus mercierii (Red-moustached Fruit Dove) †P.m.mercierii (Des Murs & Prévost, 1849) Nukuhiva I. (N Marquesas Is.) †?P.m.tristrami (Salvadori, 1892) Hivaoa I. (S Marquesas Is.) Ptilinopus insularis (North, 1908) (Henderson Fruit Dove) Henderson I. (Pitcairn Is.) Ptilinopus coronulatus (Coroneted Fruit Dove) P.c.trigeminus (Salvadori, 1875) W Vogelkop (NW New Guinea), Salawati I P.c.geminus (Salvadori, 1875) Western N New Guinea (west to E Vogelkop), Yapen I. P.c.quadrigeminus (A.B. Meyer, 1890) Eastern N New Guinea, Manam and Kairiru Is. P.c.huonensis (A.B. Meyer, 1892) N coast of SE New Guinea P.c.coronulatus (G.R. Gray, 1858) S New Guinea, Aru Is. Ptilinopus pulchellus (Beautiful Fruit Dove) P.p.decorus (Madarász, 1910) NC New Guinea P.p.pulchellus (Temminck, 1835) W, S and E New Guinea and W Papuan Is. Ptilinopus monacha (Temminck, 1824) (Blue-capped Fruit Dove) N Moluccas Ptilinopus rivoli (White-bibbed Fruit Dove) P.r.prasinorrhous (G.R. Gray, 1858)141 Moluccas, islands off W Papua, Aru Is., Kai Is., islands of Geelvink Bay P.r.bellus (P.L. Sclater, 1874) New Guinea, Karkar I., Goodenough I. P.r.miquelii (Schlegel, 1871) Yapen, Meos Num Is. P.r.rivoli (Prévost, 1843) Bismarck Arch. P.r.strophium Gould, 1850 Louisiade Arch., Egum Atoll (Trobriand Is.) Ptilinopus solomonensis (Yellow-bibbed Fruit Dove) P.s.speciosus (Schlegel, 1871) Islands in Geelvink Bay (NW New Guinea) P.s.johannis (P.L. Sclater, 1877) Admiralty Is., St. Matthias Group, New Hanover (Bismarck Arch.) P.s.meyeri E. Hartert, 1926 New Britain and Is. (Bismarck Arch.) P.s.neumanni E. Hartert, 1926 Nissan I. P.s.bistictus Mayr, 1931 Bougainville and Buka Is. P.s.vulcanorum Mayr, 1931 C Solomon Is. P.s.ocularis Mayr, 1931 Guadalcanal I. P.s.ambiguus Mayr, 1931 Malaita I. P.s.solomonensis (G.R. Gray, 1870) Makira and Uki Is. Ptilinopus viridis (Claret-breasted Fruit Dove) P.v.viridis (Linnaeus, 1766) S Moluccas P.v.pectoralis (Wagler, 1829) W Papuan Is., Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) P.v.geelvinkianus (Schlegel, 1871)142 143 Geelvink Bay Is. P.v.salvadorii (Rothschild, 1892) N New Guinea, Yapen I. P.v.vicinus (E. Hartert, 1895) Trobriand Is., D'Entrecasteaux Arch. P.v.lewisii (E.P. Ramsay, 1882) Hibernian and all Solomon Is. east to Guadalcanal, Malaita Is. Ptilinopus eugeniae (Gould, 1856) (White-headed Fruit Dove) Makira, Malaupaina and Uki Is. (E Solomon Is.) Ptilinopus iozonus (Orange-bellied Fruit Dove)144 P.i.iozonus (G.R. Gray, 1858) Aru Is. P.i.humeralis (Wallace, 1862) W Papuan Is., NW New Guinea P.i.jobiensis (Schlegel, 1873) Yapen I., N New Guinea P.i.pseudohumeralis Rand, 1938 SW and SC New Guinea (1962) P.i.finschi Mayr, 1931 SE New Guinea Ptilinopus insolitus (Knob-billed Fruit Dove) P.i.insolitus (Schlegel, 1863) Bismarck Arch. (excl. St. Matthias group) P.i.inferior E. Hartert, 1924 St. Matthias group (N Bismarck Arch.) Ptilinopus hyogastrus (Temminck, 1824)145 (Grey-headed Fruit Dove) N Molucas Ptilinopus granulifrons E. Hartert, 1898 (Carunculated Fruit Dove) Obi I. (C Moluccas) Ptilinopus melanospilus (Black-naped Fruit Dove)146 P.m.bangueyensis (A.B. Meyer, 1891) N Bornean Is., Palawan, Mindanao, Basilan and Sulu Arch. P.m.xanthorrhous (Salvadori, 1875)147 148 Sangihe, Talaud and Doi Is. P.m.melanospilus (Salvadori, 1875) Sulawesi and islands to NE P.m.chrysorrhous (Salvadori, 1875)149 Sula, Peleng and Banggai Is., Obi and Seram Is. P.m.melanauchen (Salvadori, 1875)150 Java and Bali to Alor, also Matasiri and Kangean Is. and S Sulawesi Is. Ptilinopus nainus (Dwarf Fruit Dove) P.n.minimus Stresemann & Paludan, 1932 W Papuan islands P.n.nainus (Temminck, 1835)151 W, S and SE New Guinea †?Ptilinopus arcanus Ripley & Rabor, 1955 (Negros Fruit Dove) # Mt. Canlaon (NC Negros, Philippines) (2071) Ptilinopus victor (Orange Dove) P.v.victor (Gould, 1872) Vanua Levu, Rabi, Kioa, Taveuni (N Fiji) P.v.aureus Amadon, 1943 Qamea, Laucala (NE Fiji) (41) Ptilinopus luteovirens (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841) (Golden Dove) Waya Group, Vitu Levu, Beqa, Ovalau, Gau (WC Fiji) Ptilinopus layardi (Elliot, 1878) (Whistling Dove) Kadavu and Ono (SW Fiji) DREPANOPTILA Bonaparte, 1855 F Drepanoptila holosericea (Temminck, 1810) (Cloven-feathered Dove) New Caledonia and nearby Isle of Pines ALECTROENAS G.R. Gray, 1840 F †Alectroenas nitidissima (Scopoli, 1786) (Mauritius Blue Pigeon) Mauritius Alectroenas madagascariensis (Linnaeus, 1766) (Madagascan Blue Pigeon) N and E Madagascar Alectroenas sganzini (Comoro Blue Pigeon) A.s.minor Berlepsch, 1898 Aldabra Is. A.s.sganzini (Bonaparte, 1854) Comoro Is. Alectroenas pulcherrima (Scopoli, 1786) (Seychelles Blue Pigeon) Seychelles DUCULA Hodgson, 1836 F Ducula poliocephala (Gray & Mitchell, 1844) (Pink-bellied Imperial Pigeon) Philippine Is. Ducula forsteni (Bonaparte, 1854) (White-bellied Imperial Pigeon) Sulawesi, Sula Is. Ducula mindorensis (J. Whitehead, 1896) (Mindoro Imperial Pigeon) Mindoro I. Ducula radiata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) (Grey-headed Imperial Pigeon) Mts. of Sulawesi Ducula carola (Spotted Imperial Pigeon) D.c.carola (Bonaparte, 1854) Luzon, Mindoro and Sibuyan D.c.nigrorum (J. Whitehead, 1897) Negros and Siquijor D.c.mindanensis (Ogilvie-Grant, 1905) Mindanao Ducula aenea (Green Imperial Pigeon)152 D.a.sylvatica (Tickell, 1833)153 C and E Himalayas, Assam, S Yunnan, and Burma, Thailand (south to mid Malay Pen.), east to Indochina and Hainan D.a.pusilla (Blyth, 1849) S India, Sri Lanka D.a.andamanica Abdulali, 1964 Andaman Is. (6) D.a.nicobarica (Pelzeln, 1865) Nicobar Is. D.a.consobrina (Salvadori, 1887)154 Islands of western Sumatra (except Enggano) D.a.oenothorax (Salvadori, 1892) Enggano I. D.a.polia Oberholser, 1917 S Malay Pen., Gtr. and Lesser Sundas, Anambas and Natunas D.a.palawanensis (W.H. Blasius, 1888) Banggi I. (Sabah) to Palawan and nearby islands D.a.fugaenis (Hachisuka, 1930) Islands to N of N Luzon D.a.nuchalis (Cabanis, 1882) N Luzon (Philippines) D.a.aenea (Linnaeus, 1766)155 Rest of the Philippines D.a.intermedia (Meyer & Wiglesworth, 1894) Talaud Is., Sangihe Is. D.a.paulina Bonaparte, 1854156 Sulawesi, Togian, Banggai and Sula Is. Ducula perspicillata (White-eyed Imperial Pigeon) D.p.perspicillata (Temminck, 1824) N Moluccas and Buru D.p.neglecta (Schlegel, 1865) Seram, Ambon and nearby small islands Ducula concinna (Wallace, 1865) (Blue-tailed Imperial Pigeon)157 Talaud and Sangihe Is. to S Moluccas, E Lesser Sundas and Aru Is. Ducula pacifica (Pacific Imperial Pigeon)158 D.p.sejuncta Amadon, 1943159 NC New Guinea Is. to W Bismarck Arch. (41) D.p.pacifica (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)160 Louisiade Arch. to Solomons, Santa Cruz, Vanuatu, Ellice, Phoenix and Cook Is., Samoa, Tonga and Niue Ducula oceanica (Micronesian Imperial Pigeon) D.o.monacha (Momiyama, 1922) Yap I., Palau Is. D.o.teraokai (Momiyama, 1922) Chuuk I. (C Caroline Is.) D.o.townsendi (Wetmore, 1919) Pohnpei I. (E Caroline Is.) D.o.oceanica (Lesson & Garnot, 1826) Kosrae I. (E Caroline Is.) D.o.ratakensis (Taka-Tsukasa & Yamashina, 1932) Marshall Is. Ducula aurorae (Polynesian Imperial Pigeon) D.a.aurorae (Peale, 1848) Makatea (Tuamotu Arch.) D.a.wilkesii (Peale, 1848) Tahiti (Society Is.) Ducula galeata (Bonaparte, 1855) (Marquesan Imperial Pigeon) Nukuhiva I. (Marquesas Is.) Ducula rubricera (Red-knobbed Imperial Pigeon) D.r.rubricera (Bonaparte, 1854) Bismarck Arch., Hibernian Is. D.r.rufigula (Salvadori, 1878) Solomon Is. Ducula myristicivora (Spice Imperial Pigeon) D.m.myristicivora (Scopoli, 1786) Widi Is. (NE Moluccas), W Papuan islands D.m.geelvinkiana (Schlegel, 1873) Islands in Geelvink Bay (W New Guinea) Ducula rufigaster (Purple-tailed Imperial Pigeon) D.r.rufigaster (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830)161 W Papuan Is., NW and S New Guinea D.r.uropygialis Streseman & Paludan, 1932 N New Guinea, Yapen I. Ducula basilica (Cinnamon-bellied Imperial Pigeon) D.b.basilica Bonaparte, 1854 N Moluccas (except Obi) D.b.obiensis (E. Hartert, 1898) Obi I. Ducula finschii (E.P. Ramsay, 1882) (Finsch's Imperial Pigeon) Bismarck Arch. Ducula chalconota (Shining Imperial Pigeon) D.c.chalconota (Salvadori, 1874) Mts. of Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) D.c.smaragdina Mayr, 1931 Mts. of W, C and E New Guinea Ducula pistrinaria (Island Imperial Pigeon) D.p.rhodinolaema (P.L.Sclater, 1877) N New Guinea Is., Admiralty Is., St Matthias Group, New Hanover D.p.vanwyckii (Cassin, 1862) Main islands of E and C Bismarck Arch. D.p.postrema E. Hartert, 1926 D’Entrecasteaux Arch., Woodlark Group, Louisiade Arch. D.p.pistrinaria Bonaparte, 1855 Lihir, Feni and Green Is. to Solomon Is. Ducula rosacea (Temminck, 1836162) (Pink-headed Imperial Pigeon) Islands in Java, Flores and S Banda Seas, all Lesser Sundas east to Kai Is. Ducula whartoni (Sharpe, 1887) (Christmas Imperial Pigeon) Christmas I. (Indian Ocean) Ducula pickeringii (Cassin, 1854) (Grey Imperial Pigeon)163 N Bornean islets to Sulu Is., Miangas and Talaud Is. Ducula latrans (Peale, 1848) (Peale's Imperial Pigeon) Fiji Is. Ducula brenchleyi (G.R. Gray, 1870) (Chestnut-bellied Imperial Pigeon) E Solomon Is. Ducula bakeri (Kinnear, 1928) (Vanuatu Imperial Pigeon) N Vanuatu Ducula goliath (G.R. Gray, 1859) (New Caledonian Imperial Pigeon) New Caledonia and nearby Isle of Pines Ducula pinon (Pinon’s Imperial Pigeon) D.p.pinon (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) W Papuan islands, NW to all S New Guinea and N coast of SE New Guinea, Aru Is. D.p.jobiensis (Schlegel, 1871) 164 N New Guinea east to Huon Gulf, Yapen I., Dampier Is. D.p.salvadorii (Tristram, 1882) D'Entrecasteaux Arch., Louisiade Arch. Ducula melanochroa (P.L. Sclater, 1878) (Bismarck Imperial Pigeon) Bismarck Arch. Ducula mullerii (Collared Imperial Pigeon) D.m.mullerii (Temminck, 1835) N New Guinea D.m.aurantia (A.B. Meyer, 1893) S New Guinea, Aru Is. Ducula zoeae (Lesson, 1826) (Banded or Zoe’s Imperial Pigeon) New Guinea, Salawati, Yapen I., Aru Is. to Fergusson I., Louisiade Arch. Ducula badia (Mountain Imperial Pigeon) D.b.cuprea (Jerdon, 1840) SW India D.b.insignis Hodgson, 1836 C and E Himalayas and hills of N Assam D.b.griseicapilla Walden, 1875165 S Assam, Burma and Thailand to W and S Yunnan, Indochina and Hainan D.b.badia (Raffles, 1822)166 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo, W Java Ducula lacernulata (Dark-backed Imperial Pigeon) D.l.lacernulata (Temminck, 1822167) W and C Java D.l.williami (E. Hartert, 1896) E Java, Bali D.l.sasakensis (E. Hartert, 1896) Lombok and Flores Ducula cineracea (Temminck, 1835) (Timor Imperial Pigeon)168 Timor and Wetar Ducula bicolor (Pied Imperial Pigeon)169 D.b.bicolor (Scopoli, 1786)170 Andaman and Nicobar Is, W Burma and Malay Pen. to Philippines, Gtr. and Lesser Sundas, Moluccas, W Papuan Is. D.b.luctuosa (Temminck, 1824) Sulawesi to Banggai and Sula Is. D.b.spilorrhoa (G.R. Gray, 1858)171 Aru Is., coastal New Guinea and islands to N and NE Australia D.b.subflavescens (Finsch, 1886) Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Is. LOPHOLAIMUS Gould, 1841 M Lopholaimus antarcticus (Shaw, 1794) (Topknot Pigeon) E Australia HEMIPHAGA Bonaparte, 1854 F Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae (New Zealand Pigeon) H.n.novaeseelandiae (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) New Zealand H.n.chathamensis (Rothschild, 1891) Chatham Is. †H.n.spadicea (Latham, 1802)172 Norfolk I. CRYPTOPHAPS Salvadori, 1893 F Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa (Brüggemann, 1876) (Sombre Pigeon) Mts. of N, S and SE Sulawesi GYMNOPHAPS Salvadori, 1874 F Gymnophaps albertisii (Papuan Mountain Pigeon) G.a.exsul (E. Hartert, 1903) Bacan I. (NC Moluccas) G.a.albertisii Salvadori, 1874 Yapen I., New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Goodenough I. Gymnophaps mada (Long-tailed Mountain Pigeon) G.m.mada (E. Hartert, 1899) Buru I. G.m.stalkeri (Ogilvie-Grant, 1911) Seram I. Gymnophaps solomonensis Mayr, 1931 (Pale Mountain Pigeon) Solomon Is. 1 Treatment based on Cramp et al. (1985: 285) (591). The populations named atlantis, canariensis and nigricans (listed in last Edition) are here considered feral populations. Such populations occur in many towns and cities in and outside the range of the wild species and interbreeding confuses our understanding of wild populations. 2 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 3 Includes lividior see White (1965: 153) (2649). 4 Includes butleri see Vaurie (1965: 546) (2510); but White (1965: 152) (2649) placed butleri in gaddi. 5 Includes hyrcana see Vaurie (1965: 541) (2510). 6 Includes excelsa see Vaurie (1965: 538) (2510); also includes ghigii Trischitta, 1939 (2440), see Vaurie (1965: 538) (2510), and kleinschmidti Clancey, 1950 (363), see Cramp et al. (1985: 328) (591). 7 Includes kirmanica Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Vaurie (1965: 539) (2510). 8 Date correct but Livr. 85 not 86 (Dickinson, 2001) (739). 9 For recognition see Orn. Soc. Japan (2000: 146) (1727). 10 Includes mendeni Neumann, 1939 (1645), see White & Bruce (1986) (2652). 11 For recognition see A.O.U. (1957: 259) (1). 12 Apparently includes tamboensis Conover, 1938 (561); may need re-evaluation. 13 Apparently includes obsoleta Todd, 1947 (2410); may need re-evaluation. 14 For tentative recognition of subspecies see Baptista et al. (1997: 127) (94). 15 Treatment of this and the next species follows Baptista et al. (1997: 128) (94) and is close to that of Peters (1937) (1823). In our last Edition we listed wallacei (now a synonym of pallescens) and mistakenly associated bogotensis with this species, displacing the name delicata 16 Baptista et al. (1997) (94) appear to have placed anolaimae in zuliae, ogilviegranti in purpureotincta, and ruberrima Meyer de Schauensee, 1950 (1566), in bogotensis where we believe recondita Todd, 1937 (2405), also belongs. 17 In last Edition we retained the monotypic genus Aplopelia but see Fry et al., 1985 (898). Baptista et al. (1997) (94) separated simplex on acoustic evidence, but admitted other insular forms might then not belong with larvata. For an early account of the complexity of this group see Bannerman (1916) (92); we look forward to a detailed revision of these birds. We use the name hypoleuca because the name inornata Reichenow, 1892, is preoccupied in the genus Columba by a Caribbean species (see Plain Pigeon). 18 For use of this generic name see Baptista et al. (1997: 132) (94). 19 Includes moltonii Trischitta, 1939 (2440), see Vaurie (1965: 553) (2510). 20 The name isabellina was used in our last Edition, but is one year younger. 21 Treated as monotypic by Fry et al. (1984) (898); includes funebrea and bishaensis Goodwin, 1963 (958) --originally named arabica Goodwin, 1963 (957A). 22 For an account of the discovery of a disjunct taxon thought to be related to this see Baillon (1992) (77). 23 Includes sylvicola Koelz, 1939 (1279), see Ripley (1982: 155) (2055). 24 Includes khasiana Koelz, 1954 (1284), and meridionalis Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 155) (2055). 25 Includes stoliczkae see Vaurie (1965: 551) (2510). 26 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 27 Name from Goodwin (1967) (959). 28 Includes chersophila Clancey, 1986 (500). We follow White (1965: 156) (2649) in considering monotypic treatment appropriate for this species. 29 Includes abunda Clancey, 1960 (385), see White (1965: 158) (2649). 30 We tentatively follow the revised attribution of subspecific names in Baptista et al. (1997: 140) (94). 31 The treatment in Baptista et al. (1997: 140) (94) is odd as it suggests that suratensis alone has been considered distinct and potentially a monotypic species. This is not our understanding. Vaurie (1965: 561 fn) (2510) suggested that a species suratensis might need recognition and that it would include tigrina, ceylonensis, forresti and vacillans. Here, drawing on Gibbs et al. (2001) (935), and lumping those that differ but slightly, we recognise the same three races with revised ranges, plus the Hainan form. The first two make up the suratensis group (sensu Vaurie). Gibbs (2001: 251) agreed with Baptista et al. (op. cit.) and considered that the suratensis group did not include tigrina. In the light of these contrasting opinions a detailed review dealing fully with distinctions and synonymy is needed. 32 Includes ceylonensis and edwardi Ripley, 1948 (2031) 33 Includes forresti “doubtfully distinct” in Peters (1937: 97) (1823) and vacillans see Gibbs (2001: 251). 34 Includes setzeri Deignan, 1955 (655) see Cheng (1987: 294) (333) and formosa see Gibbs (2001: 251). 35 Includes divergens Clancey, 1970 (423), see Irwin (1981) (1189). 36 Includes kirmanensis Koelz, 1950 (1280), see Vaurie (1965: 560) (2510). 37 Baptista et al. (1997:143) (94) treated amboinensis and phasianella as separate species, but see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). The many subspecies between the Moluccas and Australia still need review and may be oversplit. 38 Here we tentatively include sedecima Neumann, 1939 (1645); we have retained atrata based on the comments of White & Bruce (1986) (2652), they also retained sedecima but with some doubt. 39 For the use of this name, not batchianensis, see Mees (1982) (1533). 40 Includes goldiei see Mayr (1941) (1472) and kerstingi see Mees (1982) (1534). The montane form balim may also belong herein. 41 Tentatively includes andamanica Abdulali, 1967 (8), and tiwarii Abdulali, 1979 (13), but comparative material may only be available in India. See also Ripley & Beehler (1989) (2061A). 42 Specific limits in this genus are still relatively obscure, see Kennedy et al. (2000: 147) (1259). The separation of this species and of emiliana (see Sibley & Monroe, 1990) (2262) from phasianella is less comfortable in light of the apparent conspecificity of amboinensis and phasianella. See also Mayr (1944: 148, 191) (1474). 43 Tentatively includes septentrionalis; this was recognised in Dickinson et al. (1991) (745) but the promised review of northern forms has not appeared. 44 Forms recognised largely follow van Marle & Voous (1988) (2468). 45 Presumably including troughtoni Kinghorn, 1937 (1269). 46 Not 1834 as in Peters (1937: 78) (1823) see Dickinson (2001) (739). 47 The emended name used here is judged to be in prevailing usage; see Art. 33.2 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178) and p. 000 herein. 48 Presumably includes solitaria Salomonsen, 1972 (2160), but see Greenway (1978: 55) (1010). 49 The proposed race liberiensis Rand, 1949 (1968), was not mentioned by Baptista et al. (1997: 149) (94) and may need review. 50 Includes formosanus see Cheng (1987: 298) (333); yamashinai Hachisuka, 1939 (1037) see Vaurie (1965: 563), but recognised by Orn. Soc. Japan (2000) (1727); nana Neumann, 1941 (1647), see White & Bruce (1986) (2652), and salimalii Mukherjee, 1960 (1632) see Ripley (1982: 157) (2055). 51 Includes melvillensis. Regarding chrysochlora see Schodde & Mason (1997: 26) (2188). 52 For treatment as monotypic see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 53 Includes neglecta see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). For the correct date see Stresemann (1953) (2367). 54 Treated as monotypic following Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 55 Lumped in the genus Petrophassa in our last Edition, but see Frith (1982) (887) and Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 56 For inclusion of ferruginea in this species see Crome et al. (1980) (597) and Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). The name mungi was given to an intergrading population. 57 Includes proxima Mayr, 1951 (1476), see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 58 Treated as monotypic in last Edition, but see Johnstone (1981) (1218) and Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 59 This genus and the next best placed close to Geophaps (R. Schodde in litt.). 60 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). 61 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). 62 For information on the revision of this and the next species see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 63 Including tranquilla. 64 For the date of this name see Stresemann (1953) (2367). The emended name used here is judged to be in prevailing usage; see Art. 33.2 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178) and p. 000 herein. Treated as monotypic, see White & Bruce (1986: 192) (2652). 65 For revision see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 66 Includes tresmariae (recognised in last Edition) see Gibbs et al. (2001) (935). 67 Not included in last Edition due to presumed extinction. A captive breeding population survives (N. Bahr). 68 We follow Baptista et al. (1997: 159) (94); stenura and pentheria (recognised in our last Edition) are therein submerged. 69 Includes vulcania Meyer de Schauensee, 1944 (1561), of last Edition. See Gibbs et al. (2001) (935). 70 Includes chrysauchenia of last Edition, see Gibbs et al. (2001) (935). 71 Numerous forms (collina, grandis, insularis, monticola, palustris, panama and peninsulae) proposed by Saunders (1968) (2169) and clara van Rossem, 1947 (2480), are submerged in the simplified arrangement of Baptista et al. (1997) (94), who also treated meloda as a separate species. 72 Includes alticola Saunders, 1951 (2168). 73 The English vernacular name Pacific Dove is awkward as it implies an insular, not coastal, provenance. 74 This and the next species treated in the genus Scardafella in last Edition; we follow A.O.U. (1998: 225-226) (3) in placing them in Columbina. 75 Presumably includes ¶volitans Bond, 1945 (182). 76 Presumably includes umbrina Buden, 1985 (265). 77 Presumably includes tortugensis Fernandez-Yepez, 1945 (832). 78 Omitted from last Edition. 79 For recognition see Gibbs (2001) (935). 80 Baptista et al. (1997) (94) followed Peters (1937) (1823); we tentatively follow, having treated this as monotypic in last Edition. 81 We used the name gymnops in the last Edition for reasons not now clear. 82 Treated as monotypic in last Edition, but see Baptista et al. (1997) (94). 83 Presumably includes santiago van Rossem & Hachisuka, 1937 (2482). 84 Includes insularis of Margarita I. not Trinidad (see last Edition). Baptista et al. (1997) (94) listed riottei although doubtfully distinct (Peters, 1937) (1823); as in last Edition we prefer to place it herein. 85 Treated as monotypic following Baptista et al. (1997) (94). 86 Presumably includes hypochroos Griscom & Greenway, 1937 (1017). 87 In last Edition we treated pallida as one species and plumbeiceps including battyi as another. We here separate battyi and sequence these species as we do tentatively following Baptista et al. (1997) (94). 88 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 89 For separation of this see Peterson (1993) (1834). 90 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 91 Includes anthonyi, rubida and silvestris from our last Edition. 92 Includes infusca and trinitatis from last Edition; the treatment reverts to that of Peters (1937) (1823) following Baptista et al. (1997) (94), but veraguensis seems unrelated and we place it separately like A.O.U. (1998) (3). 93 See Baptista et al. (1997) (94) on morphological problems affecting subspecific evaluation. 94 Presumably includes loricata Todd, 1947 (2410). 95 Includes beattyi Danforth, 1938 (610). 96 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 97 An intergrade between septentrionalis and alaris. Perhaps better submerged. 98 This form requires confirmation, see White & Bruce (1986: 193) (2652). 99 Includes vitiensis see Watling (1982) (2562). For use of this vernacular name see Pratt (1987: 194) (1920). 100 Probably includes masculina Salomonsen, 1972 (2160) (but see Greenway, 1978: 66-67) (1010). 101 Includes wadai Yamashina, 1944 (2695). 102 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 103 Includes albifrons see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 104 Includes celestinoi Manuel, 1936 (1418), and mindanaoensis Manuel, 1936 (1418), see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 105 Occurs in sympatry with amethystina and recognised at specific level, see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 106 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 107 Mees (1996: 20-22) (1543) suggested that the birds from the whole of this region vary individually such that recognition of races is unsafe on present evidence (except perhaps for larger insular forms). We tentatively accept this view. In last Edition we listed griseicapilla, parvus, miza, mesochlous, adinus and purpureus. Recent names not mentioned in that Edition are kangeanus Mayr, 1938 (1468), and karimuniensis Hoogerwerf, 1962 (1141). 108 Our treatment follows Ripley (1982) (2055) as regards populations in the Indian subcontinent, and Dickinson et al. (1991) (745) for the Philippines; pallidior and ada (see last Edition) move to T. griseicauda see White & Bruce (1986: 194-197) (2652). 109 Baptista et al. (1997: 197) (94) considered this species monotypic. 110 Including harterti see van Marle & Voous (1988: 101) (2468) and chaseni Stresemann, 1950 (2365), see Hoogerwerf (1962) (1139) and White & Bruce (1986: 195) (2652). 111 The name griseicauda Wallace, 1863, is a synonym used for Sulawesi birds from 1863-1893 and then by Peters (1937) (1823) and until recently, including our last Edition. However, it is preoccupied by griseicauda Bonaparte, 1854. See below. Includes dehaani Voous in van Bemmel & Voous, 1951 (2462) see White & Bruce (1986: 197) (2652). 112 Includes ada see White & Bruce (1986: 197) (2652). 113 Baptista et al. (1997: 197) (94) used the name griseicauda G. R. Gray, 1856, but this is preoccupied by Bonaparte’s use of the name. The merits of this have been argued by Sims & Warren (1955) (2276); Mayr (1956) (1478), and Mees (1973) (1524). In last Edition we used pulverulentus Wallace, 1863, the synonym defended by Mayr. Includes goodsoni see White & Bruce (1986) (2652). 114 Records from Sumatra of the Javan form were not accepted by van Marle & Voous (1988: 101) (2468). 115 For recognition of this, named in a paper by Blyth, see Chasen (1940) (323). 116 Livr. 24 dates from 1822; Peters (1937: 13) (1823) gave 1823 contra Sherborn (1898) (2242). 117 Includes jubaensis Benson, 1942 (116). 118 The treatment here follows Baptista et al. (1997: 201) (94). 119 Includes granviki see White (1965: 165) (2649). 120 Includes clayi White, 1943 (2624). 121 Includes chobiensis and damarensis see White (1965: 166) (2649). 122 Includes orientalis see White (1965: 167) (2649) and glaucus Clancey, 1967 (410), see Baptista et al. (1997: 201) (94). 123 Includes yunnanensis although this is recognised by Cheng (1987) (333). 124 We recognise this because Wells (1999) (2579) considered robinsoni endemic to the Malay Peninsula. 125 Recognised by Cheng (1987) (333). 126 Includes oblitus (treated as a race of T. sphenurus in last Edition, but see Cheng, 1987) (333). A recent synonym is Sphenocercus sphenurus lungchowensis Yen & Chong, 1937 (2700), see Cheng et al. (1973). 127 The name mcgregorii Husain, 1958 (1166), is a synonym see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 128 In last Edition we treated alligator as a separate species, but see Hartert (1904) (1081) and the corroborative views of Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 129 Livr. 18 dates from 1822; Peters (1937: 27) (1823) gave 1823 contra Sherborn (1898) (2242). 130 Includes restrictus Ripley, 1941 (2024), see White & Bruce (1986) (2652). 131 Accepted by Cheng (1987: 282) (333) and by Gibbs et al. (2001) (935). 132 Used to share a genus with the next species and be called Megaloprepia formosus but this binomen unavailable in Ptilinopus see Mees (1973, 1982) (1524, 1534). 133 Includes alaris see Mayr (1941) (1472). 134 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 135 Mees (1982) (1534) suggested that interposita should be placed in the synonymy of puella but this does not appear to have been accepted or perhaps re-evaluated by later writers. 136 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 137 For the submergence of kaporensis – still listed in last Edition -- see Peters (1937: 39) (1823) and Rand & Gilliard (1967) (1975). 138 For correction of date to 1809 see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 139 For reasons to suppress graeffi see Baptista et al. (1997: 205) (94). 140 We follow Pratt et al. (1987) (1920) in separating the species chalcurus and coralensis. 141 Includes buruensis see White & Bruce (1986) (2652). 142 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 143 Includes pseudogeelvinkianus Junge, 1952 (1232), see Rand & Gilliard (1967) (1975). 144 Mees (1982: 70) (1534) believed that nominate iozonus occupied S New Guinea east to near Merauke (but did not discuss pseudohumeralis now thought to extend westward). 145 Spelled hyogastra in the original text; for correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). Temminck (1839) (2395) emended it to hyogaster. 146 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 147 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 148 Includes loloda Jany, 1955 (1200), see White & Bruce (1986) (2652). 149 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 150 Includes massoptera see White & Bruce (1986) (2652). 151 The original name used here is judged to be in prevailing usage; see Art. 33.2 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178) and p. 000 herein. 152 In last Edition we did not accept the views of Stresemann (1952) (2366); here we do, nominate aenea is thus a Philippine bird; for the races we follow Ripley (1982) (2055), White & Bruce (1986) (2652), van Marle & Voous (1988) (2468), Dickinson et al. (1991) (745) and Wells (1999) (2579). 153 Includes kwangtungensis Chou, 1955 (347), which was accepted with reservations by Cheng (1987: 283 fn.) (333). 154 Includes mista, babiensis and vicina see van Marle & Voous (1986) (2468). 155 Includes glaucocauda Manuel, 1936 (1420). 156 Includes pallidinucha Mayr, 1944 (1474), and intercedens Eck, 1976 (788). 157 Includes aru see Schodde & Mathews (1977) (2193). 158 We follow Baptista et al. (1997: 230) (94). 159 It is quite probable that the prior name farquhari Sharpe, 1900, should be applied. 160 Includes tarrali, intensitincta and microcera. 161 Includes pallida Junge, 1952 (1232); but see doubts of Diamond (1972) (699). 162 Livr. 98 must date from 1836 not 1835 see Dickinson (2001) (739). 163 Treated as monotypic as in last Edition, contra Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 164 The name rubiensis was applied to an intergrading population. 165 Includes carolinae Ripley, 1953 (2037), see Ripley (1982) (2055) and obscurata see Baptista et al. (1997: 239) (94). 166 Includes capistrata see Baptista et al. (1997: 239) (94). 167 Livr. 28 dates from 1822; Peters (1937: 51) (1823) gave 1823 contra Sherborn (1898) (2242). 168 Includes schistacea Mayr, 1944 (1474), see White & Bruce (1986) (2652). 169 Our treatment follows that of Johnstone (1981) (1217). 170 Includes siebersi van Bemmel, 1940 (2460), see White & Bruce (1986) (2652). 171 Includes melvillensis, tarara Rand, 1941 (1964) and constans Bruce, 1989 (259) see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 172 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). COLUMBIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD PSITTACIDAE1 (COCKATOOS AND PARROTS) (85: 364) NESTORINAE 2 NESTOR Lesson, 1830 M Nestor notabilis Gould, 1856 (Kea) South Island (New Zealand) †Nestor productus (Gould, 1836) (Norfolk Island Kaka) Norfolk I. Nestor meridionalis (Kaka)3 N.m.meridionalis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) South Island (New Zealand) and offshore islands, Stewart I. N.m.septentrionalis Lorenz, 1896 North Island (New Zealand) and offshore islands STRIGOPINAE 4 STRIGOPS G.R. Gray, 1845 F Strigops habroptila G.R. Gray, 1845 (Kakapo)5 Introduced to Little Barrier, Maud, Codfish and Pearl Is. (New Zealand) PSITTRICHADINAE 6 PSITTRICHAS Lesson, 1831 M Psittrichas fulgidus (Lesson, 1830) (Pesquet's Parrot) Midmontane New Guinea LORICULINAE 7 LORICULUS Blyth, 1850 M Loriculus vernalis (Vernal Hanging Parrot) L.v.vernalis (Sparrman, 1787) SW, S and E India to Indochina L.v.phileticus Deignan, 19568 Pen. Thailand (south to Trang) (657) Loriculus beryllinus (J.R. Forster, 1781) (Sri Lankan Hanging Parrot) Sri Lanka Loriculus philippensis (Colasisi/Philippine Hanging Parrot)9 L.p.philippensis (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) Luzon and adjacent islands L.p.mindorensis Steere, 1890 Mindoro L.p.bournsi McGregor, 1905 Sibuyan L.p.regulus Souancé, 1856 Guimaras, Negros, Ticao, Tablas, Masbate, Panay †?L.p.chrysonotus P.L. Sclater, 1872 Cebu L.p.worcesteri Steere, 1890 Samar, Leyte, Bohol †?L.p.siquijorensis Steere, 1890 Siquijor L.p.apicalis Souancé, 1856 Mindanao, Dinagat, Siargao and Camiguin Sur I. L.p.dohertyi E. Hartert, 1906 Basilan L.p.bonapartei Souancé, 1856 Sulu Arch. Loriculus galgulus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot) Malay Pen., Borneo, Sumatra and islands Loriculus stigmatus (S. Müller, 1843) (Sulawesi Hanging Parrot)10 Sulawesi and islands nearby Loriculus amabilis (Moluccan Hanging Parrot)11 L.a.amabilis Wallace, 1862 Halmahera, Bacan L.a.sclateri Wallace, 1863 Sula I. L.a.ruber Meyer & Wiglesworth, 1896 Peleng, Banggai Is. Loriculus catamene Schlegel, 1873 (Sangihe Hanging Parrot) Sangihe I. Loriculus aurantiifrons (Orange-fronted Hanging Parrot) L.a.aurantiifrons Schlegel, 1871 Misool I. L.a.batavorum Stresemann, 1913 Waigeo I., NW and W New Guinea L.a.meeki E. Hartert, 1895 E New Guinea, Fergusson, Goodenough and Karkar Is. (D’Entrecasteaux Arch.) L.a.tener P.L. Sclater, 1877 Bismarck Arch.12 Loriculus exilis Schlegel, 1866 (Pygmy Hanging Parrot) Sulawesi Loriculus pusillus G.R. Gray, 1859 (Yellow-throated Hanging Parrot) Java, Bali Loriculus flosculus Wallace, 1864 (Wallace’s Hanging Parrot) Flores MICROPSITTINAE 13 MICROPSITTA Lesson, 1831 F Micropsitta keiensis (Yellow-capped Pygmy Parrot) M.k.keiensis (Salvadori, 1875) Kai Is., Aru Is. M.k.chloroxantha Oberholser, 191714 W Papuan Is., NW New Guinea M.k.viridipectus (Rothschild, 1911) SW New Guinea Micropsitta geelvinkiana (Geelvink Pygmy Parrot) M.g.geelvinkiana (Schlegel, 1871) Numfor I. (Geelvink Bay) M.g.misoriensis (Salvadori, 1875) Biak I. (Geelvink Bay) Micropsitta pusio (Buff-faced Pygmy Parrot) M.p.beccarii (Salvadori, 1876) N and NE New Guinea M.p.pusio (P.L. Sclater, 1866) SE New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. M.p.harterti Mayr, 1940 Fergusson I. (D’Entrecasteaux Arch.) (1470) M.p.stresemanni E. Hartert, 1926 Misima and Tagula Is. (Louisiade Arch.) Micropsitta meeki (Yellow-breasted Pygmy Parrot) M.m.meeki Rothschild & Hartert, 1914 Admiralty Is. M.m.proxima Rothschild & Hartert, 1924 St. Matthias and Squally Is. Micropsitta finschii (Green Pygmy Parrot) M.f.viridifrons (Rothschild & Hartert, 1899) New Hanover, New Ireland, Lihir Is. M.f.nanina (Tristram, 1891) N Solomon Is. M.f.tristrami (Rothschild & Hartert, 1902) C Solomon Is. M.f.aolae (Ogilvie-Grant, 1888) EC Solomon Is. M.f.finschii (E.P. Ramsay, 1881) SE Solomon Is. Micropsitta bruijnii (Red-breasted Pygmy Parrot) M.b.pileata Mayr, 1940 Buru and Seram Is. (S Moluccas) (1470) M.b.bruijnii (Salvadori, 1875) Mts. of New Guinea M.b.necopinata E. Hartert, 1925 New Britain, New Ireland M.b.rosea Mayr, 194015 Bougainville, Guadalcanal and Kolambangra Is. (1470) CACATUINAE 16 PROBOSCIGER Kuhl, 1820 M Probosciger aterrimus (Palm Cockatoo)17 P.a.stenolophus (van Oort, 1911) Yapen I., N and E New Guinea P.a.goliath (Kuhl, 1820) W Papuan Is., W, C and SE New Guinea P.a.aterrimus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788)18 Aru and Misool Is. P.a.macgillivrayi (Mathews, 1912) S New Guinea, Cape York Pen. CALYPTORHYNCHUS Desmarest, 1826 M Calyptorhynchus banksii (Red-tailed Black Cockatoo)19 C.b.macrorhynchus Gould, 1843 NW Australia to E Gulf of Carpentaria C.b.banksii (Latham, 1790) E Australia (Cape York Pen. to NE New South Wales) C.b.graptogyne Schodde, Saunders & Homberger, 198920 SE South Australia, SW Victoria (2177) C.b.samueli Mathews, 1917 WC to EC Australia (arid zone river systems) C.b.naso Gould, 1837 SW Australia (forest belt) Calyptorhynchus lathami (Glossy Black Cockatoo) C.l.erebus Schodde & Mason, 1993 Coastal EC Queensland (2192) C.l.lathami (Temminck, 1807) E Australia C.l.halmaturinus Mathews, 1912 Kangaroo I.21 Calyptorhynchus funereus (Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo)22 C.f.funereus (Shaw, 1794) EC Queensland to E and SC Victoria C.f.whiteae Mathews, 1912 SW Victoria, SC South Australia, Kangaroo I. C.f.xanthanotus Gould, 183823 Tasmania, Flinders I., King I. Calyptorhynchus latirostris Carnaby, 1948 (Short-billed Black Cockatoo) Forested extreme SW Western Australia (300) Calyptorhynchus baudinii Lear, 1832 (Long-billed Black Cockatoo) SW Western Australia (wheat belt and mallee) CALLOCEPHALON Lesson, 1837 N Callocephalon fimbriatum (J. Grant, 1803) (Gang-gang Cockatoo) SE Australia EOLOPHUS Bonaparte, 1854 M Eolophus roseicapilla (Galah)24 25 E.r.kuhli (Mathews, 1912) N Australia E.r.roseicapilla (Vieillot, 1817) W and WC Australia E.r.albiceps Schodde, 1989 EC and E Australia to Tasmania (2177) CACATUA Vieillot, 181726 F Cacatua tenuirostris (Kuhl, 1820) (Long-billed Corella)27 SE Australia Cacatua pastinator (Western Corella) C.p.pastinator (Gould, 1841) Extreme SW Western Australia C.p.derbyi (Mathews, 1916)28 SW to WC Western Australia Cacatua sanguinea (Little Corella) C.s.transfreta Mees, 1982 S New Guinea (1534) C.s.sanguinea Gould, 1843 NW Australia, Northern Australia C.s.westralensis (Mathews, 1917) WC and C Western Australia C.s.gymnopis P.L. Sclater, 1871 C and inland E Australia C.s.normantoni (Mathews, 1917) W Cape York Pen. Cacatua goffini (Finsch, 1863) (Tanimbar Corella)29 Tanimbar Is., Tula (Kai Is.)30 Cacatua ducorpsii Pucheran, 1853 (Solomon Islands Corella) Bougainville to Guadalcanal (Solomon Is.) Cacatua haematuropygia (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (Philippine Cockatoo) Philippines incl. Palawan Cacatua leadbeateri (Major Mitchell's Cockatoo)31 C.l.mollis (Mathews, 1912) SC to NC Western Australia to C Australia and W South Australia (Eyre Pen.) C.l.leadbeateri (Vigors, 1831) EC Australia (Murray-Darling to E Lake Eyre basins) Cacatua sulphurea (Yellow-crested Cockatoo)32 C.s.sulphurea (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Sulawesi and Is. C.s.abbotti (Oberholser, 1917) Masalembu Besar I. (Java Sea) C.s.parvula (Bonaparte, 1850) Main chain of Lesser Sundas (Lombok to Alor and Timor) C.s.citrinocristata (Fraser, 1844) Sumba I. Cacatua galerita (Sulphur-crested Cockatoo) C.g.triton Temminck, 1849 New Guinea and Is. C.g.eleonora (Finsch, 1867) Aru Is. C.g.fitzroyi (Mathews, 1912) N Australia C.g.galerita (Latham, 1790) E and SE Australia to Tasmania Cacatua ophthalmica P.L. Sclater, 1864 (Blue-eyed Cockatoo) New Britain Cacatua alba (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (White Cockatoo) N and C Moluccas Cacatua moluccensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Salmon-crested Cockatoo) S Moluccas NYMPHICUS Wagler, 1832 M Nymphicus hollandicus (Kerr, 1792) (Cockatiel) Interior of Australia LORIINAE 33 34 CHALCOPSITTA Bonaparte, 1850 F Chalcopsitta atra (Black Lory)35 C.a.bernsteini Rosenberg, 1861 Misool I. C.a.atra (Scopoli, 1786) Batanta and Salawati Is., NW New Guinea (W Vogelkop) C.a.insignis Oustalet, 1878 NW New Guinea (S Vogelkop), Amberpon I. Chalcopsitta duivenbodei (Brown Lory) C.d.duivenbodei (A.J.C. Dubois, 1884) Western NC New Guinea C.d.syringanuchalis (Neumann, 1915) Eastern NC New Guinea Chalcopsitta sintillata (Yellow-streaked Lory) C.s.rubrifrons G.R. Gray, 1858 Aru Is. C.s.sintillata (Temminck, 1835) SW New Guinea C.s.chloroptera (Salvadori, 1876) SE New Guinea Chalcopsitta cardinalis (G.R. Gray, 1849) (Cardinal Lory) Hibernian Is. (E of New Ireland) to all Solomon Is. EOS Wagler, 1832 F Eos histrio (Red-and-blue Lory) E.h.challengeri Salvadori, 1891 Miangas I. (Philippines) E.h.talautensis Meyer & Wiglesworth, 1894 Talaud Is. (N of the Moluccas) E.h.histrio (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) Sangihe, Siau and Ruang Is. (near Sulawesi) Eos squamata (Violet-necked Lory) E.s.riciniata (Bechstein, 1811)36 N Moluccas E.s.obiensis Rothschild, 1899 Obi and Bisa Is. (NC Moluccas) E.s.squamata (Boddaert, 1783)37 W Papuan Is., Schildpad Is. Eos rubra (Red Lory)38 E.r.cyanonotha (Vieillot, 1818)39 Buru I. E.r.rubra (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Ambon and Seram to Kai Is. Eos reticulata (S. Müller, 1841) (Blue-streaked Lory) Tanimbar, Kai and Damar Is. Eos cyanogenia Bonaparte, 1850 (Black-winged Lory) Islands in Geelvink Bay (New Guinea) Eos semilarvata Bonaparte, 1850 (Blue-eared Lory) Seram (Moluccas) PSEUDEOS J.L. Peters, 1935 F Pseudeos fuscata (Blyth, 1858) (Dusky Lory) New Guinea, Salawati and Yapen Is. TRICHOGLOSSUS Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 M Trichoglossus ornatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ornate Lorikeet) Sulawesi and nearby islands Trichoglossus forsteni (Scarlet-breasted Lorikeet) T.f.djampeanus E. Hartert, 1897 Tanahjampea I. T.f.stresemanni Meise, 1929 Kalaotoa I. T.f.mitchellii G.R. Gray, 1859 Bali and Lombok Is. T.f.forsteni Bonaparte, 1850 Sumbawa I. Trichoglossus weberi (Büttikofer, 1894) (Flores Lorikeet) Flores I. Trichoglossus capistratus (Marigold Lorikeet) T.c.fortis E. Hartert, 1898 Sumba I. T.c.capistratus (Bechstein, 1811) Timor I. T.c.flavotectus Hellmayr, 1914 Wetar and Romang Is. Trichoglossus haematodus (Rainbow Lorikeet)40 T.h.haematodus (Linnaeus, 1771)41 S Moluccas, W Papuan Is., NW and SW New Guinea T.h.rosenbergii Schlegel, 1871 Biak I. T.h.intermedius Rothschild & Hartert, 1901 NC New Guinea T.h.nigrogularis G.R. Gray, 185842 Kai Is., Aru Is., S New Guinea T.h. caeruleiceps D’Albertis & Salvadori, 1879 SC New Guinea T.h.massena Bonaparte, 185443 SE, NE New Guinea, Louisiade Arch., Karkar I, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Is, Vanuatu T.h.nesophilus Neumann, 1929 Ninigo Is., Hermit Is. T.h.flavicans Cabanis & Reichenow, 1876 New Hanover, St. Mathias I., Admiralty Is. T.h.deplanchii Verreaux & Des Murs, 1860 New Caledonia, Loyalty Is. T.h.septentrionalis Robinson, 1900 Cape York Pen. T.h.moluccanus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) NE and SE Australia, Tasmania T.h.eyrei Mathews, 1912 SE and SC South Australia, W Victoria Trichoglossus rubritorquis Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 (Red-collared Lorikeet) Easternmost Lesser Sundas, NW Australia east to S Gulf of Carpentaria Trichoglossus euteles (Temminck, 1835) (Olive-headed Lorikeet) Timor, Lomblen Is. to Babar I. (S Banda Sea) Trichoglossus flavoviridis (Yellow-and-green Lorikeet) T.f.meyeri Walden, 1871 Sulawesi T.f.flavoviridis Wallace, 1863 Sula Is. Trichoglossus johnstoniae E. Hartert, 1903 (Mindanao Lorikeet)44 W and SC Mindanao Trichoglossus rubiginosus (Bonaparte, 1850) (Pohnpei Lorikeet) Pohnpei I. (E Caroline Is.) Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus (Kuhl, 1820) (Scaly-breasted Lorikeet) E Australia PSITTEUTELES Bonaparte, 185445 M Psitteuteles versicolor (Lear, 1831) (Varied Lorikeet) N Australia Psitteuteles iris (Iris Lorikeet) P.i.iris (Temminck, 1835)46 Timor P.i.wetterensis (Hellmayr, 1912) Wetar I. Psitteuteles goldiei (Sharpe, 1882) (Goldie's Lorikeet) Montane New Guinea LORIUS Vigors, 1825 M Lorius garrulus (Chattering Lory) L.g.morotaianus (van Bemmel, 1940) Morotai and Rau Is. (N Moluccas) (2460) L.g.garrulus (Linnaeus, 1758) Halmahera and adjacent Is. L.g.flavopalliatus Salvadori, 1877 Bacan, Obi, Kasiruta and Mandiole Is. Lorius domicella (Linnaeus, 1758) 47 (Purple-naped Lory)48 Seram and Ambon Is. (S Moluccas) Lorius lory (Black-capped Lory) L.l.lory (Linnaeus, 1758) W Papuan Is., Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) L.l.cyanauchen (S. Müller, 1841)49 Biak I. (Geelvink Bay) L.l.jobiensis (A.B. Meyer, 1874) Yapen and Mios Num Is. (Geelvink Bay) L.l.viridicrissalis de Beaufort, 1909 Western N New Guinea L.l.salvadorii A.B. Meyer, 1891 Eastern N New Guinea L.l.erythrothorax Salvadori, 1877 SW to SE New Guinea L.l.somu (Diamond, 1967)50 Inland SC New Guinea (697) Lorius hypoinochrous (Purple-bellied Lory) L.h.devittatus E. Hartert, 189851 Bismarck Arch., SE New Guinea, Trobriand Is., D’Entrecasteaux Arch., Woodlark I. L.h.hypoinochrous G.R. Gray, 1859 Misima and Tagula Is. (C Louisiade Arch.) L.h.rosselianus Rothschild & Hartert, 1918 Rossel I. (E Louisiade Arch.) Lorius albidinucha (Rothschild & Hartert, 1924) (White-naped Lory)52 SE New Ireland Lorius chlorocercus Gould, 1856 (Yellow-bibbed Lory) E Solomon Is. PHIGYS G.R. Gray, 1870 M Phigys soltarius (Suckow, 1800) (Collared Lory) Fiji Is. VINI Lesson, 1831 F Vini australis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Blue-crowned Lorikeet) Niue, Samoa and Tonga Is. to Lau Arch. Vini kuhlii (Vigors, 1824) (Kuhl’s Lorikeet) Rimitara, Kiritimati, Tabuaeran Teraina and Kiribati Is. Vini stepheni (North, 1908) (Henderson Lorikeet) Henderson I. (Pitcairn Is.) Vini peruviana (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (Blue Lorikeet) Cook Is., Society Is., Tuamotu Arch. Vini ultramarina (Kuhl, 1820) (Ultramarine Lorikeet) Marquesas Is. GLOSSOPSITTA Bonaparte, 1854 F Glossopsitta concinna (Musk Lorikeet) G.c.concinna (Shaw, 1791) E and SE Australia, Kangaroo I. G.c.didimus Mathews, 191553 Tasmania Glossopsitta pusilla (Shaw, 1790) (Little Lorikeet) E and SE Australia Glossopsitta porphyrocephala (Dietrichsen, 1837) (Purple-crowned Lorikeet) SW to inland SE Australia, Kangaroo I. CHARMOSYNA Wagler, 1832 F Charmosyna palmarum (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Palm Lorikeet) Vanuatu, Banks Is., Santa Cruz Is., Duff Is. Charmosyna rubrigularis (P.L. Sclater, 1881) (Red-chinned Lorikeet)54 New Britain, New Ireland, Karkar I. Charmosyna meeki (Rothschild & Hartert, 1901) (Meek's Lorikeet) Solomon Is. †?Charmosyna toxopei (Siebers, 1930) (Blue-fronted Lorikeet) Buru (S Moluccas) Charmosyna multistriata (Rothschild, 1911) (Striated Lorikeet) Central SW New Guinea Charmosyna wilhelminae (A.B. Meyer, 1874) (Pygmy Lorikeet) Montane W, C and E New Guinea Charmosyna rubronotata (Red-fronted Lorikeet) C.r.rubronotata (Wallace, 1862) Salawati I., NW and NC New Guinea C.r.kordoana (A.B. Meyer, 1874) Biak I. Charmosyna placentis (Red-flanked Lorikeet) C.p.intensior (Kinnear, 1928) 55 N Moluccas, Gebe I. (W Papuan Is.) C.p.placentis (Temminck, 1835) 56 57 S Moluccas, Aru Is., SW to SC New Guinea C.p.ornata Mayr, 1940 W Papuan Is., NW New Guinea (1470) C.p.subplacens (P.L. Sclater, 1876) NE and SE New Guinea C.p.pallidior (Rothschild & Hartert, 1905) Woodlark I., Bismarck Arch. to W Solomon Is. †?Charmosyna diadema (Verreaux & Des Murs, 1860) (New Caledonian Lorikeet) New Caledonia Charmosyna amabilis (E.P. Ramsay, 1875) (Red-throated Lorikeet) Viti Levu, Vanu Levu, Ovalau, Taveuni Is. (Fiji Is.) Charmosyna margarethae Tristram, 1879 (Duchess Lorikeet) Solomon Is. Charmosyna pulchella (Fairy Lorikeet) C.p.pulchella G.R. Gray, 185958 Mts. of Vogelkop and central cordillera, New Guinea C.p.rothschildi (E. Hartert, 1930) Cyclops Mts. of NC New Guinea Charmosyna josefinae (Josephine's Lorikeet) C.j.josefinae (Finsch, 1873) Montane W New Guinea C.j.cyclopum E. Hartert, 1930 Cyclops Mts. (NC New Guinea) C.j.sepikiana Neumann, 1922 Montane C New Guinea Charmosyna papou (Papuan Lorikeet) C.p.papou (Scopoli, 1786) Mts. of the Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) C.p.goliathina Rothschild & Hartert, 1911 Mts. of W and C New Guinea C.p.wahnesi Rothschild, 1906 Mts. of Huon Pen. (New Guinea) C.p.stellae A.B. Meyer, 1886 Mts. of SE New Guinea OREOPSITTACUS Salvadori, 1877 M Oreopsittacus arfaki (Plum-faced Lorikeet) O.a.arfaki (A.B. Meyer, 1874) Mts. of the Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) O.a.major Ogilvie-Grant, 1914 Mts. of WC New Guinea O.a.grandis Ogilvie-Grant, 1895 Mts. of C and E New Guinea NEOPSITTACUS Salvadori, 1875 M Neopsittacus musschenbroekii (Yellow-billed Lorikeet) N.m.musschenbroekii (Schlegel, 1871) Mts. of the Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) N.m.major Neumann, 192459 Mts. of NC to SE New Guinea Neopsittacus pullicauda (Orange-billed Lorikeet) N.p.alpinus Ogilvie-Grant, 1914 Mts. of WC New Guinea N.p.socialis Mayr, 1931 Mts. of NE New Guinea N.p.pullicauda E. Hartert, 1896 Mts. of EC and SE New Guinea PSITTACINAE 60 PROSOPEIA Bonaparte, 185461 F Prosopeia splendens (Peale, 1848) (Crimson Shining Parrot) Kandavu, Ono and Viti Levu Is. (Fiji Is.) Prosopeia personata (G.R. Gray, 1848) (Masked Shining Parrot) Viti Levu I. (Fiji Is.) Prosopeia tabuensis (Red Shining Parrot) P.t.taviunensis (E.L. Layard, 1876) Taveuni and Ngamea Is. (Fiji Is.) P.t.tabuensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Vanua Levu, Kioa, Koro and Gau Is. (Fiji Is.), Eua I. (Tonga) EUNYMPHICUS J.L. Peters, 193762 M Eunymphicus cornutus (Horned Parakeet) E.c.cornutus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) New Caledonia E.c.uvaeensis (E.L. & E.L.C. Layard, 1882) Ouvea I. (Loyalty Is.) CYANORAMPHUS Bonaparte, 185463 M †Cyanoramphus zealandicus (Latham, 1790) (Black-fronted Parakeet) Tahiti (Society Is.) †Cyanoramphus ulietanus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Raiatea Parakeet) Raiatea (Society Is.) Cyanoramphus saisseti Verreaux & Des Murs, 1860 (Red-crowned Parakeet) 64 New Caledonia Cyanoramphus forbesi Rothschild, 1893 (Chatham Parakeet)65 Chatham Is. Cyanoramphus cookii (G.R. Gray, 1859) (Norfolk Island Parakeet)66 Norfolk I. Cyanoramphus unicolor (Lear, 1831) (Antipodes Parakeet) Antipodes Is. Cyanoramphus auriceps (Kuhl, 1820) (Yellow-fronted Parakeet) New Zealand and nearby islands, Stewart I., Auckland Is. Cyanoramphus malherbi Souancé, 1857 (Malherbe’s Parakeet)67 N South Island (New Zealand) Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Red-fronted Parakeet) †C.n.subflavescens Salvadori, 1891 Lord Howe I. C.n.cyanurus Salvadori, 1891 Kermadec Is. C.n.novaezelandiae (Sparrman, 1787) New Zealand and nearby islands, Auckland Is., Stewart I. C.n.chathamensis Oliver, 1930 Chatham Is. C.n.hochstetteri (Reischek, 1889) Antipodes Is. †C.n.erythrotis (Wagler, 1832) Macquarie I. PURPUREICEPHALUS Bonaparte, 1854 M Purpureicephalus spurius (Kuhl, 1820) (Red-capped Parrot) SW Western Australia BARNARDIUS Bonaparte, 1854 M Barnardius zonarius (Australian Ringneck)68 B.z.macgillivrayi (North, 1900) NW Queensland to E Northern Territory B.z.barnardi (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Interior of SE Australia B.z.semitorquatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) SW Western Australia B.z.zonarius (Shaw, 1805) WC and SC Western Australia to W and C South Australia PLATYCERCUS Vigors, 1825 M Platycercus caledonicus (Green Rosella)69 P.c.caledonicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Tasmania, Flinders I. P.c.brownii (Kuhl, 1820) King I. (Bass Strait) Platycercus elegans (Crimson Rosella)70 P.e.nigrescens E.P. Ramsay, 1888 NE Queensland P.e.elegans (J.F. Gmelin, 1788)71 EC Queensland to SE South Australia P.e.melanopterus North, 190672 Kangaroo I. P.e.fleurieuensis Ashby, 1917 Mt. Lofty range (South Australia) P.e.subadelaidae Mathews, 1912 S Flinders range (South Australia) P.e.flaveolus Gould, 1837 Murray River (interior of SE Australia Platycercus venustus (Northern Rosella)73 P.v.venustus (Kuhl, 1820) N Northern Territory and extreme NW Queensland P.v.hilli Mathews, 1910 NE Western Australia, NW Northern Territory Platycercus adscitus (Pale-headed Rosella)74 P.a.adscitus (Latham, 1790) Cape York Pen. P.a.palliceps Lear, 183275 NE Queensland to N New South Wales Platycercus eximius (Eastern Rosella) P.e.elecica Schodde & Short, 198976 Extreme SE Queensland, NE New South Wales (2177) P.e.eximius (Shaw, 1792) SE to SC Australia P.e.diemenensis North, 1911 Tasmania Platycercus icterotis (Western Rosella) P.i.icterotis (Kuhl, 1820) Coastal SW Western Australia P.i.xanthogenys Salvadori, 1891 Inland SW Western Australia NORTHIELLA Mathews, 1912 F Northiella haematogaster (Bluebonnet) N.h.haematorrhous (Gould, 1865)77 SE Queensland, NE and EC New South Wales N.h.haematogaster (Gould, 1838) SC Queensland, W and C New South Wales, NW Victoria, EC South Australia N.h.pallescens (Salvadori, 1891) NE South Australia N.h.narethae (H.L. White, 1921) Extreme SW South Australia, SE Western Australia PSEPHOTUS Gould, 1845 M Psephotus haematonotus (Red-rumped Parrot) P.h.caeruleus Condon, 1941 NE South Australia, SW Queensland (555) P.h.haematonotus (Gould, 1838) Inland SE Australia Psephotus varius Clark, 1910 (Mulga Parrot)78 WC, SC, C and inland S and EC Australia Psephotus dissimilis Collett, 1898 (Hooded Parrot)79 C Arnhem Land (Northern Territory) Psephotus chrysopterygius Gould, 1858 (Golden-shouldered Parrot) S Cape York Pen. †Psephotus pulcherrimus (Gould, 1845) (Paradise Parrot) C and S Queensland, N New South Wales NEOPSEPHOTUS Mathews, 1912 M Neopsephotus bourkii (Gould, 1841) (Bourke's Parrot) W, SC and EC Australia NEOPHEMA Salvadori, 1891 F Neophema chrysostoma (Kuhl, 1820) (Blue-winged Parrot) SE Australia, Tasmania Neophema elegans (Elegant Parrot) N.e.elegans (Gould, 1837) SC South Australia, Kangaroo I. N.e.carteri (Mathews, 1912)80 SW Western Australia Neophema petrophila (Rock Parrot) N.p.petrophila (Gould, 1841) Coastal SW Western Australia N.p.zietzi (Mathews, 1912) Coastal C and W South Australia Neophema chrysogaster (Latham, 1790) (Orange-bellied Parrot) W Tasmania, coastal S Victoria and SE South Australia Neophema pulchella (Shaw, 1792) (Turquoise Parrot) Inland SE Queensland to NC Victoria Neophema splendida (Gould, 1841) (Scarlet-chested Parrot) SC Australia LATHAMUS Lesson, 1830 M Lathamus discolor (Shaw, 1790)81 (Swift Parrot) Tasmania >> SE and E Australia MELOPSITTACUS Gould, 1840 M Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw, 1805) (Budgerigar) Inland Australia PEZOPORUS Illiger, 1811 M Pezoporus wallicus (Ground Parrot)82 P.w.flaviventris North, 1911 Coastal extreme SW Western Australia P.w.wallicus (Kerr, 1792) Coastal SE and E Australia P.w.leachi Mathews, 1912 W Tasmania Pezoporus occidentalis (Gould, 1861) (Night Parrot)83 Inland W and C Australia PSITTACELLA Schlegel, 1873 F Psittacella brehmii (Brehm's Tiger Parrot) P.b.brehmii Schlegel, 1871 Mts. of the Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) P.b.intermixta E. Hartert, 1930 Mts. of WC New Guinea P.b.harterti Mayr, 1931 Mts. of Huon Pen. (E New Guinea) P.b.pallida A.B. Meyer, 1886 Mts. of EC and SE New Guinea Psittacella picta (Painted Tiger Parrot) P.p.lorentzi van Oort, 1910 Alpine WC New Guinea P.p.excelsa Mayr & Gilliard, 1951 Alpine C New Guinea (1489) P.p.picta Rothschild, 1896 Alpine SE New Guinea Psittacella modesta (Modest Tiger Parrot) P.m.modesta Schlegel, 1871 Mts. of the Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) P.m.subcollaris Rand, 1941 Nthn. mts. of C New Guinea (1964) P.m.collaris Ogilvie-Grant, 1914 Sthn. mts. of WC New Guinea Psittacella madaraszi (Madarász's Tiger Parrot) P.m.major Rothschild, 1936 Mts. of WC New Guinea (1085) P.m.hallstromi Mayr & Gilliard, 1951 Mts. of C New Guinea (1489) P.m.huonensis Mayr & Rand, 1935 Mts. of Huon Pen. (E New Guinea) P.m.madaraszi A.B. Meyer, 1886 Mts. of SE New Guinea PSITTINUS Blyth, 184284 M Psittinus cyanurus (Blue-rumped Parrot) P.c.cyanurus (J.R. Forster, 1795) S Burma and S Thailand to Sumatra and Borneo P.c.abbotti Richmond, 1902 Simeuluë and Siumat Is. (NW Sumatra) P.c.pontius Oberholser, 1912 Mentawai Is. (NW Sumatra) GEOFFROYUS Bonaparte, 1850 M Geoffroyus geoffroyi (Red-cheeked Parrot) G.g.cyanicollis (S. Müller, 1841) N Moluccas G.g.obiensis (Finsch, 1868) Obi (NC Moluccas) G.g.rhodops (Schlegel, 1864)85 S Moluccas G.g.keyensis Finsch, 1868 Kai Is. G.g.floresianus Salvadori, 1891 W Lesser Sundas G.g.geoffroyi (Bechstein, 1811) E Lesser Sundas G.g.timorlaoensis A.B. Meyer, 1884 Tanimbar Is. G.g.pucherani Souancé, 1856 W Papuan Is., Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) G.g.minor Neumann, 1922 N New Guinea G.g.jobiensis (A.B. Meyer, 1874) Yapen and Meos Num Is. (Geelvink Bay) G.g.mysoriensis (A.B. Meyer, 1874) Biak and Numfor Is. (Geelvink Bay) G.g.orientalis A.B. Meyer, 1891 Huon Pen. (E New Guinea) G.g.sudestiensis De Vis, 1890 Misima and Tagula Is. (Louisiade Arch.) G.g.cyanicarpus E. Hartert, 1899 Rossel I. (Louisiade Arch.) G.g.aruensis (G.R. Gray, 1858) Aru Is., SW to SE New Guinea G.g.maclennani (W.D.K. Macgillivray, 1913)86 Cape York Pen. Geoffroyus simplex (Blue-collared Parrot) G.s.simplex (A.B. Meyer, 1874) Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) G.s.buergersi Neumann, 1922 WC to SE New Guinea Geoffroyus heteroclitus (Singing Parrot) G.h.heteroclitus (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841) Bismarck Arch. to Solomon Is. (except Rennell I.). G.h.hyacinthinus Mayr, 1931 Rennell I. PRIONITURUS Wagler, 1832 M Prioniturus montanus (Montane Racquet-tail)87 P.m.montanus Ogilvie-Grant, 1895 Luzon P.m.malindangensis Mearns, 1909 W Mindanao P.m.waterstradti Rothschild, 1904 SE Mindanao Prioniturus platenae W.H. Blasius, 1888 (Blue-headed Racquet-tail) Palawan and nearby islands Prioniturus luconensis Steere, 1890 (Green Racquet-tail) Luzon, Marinduque Prioniturus discurus (Blue-crowned Racquet-tail) P.d.whiteheadi Salomonsen, 195388 Luzon to Leyte and Bohol (2155) P.d.mindorensis Steere, 1890 Mindoro P.d.discurus (Vieillot, 1822) Mindanao, Basilan; Jolo and Olutanga (Sulu Is.) Prioniturus verticalis Sharpe, 1893 (Blue-winged Racquet-tail) Sulu Arch. Prioniturus flavicans Cassin, 1853 (Yellowish-breasted Racquet-tail) N and C Sulawesi Prioniturus platurus (Golden-mantled Racquet-tail) P.p.talautensis E. Hartert, 1898 Talaud Is. P.p.platurus (Vieillot, 1818) Sulawesi and nearby islands P.p.sinerubris Forshaw, 1971 Taliabu I. (866) Prioniturus mada E. Hartert, 1900 (Buru Racquet-tail) Buru (S Moluccas) TANYGNATHUS Wagler, 1832 M Tanygnathus megalorhynchos (Great-billed Parrot) T.m.megalorhynchos (Boddaert, 1783)89 Talaud and Sangihe Is. to Lesser Sundas, N and C Moluccas and W Papuan Is. T.m.affinis Wallace, 1863 S Moluccas T.m.sumbensis A.B. Meyer, 1881 Sumba I. T.m.hellmayri Mayr, 1944 W Timor, Semao I. (1474) T.m.subaffinis P.L. Sclater, 1883 Babar and Tanimbar Is. Tanygnathus lucionensis (Blue-naped Parrot) T.l.lucionensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Luzon, Mindoro T.l.hybridus Salomonsen, 1952 Polillo I. (2154) T.l.salvadorii Ogilvie-Grant, 189690 C Philippines to NE Borneo Is. T.l.talautensis Meyer & Wiglesworth, 1895 Talaud Is. Tanygnathus sumatranus (Blue-backed Parrot) 91 T.s.duponti Parkes, 1971 Luzon (1764) T.s.freeri McGregor, 1910 Polillo I. T.s.everetti Tweeddale, 1877 Visayan Is., Mindanao T.s.burbidgii Sharpe, 1879 Sulu Is. T.s.sumatranus (Raffles, 1822)92 Sulawesi and nearby islands to the north and west including Sangihe, Talaud, Peleng and Banggai. Tanygnathus gramineus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Black-lored Parrot) Buru I. (S Moluccas) ECLECTUS Wagler, 1832 M Eclectus roratus (Eclectus Parrot) E.r.vosmaeri (Rothschild, 1922) N and C Moluccas E.r.roratus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) S Moluccas E.r.cornelia Bonaparte, 1850 Sumba I. E.r.riedeli A.B. Meyer, 1882 Tanimbar Is. E.r.aruensis G.R. Gray, 1858 Aru Is. E.r.biaki (E. Hartert, 1932) Biak I. E.r.polychloros (Scopoli, 1786) New Guinea and Is. E.r.solomonensis Rothschild & Hartert, 1901 Admiralty Is., Bismarck Arch., Solomon Is. E.r.macgillivrayi Mathews, 1913 Cape York Pen. (Australia) ALISTERUS Mathews, 1911 M Alisterus amboinensis (Moluccan King Parrot) A.a.hypophonius (S. Müller, 1843) Halmahera A.a.sulaensis (Reichenow, 1881) Sula Is. A.a.versicolor Neumann, 193993 Peleng I. (1646) A.a.buruensis (Salvadori, 1876) Buru A.a.amboinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Ambon and Seram Is. A.a.dorsalis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) W Papuan Is., Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) Alisterus chloropterus (Papuan King Parrot) A.c.moszkowskii (Reichenow, 1911) NC New Guinea A.c.callopterus (D'Albertis & Salvadori, 1879) SC New Guinea A.c.chloropterus (E.P. Ramsay, 1879) E New Guinea Alisterus scapularis (Australian King Parrot) A.s.minor Mathews, 1911 NE Queensland A.s.scapularis (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 181694) EC Queensland to S Victoria APROSMICTUS Gould, 1843 M Aprosmictus jonquillaceus (Jonquil Parrot) A.j.jonquillaceus (Vieillot, 1818) Timor and Roti Is. A.j.wetterensis (Salvadori, 1891) Wetar I. Aprosmictus erythropterus (Red-winged Parrot) A.e.papua Mayr & Rand, 1936 S New Guinea (1493) A.e.coccineopterus (Gould, 1865) N Australia A.e.erythropterus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) EC Australia POLYTELIS Wagler, 1832 M Polytelis swainsonii (Desmarest, 1826) (Superb Parrot) Inland SE Australia Polytelis anthopeplus (Regent Parrot) P.a.anthopeplus (Lear, 1831)95 SW Western Australia P.a.monarchoides Schodde, 1993 SW New South Wales, NW Victoria, EC South Australia (2180) Polytelis alexandrae Gould, 1863 (Princess Parrot) Interior C and W Australia MASCARINUS Lesson, 1830 M †Mascarinus mascarin (Linnaeus, 1771) (Mascarene Parrot) Réunion (Indian Ocean) PSITTACULA Cuvier, 180096 F Psittacula eupatria (Alexandrine Parakeet) P.e.nipalensis (Hodgson, 1836) E Afghanistan to Bangladesh P.e.eupatria (Linnaeus, 1766) Sri Lanka, S India P.e.magnirostris (Ball, 1872) Andaman Is. P.e.avensis (Kloss, 1917) E Assam, N Burma P.e.siamensis (Kloss, 1917) N and W Thailand, Indochina †Psittacula wardi (E. Newton, 1867) (Seychelles Parakeet) Seychelles Psittacula krameri (Rose-ringed Parakeet) P.k.krameri (Scopoli, 1769) S Mauritania and Senegal to S Sudan P.k.parvirostris (Souancé, 1856) EC Sudan to NW Somalia P.k.borealis (Neumann, 1915)97 NW Pakistan and N India to SE China P.k.manillensis (Bechstein, 1800) S India, Sri Lanka Psittacula echo (A. & E. Newton, 1876) (Mauritius Parakeet) Mauritius Psittacula himalayana (Lesson, 1831)98 (Slaty-headed Parakeet) E Afghanistan to W Assam Psittacula finschii (Hume, 1874) (Grey-headed Parakeet)99 W Bengal to S China and N Indochina Psittacula cyanocephala (Linnaeus, 1766) (Plum-headed Parakeet) India, Sri Lanka Psittacula roseata (Blossom-headed Parakeet) P.r.roseata Biswas, 1951 W Bengal to N Burma (155) P.r.juneae Biswas, 1951 S Assam to Indochina (155) Psittacula columboides (Vigors, 1830) (Malabar Parakeet) Western Ghats (SW India) Psittacula calthorpae (Blyth, 1849) (Layard’s Parakeet)100 Sri Lanka Psittacula derbiana (Fraser, 1852) (Lord Derby's Parakeet) NE Assam, SE Tibet, SW China Psittacula alexandri (Red-breasted Parakeet) P.a.fasciata (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) N India to S China, Hainan and Indochina P.a.abbotti (Oberholser, 1919) Andaman Is. P.a.cala (Oberholser, 1912) Simeuluë I. P.a.major (Richmond, 1902) Lasia and Babi Is. P.a.perionca (Oberholser, 1912) Nias I. P.a.alexandri (Linnaeus, 1758) Java, Bali, S Borneo P.a.dammermani Chasen & Kloss, 1932 Karimundjawa Is. P.a.kangeanensis Hoogerwerf, 1962 Kangean I. (1141) Psittacula caniceps (Blyth, 1846) (Nicobar Parakeet) Nicobar Is. †Psittacula exsul (A. Newton, 1872) (Rodriguez Parakeet) Rodriguez I. (Mauritius) Psittacula longicauda (Long-tailed Parakeet) P.l.tytleri (Hume, 1874) Andaman Is., Cocos Is. P.l.nicobarica (Gould, 1857) Nicobar Is. P.l.longicauda (Boddaert, 1783) S Malay Pen., Borneo, Sumatra P.l.modesta (Fraser, 1845) Enggano I. P.l.defontainei Chasen, 1934 Natuna Is. AGAPORNIS Selby, 1836 M101 Agapornis canus (Grey-headed Lovebird) A.c.canus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Madagascar (except S) A.c.ablectaneus Bangs, 1918 S Madagascar Agapornis pullarius (Red-headed Lovebird) A.p.pullarius (Linnaeus, 1758)102 S Guinea to Sudan, W Zaire and NW Angola A.p.ugandae Neumann, 1908 W Ethiopia to NW Tanzania and E Zaire Agapornis taranta (Stanley, 1814) (Black-winged Lovebird) Eritrea and Ethiopia Agapornis swindernianus (Black-collared Lovebird) A.s.swindernianus (Kuhl, 1820) Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana A.s.zenkeri Reichenow, 1895 Cameroon and Gabon to SW Central African Republic and C Congo A.s.emini Neumann, 1908 N, C and E Zaire, W Uganda Agapornis roseicollis (Rosy-faced Lovebird) A.r.catumbella B.P. Hall, 1952 SW Angola (1059) A.r.roseicollis (Vieillot, 1817)103 Namibia, NW Cape Province Agapornis fischeri Reichenow, 1887 (Fischer's Lovebird) Rwanda and Burundi to NW Tanzania Agapornis personatus Reichenow, 1887 (Yellow-collared Lovebird) NE and C Tanzania Agapornis lilianae Shelley, 1894 (Nyasa Lovebird) S Tanzania, NW Mozambique, S Malawi, E Zambia, N Zimbabwe Agapornis nigrigenis W.L. Sclater, 1906 (Black-cheeked Lovebird) SW Zambia to NW Zimbabwe CORACOPSIS Wagler, 1832104 F Coracopsis vasa (Greater Vasa Parrot) C.v.comorensis (W.K.H. Peters, 1854)105 Grande Comore, Mwali (Moheli) and Anjouan Is. C.v.drouhardi Lavauden, 1929 W and S Madagascar C.v.vasa (Shaw, 1812) E Madagascar Coracopsis nigra (Lesser Vasa Parrot) C.n.sibilans Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, 1885106 Grande Comore and Anjouan Is., Praslin I. C.n.libs Bangs, 1927 W and S Madagascar C.n.nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) E Madagascar. Intr. Mauritius PSITTACUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Psittacus erithacus (Grey Parrot) P.e.timneh Fraser, 1844 Guinea-Bissau, S Mali, Sierra Leone to SW Ivory Coast P.e.erithacus Linnaeus, 1758107 SE Ivory Coast to W Kenya and N Angola, Príncipe and Săo Tomé Is. POICEPHALUS Swainson, 1837 M Poicephalus robustus (Brown-necked Parrot) P.r.fuscicollis (Kuhl, 1820) Gambia to EC Nigeria and N Angola P.r.suahelicus Reichenow, 1898 Rwanda and C Tanzania to NE Transvaal and SC Angola P.r.robustus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) E Cape Province and Natal to E Transvaal Poicephalus gulielmi (Red-fronted Parrot) P.g.fantiensis Neumann, 1908 Liberia to Ghana P.g.gulielmi (Jardine, 1849) S Cameroon to N Angola, E Zaire and SW Uganda P.g.massaicus (Fischer & Reichenow, 1884)108 W and C Kenya, N Tanzania Poicephalus meyeri (Brown Parrot) P.m.meyeri (Cretzschmar, 1827) S Chad and NE Cameroon to C and S Sudan, Eritrea and W Ethiopia P.m.saturatus (Sharpe, 1901) Uganda and W Kenya to E Zaire and NW Tanzania P.m.matschiei Neumann, 1898 SE Zaire and W and C Tanzania to E Angola, N Zambia and N Malawi P.m.reichenowi Neumann, 1898 W Angola P.m.damarensis Neumann, 1898 S Angola, N Namibia, NW Botswana P.m.transvaalensis Neumann, 1899 S Zambia and W Mozambique to E Botswana and NW Transvaal Poicephalus rueppellii (G.R. Gray, 1849) (Rüppell's Parrot) SW Angola, N and C Namibia Poicephalus cryptoxanthus (Brown-headed Parrot) P.c.tanganyikae Bowen, 1930109 Coastal Kenya, E Tanzania, Zanzibar and Pemba Is. to N and C Mozambique P.c.cryptoxanthus (W.K.H. Peters, 1854) SE Zimbabwe and S Mozambique to NE Sth Africa Poicephalus crassus (Sharpe, 1884) (Niam-Niam Parrot) SW Chad to SW Sudan and N Zaire Poicephalus rufiventris (Red-bellied Parrot) P.r.pallidus van Someren, 1922 Somalia, E Ethiopia P.r.rufiventris (Rüppell, 1845) C Ethiopia to NE Tanzania Poicephalus senegalus (Senegal Parrot) P.s.senegalus (Linnaeus, 1766) Gambia and Guinea-Bissau to S Niger and NW Nigeria P.s.mesotypus Reichenow, 1910 NE Nigeria, N Cameroon and SW Chad P.s.versteri Finsch, 1863 NW Ivory Coast to SW Nigeria Poicephalus flavifrons (Rüppell, 1845) (Yellow-fronted Parrot)110 Ethiopia ANODORHYNCHUS Spix, 1824111 M Anodorhynchus hyacinthus (Latham, 1790) (Hyacinth Macaw) NC to SC Brazil, E Bolivia Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte, 1856 (Indigo Macaw) NE Brazil †Anodorhynchus glaucus (Vieillot, 1816) (Glaucous Macaw) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, W Uruguay, NE Argentina CYANOPSITTA Bonaparte, 1854 F Cyanopsitta spixii (Wagler, 1832) (Spix's Macaw) N Bahia (E Brazil) ARA Lacépčde, 1799112 M113 Ara ararauna (Linnaeus, 1758) (Blue-and-yellow Macaw) E Panama south to Paraguay, S Brazil and N Argentina Ara glaucogularis Dabbene, 1921 (Blue-throated Macaw)114 N Bolivia Ara militaris (Military Macaw) A.m.mexicanus Ridgway, 1915115 N and C Mexico A.m.militaris (Linnaeus, 1766) NW Venezuela, W Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru A.m.bolivianus Reichenow, 1908 Bolivia, NW Argentina Ara ambiguus (Great Green Macaw)116 A.a.ambiguus (Bechstein, 1811) E Honduras and Nicaragua to NW Colombia A.a.guayaquilensis Chapman, 1925 W Ecuador Ara macao (Scarlet Macaw) A.m.cyanopterus Wiedenfeld, 1995 SE Mexico to Nicaragua (2661) A.m.macao (Linnaeus, 1758) Costa Rica to Bolivia and C Brazil Ara chloropterus G.R. Gray, 1859 (Red-and-green Macaw) E Panama to S Brazil and Paraguay †Ara tricolor Bechstein, 1811 (Hispaniolan Macaw)117 Hispaniola Ara rubrogenys Lafresnaye, 1847 (Red-fronted Macaw) C Bolivia Ara severus (Chestnut-fronted Macaw)118 A.s.castaneifrons Lafresnaye, 1847 E Panama to N Bolivia and C Brazil A.s.severus (Linnaeus, 1758) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil ORTHOPSITTACA Ridgway, 1912 F Orthopsittaca manilata (Boddaert, 1783) (Red-bellied Macaw) SE Colombia south to N Bolivia and east to NC and NE Brazil and Venezuela and the Guianas PRIMOLIUS Bonaparte, 1857119 M Primolius couloni (P.L. Sclater, 1876) (Blue-headed Macaw) E Peru, SW Brazil, N Bolivia Primolius maracana (Vieillot, 1816) (Blue-winged Macaw) NE, C and SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Primolius auricollis (Cassin, 1853) (Yellow-collared Macaw) NE Bolivia, EC and SW Brazil, N Paraguay, N Argentina DIOPSITTACA Ridgway, 1912 F Diopsittaca nobilis (Red-shouldered Macaw) D.n.nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil D.n.cumanensis (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) NC Brazil (S of the Amazon) D.n.longipennis (Neumann, 1931) C and S Brazil, NE Bolivia, SE Peru RHYNCHOPSITTA Bonaparte, 1854 F Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swainson, 1827) (Thick-billed Parrot) Sierra Madre Occid. (W Mexico) Rhynchopsitta terrisi R.T. Moore, 1947 (Maroon-fronted Parrot) Sierra Madre Oriental (NE Mexico) (1615) OGNORHYNCHUS Bonaparte, 1857 M Ognorhynchus icterotis (Massena &Souancé, 1854) (Yellow-eared Parrot) Andean S Colombia, N Ecuador GUAROUBA Lesson, 1831120 F Guarouba guarouba (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Golden Parakeet) NE Brazil ARATINGA Spix, 1824 F121 Aratinga acuticaudata (Blue-crowned Parakeet) A.a.koenigi Arndt, 1996122 N Venezuela, NE Colombia (54) A.a.neoxena (Cory, 1909) Margarita I. (Venezuela) A.a.haemorrhous Spix, 1824 Inland NE Brazil A.a.neumanni Blake & Traylor, 1947 Upland E Bolivia (168) A.a.acuticaudata (Vieillot, 1818) E Bolivia and S Brazil to N Argentina and W Uruguay Aratinga holochlora (Green Parakeet)123 A.h.brewsteri Nelson, 1928 NW Mexico A.h.holochlora (P.L. Sclater, 1859) NE to S Mexico A.h.brevipes (Lawrence, 1871) Socorro I. (SW Mexico) A.h.rubritorquis (P.L. Sclater, 1887) E Guatemala to N Nicaragua Aratinga strenua (Ridgway, 1915) (Pacific Parakeet)124 Pacific slope of S Mexico to NW Nicaragua Aratinga wagleri (Scarlet-fronted Parakeet) A.w.wagleri (G.R. Gray, 1845) W and N Colombia, NW Venezuela A.w.transilis J.L. Peters, 1927 E Colombia, N Venezuela A.w.frontata (Cabanis, 1846) W Ecuador, W Peru A.w.minor Carriker, 1933 C and S Peru Aratinga mitrata (Mitred Parakeet) A.m.mitrata (Tschudi, 1844) C Peru to NW Argentina A.m.alticola Chapman, 1921 Montane C Peru Aratinga erythrogenys (Lesson, 1844) (Red-masked Parakeet) W Ecuador, NW Peru Aratinga finschi (Salvin, 1871) (Crimson-fronted Parakeet) S Nicaragua to W Panama Aratinga leucophthalma (White-eyed Parakeet) A.l.nicefori Meyer de Schauensee, 1946 Meta (E Colombia) (1563) A.l.callogenys (Salvadori, 1891) W Amazonia A.l.leucophthalma (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776)125 E Venezuela and the Guianas through Brazil and E Bolivia to Paraguay and N Argentina Aratinga euops (Wagler, 1832) (Cuban Parakeet) Cuba Aratinga chloroptera (Hispaniolan Parakeet) A.c.chloroptera (Souancé, 1856) Hispaniola †A.c.maugei (Souancé, 1856) Mona I. Aratinga solstitialis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Sun Parakeet) Guyana, Surinam, N Brazil (N of the Amazon) Aratinga jandaya (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Jandaya Parakeet) NE Brazil (S of the Amazon) Aratinga auricapillus (Golden-capped Parakeet)126 A.a.auricapillus (Kuhl, 1820) EC Brazil A.a.aurifrons Spix, 1824 SE Brazil Aratinga weddellii (Deville, 1851) (Dusky-headed Parakeet) SE Colombia to NE Bolivia Aratinga nana (Olive-throated Parakeet) A.n.vicinalis (Bangs & Penard, 1919) NE Mexico A.n.astec (Souancé, 1857) 127 SE Mexico to W Panama A.n.nana (Vigors, 1830) Jamaica Aratinga canicularis (Orange-fronted Parakeet) A.c.clarae R.T. Moore, 1937 Pacific slope WC Mexico (1609) A.c.eburnirostrum (Lesson, 1842) Pacific slope SW Mexico A.c.canicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) Pacific slope S Mexico to W Costa Rica Aratinga aurea (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Peach-fronted Parakeet)128 S Surinam through Brazil to SE Peru, E Bolivia, Paraguay and N Argentina Aratinga pertinax (Brown-throated Parakeet) A.p.ocularis (Sclater & Salvin, 1864) Panama A.p.aeruginosa (Linnaeus, 1758) N Colombia, NW Venezuela A.p.griseipecta Meyer de Schauensee, 1950 NE Colombia (1566) A.p.lehmanni Dugand, 1943 E Colombia (766) A.p.arubensis (E. Hartert, 1892) Aruba I. A.p.pertinax (Linnaeus, 1758) Curaçao I. A.p.xanthogenia (Bonaparte, 1850) Bonaire I. A.p.tortugensis (Cory, 1909) Tortuga I. (Venezuela) A.p.margaritensis (Cory, 1918) Margarita I. (Venezuela) A.p.venezuelae Zimmer & Phelps, 1951 Venezuela (2727) A.p.surinama Zimmer & Phelps, 1951 NE Venezuela, the Guianas (2727) A.p.chrysophrys (Swainson, 1838) SE Venezuela, NW Brazil A.p.chrysogenys (Massena & Souancé, 1854) NW Brazil A.p.paraensis Sick, 1959129 NC Brazil (2267) Aratinga cactorum (Cactus Parakeet) A.c.caixana Spix, 1824 NE Brazil A.c.cactorum (Kuhl, 1820) EC Brazil NANDAYUS Bonaparte, 1854 M Nandayus nenday (Vieillot, 1823) (Nanday Parakeet) SE Bolivia and SW Brazil to C Paraguay and N Argentina LEPTOSITTACA Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894 F Leptosittaca branickii Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894 (Golden-plumed Parakeet) Montane S Colombia to C Peru CONUROPSIS Salvadori, 1891 F Conuropsis carolinensis (Carolina Parakeet) †C.c.carolinensis (Linnaeus, 1758) SE USA †C.c.ludoviciana (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) C USA CYANOLISEUS Bonaparte, 1854 M Cyanoliseus patagonus (Burrowing Parakeet) C.p.andinus Dabbene & Lillo, 1913 NW Argentina C.p.conlara Nores & Yzurieta, 1983 San Luis and Cordoba (WC Argentina) (1660) C.p.patagonus (Vieillot, 1818) C to SE Argentina C.p.bloxami Olson, 1995 130 C Chile (1702) PYRRHURA Bonaparte, 1856 F Pyrrhura cruentata (Wied, 1820) (Blue-throated Parakeet) E Brazil Pyrrhura devillei (Massena & Souancé, 1854) (Blaze-winged Parakeet) N Paraguay, S Brazil Pyrrhura frontalis (Maroon-bellied Parakeet) P.f.frontalis (Vieillot, 1818)131 E Brazil P.f.chiripepe (Vieillot, 1818) SE Brazil, SE Paraguay, N Argentina Pyrrhura perlata (Spix, 1824) (Crimson-bellied Parakeet)132 C Brazil to N Bolivia Pyrrhura lepida (Pearly Parakeet)133 P.l.lepida (Wagler, 1832) NE Para, NW Maranhao (NE Brazil) P.l.anerythra Neumann, 1927 E Para (NE Brazil) P.l.coerulescens Neumann, 1927 W and C Maranhao (NC Brazil) Pyrrhura molinae (Green-cheeked Parakeet)134 P.m.flavoptera Maijer, Herzog, Kessler, Friggens & Fjeldsĺ, 1998 W Bolivia (1415) P.m.molinae (Massena & Souancé, 1854) E Bolivia (highlands) P.m.phoenicura (Schlegel, 1864) NE Bolivia, W Brazil P.m.sordida Todd, 1947 Extreme E Bolivia, SW Brazil (2408) P.m.restricta Todd, 1947 E Bolivia (lowlands) (2408) P.m.australis Todd, 1915 S Bolivia to NW Argentina Pyrrhura eisenmanni Delgado, 1985 (Azuero Parakeet)135 Azuero Pen. (Panama) (683) Pyrrhura caeruleiceps Todd, 1947 (Todd’s Parakeet) 136 N Colombia, NW Venezuela (2408) Pyrrhura subandina Todd, 1917 (Sinú Parakeet) Sinú valley (NW Colombia) Pyrrhura picta (Painted Parakeet) P.p.picta (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776)137 Venezuela, the Guianas and N Brazil P.p.amazonum Hellmayr, 1906138 SE Amazonia Brazil P.p.lucianii (Deville, 1851) SE Ecuador, NE Peru, N Bolivia, NW Brazil P.p.roseifrons (G.R. Gray, 1859) W Brazil, E Peru Pyrrhura leucotis (Maroon-faced Parakeet) P.l.emma Salvadori, 1891139 N Venezuela P.l.griseipectus Salvadori, 1900 NE Brazil P.l.leucotis (Kuhl, 1820) E and SE Brazil Pyrrhura pfrimeri Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 (Pfrimer’s Parakeet)140 C Brazil Pyrrhura viridicata Todd, 1913 (Santa Marta Parakeet) Santa Marta Mts. (N Colombia) Pyrrhura egregia (Fiery-shouldered Parakeet) P.e.egregia (P.L. Sclater, 1881) SE Venezuela, SW Guyana P.e.obscura Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 S Venezuela, NE Brazil (2723) Pyrrhura melanura (Maroon-tailed Parakeet) P.m.pacifica Chapman, 1915 SW Colombia, NW Ecuador P.m.chapmani Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1940 Andes of Colombia (190) P.m.melanura (Spix, 1824) S Venezuela, SE Colombia, NW Brazil, E Ecuador, NE Peru P.m.souancei (J. Verreaux, 1858) SC Colombia P.m.berlepschi Salvadori, 1891 SE Ecuador, N Peru Pyrrhura orcesi Ridgely & Robbins, 1988 (El Oro Parakeet) SW Ecuador (2016) Pyrrhura rupicola (Black-capped Parakeet) P.r.rupicola (Tschudi, 1844) C Peru P.r.sandiae Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1944 SE Peru, W Brazil, N Bolivia (193) Pyrrhura albipectus Chapman, 1914 (White-necked Parakeet) SE Ecuador Pyrrhura calliptera (Massena & Souancé, 1854) (Brown-breasted Parakeet) E Andes of Colombia Pyrrhura hoematotis (Red-eared Parakeet) P.h.immarginata Zimmer & Phelps, 1944 NW Venezuela (2722) P.h.hoematotis Souancé, 1857 N Venezuela Pyrrhura rhodocephala (Sclater & Salvin, 1871) (Rose-headed Parakeet) W Venezuela Pyrrhura hoffmanni (Sulphur-winged Parakeet) P.h.hoffmanni (Cabanis, 1861) S Costa Rica P.h.gaudens Bangs, 1906 W Panama ENICOGNATHUS G.R. Gray, 1840 M Enicognathus ferrugineus (Austral Parakeet) E.f.minor (Chapman, 1919) S Chile, SW Argentina E.f.ferrugineus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) Extreme S of Chile and Argentina Enicognathus leptorhynchus (P.P. King, 1831) (Slender-billed Parakeet) C Chile MYIOPSITTA Bonaparte, 1854 F Myiopsitta monachus (Monk Parakeet)141 M.m.luschi (Finsch, 1868) C Bolivia M.m.cotorra (Vieillot, 1818) S Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay, NW Argentina M.m.monachus (Boddaert, 1783) SE Brazil, Uruguay, NE Argentina M.m.calita (Jardine & Selby, 1830) W Argentina PSILOPSIAGON Ridgway, 1912 F Psilopsiagon aymara (d’Orbigny, 1839) (Grey-hooded Parakeet) NC Bolivia to NW Argentina Psilopsiagon aurifrons (Mountain Parakeet) P.a.robertsi Carriker, 1933 NW Peru P.a.aurifrons (Lesson, 1831) C Peru P.a.margaritae (Berlioz & Dorst, 1956) S Peru and WC Bolivia to N Chile and NW Argentina (143) P.a.rubrirostrus (Burmeister, 1860) NW Argentina to C Chile BOLBORHYNCHUS Bonaparte, 1857 M Bolborhynchus lineola (Barred Parakeet) B.l.lineola (Cassin, 1853) S Mexico to W Panama B.l.tigrinus (Souancé, 1856) N and W Venezuela to C Peru Bolborhynchus orbygnesius (Souancé, 1856) (Andean Parakeet) Upper Andes of Peru and NC Bolivia Bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons (Lawrence, 1880) (Rufous-fronted Parakeet) C Andes of WC Colombia FORPUS Boie, 1858 M Forpus cyanopygius (Mexican Parrotlet) F.c.insularis (Ridgway, 1888) Tres Marias Is. F.c.cyanopygius (Souancé, 1856) 142 W Mexico Forpus passerinus (Green-rumped Parrotlet) F.p.cyanophanes (Todd, 1915) N Colombia F.p.viridissimus (Lafresnaye, 1848) N Venezuela, Trinidad F.p.passerinus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Guianas F.p.cyanochlorus (Schlegel, 1864) Roraima (NW Brazil) F.p.deliciosus (Ridgway, 1888) Lower Amazon (Brazil) Forpus xanthopterygius (Blue-winged Parrotlet)143 F.x.spengeli (Hartlaub, 1885) N Colombia (isolate) F.x.crassirostris (Taczanowski, 1883)144 SE Colombia to N Peru and W Brazil F.x.flavescens (Salvadori, 1891) SE Peru, E Bolivia F.x.flavissimus Hellmayr, 1929 NE Brazil F.x.xanthopterygius (Spix, 1824)145 E and SE Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina Forpus conspicillatus (Spectacled Parrotlet) F.c.conspicillatus (Lafresnaye, 1848) E Panama, NC Colombia F.c.metae Borrero & Camacho, 1961 C Colombia to W Venezuela (198) F.c.caucae (Chapman, 1915) SW Colombia Forpus sclateri (Dusky-billed Parrotlet) F.s.eidos J.L. Peters, 1937 E Colombia and S Venezuela to the Guianas and N Brazil F.s.sclateri (G.R. Gray, 1859) SE Colombia to N Bolivia and across the Amazon basin S of the river Forpus coelestis (Lesson, 1847) (Pacific Parrotlet) W Ecuador, NW Peru Forpus xanthops (Salvin, 1895) (Yellow-faced Parrotlet) Upper Marańón valley (NC Peru) BROTOGERIS Vigors, 1825 F146 Brotogeris tirica (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Plain Parakeet) E Brazil from EC to SE Brotogeris versicolurus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (Canary-winged Parakeet)147 SE Colombia and NE Peru to S French Guiana and CN Brazil Brotogeris chiriri (Yellow-chevroned Parakeet) B.c.chiriri (Vieillot, 1818) N Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina to NE, C and SE Brazil B.c.behni Neumann, 1931 C and S Bolivia Brotogeris pyrrhoptera (Latham, 1802)148 (Grey-cheeked Parakeet) W and SW Ecuador, NW Peru Brotogeris jugularis (Orange-chinned Parakeet) B.j.jugularis (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) SW Mexico to N Colombia and NW Venezuela B.j.exsul Todd, 1917 E Colombia, W Venezuela Brotogeris cyanoptera (Cobalt-winged Parakeet) B.c.cyanoptera (Salvadori, 1891) SE Colombia and S Venezuela to E Peru and WC Brazil B.c.gustavi Berlepsch, 1889 N Peru B.c.beniensis Gyldenstolpe, 1941 N Bolivia (1029) Brotogeris chrysoptera (Golden-winged Parakeet) B.c.chrysoptera (Linnaeus, 1766) NE Venezuela, CN Brazil, the Guianas B.c.tenuifrons Friedmann, 1945 NW Brazil (878) B.c.solimoensis Gyldenstolpe, 1941 Amazonas, NC Brazil (1028) B.c.tuipara (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Para and Maranhăo, C Brazil B.c.chrysosema P.L. Sclater, 1864 W Brazil Brotogeris sanctithomae (Tui Parakeet) B.s.sanctithomae (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) W Amazonia B.s.takatsukasae Neumann, 1931 Lower Amazon basin, Brazil NANNOPSITTACA Ridgway, 1912 F Nannopsittaca panychlora (Salvin & Godman, 1883) (Tepui Parrotlet) N, S and E Venezuela, S Guyana, N Brazil Nannopsittaca dachilleae O’Neill, Munn & Franke, 1991 (Amazonian Parrotlet) # SE Peru, NE Bolivia (1718) TOUIT G.R. Gray, 1855 M149 Touit batavicus (Boddaert, 1783) (Lilac-tailed Parrotlet) N Venezuela, the Guianas, Trinidad, Tobago I. Touit huetii (Temminck, 1830) (Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet) C Colombia, NE and S Venezuela, N Guyana, NE Brazil, E Ecuador to N Bolivia Touit costaricensis (Cory, 1913) (Red-fronted Parrotlet)150 SE Costa Rica, W Panama Touit dilectissimus (Sclater & Salvin, 1871) (Blue-fronted Parrotlet) E Panama, N Colombia to W Venezuela and south to NW Ecuador Touit purpuratus (Sapphire-rumped Parrotlet) T.p.purpuratus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) S Venezuela east to the Guianas and NE Brazil T.p.viridiceps Chapman, 1929 S Venezuela west to SE Colombia, NW and NC Brazil Touit melanonotus (Wied, 1818) (Brown-backed Parrotlet) SE Brazil Touit surdus (Golden-tailed Parrotlet) T.s.chryseura (Swainson, 1820)151 Recife, NE Brazil T.s.surdus (Kuhl, 1820) E Brazil Touit stictopterus (P.L. Sclater, 1862) (Spot-winged Parrotlet) S Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru PIONITES Heine, 1890 M152 Pionites melanocephalus (Black-headed Parrot) P.m.melanocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) SE Colombia to the Guianas and N Brazil P.m.pallidus (Berlepsch, 1889) S Colombia to NE Peru Pionites leucogaster (White-bellied Parrot) P.l.xanthomerius (P.L. Sclater, 1858) E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil P.l.xanthurus Todd, 1925 R. Purús and R. Juruá to R. Madeira (Amazonian Brazil) P.l.leucogaster (Kuhl, 1820) R. Madeira to R. Maranhăo (N Brazil) PIONOPSITTA Bonaparte, 1854 F Pionopsitta vulturina (Kuhl, 1820) (Vulturine Parrot) R. Madeira to R. Maranhăo (N Brazil) Pionopsitta haematotis (Brown-hooded Parrot) P.h.haematotis (Sclater & Salvin, 1860) SE Mexico to W Panama P.h.coccinicollaris (Lawrence, 1862) E Panama, NW Colombia Pionopsitta pulchra Berlepsch, 1897 (Rose-faced Parrot) Pacific lowlands W Colombia, NW Ecuador Pionopsitta barrabandi (Orange-cheeked Parrot) P.b.barrabandi (Kuhl, 1820) SW Colombia, S Venezuela, NW Brazil (N of Amazon) P.b.aurantiigena Gyldenstolpe, 1951 E Ecuador to N Bolivia, NW Brazil (S of Amazon) (1031) Pionopsitta pyrilia (Bonaparte, 1853) (Saffron-headed Parrot) E Panama, N and C Colombia, NW Venezuela Pionopsitta caica (Latham, 1790) (Caica Parrot) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil (south to Amazon) Pionopsitta pileata (Scopoli, 1769) (Red-capped Parrot) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina HAPALOPSITTACA Ridgway, 1912 F Hapalopsittaca melanotis (Black-winged Parrot) H.m.peruviana (Carriker, 1932) C and S Peru H.m.melanotis (Lafresnaye, 1847) WC Bolivia Hapalopsittaca amazonina (Rusty-faced Parrot)153 H.a.theresae (Hellmayr, 1915) NE Colombia, NW Venezuela H.a.velezi Graves & Uribe Restrepo, 1989 C Andes of Colombia (992) H.a.amazonina (Des Murs, 1845) E Andes of Colombia Hapalopsittaca fuertesi (Chapman, 1912) (Indigo-winged Parrot) WC Andes of Colombia Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops (Salvin, 1876) (Red-faced Parrot) SW Ecuador, NW Peru GRAYDIDASCALUS Bonaparte, 1854 M Graydidascalus brachyurus (Kuhl, 1820) (Short-tailed Parrot)154 E Ecuador and E Peru through Amazon basin to French Guiana PIONUS Wagler, 1832 M Pionus menstruus (Blue-headed Parrot) P.m.rubrigularis Cabanis, 1881 NE Costa Rica to W Ecuador P.m.menstruus (Linnaeus, 1766) E Colombia to N Bolivia, the Guianas and NE Brazil P.m.reichenowi (Heine, 1884)155 E Brazil Pionus sordidus (Red-billed Parrot) P.s.saturatus Todd, 1915 Santa Marta massif (N Colombia) P.s.ponsi Aveledo & Ginés, 1950 N Colombia, NW Venezuela (64) P.s.sordidus (Linnaeus, 1758) N Venezuela P.s.antelius Todd, 1947 NE Venezuela (2408) P.s.corallinus Bonaparte, 1854 E Andes of Colombia south to N Bolivia P.s.mindoensis Chapman, 1925 W Ecuador Pionus maximiliani (Scaly-headed Parrot) P.m.maximiliani (Kuhl, 1820) NE and EC Brazil P.m.siy Souancé, 1856 SE Bolivia, Paraguay, WC and SC Brazil, N Argentina P.m.lacerus (Heine, 1884) NW Argentina P.m.melanoblepharus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Pionus tumultuosus (Speckle-faced Parrot)156 P.t.seniloides (Massena & Souancé, 1854) W Venezuela to NW Peru P.t.tumultuosus (Tschudi, 1844) C and S Peru, W Bolivia Pionus senilis (Spix, 1824) (White-crowned Parrot) NE Mexico to W Panama Pionus chalcopterus (Fraser, 1841) (Bronze-winged Parrot)157 W Venezuela and NE Colombia to NW Peru Pionus fuscus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (Dusky Parrot) NE Colombia, NE Venezuela through the Guianas to N Brazil AMAZONA Lesson, 1830158 F Amazona leucocephala (Cuban Parrot) A.l.bahamensis (H. Bryant, 1867) Great Inagua and Abaco (Bahamas) A.l.leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1758)159 Cuba and Isla de la Juventud A.l.caymanensis (Cory, 1886) Grand Cayman I. A.l.hesterna Bangs, 1916 Cayman Brac I. Amazona collaria (Linnaeus, 1758) (Yellow-billed Parrot) Jamaica Amazona ventralis (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (Hispaniolan Parrot) Hispaniola and satellite islands Amazona albifrons (White-fronted Parrot) A.a.saltuensis Nelson, 1899 NW Mexico A.a.albifrons (Sparrman, 1788) S Mexico to SW Guatemala A.a.nana W. de W. Miller, 1905 E Mexico, Belize and N Guatemala to NW Costa Rica Amazona xantholora (G.R. Gray, 1859) (Yellow-lored Parrot) Yucatán Peninsula and Cozumel I. (Mexico), N Belize Amazona agilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Black-billed Parrot) Jamaica Amazona vittata (Puerto Rican Parrot) A.v.vittata (Boddaert, 1783) Puerto Rico †A.v.gracilipes Ridgway, 1915 Culebra I. (off Puerto Rico) Amazona tucumana (Cabanis, 1885) (Tucuman Parrot) SE Bolivia (?), NW Argentina Amazona pretrei (Temminck, 1830) (Red-spectacled Parrot) SE Brazil (mainly Rio Grande do Sul), rarely Paraguay and Argentina Amazona viridigenalis (Cassin, 1853) (Red-crowned Parrot) NE Mexico Amazona finschi (P.L. Sclater, 1864) (Lilac-crowned Parrot)160 W Mexico Amazona autumnalis (Red-lored Parrot) A.a.autumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Caribbean slope from E Mexico to N Nicaragua A.a.salvini (Salvadori, 1891) N Nicaragua to SW Colombia and NW Venezuela A.a.lilacina Lesson, 1844 W Ecuador A.a.diadema (Spix, 1824) Lower R Negro and N bank of Amazon (NW Brazil) Amazona dufresniana (Shaw, 1812) (Blue-cheeked Parrot) SE Venezuela, the Guianas Amazona rhodocorytha (Salvadori, 1890) (Red-browed Parrot) 161 E Brazil Amazona brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Red-tailed Parrot) SE Brazil Amazona festiva (Festive Parrot) A.f.bodini (Finsch, 1873) E Colombia to E Venezuela A.f.festiva (Linnaeus, 1758) W Amazonia Amazona xanthops (Spix, 1824) (Yellow-faced Parrot) Interior EC Brazil to N Paraguay and E Bolivia Amazona barbadensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Yellow-shouldered Parrot)162 N Venezuela and offshore islands of La Blanquilla, Bonaire and Margarita Amazona aestiva (Blue-fronted Parrot) A.a.aestiva (Linnaeus, 1758) E Brazil A.a.xanthopteryx (Berlepsch, 1896) N and E Bolivia, SW Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina Amazona oratrix (Yellow-headed Parrot)163 A.o.tresmariae Nelson, 1900 Tres Marias Is (off WC Mexico) A.o.oratrix Ridgway, 1887 SW and S Mexico A.o.belizensis Monroe & Howell, 1966 Belize (1606) Amazona auropalliata (Yellow-naped Parrot) A.a.auropalliata (Lesson, 1842) S Mexico to NW Costa Rica A.o.caribaea Lousada, 1989 Bay Is. (off Honduras)164 (1386) A.a.parvipes Monroe & Howell, 1966 N Honduras to NE Nicaragua (1606) Amazona ochrocephala (Yellow-crowned Parrot) A.o.magna Monroe & Howell, 1966 Tamaulipas to Tabasco (E Mexico) (1606) A.o.panamensis (Cabanis, 1874) W Panama, NW Colombia, Pearl Is A.o.nattereri (Finsch, 1865) S Colombia to E Peru, N Bolivia and W Brazil A.o.xantholaema Berlepsch, 1913 Marajó I (Amazon Delta, N Brazil) A.o.ochrocephala (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) E Colombia to Trinidad, the Guianas and N Brazil Amazona amazonica (Linnaeus, 1766) (Orange-winged Parrot)165 N and E Colombia south to N Bolivia, east through most of nthn. Sth. America Amazona mercenaria (Scaly-naped Parrot) A.m.canipalliata (Cabanis, 1874) Andes of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador A.m.mercenaria (Tschudi, 1844) Andes of Peru and Bolivia Amazona kawalli Grantsau & Camargo, 1989 (Kawall’s Parrot) 166 (976) # Amazon basin (Brazil) Amazona farinosa (Mealy Parrot) A.f.guatemalae (P.L. Sclater, 1860) SE Mexico to NW Honduras A.f.virenticeps (Salvadori, 1891) Sula Valley (N Honduras) to W Panama A.f.farinosa (Boddaert, 1783)167 E Panama to the Amazon basin; EC and SE Brazil; W Columbia and NW Ecuador. Amazona vinacea (Kuhl, 1820) (Vinaceous Parrot) E Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Amazona versicolor (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (St. Lucia Parrot) St. Lucia (Lesser Antilles) Amazona arausiaca (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (Red-necked Parrot) Dominica (Lesser Antilles) Amazona guildingii (Vigors, 1837) (St. Vincent Parrot) St. Vincent (Lesser Antilles) Amazona imperialis Richmond, 1899 (Imperial Parrot) Dominica (Lesser Antilles) DEROPTYUS Wagler, 1832 M Deroptyus accipitrinus (Red-fan Parrot) D.a.accipitrinus (Linnaeus, 1758) SE Colombia to NE Peru, the Guianas and N Brazil D.a.fuscifrons Hellmayr, 1905 C Brazil (S of Amazon) TRICLARIA Wagler, 1832 F Triclaria malachitacea (Spix, 1824) (Blue-bellied Parrot) SE Brazil CYCLOPSITTA Reichenbach, 1850168 169 F Cyclopsitta gulielmitertii (Orange-breasted Fig Parrot) C.g.melanogenia (Schlegel, 1866) Aru Is. C.g.gulielmitertii (Schlegel, 1866) Salawati I., Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) C.g.nigrifrons (Reichenow, 1891) N New Guinea C.g.ramuensis (Neumann, 1915) Ramu R. (NE New Guinea) C.g.amabilis (Reichenow, 1891) E New Guinea C.g.suavissima P.L. Sclater, 1876 SE New Guinea C.g.fuscifrons (Salvadori, 1876) S New Guinea Cyclopsitta diophthalma (Double-eyed Fig Parrot) C.d.diophthalma (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841) W Papuan Is., W and N New Guinea C.d.aruensis (Schlegel, 1874) Aru Is., SC New Guinea C.d.coccineifrons (Sharpe, 1882) E and EC New Guinea C.d.virago (E. Hartert, 1895) Goodenough and Fergusson Is. (D’Entrecasteaux Arch.) C.d.inseparabilis (E. Hartert, 1898) Tagula I. (Louisiade Arch.) C.d.marshalli (Iredale, 1946) Cape York Pen. (1183) C.d.macleayana E.P. Ramsay, 1874 NE Queensland C.d.coxeni Gould, 1867 SE Queensland, NE New South Wales PSITTACULIROSTRIS J.E. & G.R. Gray, 1859 M Psittaculirostris desmarestii (Large Fig Parrot) P.d.blythii (Wallace, 1864)170 Misool I. (W Papuan Is.) P.d.occidentalis (Salvadori, 1875) Salawati and Batanta Is., West Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) P.d.desmarestii (Desmarest, 1826) E Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) P.d.intermedius (van Oort, 1909) S Vogelkop (NW New Guinea) P.d.godmani (Ogilvie-Grant, 1911) SW New Guinea P.d.cervicalis (Salvadori & D'Albertis, 1875) SE to NE New Guinea Psittaculirostris edwardsii (Oustalet, 1885) (Edwards's Fig Parrot) EC northern New Guinea Psittaculirostris salvadorii (Oustalet, 1880) (Salvadori's Fig Parrot) WC northern New Guinea BOLBOPSITTACUS Salvadori, 1891 M Bolbopsittacus lunulatus (Guaiabero) B.l.lunulatus (Scopoli, 1786) Luzon B.l.callainipictus Parkes, 1971 Samar (1764) B.l.intermedius Salvadori, 1891 Leyte and Panaon Is. B.l.mindanensis (Steere, 1890) Mindanao 1 For the whole of the Psittaciformes we have been guided by Homberger (1980a, b; 1985, 1991, 2002) (1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138) and D. Homberger (in litt.). 2 Homberger (op. cit.) would prefer to treat this as a family. 3 For recognition of subspecies see Forshaw & Cooper (1989: 156) (868). The vernacular name is retained without a qualifier. It is the only extant Kaka. 4 Homberger (op. cit.) would prefer to treat this as a family. 5 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 6 Homberger (op. cit.) would prefer to treat this as a family. 7 Homberger (op. cit.) would prefer to treat this as a family. 8 For recent recognition see Wells (1999: 365) (2579). 9 Following Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). L. salvadori was probably based on an aberrant specimen; see also Dickinson et al. (op. cit. p. 209). 10 Includes croconotus Jany, 1955 (1201), see White & Bruce (1986) (2652). 11 Collar (1997) (545) treated this as two species with ruber in the synonymy of sclateri. Detailed evidence not seen. We prefer to follow White & Bruce (1986: 220) (2652). 12 Collar (1997) (545) treated tener as a separate species (it lacks the orange front). 13 Homberger (op. cit.) would prefer to treat this as a family. 14 Tentatively includes sociabilis Greenway, 1966 (1007), but see Greenway (1978) (1010). 15 Including brevis Mayr, 1940 (1470). 16 Homberger (op. cit.) would prefer to treat this as a family with three subfamilies (Calyptorynchinae, Cacatuinae and Nymphicinae). 17 Revised following Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 18 Peters (1937: 171) reported a restricted type locality in Australia, but this has been corrected to the Aru Islands by Mees (1957) (1508). 19 Called Calyptorhynchus magnificus in Peters (1937) (1823) and in our last Edition. 20 The name Calyptorhynchus magnificus, which might have been thought available, was based on a specimen of another species (Schodde & Mason, 1997) (2188). 21 For recognition see Schodde, Mason & Wood (1993) (2192). 22 Revised, including splitting the species, and using the name latirostris for one taxon (the name tenuirostris being a junior synonym of baudinii), following Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 23 Nec xanthonotus. 24 Revision based on Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 25 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 26 Most revision in this genus is based on Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 27 Thought to include mcallani Wells & Wellington, 1992 (2583). 28 For recognition see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188), and for treatment of the name butleri Ford, 1987 (864). 29 A recent proposal to rename this tanimberensis Roselaar & Prins, 2000 (2108), because goffini is a junior synonym of ducorpsii, will be considered in our next Edition. 30 Feral in Singapore. 31 Revision based on Schodde (1993) (2179). 32 Feral in Singapore. 33 Homberger (op. cit.) would prefer to treat this as a family). 34 For a discussion see Schodde & Mason (1997: 110-111) (2188). 35 In last Edition we listed spectabilis but Mayr (1941: 52) (1472) suggested hybrid origin and this is now considered the case. 36 Tentatively including atrocaerulea Jany, 1955 (1200) see Mees (1965) (1515). 37 Includes attenua Ripley, 1957 (2039), not attenuata as given by Mees (1965) (1515). 38 For reasons to use this name in place of E. bornea see Walters (1998) (2557). It has been suggested that E. goodfellowi was a name applied to the immature see Collar (1997: 342) (545). 39 Not cyanothorus as given in Collar (1997) (545). Although the title page says 1817 this volume is usually and we believe correctly dated 1818. 40 Revised in accordance with Schodde & Mason (1997: 114-115) (2188) with 5 species resulting. 41 Including berauensis Cain, 1955 (288) (see Mees, 1980) (1531). 42 Including brooki see Mayr (1941: 55) (1472). The next taxon is but slightly distinct. 43 Tentatively includes micropteryx (R. Schodde, in litt.). 44 Including pistra Rand & Rabor, 1959 (1976) see Collar (1997) (545). 45 These three species were treated within the genus Trichoglossus in our last Edition. In using this generic name we follow Collar (1997) (545). 46 For reasons to treat rubripileum as a synonym see White & Bruce (1986: 216) (2652). 47 Not domicellus (as in last Edition). 48 Collar (1997: 349) (545) associated the name L. tibialis with this. 49 Although recently queried, “1841” as used by Peters (1937) was sustained by Husson & Holthuis (1955) (1169). 50 This form requires more investigation due to its apparently highly local range. 51 Collar (1997: 349) (545) associated the name L. amabilis with this. 52 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 53 For recognition see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 54 In last Edition we listed a subspecies krakari, but the species is now treated as monotypic see Forshaw (1989: 98) (868). 55 Reviewed by Mees (1965) (1515), but no material of brevipennis Jany, 1955 (1200), was available for study; White & Bruce (1986) (2652) placed it here. 56 Livr. 93 dates from 1835; Peters (1937: 159) (1823) gave 1834 contra Sherborn (1898) (2242). 57 Includes occidentalis Mayr, 1940 (1470), see White & Bruce (1986) (2652). 58 Includes bella see Forshaw (1978) (867). 59 Includes medius Stresemann, 1936 (1085), see Collar (1997) (545). 60 Homberger (op. cit.) would prefer to treat this as a family (with five subfamilies: Platycercinae, Psittaculinae, Psittacinae, Arinae and Cyclopsittacinae). 61 This is the first genus in the Platycercini. 62 This genus not recognised in last Edition, but see, for example, Forshaw (1978) (867) whom we also follow in accepting just one species. 63 Species sequence based on Wee et al. (2001) (2569). 64 For reasons to elevate this to specific status see Wee et al. (2001) (2569). 65 For treatment at species level see Triggs & Daugherty (1996) (2438). 66 For reasons to elevate this to specific status see Wee et al. (2001) (2569). 67 Omitted from our last Edition, thought to be a colour morph (and may well be one); for conservation reasons to treat it as a species see Triggs & Daugherty (1996) (2438). Tentatively accepted here following Higgins (1999: 492) (1112). 68 We follow Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188) in lumping barnardi and zonarius in one species and reducing the recognised forms to four. 69 For recognition of subspecies see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 70 This treatment, which includes lumping P. flaveolus and the placement of adelaidae in synonymy, follows Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 71 Including filewoodi McAllan & Bruce, 1989 (1499) see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 72 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 73 Two forms recognised following Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 74 There is a broad area of introgression between this species and the next and the two may be conspecific (Schodde & Mason, 1997) (2188). In the context of evaluating this complex the name aureodorsalis McAllan & Bruce, 1989 (1499), a synonym of elecica, was also proposed. 75 Includes amathusia and mackaiensis Cain, 1955 (288) see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 76 The description attached to P. splendidus for which the name cecilae Mathews was proposed as a nomen novum is now considered insufficient to identify the taxon. 77 Spelling as advised by N. David (in litt.) see also David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 78 For submergence of orientalis see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). The name dulciei Mathews, 1911 (1453), is a synonym which is not in Peters (1937) (1823). 79 For separation of this from chrysopterygius see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 80 For the resurrection of this form see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 81 For the correction of the author’s name, given as White by Peters (1937) (1823), see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 82 For recognition of leachi see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 83 Reasons for treatment in this genus rather than in Geopsittacus can be found in Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 84 This is the first genus in the tribe Psittaculini. 85 Includes explorator see White & Bruce (1986: 223) (2652). 86 For the resurrection of this race see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 87 We follow the arrangement of Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 88 Includes nesophilus Salomonsen, 1953 (2155), see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 89 Includes insularum Jany, 1955 (1200), see White & Bruce (1986) (2652). 90 Dickinson et al. (1991) (745) recognised salvadori (and the Talaud form as an endemic) and included nigrorum Salomonsen, 1953 (2155), and siquijorensis Salomonsen, 1953 (2155) in their synonymy. 91 Still widely called Müller’s Parrot in avicultural circles. Collar (1997: 393) (545) suggested that T. heterurus applied to an aberrant specimen of this. 92 Including incognitus Eck, 1976 (788), an aberrant bird named heterurus that we listed in last Edition, but see White & Bruce (1986) (2652) and above. Also includes sangirensis see White & Bruce (1986: 229) (2652). 93 Doubtfully distinct from sulaensis (R. Schodde, in litt.) 94 1818, and correctly page 26, in Peters (1937) (1823), however dates from the 1816 edition of this rare book where the description is on page 29. 95 Historically had its type locality wrongly restricted (Schodde, 1993) (2180); when corrected the name has priority over westralis Mathews, 1915. 96 The name intermedia (a species was listed under this name in previous Editions) has been shown to relate to hybrids (Rasmussen & Collar, 1999) (1991). 97 Includes fragosa Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 159) (2055). 98 Given as 1832 in Peters (1937) (1823), but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). 99 This species was split from himalayana by Husain (1959) (1167), and is only accepted tentatively see Collar (1997: 400) (545). 100 The emended name used here is judged to be in prevailing usage; see Art. 33.2 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178) and p. 000 herein. 101 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 102 Implicitly includes guineensis Statius Müller, 1776 (2307A), see Fry & Harwin (1988: 11) (896). 103 The volume (25) containing this name is dated 1817, but as volumes 20 onwards seem to have appeared in 1818 it is thought that this did too. 104 This is the first genus of those making up the tribe Psittacini. 105 Tentatively includes makawa Benson, 1960 (122). 106 Includes barklyi (see Collar, 1997) (545). 107 Includes princeps (see Collar, 1997) (545). 108 Includes permistus see White (1965: 168) (2649). 109 For recognition see Forshaw & Cooper (1989: 320) (868); implicitly includes zanzibaricus see Fry & Harwin (1988: 11) (896). 110 Includes aurantiiceps see Fry & Harwin (1988: 11) (896). 111 This the first genus in the tribe Arini. Genera employed follow Collar (1997) (545) as does their sequence; except for later information. Treated as a subfamily as in A.O.U. (1998: 233) (3). Homberger (in litt.) considers this preferable, but only when eight families of parrots are recognised. 112 Reasons for restoring three small genera out of Ara, and which here follow it, are given by Collar (1977: 285) (545). 113 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 114 Called Ara caninde in last Edition and in Peters (1937) (1823). 115 Presumed to include sheffleri van Rossem & Hachisuka, 1939 (2483). 116 Treated as monotypic in last Edition; for recognition of two subspecies see Collar (1997) (545). 117 Wetherbee (1985) (2589) described cubensis an extinct subfossil form from Cuba and concluded that the origins of tricolor were Hispaniola not Cuba. 118 Collar (1997) (545) presumed there would be intergradation and treated this as monotypic. 119 Penhallurick (2001) (1818) has shown this name to have priority over Propyrrhura Mirando-Ribiero, 1920. 120 Spelling verified. There is a conflicting error in usage by Lesson, but he was simply creating a genus on the back of Gmelin’s specific epithet. 121 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 122 Arndt (1996) (55) provided the name nigrirostris in the German edition of his book (the two names are thought to refer to the same population; we believe the English edition appeared first and that koenigi must be used). 123 Although split by some authors, including Collar (1997) (545), A.O.U. (1998) (3) refrained from doing so. 124 For recognition see A.O.U. (1998: 234) (3). 125 Includes propinqua Sclater, 1862 (2216A) of SE Brazil see Collar (1997: 431) (545). 126 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 127 Including melloni Twomey, 1950 (2443), see Parkes (1976) (1769). 128 Treated as monotypic following Collar (1997) (545). 129 Described as a race of cactorum. 130 Listed as byroni in last Edition, but see Olson (1995) (1702). 131 Includes kriegi based on the ranges given in Collar (1997) (545). 132 Listed as P. rhodogaster in last Edition, but see note on next species. 133 This name was used by Collar (1997: 440) (545) and is employed pending further investigation. The facts are complex and under review. 134 The name hypoxantha, used in last Edition, has been shown to belong to a colour morph of the nominate race (Collar, 1997) (545). 135 Treated as a separate species on the advice of L. Joseph (in litt.). 136 Includes pantchenkoi W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1977 (1836), see Joseph (2000) (1226). 137 The name orinocoensis Todd, 1947 (2408), and cuchivera Phelps & Phelps, 1949 (1845), are synonyms see Phelps & Phelps (1958) (1860). 138 Includes microptera Todd, 1947 (2408) 139 Includes auricularis Zimmer & Phelps, 1949 (2725) see Joseph (2000) (1226). 140 For reasons to treat as a species see Olmos et al. (1997) (1677). 141 Treated as two species by Collar (1997) (545). 142 Including pallidus see Collar (1997: 449) (545). 143 Treated as F. crassirostris by Collar (1997) (545), but see Whitney & Pacheco (1999) (2656) for correction. See also the note attached to the name xanthopterygius. 144 The name olallae Gyldenstolpe, 1945 (1030), is apparently a synonym, see Collar (1997: 449) (545). 145 The name vividus in Collar (1997) (545) is a junior synonym, see Whitney & Pacheco (1999) (2656). 146 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 147 This form and the next are reportedly sympatric and were split by Collar (1997) (545). 148 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 149 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 150 Previously listed as a race of the next species but see A.O.U. (1998: 240) (3). 151 This name has priority over ruficauda Berla, 1954 (136) (used in last Edition), see Collar (1997) (545). 152 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 153 Split by Graves & Restrepo (1989) (992) such that the next two species listed are spin-offs. 154 The name insulsus Griscom & Greenway, 1937 (1017), is a synonym. 155 The name chlorocyanescens Pinto, 1962 (1893), was proposed as a new name -- probably for cyanescens Pinto, 1960 (1891) – and is thought to be a synonym. 156 For reasons to unite seniloides with this see O’Neill & Parker (1977) (1715). 157 Includes cyanescens Meyer de Schauensee, 1944 (1560). 158 The vernacular name Amazon is often used for this genus; we believe New World usage favours Parrot instead. 159 Includes palmarum see Collar (1997: 467) (545). 160 Includes woodi R.T. Moore, 1937 (1611) see Collar (1997: 469) (545). 161 Split here from dufresniana tentatively following Collar (1997) (545) but, as he said, one or both may be conspecific with brasiliensis. 162 Includes rothschildi see Collar 91997: 473) (545). 163 The relationships of oratrix, auropalliata and ochrocephala are not understood. Collar (1997) (545) treated them as one species ochrocephala. We tentatively follow A.O.U. (1998: 244-245) (3), which equates with our treatment last Edition; however the description of hondurensis Lousada & Howell, 1997 (1387), was perhaps not yet taken into account, and we defer assigning it. It has been suggested that these birds may be recent introductions to the Sula valley, where they may replace an original population of the same superspecies (A.O.U., 1998) (3). 164 Validity questioned by Parkes (1990) (1779), but reaffirmed by Lousada & Howell (1997) (1387) and references therein. 165 Treated as monotypic following Collar (1997) (545); includes tobagensis and micra Griscom & Greenway, 1937 (1017). 166 See Collar & Pittman (1996) (548). 167 Includes inornata and chapmani Traylor, 1948 (2421) see Collar (1997: 475) (545). 168 This is the first genus in the tribe Cyclopsittini. 169 Includes Opopsitta see Schodde (1978) (2176). 170 Erroneously spelled blythi by Peters (1937: 163) (1823). PSITTACIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD CUCULIDAE (CUCKOOS)1 (35: 138) CUCULINAE CLAMATOR Kaup, 18292 M Clamator jacobinus (Jacobin Cuckoo) O.j.serratus (Sparrman, 1786) Sth. Africa to S Zambia >> Uganda and Ethiopia O.j.pica (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833) Sub-Saharan Africa south to N Zambia and Malawi; NW India to Nepal and Burma >> Africa south to N Namibia and N Botswana O.j.jacobinus (Boddaert, 1783) S and E India, C and S Burma, Sri Lanka >> SE Africa Clamator levaillantii (Swainson, 1829) (Levaillant's Cuckoo)3 N tropical to E and S Africa >> coastal W Africa and C Africa Clamator coromandus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Chestnut-winged Cuckoo) N India and Nepal to S and E China and Indochina >> south to Greater Sundas, Sulawesi and the Philippines Clamator glandarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Great Spotted Cuckoo) a) S Europe and Middle East south to W Africa, Zaire and N Tanzania >> N, C and E Africa b) Sthn. Africa north to Zambia and S Tanzania4 >> C Africa PACHYCOCCYX Cabanis, 1882 M Pachycoccyx audeberti (Thick-billed Cuckoo) P.a.brazzae (Oustalet, 1886) Guinea to Cameroon, Congo and W Zaire P.a.validus (Reichenow, 1879)5 E Zaire, SE Kenya and Tanzania to Mozambique and E Transvaal P.a.audeberti (Schlegel, 1879) Madagascar CUCULUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Cuculus crassirostris (Walden, 1872) (Sulawesi Hawk-Cuckoo) Montane Sulawesi Cuculus sparverioides (Large Hawk-Cuckoo) C.s.sparverioides Vigors, 1832 Himalayas to N, C and E China and SE Asia >> E India to Greater Sundas and Philippines C.s.bocki (Wardlaw Ramsay, 1886) Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo Cuculus varius (Common Hawk-Cuckoo) C.v.varius Vahl, 1797 India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma >> Sri Lanka C.v.ciceliae (W.W.A. Phillips, 1949) Sri Lanka (1880) Cuculus vagans S. Müller, 1845 (Moustached Hawk-Cuckoo) S Burma, S Thailand, S Laos and Malay Pen. to Sumatra and Borneo. Java as a vagrant only? Cuculus fugax (Hodgson’s Hawk-Cuckoo) C.f.nisicolor Blyth, 1843 C and E Himalayas and mainland SE Asia north to S and C China, Hainan >> SE Asia to Greater Sundas C.f.fugax Horsfield, 1821 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java, Borneo Cuculus hyperythrus Gould, 1856 (Northern Hawk-Cuckoo)6 NE China, Korea, Russian Far East and Japan >> S China, SE Asia, Philippines, Borneo and Sulawesi Cuculus pectoralis (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) (Philippine Hawk-Cuckoo)7 Palawan, Luzon, Cebu, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Negros, Leyte and Mindanao Cuculus solitarius Stephens, 1815 (Red-chested Cuckoo)8 Senegal to Ethiopia and S Africa, Bioko I Cuculus clamosus (Black Cuckoo) C.c.gabonensis Lafresnaye, 1853 Liberia to Zaire, NW Angola, SW Ethiopia and W Kenya C.c.clamosus Latham, 18029 N and C Ethiopia, E and C Kenya to E and S Angola and Sth. Africa Cuculus micropterus (Indian Cuckoo) C.m.micropterus Gould, 183810 11 India and Sri Lanka to SE Asia, Russian Far East and NE China >> S and SE Asia to Philippines and Greater Sundas C.m.concretus S. Müller, 1845 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java, Borneo Cuculus canorus (Common Cuckoo) C.c.canorus Linnaeus, 175812 Europe and Middle East to Kamchatka, Japan and NC and NE China >> Africa and S Asia C.c.bangsi Oberholser, 1919 Iberia, Balearic Is., NW Africa >> Africa C.c.subtelephonus Zarundy, 1914 Turkmenistan and lower Urals to Afghanistan, NW China and SE Kazakhstan >> S Asia and Africa C.c.bakeri E. Hartert, 191213 Himalayan foothills, Assam, N and E Burma and NW Thailand >> NE India and mainland SE Asia Cuculus gularis Stephens, 1815 (African Cuckoo) Senegal and Gambia to Eritrea and E Sth. Africa Cuculus saturatus (Himalayan Cuckoo) C.s.saturatus Blyth, 184314 N Pakistan and Himalayas to S China and Taiwan >> mainland SE Asia and Philippines to New Guinea and N and E Australia C.s.optatus Gould, 184515 E European Russia to Kuril Is., Japan, Korea and N China >> SE Asia to N and E Australia C.s.lepidus S. Müller, 184516 Submontane Malay Pen., Greater and Lesser Sundas Cuculus poliocephalus Latham, 1790 (Lesser Cuckoo)17 N Afghanistan and Himalayas to Burma and China, north to Russian Far East and Japan >> SE Africa and S and SE Asia Cuculus rochii Hartlaub, 1863 (Madagascan Cuckoo) Madagascar >> E and C Africa Cuculus pallidus (Latham, 1802)18 (Pallid Cuckoo)19 Australia, Tasmania >> north to Wallacea CERCOCOCCYX Cabanis, 1882 M Cercococcyx mechowi Cabanis, 1882 (Dusky Long-tailed Cuckoo) Sierra Leone to Uganda and NW Angola Cercococcyx olivinus Sassi, 1912 (Olive Long-tailed Cuckoo) Guinea and Ghana to W Uganda, NW Angola and SE Zaire Cercococcyx montanus (Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo) C.m.montanus Chapin, 1928 Ruwenzori Mts. to Lake Tanganyika (EC Africa) C.m.patulus Friedmann, 1928 Kenya to Mozambique and E Zimbabwe CACOMANTIS S. Müller, 1843 M Cacomantis sonneratii (Banded Bay Cuckoo)20 C.s.sonneratii (Latham, 1790)21 India and Nepal to Yunnan, Thailand and Indochina and the Malay Pen. C.s.waiti (E.C.S. Baker, 1919) Sri Lanka C.s.schlegeli (Junge, 1948)22 Sumatra, Borneo, Palawan (1231) C.s.musicus (Ljungh, 1804) Java Cacomantis passerinus (Vahl, 1797) (Grey-bellied Cuckoo) Himalayas, India >> south to Sri Lanka and Maldive Is. Cacomantis merulinus (Plaintive Cuckoo) C.m.querulus Heine, 1863 E Himalayas to S China and mainland SE Asia C.m.threnodes Cabanis & Heine, 186323 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo C.m.lanceolatus (S. Müller, 1843) Java, Sulawesi C.m.merulinus (Scopoli, 1786) Philippines Cacomantis variolosus (Brush Cuckoo)24 C.v.sepulcralis (S. Müller, 1843) Malay Pen., Greater and Lesser Sundas and Philippines (except as below) C.v.everetti E. Hartert, 1925 Basilan, Sulu Is. C.v.virescens (Brüggeman, 1876)25 Sulawesi, Tukangbesi, Butung I., Banggai I. C.v.aeruginosus Salvadori, 1878 Sula, Buru, Ambon and Seram Is. (W and C Moluccas) C.v.infaustus Cabanis & Heine, 186326 N and E Moluccas east to lowland New Guinea C.v.oreophilus E. Hartert, 192527 Highlands of E and S New Guinea and D’Entrecasteaux Arch. C.v.blandus Rothschild & Hartert, 1914 Admiralty Is. C.v.macrocercus Stresemann, 192128 New Britain, New Ireland and Tabar I. (Bismarck Arch.) C.v.websteri E. Hartert, 1898 New Hanover (Bismarck Arch.) C.v.addendus Rothschild & Hartert, 1901 Solomon Is. C.v.dumetorum (Gould, 1845)29 N Australia (Kimberley to Cape York Pen. and NE Queensland) >>S New Guinea, Moluccas, ?E Lesser Sundas C.v.variolosus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) 30 EC and SE Australia >> New Guinea, Moluccas, Timor and E Lesser Sundas and Philippines Cacomantis castaneiventris (Chestnut-breasted Cuckoo) C.c.arfakianus Salvadori, 1889 W Papuan Is., montane NW New Guinea C.c.weiskei Reichenow, 1900 Montane EC and E New Guinea C.c.castaneiventris (Gould, 1867) Aru Is., E Cape York Pen. Cacomantis flabelliformis (Fan-tailed Cuckoo) C.f.excitus Rothschild & Hartert, 1907 Mountains of New Guinea C.f.flabelliformis (Latham, 1802)31 EC to E Australia, Tasmania, SW Western Australia C.f.pyrrophanus (Vieillot, 1817)32 New Caledonia, Loyalty Is. >> Solomon Is. C.f.schistaceigularis Sharpe, 1900 Vanuatu C.f.simus (Peale, 1848) Fiji Is. CHRYSOCOCCYX Boie, 182633 M Chrysococcyx osculans (Gould, 1847) (Black-eared Cuckoo) Australia >> Aru and Kai Is., Moluccas, Banda Sea Is Chrysococcyx basalis (Horsfield, 1821) (Horsfield's Bronze Cuckoo) Australia, Tasmania >> S New Guinea, Moluccas, Lesser Sundas, Java, Sumatra and Belitung Chrysococcyx minutillus (Little Bronze Cuckoo)34 C.m.peninsularis S. Parker, 1981 S Thailand, Malay Pen. (1744) C.m.albifrons (Junge, 1938) Sumatra, W Java C.m.aheneus (Junge, 1938)35 Borneo, S Philippines C.m.jungei (Stresemann, 1938) Sulawesi, Madu, Flores C.m.subsp.? Timor36 C.m.rufomerus E. Hartert, 1900 Romang to Wetar (E Lesser Sundas) C.m.misoriensis (Salvadori, 1875) Biak (Geelvink Bay) C.m.poecilurus G.R. Gray, 186237 Seram (S Moluccas), coastal lowlands of New Guinea and adjacent islands including Misool and D’Entecasteaux Arch., Cape York Pen. to C Queensland (NE Australia) C.m.minutillus Gould, 185938 N Australia (incl. Melville I.) C.m.barnardi Mathews, 1912 SE Queensland, NE New South Wales >> NE Queensland, Cape York Pen. >> New Guinea Chryscoccyx crassirostris (Pied Bronze Cuckoo)39 C.c.crassirostris (Salvadori, 1878) Tayandu and Kai Is. (Moluccas), Yamdena and Lartat (Tanimbar Is.)40 C.c.salvadorii (Hartert & Stresemann, 1925) Tepa (Babar Is., Lesser Sundas) Chrysococcyx lucidus (Shining Bronze Cuckoo) C.l.harterti (Mayr, 1932) Rennell and Bellona Is. (S Solomons) C.l.layardi Mathews, 191241 New Caledonia, Loyalty Is., Vanuatu, Banks Is., Santa Cruz Is. C.l.plagosus (Latham, 1802)42 E, SW Australia, Tasmania >> Lesser Sundas, New Guinea, N. Melanesia C.l.lucidus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) New Zealand, Chatham Is., Lord Howe I., Norfolk I. >> N Melanesia to Solomons Chrysococcyx ruficollis (Salvadori, 1875) (Rufous-throated Bronze Cuckoo) Mountains of New Guinea Chrysococcyx meyeri Salvadori, 1874 (White-eared Bronze Cuckoo)43 Mountains of New Guinea and Batanta I. Chrysococcyx maculatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Asian Emerald Cuckoo) Himalayas to SC China and Indochina, Andaman and Nicobar Is. >> south to N Vietnam, Malay Pen. and Sumatra Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus (Violet Cuckoo) C.x.xanthorhynchus (Horsfield, 1821)44 NE India and Bangladesh to mainland SE Asia, Greater Sundas and Palawan C.x.amethystinus (Vigors, 1831) Philippines Chrysococcyx flavigularis Shelley, 1880 (Yellow-throated Cuckoo)45 Sierra Leone to Gabon, east to W Uganda Chrysococcyx klaas (Stephens, 1815) (Klaas's Cuckoo)46 Senegal to Ethiopia south to N Namibia and E Sth. Africa, Bioko I. Chrysococcyx cupreus (Shaw, 1792) (African Emerald Cuckoo)47 Senegal to S Sudan and Ethiopia, south to N Angola and E Sth. Africa, Bioko, Săo Tomé, Príncipé and Pagalu Is. Chrysococcyx caprius (Boddaert, 1783) (Dideric Cuckoo) Sub-Saharan Africa, S Arabia RHAMPHOMANTIS Salvadori, 1878 M Rhamphomantis megarhynchus (G.R. Gray, 1858) (Long-billed Cuckoo)48 New Guinea, Waigeo and Aru Is. SURNICULUS Lesson, 183049 M Surniculus lugubris (Asian Drongo-Cuckoo)50 S.l.dicruroides (Hodgson, 1839)51 N India to W Sichuan, S China (incl. Hainan), N Thailand and Vietnam >> south to Greater Sundas S.l.lugubris (Horsfield, 1821) 52 SW India and Sri Lanka, Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java, Bali, Bangka, Borneo and the Palawan group (Philippines) S.l.musschenbroeki A.B. Meyer, 1878 Sulawesi and Butung to Bacan and Halmahera (N Moluccas) Surniculus velutinus (Philippine Drongo-Cuckoo) S.v.chalybaeus Salomonsen, 195353 Luzon, Mindoro and Negros (2155) S.v. velutinus Sharpe, 187754 Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Mindanao, Basilan and the Sulu Is. CALIECHTHRUS Cabanis & Heine, 1863 M Caliechthrus leucolophus (S. Müller, 1840) (White-crowned Koel) New Guinea and Salawati I. MICRODYNAMIS Salvadori, 1878 F Microdynamis parva (Dwarf Koel) M.p.grisecens Mayr & Rand, 1936 Humboldt Bay to Kumusi R (NC and NE New Guinea) M.p.parva (Salvadori, 1875) Lowland forests of New Guinea, D’Entrecasteaux Arch. EUDYNAMYS Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 M55 Eudynamys scolopaceus (Common Koel)56 E.s.scolopaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) Nepal, Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka to Laccadives and Maldives E.s.dolosus Ripley, 1946 Andamans, Nicobar Is. (2029) E.s.chinensis Cabanis & Heine, 1863 S and C China, Indochina >> south to Borneo E.s.harterti Ingram, 1912 Hainan E.s.malayanus Cabanis & Heine, 1863 NE India and Bangladesh to Sumatra, Borneo and W Lesser Sundas E.s.simalurensis Junge, 1936 Simeuluë and Kokos and Babi Is. (off NW Borneo) E.s.melanorhynchus S. Müller, 184357 Sulawesi, Sula Is. E.s.frater McGregor, 1904 Calayan and Fuga (NE Philippines) E.s.mindanensis (Linnaeus, 1766)58 Palawan and the Philippines to Sangihe Is., Talaud Is., Halmahera, Bacan, Ternate (N Moluccas) E.s.orientalis (Linnaeus, 1766) S Moluccas E.s.picatus S. Müller, 1843 E Lesser Sundas, Kai Is. E.s.rufiventer (Lesson, 1830) New Guinea E.s.hybrida J.M. Diamond, 2002 Long I. off NE New Guinea (703A) E.s.salvadorii E. Hartert, 1900 Bismarck Arch. E.s.alberti Rothschild & Hartert, 1907 Solomon Is. E.s.subcyanocephalus Mathews, 1912 N Australia (Kimberley to Cape York Pen. and NE Queensland) >> New Guinea E.s.cyanocephalus (Latham, 1802)59 EC Queensland to all E New South Wales >> Arafura and Banda Sea Is., Moluccas, E Lesser Sundas URODYNAMIS Salvadori, 1880 F Urodynamis taitensis (Sparrman, 1787)60 (Long-tailed Koel) New Zealand, Great and Little Barrier, Kapiti, Stewart and Chatham Is. >> Oceania and SW Pacific Is. SCYTHROPS Latham, 1790 M Scythrops novaehollandiae (Channel-billed Cuckoo) S.n.novaehollandiae Latham, 1790 N and E Australia >> New Guinea and nearby islands and Moluccas, E Lesser Sundas S.n.fordi Mason, 1996 Sulawesi, Banggai and Tukangbesi Is. (1450) S.n.schoddei Mason, 1996 Bismarck Arch. (1450) PHAENICOPHAEINAE CEUTHMOCHARES Cabanis & Heine, 1863 M Ceuthmochares aereus (Yellowbill) C.a.flavirostris (Swainson, 1837) Gambia to SW Nigeria C.a.aereus (Vieillot, 1817)61 SE Nigeria and Bioko to W Kenya south to N Angola and N Zambia C.a.australis Sharpe, 187362 SW Ethiopia, SE Somalia south to Mozambique, coastal Natal and E Cape RHOPODYTES Cabanis & Heine, 1863 M Rhopodytes diardi (Black-bellied Malkoha) R.d.diardi (Lesson, 1830) Malay Pen. and Sumatra R.d.borneensis Salvadori, 1874 Borneo Rhopodytes sumatranus (Raffles, 1822) (Chestnut-bellied Malkoha)63 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo Rhopodytes tristis (Green-billed Malkoha) R.t.tristis (Lesson, 1830) W Himalayas to Assam and Bangladesh R.t.saliens Mayr, 1938 N Burma, N Indochina, SW China R.t.hainanus E. Hartert, 1910 Hainan and S Guangdong R.t.longicaudatus (Blyth, 1842) Most of Burma and Thailand, W Malaysia, S Indochina R.t.elongatus (S. Müller, 1835) Sumatra R.t.kangeangensis Vorderman, 1893 Kangean Is. Rhopodytes viridirostris (Jerdon, 1840) (Blue-faced Malkoha) Peninsular India, Sri Lanka TACCOCUA Lesson, 1830 F Taccocua leschenaultii (Sirkeer Malkoha) T.l.sirkee (J.E. Gray, 1831)64 Pakistan, NW India T.l.infuscata Blyth, 1845 65 C and E Himalayan foothills to W Assam T.l.leschenaultii Lesson, 1830 S India, Sri Lanka RHINORTHA Vigors, 1830 F Rhinortha chlorophaea (Raffles's Malkoha) R.c.chlorophaea (Raffles, 1822)66 S Burma and Malaysia to Sumatra, Bangka and N, E and S Borneo R.c.facta Ripley, 1942 Batu Is. (off W Sumatra) (2025) R.c.fuscigularis E.C.S. Baker, 1919 Sarawak and NW Kalimantan (NW Borneo) ZANCLOSTOMUS Swainson, 1837 M Zanclostomus javanicus (Red-billed Malkoha)67 Z.j.pallidus Robinson & Kloss, 1921 Malay Pen., Sumatra and Borneo Z.j.natunensis Chasen, 1934 Natuna Is. Z.j.javanicus (Horsfield, 1821) Java Zanclostomus calyorhynchus (Yellow-billed Malkoha) Z.c.calyorhynchus (Temminck, 1825) N, E and SE Sulawesi, Togian Is. Z.c.meridionalis (Meyer & Wiglesworth, 1896) C and S Sulawesi Z.c.rufiloris (E. Hartert, 1903) Butung I. Zanclostomus curvirostris (Chestnut-breasted Malkoha) Z.c.singularis (Parrot, 1907)68 S Burma to Sumatra Z.c.oeneicaudus (J. & E. Verreaux, 1855) Mentawai Is. (off W Sumatra) Z.c.curvirostris (Shaw, 1810) W and C Java Z.c.deningeri (Stresemann, 1913) E Java, Bali Z.c.borneensis (Blasius & Nehrkorn, 1881)69 Borneo, Bangka I. Z.c.harringtoni (Sharpe, 1877) Calamianes, Palawan and Balabac (SW Philippines) PHAENICOPHAEUS Stephens, 1815 M Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus (Pennant, 1769) (Red-faced Malkoha) Sri Lanka DASYLOPHUS Swainson, 1837 M Dasylophus superciliosus (Rough-crested Malkoha) D.s.cagayanensis (Rand & Rabor, 1967) Cagayan Province (NE Luzon) (1978) D.s.superciliosus Dumont, 1823 Luzon LEPIDOGRAMMUS Reichenbach, 1849 M Lepidogrammus cumingi (Fraser, 1839) (Scale-feathered Malkoha) Luzon, Marinduque and Catanduanes (N Philippines) COCCYZUS Vieillot, 181670 M Coccyzus pumilus Strickland, 1852 (Dwarf Cuckoo) N Colombia, NE Venezuela Coccyzus cinereus Vieillot, 1817 (Ash-coloured Cuckoo) N and E Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, C and S Brazil, N Argentina (migration and winter range unclear) Coccyzus erythropthalmus (A. Wilson, 1811) (Black-billed Cuckoo) SC and SE Canada to SC and SE USA >> NW and WC Sth. America Coccyzus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Yellow-billed Cuckoo)71 SE Canada and USA to Mexico and N West Indies >> Sth. America Coccyzus euleri Cabanis, 1873 (Pearly-breasted Cuckoo) NE Colombia, the Guianas and N Brazil to SE Brazil and NE Argentina; perhaps only a winter visitor in the north Coccyzus minor (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Mangrove Cuckoo)72 Florida to Greater and Lesser Antilles, S Mexico to Colombia, Trinidad and coastal N Sth. America Coccyzus ferrugineus Gould, 1843 (Cocos Island Cuckoo) Cocos I. (off Costa Rica) Coccyzus melacoryphus Vieillot, 1817 (Dark-billed Cuckoo) W Colombia to E and S Brazil and C Argentina >> Venezuela, Guianas and Trinidad; Galapagos Is. (status?). Coccyzus lansbergi Bonaparte, 1850 (Grey-capped Cuckoo) N Colombia and N Venezuela >> SW Ecuador and W Peru SAUROTHERA Vieillot, 1816 F Saurothera merlini (Great Lizard Cuckoo) S.m.bahamensis H. Bryant, 186473 Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera Is. (Bahamas) S.m.santamariae Garrido, 1971 Islands off NC Cuba (919) S.m.merlini d'Orbigny, 1839 Cuba S.m.decolor Bangs & Zappey, 1905 Isla de la Juventud Saurothera vieilloti Bonaparte, 1850 (Puerto Rican Lizard Cuckoo) Puerto Rico Saurothera vetula (Linnaeus, 1758) (Jamaican Lizard Cuckoo) Jamaica Saurothera longirostris (Hispaniolan Lizard Cuckoo) S.l.petersi Richmond & Swales, 1924 La Mahotiere and Gonâve I S.l.longirostris (Hermann, 1783)74 Hispaniola, Săona I. HYETORNIS P.L. Sclater, 1862 M Hyetornis rufigularis (Hartlaub, 1852) (Bay-breasted Cuckoo)75 Hispaniola and Gonâve I. Hyetornis pluvialis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Chestnut-bellied Cuckoo) Jamaica PIAYA Lesson, 1830 F Piaya cayana (Squirrel Cuckoo) P.c.mexicana (Swainson, 1827) W Mexico P.c.thermophila P.L. Sclater, 186076 E Mexico to Panama and NW Colombia P.c.nigricrissa (Cabanis, 1862)77 W Colombia, W Ecuador, NW and EC Peru, N Bolivia P.c.mehleri Bonaparte, 1850 NE Colombia, N Venezuela P.c.mesura (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) E Colombia, E Ecuador P.c.circe Bonaparte, 1850 W Venezuela P.c.cayana (Linnaeus, 1766)78 E and S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil P.c.insulana Hellmayr, 1906 Trinidad P.c.obscura E. Snethlage, 1908 C Brazil P.c.hellmayri Pinto, 193879 C and E Brazil P.c.pallescens (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) E Brazil P.c.cabanisi J.A. Allen, 1893 SC Brazil P.c.macroura Gambel, 1849 SE Brazil, NE Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay P.c.mogenseni J.L. Peters, 1926 S Bolivia to NW Argentina Piaya melanogaster (Vieillot, 1817) (Black-bellied Cuckoo)80 SE Colombia to the Guianas, NW and WC Brazil and N Bolivia Piaya minuta (Little Cuckoo) P.m.gracilis (Heine, 1863)81 E Panama, Colombia (N and W of the E Andes), W Ecuador, Bolivia P.m.minuta (Vieillot, 1817)82 E Colombia to the Guianas, Trinidad south to Amazonian Peru and Brazil CARPOCOCCYX G.R. Gray, 1840 M Carpococcyx radiceus (Temminck, 1832)83 (Bornean Ground Cuckoo) Borneo Carpococcyx viridis Salvadori, 1879 (Sumatran Ground Cuckoo)84 Lower hills of C and S Sumatra Carpococcyx renauldi Oustalet, 1896 (Coral-billed Ground Cuckoo) SE Thailand, Indochina COUA Schinz, 1821 F †Coua delalandei (Temminck, 1827) (Snail-eating Coua)85 Madagascar (NE?) Coua gigas (Boddaert, 1783) (Giant Coua) Coastal W and S Madagascar Coua coquereli A. Grandidier, 1867 (Coquerel's Coua) W Madagascar Coua serriana Pucheran, 1845 (Red-breasted Coua) NE Madagascar Coua reynaudii Pucheran, 1845 (Red-fronted Coua) N and E Madagascar Coua cursor A. Grandidier, 1867 (Running Coua) SW and S Madagascar Coua ruficeps (Red-capped Coua) C.r.ruficeps G.R. Gray, 1846 W and SW Madagascar C.r.olivaceiceps (Sharpe, 1873) S Madagascar Coua cristata (Crested Coua) C.c.cristata (Linnaeus, 1766) NW, NE and E Madagascar C.c.dumonti Delacour, 1931 WC Madagascar C.c.pyropyga A. Grandidier, 1867 S and W Madagascar C.c.maxima Milon, 1950 SE Madagascar (1585) Coua verreauxi A. Grandidier, 1867 (Verreaux’s Coua) SW Madagascar Coua caerulea (Linnaeus, 1766) (Blue Coua) NW, NE and E Madagascar CENTROPODINAE CENTROPUS Illiger, 1811 M Centropus celebensis (Bay Coucal) C.c.celebensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 N Sulawesi, Togian Is. C.c.rufescens (Meyer & Wiglesworth, 1896) C, E, S and SE Sulawesi, and islands off SE coast Centropus unirufus (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) (Rufous Coucal) Luzon, Polillo and Catanduanes (N Philippines) Centropus melanops (Black-faced Coucal) C.m.melanops Lesson, 1830 Dinagat, Siargao, Mindanao and Basilan (S Philippines) C.m.banken Hachisuka, 1934 Bohol, Leyte, and Samar (EC Philippines) Centropus nigrorufus (Cuvier, 1816)86 (Sunda Coucal) Java Centropus milo (Buff-headed Coucal) C.m.albidiventris Rothschild, 1904 Vella Lavella, Kolombangara, New Georgia, Gizo and Rendova (C Solomons) C.m.milo Gould, 1856 Florida and Guadalcanal Is. (S Solomons) Centropus goliath Bonaparte, 1850 (Goliath Coucal) N Moluccas Centropus violaceus Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 (Violaceous Coucal) New Ireland, New Britain (Bismarck Arch.) Centropus menbeki (Greater Black Coucal) C.m.menbeki Lesson & Garnot, 182887 W Papuan Is., New Guinea, Yapen and Numfor Is. C.m.aruensis (Salvadori, 1878) Aru Is. Centropus ateralbus Lesson, 1826 (Pied Coucal) New Britain, New Ireland (Bismarck Arch.) Centropus phasianinus (Pheasant-Coucal) C.p.mui Mason & McKean, 1984 Timor (1452) C.p.propinquus Mayr, 1937 N New Guinea C.p.nigricans (Salvadori, 1876)88 SE New Guinea and nearby islands C.p.thierfelderi Stresemann, 1927 S New Guinea, NW Torres Straits Is. C.p.melanurus Gould, 184789 N and NW Australia C.p.phasianinus (Latham, 1802)90 E Australia Centropus spilopterus G.R. Gray, 1858 (Kai Coucal) Kai Is. (SE Moluccas) Centropus bernsteini (Lesser Black Coucal) C.b.bernsteini Schlegel, 1866 west to SC and NC New Guinea C.b.manam Mayr, 1937 Manam I. (NE New Guinea) Centropus chalybeus (Salvadori, 1875) (Biak Coucal) Biak I. (Geelvink Bay, N New Guinea) Centropus rectunguis Strickland, 1847 (Short-toed Coucal) Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo Centropus steerii Bourns & Worcester, 1894 (Black-hooded Coucal) Mindoro (Philippines) Centropus sinensis (Greater Coucal) C.s.sinensis (Stephens, 1815) C Pakistan and N India to N Assam, E and SE China C.s.parroti Stresemann, 1913 C and S India, Sri Lanka C.s.intermedius (Hume, 1873) Bangladesh and S Assam to Yunnan, Indochina, S Thailand and SE Burma C.s.bubutus Horsfield, 1821 Malay Pen., Sumatra, islands off W Sumatra, Natuna Is. to Borneo, Balabac and Palawan, and Java and Bali C.s.anonymus Stresemann, 1913 Basilan and Sulu Is. (SW Philippines) C.s.kangeanensis Vorderman, 1893 Kangean Is. (Java Sea) Centropus andamanensis Beavan, 1867 (Andaman Coucal)91 Andaman Is., Cocos Is. Centropus viridis (Philippine Coucal) C.v.major Parkes & Niles, 1988 Babuyanes Is. (N Philippines) (1786) C.v.viridis (Scopoli, 1786) N and E Philippines C.v.mindorensis (Steere, 1890) Mindoro and Semirara Is. (NC Philippines) C.v.carpenteri Mearns, 1907 Batan group (E Philippines) Centropus toulou (Madagascan Coucal) C.t.toulou (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) Madagascar C.t.insularis Ridgway, 1894 Aldabra I. †C.t.assumptionis Nicoll, 1906 Assumption I. Centropus grillii Hartlaub, 1861 (African Black Coucal) Senegal and Gambia to W Ethiopia, Angola and NE Natal Centropus bengalensis (Lesser Coucal)92 C.b.bengalensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788)93 India and Nepal to Burma, Thailand and Indochina C.b.lignator Swinhoe, 1861 S and SE China, Hainan, Taiwan C.b.javanensis (Dumont, 1818) Malay Pen. to Sumatra, Java, Borneo and the Palawan group and the Sulu Is. (Philippines) C.b.philippinensis Mees, 1971 Philippines (except Palawan and the Sulus) (1522) C.b.sarasinorum Stresemann, 191294 Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas C.b.medius Bonaparte, 1850 Moluccas Centropus chlororhynchos Blyth, 1849 (Green-billed Coucal)95 Sri Lanka Centropus leucogaster (Black-throated Coucal) C.l.leucogaster (Leach, 1814) S Senegal and Guinea-Bissau to SE Nigeria C.l.efulensis Sharpe, 1904 SW Cameroon, Gabon C.l.neumanni Alexander, 190896 NE Zaire Centropus anselli Sharpe, 1874 (Gabon Coucal) S Cameroon to NW Angola and C Zaire Centropus monachus (Blue-headed Coucal) C.m.fischeri Reichenow, 188797 Ivory Coast and Ghana to S Sudan, W Kenya and N Angola C.m.monachus Rüppell, 1837 Ethiopia to C Kenya Centropus cupreicaudus Reichenow, 1896 (Coppery-tailed Coucal) 98 SE Zaire and SW Tanzania to Malawi, N Botswana and Angola Centropus senegalensis (Senegal Coucal) C.s.aegyptius (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) R Nile to El Minya (Egypt) C.s.senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Senegal and Gambia to Eritrea, south to NW Angola, SC Zaire and Uganda C.s.flecki Reichenow, 1893 E Angola and NE Namibia to S Tanzania, Malawi and Zimbabwe Centropus superciliosus (White-browed Coucal) C.s.sokotrae C.H.B. Grant, 1915 Tihama (SW Arabia), Socotra I. C.s.superciliosus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 E Sudan to W Somalia, NE Uganda, N, C and E Kenya and NE Tanzania C.s.loandae C.H.B. Grant, 1915 W and S Uganda and SW Kenya to N Malawi, N Zimbabwe and Angola C.s.burchellii Swainson, 183899 SE Tanzania to E Botswana and Sth. Africa CROTOPHAGINAE CROTOPHAGA Linaeus, 1758 F Crotophaga major J.F. Gmelin, 1788 (Greater Ani) E Panama to N Argentina, Trinidad Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758 (Smooth-billed Ani) C and S Florida, Bahamas, Caribbean Is., Trinidad, Tobago, Mexico to N Argentina Crotophaga sulcirostris (Groove-billed Ani) †C.s.pallidula Bangs & Penard, 1921 S Baja California C.s.sulcirostris Swainson, 1827 S Texas and Mexico to N Chile and NW Argentina, Netherlands Antilles GUIRA Lesson, 1830 F Guira guira (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Guira Cuckoo) E and S Brazil to Bolivia, Paraguay, N and E Argentina and Uruguay NEOMORPHINAE TAPERA Thunberg, 1819 F Tapera naevia (Striped Cuckoo) T.n.excellens (P.L. Sclater, 1858)100 S Mexico to E Panama T.n.naevia (Linnaeus, 1766)101 Colombia to Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and N Argentina, Trinidad, Margarita I (Venezuela) DROMOCOCCYX Wied, 1832 M Dromococcyx phasianellus (Spix, 1824) (Pheasant-Cuckoo)102 S Mexico to Brazil, N Bolivia, Paraguay and N Argentina Dromococcyx pavoninus Pelzeln, 1870 (Pavonine Cuckoo)103 Venezuela and Guyana to N Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and N Argentina MOROCOCCYX P.L. Sclater, 1862 M Morococcyx erythropygus (Lesser Ground Cuckoo)104 M.e.mexicanus Ridgway, 1915105 Pacific slope of SW and S Mexico M.e.erythropygus (Lesson, 1842)106 S Mexico to NW Costa Rica GEOCOCCYX Wagler, 1831 M Geococcyx californianus (Lesson, 1829) (Greater Roadrunner)107 SW USA to SC Mexico Geococcyx velox (Wagner, 1836) (Lesser Roadrunner)108 W Mexico, Yucatán Peninsula, Guatemala to C Nicaragua NEOMORPHUS Gloger, 1827 M Neomorphus geoffroyi (Rufous-vented Ground Cuckoo) N.g.salvini P.L. Sclater, 1866 Nicaragua to W Colombia N.g.aequatorialis Chapman, 1923 SE Colombia to N Peru N.g.australis Carriker, 1935 Peru, NW Bolivia N.g.geoffroyi (Temminck, 1820) Para (S of Amazon, Brazil) N.g.maximiliani Pinto, 1962 Bahia (E Brazil) (1892) N.g.dulcis E. Snethlage, 1927 SE Brazil Neomorphus squamiger Todd, 1925 (Scaled Ground Cuckoo)109 Lower Tapajóz region, (S of Amazon, Brazil) Neomorphus radiolosus Sclater & Salvin, 1878 (Banded Ground Cuckoo) Foothills of SW Colombia and NW Ecuador Neomorphus rufipennis (G.R. Gray, 1849) (Rufous-winged Ground Cuckoo)110 S Venezuela, Guyana, N Brazil Neomorphus pucheranii (Red-billed Ground Cuckoo) N.p.pucheranii (Deville, 1851) NE Peru, W Brazil (N of R. Amazon) N.p.lepidophanes Todd, 1925 E Peru, W Brazil (S of R. Amazon) 1 Treatment based on Payne (1997) (1800) and R.B. Payne (in litt.). The changes from Payne (1997) (1800) include the reduction of the Coccyzinae to a group within the Phaenicophaeinae (where most old generic names are restored and the sequence of genera and species has yet to be refined). 2 Including Oxylophus see Payne (1997) (1800). Type species levaillantii. 3 The older name cafer once used for this species was a misidentification. See Payne (1997: 547) (1800). 4 If recognised as a distinct population, as in Cramp et al. (1985) (591), the name choragium Clancey, 1951 (365) applies. 5 Recognised by Irwin (1988: 66) (1190) and by Payne (1997) (1800). 6 Separation advised by R.B. Payne (in litt.). 7 We follow Payne (1997: 512) (1800) in treating this as an endemic Philippine species. 8 Includes magnirostris Amadon, 1953 (42), see Payne (1997: 553) (1800). 9 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 10 The relevant page in the 1837 volume of the PZS appeared in June 1838 see Duncan (1937) (770). 11 Includes ognevi Vorobyev, 1951 (2549) see Vaurie (1965) (2510) and Stepanyan (1990) (2326) and fatidicus Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 166) (2055) and Stepanyan (1990) (2326). 12 Includes sardus Trischitta, 1939 (2439) see Vaurie (1965: 570) (2510). 13 Includes fallax see Payne (1997: 554) (1800) and R.B. Payne (in litt.). 14 Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188) argued that this name should be attributed to Hodgson as Blyth believed the specimens to be age-related variants of micropterus. However, the only description given there, “dark ash-coloured specimens”, would appear to have been written by Blyth, and it is not clear that Hodgson did more than offer a MS name. 15 This name antedates horsfieldi see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). It was treated as a separate species by Payne (1997: 512) (1800), but apparently is now considered conspecific (R.B. Payne in litt.). 16 Includes insulindae see Payne (1997: 554) (1800); for attachment to this species see Becking (1975) (109) and Wells & Becking (1975) (2581). 17 Includes assamicus Koelz, 1952 (1282), see Ripley (1982: 167) (2055). 18 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 19 Includes occidentalis see Payne (1997) (1800) and Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 20 Listed in a monotypic genus Penthoceryx in last Edition, but see Payne (1997) (1800). 21 Includes malayanus (R.B. Payne in litt.) 22 In previous Editions we used the name fasciolatus. Junge (1948) (1231) considered this a synonym of musicus and Payne (1997: 559) (1800) adopted schlegeli. Now R.B. Payne (in litt.) believes this needs revisiting. 23 Includes subpallidus see Van Marle & Voous (1988) (2468). 24 Treatment here is tentative, some Australian birds migrate north, and much has yet to be learned. Further taxa may require recognition and two species may be involved. 25 Includes fistulator Stresemann, 1940 (2363). 26 Includes obscuratus, chivae Mayr & Meyer de Schauensee, 1939 (1491), and obiensis Jany, 1955 (1200) and heinrichi (R.B. Payne, in litt.) although this was treated as a separate species by Payne (1997: 561) (1800). 27 Includes fortior. 28 Includes tabarensis Amadon, 1942 (40). 29 This may be better submerged in nominate variolosus (R.B. Payne in litt.). 30 Includes whitei Bruce, 1986 (2652), from Timor see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188), where sepulcralis and variolosus are treated as separate species (with tymbonomus associated to the latter). Also includes tymbonomus (R.B. Payne in litt.). 31 The identity of the bird so named has been discussed by Mason (1982) (1448); it proves to be a prior name for what was called C. pyrrophanus prionurus in Peters (1940) (1825) and in our previous Editions. For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 32 Includes meeki based on a migrant or vagrant to the Solomons. 33 Payne (1997) (1800) accepted a broad genus Chrysococcyx (see Friedmann, 1968) (882), but this is not always accepted, see Marchant (1972) (1425) and Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 34 This arrangement follows Payne (1997) (1800). In last Edition we followed Parker (1981) (1744) and this assemblage was split between three monotypic species (poecilurus, rufomerus and crassirostris) and polytypic russatus and minutillus. Questions remain and previous reports of sympatry should be kept in mind as migrants may not be involved. See also Ford (1981) (858) and Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 35 Includes cleis S. Parker, 1981 (1744) 36 For the suggestion that there may be an undescribed form see Bruce in White & Bruce (1986: 238) (2652). The one Timor specimen (AMNH 627051) seems to match poecilurus (R.B. Payne in litt.); perhaps there is no breeding population in Timor and this is a vagrant. 37 Includes russatus (R.B. Payne in litt.). 38 Includes nieuwenhuysi see White & Bruce (1986) (2652). 39 This species has a distinctive red eye-ring. 40 Specimens from Sorong in the Vogelkop (New Guinea) are of disputed provenance, as to a lesser extent are those from the N Moluccas, see Parker (1981) (1744) (R.B. Payne in litt.). 41 Apparently includes aeneus Warner, 1951 (2559) of Vanuatu. 42 For recognition of this form as distinct from more eastern birds see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 43 This species has a distinctive red eye-ring. 44 Includes bangueyensis and limborgi Tweeddale, 1877 (2442A) (for the latter name see Chasen, 1935: 127) (319). C. malayanus was based on a female specimen of this species (Parker, 1981) (1744). 45 Includes parkesi Dickerman, 1994 (724), see Payne (1997: 565) (1800). 46 Apparently includes somereni Chapin, 1954 (312). 47 Includes insularum Moreau & Chapin, 1951 (1624), see Payne (1997: 565) (1800). 48 Includes sanfordi (R.B. Payne, in litt.). 49 This genus is probably genetically closest to Cuculus and Cacomantis (R.B. Payne, in litt.). 50 We follow Payne (1997: 569) (1800); and for further consolidation, R.B. Payne (in litt.). 51 The name barussarum has been shown to apply to migrants (Mees, 1986) (1539). 52 Includes stewarti see Payne (1997: 569) (1800), and minimus and brachyurus (R.B. Payne in litt.). 53 Includes mindorensis Ripley & Rabor, 1958 (2072), see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 54 Includes suluensis Salomonsen, 1953 (2155), see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 55 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 56 Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188) treated a group of forms from the Moluccas to Australasia as an allospecies orientalis. 57 Black-billed and treated as a species by White & Bruce (1986) (2652), but not by Payne (1997: 570) (1800). Tentatively lumped here. Includes facialis see White & Bruce (1986: 240) (2652). 58 Including paraguena see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745), and corvinus (R.B. Payne in litt.). 59 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 60 Treated in the genus Urodynamis in last Edition. Payne (1997) (1800) disagreed, but has now recommended it be retained (R.B. Payne in litt.). 61 Includes extensicaudus Clancey, 1962 (392), see White (1965: 187) (2649). 62 Includes dendrobates Clancey, 1962 (392), see White (1965: 188) (2649) who erroneously called it dendrobiastes. 63 Includes minor from Borneo, see Mees (1986) (1539), although Wells (1999) (2579) thought it might prove distinct, and rodolphi Ripley, 1942 (2025). 64 Includes vantynei Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 172) (2055). 65 Includes affinis see Ripley (1982: 172) (2055). 66 Includes mayri Delacour, 1947 (677), see Payne (1997) (1800), and bangkanus Meyer de Schauensee, 1958 (1570), see Mees (1986: 49) (1539), although Wells (1999) (2579) excluded Borneo from the range of nominate chlorophaeus, presumably placing all Bornean birds in fuscigularis. R.B. Payne (in litt.) now favours treatment as a monotypic species. 67 Payne (1997) (1800) treated it as monotypic. In last Edition we erroneously listed factus as a fourth race. Wells (1999) (2579) recognised pallidus as distinct and specimens in ZMA support this. 68 Called erythrognathus in previous Editions, but see Deignan (1952) (650). 69 Within a broad genus Phaenicophaeus the name borneensis is preoccupied and the name microrhinus von Berlepsch, 1895, must be used, see Mees (1986: 49) (1539). 70 This and the next three genera (the American cuckoos) should be treated within the Phaenicophaeinae (R.B. Payne, in litt.). 71 Treated as monotypic, see A.O.U. (1983, 1998) (2, 3). 72 Reasons to treat this as monotypic are given by Payne (1997: 596) (1800). 73 Includes andria see Payne (1997: 597) (1800), there spelled andrina. 74 Includes saonae see Payne (1997) (1800). 75 The A.O.U. vernacular name. 76 Includes stirtoni. 77 Includes boliviana. 78 Thought to include inexpectata Todd, 1947 (2409). 79 The name cearae relates to birds intermediate between this and the next form. 80 Includes ochracea. 81 Includes panamensis and chaparensis (R.B. Payne in litt.). 82 Includes barinensis Aveledo & Perez, 1994 (69) (R.B. Payne, in litt.). 83 The name radiatus cannot be construed as an emendation, it has a different root meaning. As such radiatus is a junior synonym of radiceus. As radiceus has been in use since 1899 and has priority its use must be maintained, contra Collar & Long (1996) (547). The two conditions that would allow Art. 23.9. of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178) to apply are not met. See also p. 000. 84 For separation of this from C. radiceus [nec radiatus] see Collar & Long (1996) (547). 85 Extinct taxa were omitted in last Edition. 86 Given as 1817 by Peters (1940: 71) (1825) but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). 87 Includes jobiensis (Payne, in litt.). 88 We believe this includes obscuratus of the D’Entrecasteaux Is. 89 The names melanurus and macrourus (see our last Edition) are of identical date. Mathews (1927) (1454) must be followed as First Reviser in the use of melanurus, see Art. 24.2.1. of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178). This contradicts usage in Peters (1940: 69) (1825) see Schodde & Mason (1997: 185) (2188). 90 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 91 Ripley (1982: 173) (2055) was in doubt whether to treat this as a separate species. 92 Subspecies recognised follow Payne (1997) (1800) except for the acceptance of philippinensis (see Dickinson et al., 1991: 221) (745). 93 Includes chamnongi Deignan, 1955 (655) see Payne (1997: 590) (1800). 94 Omitted in our last Edition. 95 Blyth’s spelling was chlororhynchos as given by Peters (1940: 69) (1825). 96 In last Edition we treated this as a species following Louette (1986) (1378); however see Dowsett & Dowsett-Lemaire (1993: 335) (761). 97 Includes verheyeni Louette, 1986 (1378). 98 Includes songweensis Benson, 1948 (119), described as a race of monachus, see Payne (1997) (1800). 99 Includes fasciipygialis see Payne (1997: 592) (1800). 100 Apparently includes major Brodkorb, 1940 (221). 101 Includes chochi see Payne (1997) (1800). 102 For reasons to treat this as monotypic see Payne (1997: 605) (1800). 103 Includes perijanus Aveledo & Ginés, 1950 (64). 104 We follow Payne (1997: 605) (1800) in listing two forms. 105 Payne (1997: 606) (1800) implicitly includes dilutus and simulans. 106 Payne (1997: 606) (1800) implicitly includes macrourus. 107 Includes dromicus Oberholser, 1974 (1672), see Browning (1978, 1990) (246, 251); the name conklingi listed in last Edition was given to a fossil (Hughes, 1996) (1161). 108 Includes melanchima, affinis, pallidus and longisignum see Payne (1997) (1800). 109 Includes iungens Griscom & Greenway, 1945 (1018). Treated as a race of the preceding species by Payne (1997) (1800), but his comments seem doubtful and we defer lumping. 110 Treated as monotypic by Payne (1997) (1800); includes nigrogularis. CUCULIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD TYTONIDAE (BARN OWLS) (2: 15) TYTONINAE TYTO Billberg, 1828 F Tyto tenebricosa (Greater Sooty Owl) T.t.arfaki (Schlegel, 1879) New Guinea, Yapen I. T.t.tenebricosa (Gould, 1845) EC to SE Australia Tyto multipunctata Mathews, 1912 (Lesser Sooty Owl) NE Queensland Tyto novaehollandiae (Australian Masked Owl)1 T.n.calabyi Mason, 1983 S New Guinea (1449) T.n.kimberli Mathews, 1912 NW Australia T.n.melvillensis Mathews, 1912 Melville and Bathurst Is. (Northern Territory) T.n.galei Mathews, 1914 Cape York Pen. T.n.novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) Sthn. coastal Australia to NE Queensland T.n.castanops (Gould, 1837) Tasmania Tyto aurantia (Salvadori, 1881) (Golden Masked Owl) New Britain Tyto manusi Rothschild & Hartert, 1914 (Manus Masked Owl)2 Manus I. (Admiralty Is.) Tyto sororcula (Lesser Masked Owl) T.s.sororcula (P.L. Sclater, 1883) Tanimbar Is. T.s.cayelii (E. Hartert, 1900) Buru I. (Moluccas) Tyto nigrobrunnea Neumann, 1939 (Taliabu Masked Owl) Sula Is. (1645) Tyto inexspectata (Schlegel, 1879) (Minahassa Masked Owl) N Sulawesi Tyto rosenbergii (Sulawesi Masked Owl) T.r.pelengensis Neumann, 1939 Peleng I. (1645) T.r.rosenbergii (Schlegel, 1866) Sulawesi, Sangihe Is. Tyto alba (Barn Owl)3 T.a.alba (Scopoli, 1769) W and S Europe east to W Balkans T.a.guttata (C.L. Brehm, 1831) C Europe to Ukraine and E Balkans T.a.ernesti (O. Kleinschmidt, 1901) Corsica, Sardinia T.a.erlangeri W.L. Sclater, 19214 N Africa, Arabia, Crete and Middle East east to S Iran T.a.affinis (Blyth, 1862) S Mauritania to Sudan and Cape Province T.a.schmitzi (E. Hartert, 1900) Madeira T.a.gracilirostris (E. Hartert, 1905) E Canary Is. T.a.detorta E. Hartert, 1913 Cape Verde Is. T.a.poensis (Fraser, 1842) Bioko I. T.a.thomensis (Hartlaub, 1852) Săo Tomé I. T.a.hypermetra Grote, 1928 Comoro Is., Madagascar T.a.stertens E. Hartert, 19295 Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka E through C Burma and Thailand (except Pen.) to Indochina T.a.javanica (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) C and S Malay Pen. to Sumatra, Java to Lesser Sundas and islands S of Sulawesi (? Borneo) T.a.deroepstorffi (Hume, 1875) S Andaman Is. T.a.sumbaensis (E. Hartert, 1897) Sumba I. T.a.meeki (Rothschild & Hartert, 1907) SE New Guinea, Vulcan, Dampier Is. T.a.delicatula (Gould, 1837)6 Australia >> E Lesser Sundas, SW Pacific Is. (Solomon, Santa Cruz, Banks Is., Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa Is.) T.a.crassirostris Mayr, 1935 Hibernian Is. (NE Bismarck Arch. to Solomons) T.a.pratincola (Bonaparte, 1838) C and NE USA to E Nicaragua, Hispaniola T.a.guatemalae (Ridgway, 1874) W Guatemala to Panama T.a.bondi Parkes & Phillips, 1978 Bay Islands (off N Honduras) (1788) T.a.lucayana Riley, 1913 Bahama Is. T.a.niveicauda Parkes & Phillips, 1978 Isla de la Juventud (Cuba) (1788) T.a.furcata (Temminck, 1827) Cuba, Cayman Is., Jamaica T.a.nigrescens (Lawrence, 1878) Dominica I. T.a.insularis (Pelzeln, 1872) S Lesser Antilles T.a.bargei (E. Hartert, 1892) Curacao I. T.a.subandeana L. Kelso, 1938 Submontane Colombia, Ecuador T.a.contempta (E. Hartert, 1898) Andes from Venezuela to Peru T.a.hellmayri Griscom & Greenway, 1937 The Guianas, N Brazil T.a.tuidara (J.E. Gray, 1829) C Brazil to Chile, Argentina T.a.punctatissima (G.R. Gray, 1838) Galapagos Is. Tyto glaucops (Kaup, 1852) (Ashy-faced Owl) Hispaniola and Tortuga Is. Tyto soumagnei (A. Milne-Edwards, 1878) (Madagascan Red Owl) E Madagascar Tyto capensis (Grass Owl)7 T.c.capensis (A. Smith, 1834)8 9 Cameroon; Kenya, W Tanzania and SE Zaire south to S Angola, N Namibia and Cape Province T.c.longimembris (Jerdon, 1839)10 India to Indochina and Lesser Sunda Is., N and E Australia, Sulawesi ?, Fiji Is. T.c.chinensis E. Hartert, 1929 11 Fujian, Guanxi, Guangdong (China) T.c.pithecops (Swinhoe, 1866) Taiwan T.c.amauronota (Cabanis, 1872) Philippine Is. T.c.papuensis E. Hartert, 192912 Midmontane grasslands of New Guinea PHODILINAE PHODILUS I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1830 M Phodilus prigoginei Schouteden, 1952 (Congo Bay Owl)13 E Zaire, NW Tanzania (2199) Phodilus badius (Oriental Bay Owl) P.b.saturatus Robinson, 1927 C and E Himalayas, Assam hills and Burma east to S Yunnan and Indochina P.b.ripleyi Hussain & Reza Khan, 1978 SW India (1168) P.b.assimilis Hume, 1877 Sri Lanka P.b.badius (Horsfield, 1821) S Burma, Thailand, Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java, Borneo P.b.parvus Chasen, 1937 Belitung I. P.b.arixuthus Oberholser, 1932 Bunguran I. (Natuna Is.) 1 For a review see Mason (1983) (1449). Re-examined by Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 2 For reasons to separate from novaehollandiae see McAllan & Bruce (1988) (1499). 3 The Australasian treatment follows Schodde & Mason (1980) (2186). 4 Includes microsticta Koelz, 1950 (1280), see Vaurie (1965: 632) (2510). 5 Includes crypta Koelz, 1939 (1279) see Ripley (1982: 175) (2055). 6 Includes lulu, interposita and also bellonae Bradley, 1962 (209), see Schodde & Mason (1980) (2186). 7 See Amadon (1959) (44) and Mees (1964) (1514). 8 Mees (1964) (1514) suggested that the name capensis A. Smith was preoccupied. However, capensis Daudin, 1800, has been suppressed for the purpose of priority and Smith’s name validated, see Opinion 895, I.C.Z.N. (1970) (1173). 9 Includes damarensis, liberatus -- correctly spelled liberata see David & Gosselin (2002) (613) -- and cameroonensis Serle, 1949 (2223); treated as a monotypic species by Konig et al. (1999) (1297). 10 Includes walleri and maculosa Glauert, 1945 (945), see Mees (1964) (1514). 11 Includes melli see Amadon & Jewett (1946) (48). 12 Includes baliem Ripley, 1964 (2044), see Konig et al. (1999) (1297). 13 Placed in Tyto by König et al. We await detailed molecular evidence. TYTONIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD STRIGIDAE (OWLS)1 (27: 180) STRIGINAE OTUS Pennant, 17692 M Otus sagittatus (Cassin, 1848) (White-fronted Scops Owl) Malay Pen. Otus rufescens (Reddish Scops Owl)3 O.r.malayensis Hachisuka, 1934 S Malay Pen. O.r.rufescens (Horsfield, 1821) Sumatra, Bangka, Java, Borneo Otus icterorhynchus (Sandy Scops Owl) O.i.icterorhynchus (Shelley, 1873) Ghana O.i.holerythrus (Sharpe, 1901) S Cameroon to N Zaire Otus ireneae Ripley, 1966 (Sokoke Scops Owl) SE Kenya and NE Tanzania (2047) Otus balli (Hume, 1873) (Andaman Scops Owl) Andaman Is. Otus alfredi (E. Hartert, 1897) (Flores Scops Owl) Flores I. Otus spilocephalus (Mountain Scops Owl) O.s.huttoni (Hume, 1870) W Himalayas O.s.spilocephalus (Blyth, 1846)4 E Himalayas to Burma O.s.latouchi (Rickett, 1900) SE China, N Indochina O.s.hambroecki (Swinhoe, 1870) Taiwan O.s.siamensis Robinson & Kloss, 1922 Thailand (south to C Malay Pen.), S Indochina O.s.vulpes (Ogilvie-Grant, 1906) S Malay Pen. O.s.vandewateri (Robinson & Kloss, 1916) Sumatra O.s.luciae (Sharpe, 1888) Borneo Otus brookii (Rajah Scops Owl) O.b.solokensis (E. Hartert, 1893) Mts. of Sumatra O.b.brookii (Sharpe, 1892) Mts. of Borneo, Java Otus angelinae (Finsch, 1912) (Javan Scops Owl) W Java Otus mentawi Chasen & Kloss, 1926 (Mentawai Scops Owl)5 Siberut, Sipora, Pagi Is. Otus bakkamoena (Collared Scops Owl)6 O.b.deserticolor Ticehurst, 1922 SE Saudi Arabia, S Iran, S Pakistan, W India O.b.plumipes (Hume, 1870) N Pakistan and NW Himalayas O.b.lettia (Hodgson, 1836)7 Submontane C and E Himalayas to Assam, Burma, Thailand (except Pen.) and C Indochina O.b.gangeticus Ticehurst, 19228 Rajasthan and C Himalayan foothills O.b.marathae Ticehurst, 1922 C India O.b.bakkamoena Pennant, 1769 S India, Sri Lanka O.b.ussuriensis (Buturlin, 1910)9 E and NE China to SE Siberia and Korea O.b.semitorques Temminck & Schlegel, 184410 Sakhalin, Kuril Is., Japan, Cheju-do (Quelpart Is.) O.b.pryeri (J.H. Gurney, 1889) Hachijo (Izu Is.), Okinawa (Ryukyu Is.) O.b.erythrocampe (Swinhoe, 1874) C and S China, NW Vietnam O.b.glabripes (Swinhoe, 1870) Taiwan O.b.umbratilis (Swinhoe, 1870) Hainan I. O.b.condorensis Kloss, 1930 Pulo Condor I.11 O.b.lempiji (Horsfield, 1821)12 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bankga, Belitung, Java, Bali, Borneo, Natuna Is. O.b.kangeanus Mayr, 1938 Kangean I. (Java Sea) Otus fuliginosus (Sharpe, 1888) (Palawan Scops Owl) Palawan Otus megalotis (Philippine Scops Owl) O.m.megalotis (Walden, 1875) Luzon, Catanduanes, Marinduque O.m.nigrorum Rand, 1950 Negros, Panay (1969) O.m.everetti (Tweeddale, 1879)13 Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Mindanao, Basilan Otus silvicola (Wallace, 1864) (Wallace's Scops Owl) Flores, Sumbawa Otus mirus Ripley & Rabor, 1968 (Mindanao Scops Owl) Mindanao I. (2075) Otus longicornis (Ogilvie-Grant, 1894) (Luzon Scops Owl) Luzon I. Otus mindorensis (J. Whitehead, 1899) (Mindoro Scops Owl) Mindoro I. Otus brucei (Pallid Scops Owl) O.b.exiguus Mukherjee, 1958 Israel and S Iraq to W Pakistan and NE Arabia (1631) O.b.obsoletus (Cabanis, 1875) S Turkey and Syria to S Uzbekistan and N Afghanistan O.b.brucei (Hume, 1873) Aral Sea and E Uzbekistan to Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan >> Pakistan and N India O.b.semenowi (Zarudny & Härms, 1902) Tarim Basin (W China) >> N Pakistan and NW India Otus senegalensis (African Scops Owl)14 O.s.pamelae Bates, 1937 W and S Saudi Arabia north to Israel O.s.socotranus (Ogilvie-Grant & Forbes, 1899) Socotra I. O.s.senegalensis (Swainson, 1837) 15 Senegal to Somalia, south to N Namibia and E and S South Africa O.s.feae (Salvadori, 1903) Annobon I. Otus scops (Eurasian Scops Owl) O.s.pulchellus (Pallas, 1771) Kazakhstan to Altai and Tien Shan >> NE Africa and SW Asia O.s.scops (Linnaeus, 1758)16 France and Italy to Caucasus area >> W and C Africa O.s.mallorcae von Jordans, 192417 Iberia, Balearic Is., NW Africa >> W Africa O.s.cycladum (Tschusi, 1904) S Greece, Cyclades Is., Crete, SW Turkey, Levant O.s.cyprius (Madarász, 1901) Cyprus O.s.turanicus (Loudon, 1905) Iraq and SW Turkmenistan to Afghanistan >> NE Africa and SW Asia Otus sunia (Oriental Scops Owl)18 O.s.japonicus Temminck & Schlegel, 184419 Hokkaido and N and C Honshu (Japan) >> S Japan O.s.stictonotus (Sharpe, 1875) SE Siberia, E and NE China, Taiwan, N Korea >> S China and Indochina to Pen. Thailand O.s.malayanus (Hay, 1845)20 S China to Indochina >> SE Asia south to Sumatra O.s.sunia (Hodgson, 1836)21 N Pakistan, N and C India to Burma >> lower and to S part of range O.s.distans Friedmann & Deignan, 193922 N and E Thailand (883) O.s.rufipennis (Sharpe, 1875) S India O.s.leggei Ticehurst, 1923 Sri Lanka O.s.modestus (Walden, 1874) Andaman Is. O.s.nicobaricus (Hume, 1876)23 Nicobar Is. Otus flammeolus (Kaup, 1853) (Flammulated Owl)24 SW Canada to Mexico and Guatemala Otus magicus (Moluccan Scops Owl)25 O.m.morotensis (Sharpe, 1875) Morotai, Ternate Is. O.m.leucospilus (G.R. Gray, 1860) Halmahera, Kasiruta, Bacan O.m.obira Jany, 1955 Obi Is. (1200) O.m.magicus (S. Müller, 1841)26 Buru, Seram, Ambon O.m.mendeni Neumann, 1939 Banggai Is. (1646) O.m.siaoensis (Schlegel, 1873) Siao I. O.m.sulaensis (E. Hartert, 1898) Sula Is. O.m.kalidupae (E. Hartert, 1903) Kalidupa I. O.m.albiventris (Sharpe, 1875) Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Lomblen (Lesser Sundas) O.m.tempestatis (E. Hartert, 1904) Wetar I. (Lesser Sundas) Otus mantananensis (Mantanani Scops Owl) O.m.mantananensis (Sharpe, 1892) Mantanani I. (near Borneo) O.m.cuyensis McGregor, 1904 Cuyo I. (WC Philippines) O.m.romblonis McGregor, 1905 Romblon I. (C Philippines) O.m.sibutuensis (Sharpe, 1893)27 Sibutu I., Tumindao I. (Sulu Is.) Otus elegans (Elegant Scops Owl) O.e.interpositus N. Kuroda, Sr., 1923 Daito Is. (Borodinos) O.e.elegans (Cassin, 1852) Ryukyu Is. O.e.botelensis N. Kuroda, Sr., 1928 Lanyu I. (off S Taiwan) O.e.calayensis McGregor, 190428 Calayan I. (off N Luzon) Otus manadensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) (Sulawesi Scops Owl)29 Sulawesi Otus collari Lambert & Rasmussen, 1998 (Sangihe Scops Owl) # Sangihe I. (1318) Otus beccarii (Salvadori, 1876) (Biak Scops Owl) Biak I. (Geelvink Bay) Otus insularis (Tristram, 1880) (Seychelles Scops Owl) Mahe I. (Seychelles) Otus umbra (Simeuluë Scops Owl)30 O.u.umbra (Richmond, 1903) Simeuluë I. (W of Sumatra) O.u.enganensis Riley, 1927 Enggano I. (W of Sumatra) Otus alius Rasmussen, 1998 (Nicobar Scops Owl) # Great Nicobar I (1985) Otus pembaensis Pakenham, 1937 (Pemba Scops Owl) Pemba I. (off Tanzania) Otus pauliani Benson, 1960 (Grand Comoro Scops Owl) Grand Comore I. (Comoro Is.) (122) Otus capnodes (J.H. Gurney, 1889) (Anjouan Scops Owl) Anjouan I. (Comoro Is.) Otus moheliensis Lafontaine & Moulaert, 1998 (Moheli Scops Owl) # Moheli (Comoro Is.) (1314) Otus mayottensis Benson, 1960 (Mayotte Scops Owl) Mayotte I. (Indian Ocean) (122) Otus madagascariensis (A. Grandidier, 1867) (Torotoroka Scops Owl) 31 S, W and central high plateau of Madagascar Otus rutilus (Pucheran, 1849) (Rainforest Scops Owl) Madagascar (mainly E) Otus hartlaubi (Giebel, 1872) (Săo Tomé Scops Owl) Săo Tomé I. (WC Africa) Otus asio (Eastern Screech Owl)32 O.a.maxwelliae (Ridgway, 1877)33 SC Canada, NC USA O.a.asio (Linnaeus, 1758)34 NE and C USA south to E Virginia to Kansas O.a.hasbroucki Ridgway, 1914 C Oklahoma to N Texas O.a.mccallii (Cassin, 1854) 35 S Texas to C Mexico O.a.floridanus (Ridgway, 1873) S Louisiana, Florida Otus kennicotti (Western Screech Owl) O.k.kennicotti (Elliot, 1867) 36 S Alaska to coastal Oregon O.k.bendirei (Brewster, 1882)37 British Columbia and Idaho to SE California O.k.aikeni (Brewster, 1891)38 Nevada, E California, Utah, Arizona, SE Colorado, W Oklahoma and Sonora (N Mexico) O.k.cardonensis Huey, 192639 S California, N Baja California O.k.xantusi (Brewster, 1902) S Baja California O.k.yumanensis A.H. & L. Miller, 1951 Colorado desert, lower Colorado R. and NW Sonora (Mexico) (1583) O.k.vinaceus (Brewster, 1888)40 C Sonora to N Sinaloa O.k.suttoni R.T. Moore, 194141 SW Texas to Mexican Plateau (1613) Otus seductus R.T. Moore, 1941 (Balsas Screech Owl) 42 Michoacan and Guerrero (WC Mexico) (1613) Otus cooperi (Pacific Screech Owl) O.c.lambi Moore & Marshall, 1959 C Oaxaca (Mexico) (1621) O.c.cooperi (Ridgway, 1878)43 S Oaxaca along W coast to Costa Rica Otus trichopsis (Whiskered Screech Owl)44 O.t.aspersus (Brewster, 1888) SE Arizona, N Mexico O.t.trichopsis (Wagler, 1832)45 C Mexico O.t.mesamericanus van Rossem, 193246 SE Mexico to W Panama Otus choliba (Tropical Screech Owl)47 O.c.luctisonus Bangs & Penard, 1921 Costa Rica to NW Colombia O.c.margaritae Cory, 1915 Margarita I. (off N Venezuela) O.c.duidae Chapman, 1929 S Venezuela O.c.crucigerus (Spix, 1824)48 E Colombia, E Peru to Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas and NE Brazil O.c.suturutus L. Kelso, 1941 Bolivia (1246) O.c.decussatus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823)49 C and E Brazil O.c.choliba (Vieillot, 1817)50 S Brazil, E Paraguay O.c.wetmorei Brodkorb, 193751 W Paraguay, N Argentina O.c.uruguaiensis Hekstra, 198252 NE Argentina, SE Brazil, Uruguay (1097) Otus roboratus (Peruvian Screech Owl) O.r.pacificus Hekstra, 198253 SW Ecuador, NW Peru (south to Lambayeque) (1097) O.r.roboratus Bangs & Noble, 1918 Extreme S Ecuador, NW Peru (between W and C Andes) Otus koepckeae Hekstra, 1982 (Koepcke's Screech Owl)54 W Peru, NW Bolivia (1097) Otus clarkii L. & E.H. Kelso, 1935 (Bare-shanked Screech Owl) Costa Rica to extreme NW Colombia Otus barbarus (Sclater & Salvin, 1868) (Bearded Screech Owl) S Mexico, N Guatemala Otus ingens (Rufescent Screech Owl) O.i.venezuelanus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1954 NW Venezuela, N Colombia (1854) O.i.ingens (Salvin, 1897)55 NE Ecuador to WC Bolivia Otus colombianus Traylor, 1952 (Colombian Screech Owl) W Colombia, N Ecuador, N Peru (2423) Otus petersoni Fitzpatrick & O’Neill, 198656 (Cinnamon Screech Owl) N Peru (836) Otus marshalli Weske & Terborgh, 1981 (Cloud-forest Screech Owl)57 SC Peru (2588) Otus watsonii (Tawny-bellied Screech Owl) O.w.watsonii (Cassin, 1848)58 E Colombia to Surinam, NE Ecuador, Amazonian Brazil (North of Amazon) and NE Peru O.w.usta (P.L. Sclater, 1859)59 Peru, C Brazil, to N Bolivia Otus guatemalae (Middle American Screech Owl)60 O.g.tomlini R.T. Moore, 1937 NW Mexico O.g.hastatus (Ridgway, 1887)61 SW Sinaloa to Oaxaca O.g.cassini (Ridgway, 1878) NE Mexico O.g.fuscus Moore & Peters, 1939 C Vera Cruz O.g.thompsoni Cole, 1906 Yucatán Pen., Cozumel I. O.g.guatemalae (Sharpe, 1875)62 SE Vera Cruz, Guatemala, Honduras O.g.dacrysistactus Moore & Peters, 1939 N Nicaragua Otus vermiculatus (Vermiculated Screech Owl)63 C.v.vermiculatus (Ridgway, 1887)64 65 Costa Rica, Panama, NW Colombia, N Venezuela O.v.napensis Chapman, 192866 E Ecuador and E Colombia to Peru and N Bolivia O.v.roraimae (Salvin, 1897) S Venezuela, N Brazil (Tepui region) Otus hoyi Koenig & Straneck, 1989 (Montane Forest Screech Owl)67 S Bolivia, NW Argentina (1295) Otus atricapilla (Temminck, 1822) (Black-capped Screech Owl) 68 69 C and S Brazil Otus sanctaecatarinae (Salvin, 1897) (Long-tufted Screech Owl) SE Brazil, NE Argentina, Uruguay Otus nudipes (Puerto Rican Screech Owl) O.n.nudipes (Daudin, 1800)70 Puerto Rico O.n.newtoni (Lawrence, 1860) St. Thomas, St. John, St. Croix Is. Otus albogularis (White-throated Screech Owl)71 O.a.obscurus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1953 NW Venezuela (1852) O.a.meridensis (Chapman, 1923) W Venezuela O.a.macabrum (Bonaparte, 1850) Colombia to N Peru O.a.albogularis (Cassin, 1849) Colombia, N Ecuador O.a.remotus Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1941 Peru to C Bolivia (191) PYRROGLAUX Yamashina, 193872 F Pyrroglaux podargina (Hartlaub & Finsch, 1872) (Palau Scops Owl) Palau Is. GYMNOGLAUX Cabanis, 1855 F Gynoglaux lawrencii (Cuban Screech Owl or Bare-legged Owl) G.l.lawrencii Sclater & Salvin, 1868 C and E Cuba G.l.exsul (Bangs, 1913) W Cuba, Isla de la Juventud PTILOPSIS Kaup, 185173 F Ptilopsis leucotis (Temminck, 1820) (Northern White-faced Owl)74 Senegal to Ethiopia and Kenya Ptilopsis granti (Kollibay, 1910)75 (Southern White-faced Owl) S Zaire and Tanzania to Cape Province MIMIZUKU Hachisuka, 1934 N Mimizuku gurneyi (Tweeddale, 1879) (Giant Scops Owl)76 Mindanao (Philippines) NYCTEA Stephens, 1826 F Nyctea scandiaca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Snowy Owl) N Asia, N Canada, Holarctic region BUBO Duméril, 1806 M Bubo virginianus (Great Horned Owl)77 78 B.v.lagophonus (Oberholser, 1904) C Alaska to NE Oregon and Idaho B.v.saturatus Ridgway, 1877 SE Alaska to California B.v.pacificus Cassin, 1854 Coastal California to NW Baja California B.v.subarcticus Hoy, 185379 WC Canada to WC USA B.v.pallescens Stone, 1897 SW USA to Mexico B.v.heterocnemis (Oberholser, 1904) NE Canada south to Great Lakes B.v.virginianus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) SE Canada, C and E USA B.v.elachistus Brewster, 1902 S Baja California B.v.mayensis Nelson, 1901 Yucatán Pen. B.v.mesembrinus (Oberholser, 1904) Isthmus of Tehuantepec to W Panama B.v.nigrescens Berlepsch, 1884 Colombia to NW Peru B.v.nacurutu (Vieillot, 1817) E Colombia east to the Guianas and south to EC Argentina B.v.magellanicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) 80 81 C Peru, W Bolivia, W Argentina Bubo bubo (Eurasian Eagle-Owl)82 B.b.hispanus Rothschild & Hartert, 1910 Iberian Pen. B.b.bubo (Linnaeus, 1758)83 Scandinavia to France, Sicily, W and N Romania and C and NW European Russia B.b.interpositus Rothschild & Hartert, 1910 S Ukraine to N Greece east to Turkey, NW Iran, Caucasus area, Mangyshlak and lower Don R. B.b.nikolskii Zarudny, 1905 Iraq to C and S Afghanistan and W and N Pakistan B.b.ruthenus Buturlin & Zhitkov, 1906 E and S European Russia south to lower Volga and foot of N Caucasus B.b.sibiricus (Gloger, 1833) SW and C Ural region and W Siberia to Ob’ R. B.b.yenisseensis Buturlin, 191184 WC and SC Siberia from Ob’ R. to Lake Baikal, south to extreme N Xinjiang and N Mongolia B.b.jakutensis Buturlin, 1908 NC and NE Siberia, south to Stanovoi Mts. B.b.turcomanus (Eversmann, 1835)85 N Kazakhstan and SW Siberia from lower Ural R. to Irtysh R. and Lake Zaisan B.b.omissus Dementiev, 1932 Turkmenistan to S Uzbekistan, SW Tajikistan and N Afghanistan B.b.bengalensis (Franklin, 1831)86 Pakistan, India, Nepal and SW Burma B.b.hemachalanus Hume, 187387 88 Pamir and Tien Shan Mts. to SE Kazakhstan, N and W Xinjiang, W Xizang and W Himalaya B.b.tibetanus Bianchi, 1906 Tibetan Plateau from C Xizang to SW Gansu, W Sichuan and NW Yunnan B.b.tarimensis Buturlin, 1928 E Tarim Basin (E from Hami and Lop Nor) to SW and S Mongolia B.b.kiautschensis Reichenow, 190389 Korea and E China from S Gansu and Shandong to Yunnan and Guangdong B.b.ussuriensis Poliakov, 191590 SE Siberia from Lake Baikal and E Mongolia to NE China and Russian Far East B.b.borrisowi Hesse, 1915 Sakhalin and S Kuril Is. north to Urup I. Bubo ascalaphus Savigny, 1809 (Desert Eagle-Owl)91 Sahara, and from Sinai and Syria to SW Iran and Arabia Bubo capensis (Cape Eagle-Owl) B.c.dillonii Des Murs & Prévost, 1846 Ethiopia B.c.mackinderi Sharpe, 1899 Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe and W Mozambique B.c.capensis A. Smith, 1834 South Africa to S Namibia Bubo africanus (Spotted Eagle-Owl) B.a.africanus (Temminck, 1821) 92 S Zaire, S Uganda and W, C and S Kenya to Cape Province B.a.milesi Sharpe, 1886 S Saudi Arabia Bubo cinerascens Guérin-Méneville, 1843 (Greyish Eagle-Owl)93 Senegal and Gambia to Eritrea and W Somalia, south to Cameroon, N Uganda and N Kenya Bubo poensis Fraser, 1853 (Fraser's Eagle-Owl) Liberia to N Angola (Cabinda), N and C Zaire and W Uganda Bubo vosseleri Reichenow, 1908 (Usambara Eagle-Owl)94 Usambara Mts. (NE Tanzania) Bubo nipalensis (Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl) B.n.nipalensis Hodgson, 1836 Himalayas south to S India and east to C Burma, N and E Thailand, Laos and Vietnam B.n.blighi Legge, 1878 Sri Lanka Bubo sumatranus (Barred Eagle-Owl)95 B.s.sumatranus (Raffles, 1822) S Burma, SW Thailand, Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka B.s.strepitans (Temminck, 1823) Java, Bali B.s.tenuifasciatus Mees, 1964 Borneo (1512) Bubo shelleyi (Sharpe & Ussher, 1872) (Shelley's Eagle-Owl) Liberia to S Cameroon and N Zaire Bubo lacteus (Temminck, 1820) (Verreaux's Eagle-Owl) Senegal and C Mali to Eritrea and Somalia south to Cape Province Bubo coromandus (Dusky Eagle-Owl) B.c.coromandus (Latham, 1790) N and C India B.c.klossii Robinson, 1911 S Burma, Malay Pen. Bubo leucostictus Hartlaub, 1855 (Akun Eagle-Owl) Sierra Leone to C and E Zaire Bubo philippensis (Philippine Eagle-Owl) B.p.philippensis (Kaup, 1851) Luzon, Catanduanes B.p.mindanensis (Ogilvie-Grant, 1906) Leyte, Samar, Mindanao Bubo blakistoni (Blakiston's Eagle-Owl)96 B.b.doerriesi Seebohm, 189597 NE China and the Russian Far East north to the W and N shore of the Sea of Okhotsk B.b.blakistoni Seebohm, 188498 Sakhalin, S Kuril Is., Hokkaido KETUPA Lesson, 183099 F100 Ketupa zeylonensis (Brown Fish Owl) K.z.semenowi Zarudny, 1905 Middle East to W and NW Pakistan K.z.leschenaultii (Temminck, 1820)101 NE Pakistan, India, Burma, Thailand and N tip of W Malaysia K.z.zeylonensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Sri Lanka K.z.orientalis Delacour, 1926 NE Burma to S China, Hainan and Indochina Ketupa flavipes (Hodgson, 1836) (Tawny Fish Owl) Himalayas to W China, Indochina Ketupa ketupu (Buffy Fish Owl) 102 K.k.ketupu (Horsfield, 1821) S Assam east to Vietnam and south to the Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Bangka, Belitung K.k.minor Büttikofer, 1896103 Nias SCOTOPELIA Bonaparte, 1850 F Scotopelia peli (Bonaparte, 1850) (Pel's Fishing Owl) Senegal to Central African Republic and Ethiopia, south to N Botswana and E Cape Province Scotopelia ussheri Sharpe, 1871 (Rufous Fishing Owl) Sierra Leone to Ghana Scotopelia bouvieri Sharpe, 1875 (Vermiculated Fishing Owl) S Cameroon to N Angola and W and N Zaire STRIX Linnaeus, 1758 F Strix seloputo (Spotted Wood Owl) S.s.seloputo Horsfield, 1821 S Burma east to S Indochina and south to Malay. Pen., Java (? Sumatra) S.s.baweana Oberholser, 1917 Bawean I. (Java Sea) S.s.wiepkeni (W.H. Blasius, 1888) Palawan group (Philippines) Strix ocellata (Mottled Wood Owl) S.o.grisescens Koelz, 1950 NW and NC India (1280) S.o.grandis Koelz, 1950 Kathiawar Pen., Gujarat (India) (1280) S.o.ocellata (Lesson, 1839) C and S India104 Strix leptogrammica (Brown Wood Owl)105 S.l.ticehursti Delacour, 1930 SE China, N Indochina S.l.caligata (Swinhoe, 1863) Taiwan, Hainan S.l.laotiana Delacour, 1926 N Thailand, S Indochina S.l.newarensis (Hodgson, 1836) Himalayas, Assam hills, N Burma, W Yunnan S.l.indranee Sykes, 1832106 C and S India S.l.ochrogenys (Hume, 1873) Sri Lanka S.l.maingayi (Hume, 1878) Malay Pen. S.l.myrtha (Bonaparte, 1850) Sumatra S.l.nyctiphasma Oberholser, 1924 Banyak I. (W Sumatra) S.l.niasensis (Salvadori, 1887) Nias I. (W Sumatra) S.l.chaseni Hoogerwerf & deBoer, 1947107 Belitung I. (SE Sumatra) (1147) S.l.leptogrammica Temminck, 1832108 S and C Borneo, S.l.vaga Mayr, 1938 N Borneo S.l.bartelsi (Finsch, 1906) Java109 Strix aluco (Tawny Owl) S.a.aluco Linnaeus, 1758110 N, C and SE Europe east to W foot of Ural Mts. and south to N Caucasus foothills S.a.sylvatica Shaw, 1809 Britain, W France and Iberian Pen.; W and C Turkey and Levant S.a.mauritanica (Witherby, 1905) NW Africa S.a.siberiae Dementiev, 1933 Ural Mts. and W Siberia S.a.willkonskii (Menzbier, 1896)111 Caucasus area, NE Turkey, N Iran, SW Turkmenistan S.a.sanctinicolai (Zarudny, 1905) Iraq, W and SW Iran S.a.harmsi (Zarudny, 1911) W foothills of Tienshan and Pamir Mts. S.a.biddulphi Scully, 1881 N and NE Afghansitan, N Pakistan, Kashmir S.a.nivicola (Blyth, 1845)112 Himalayas, Assam hills, N and E Burma to C China S.a.yamadae Yamashina, 1936 S Taiwan S.a.ma (Clark, 1907) NE China, Korea Strix butleri (Hume, 1878) (Hume's Owl) SE Egypt, Sinai, Arabia north to SE Israel and SW Jordan, S Iran Strix occidentalis (Spotted Owl) S.o.caurina (Merriam, 1898) S Brit. Columbia to N California S.o.occidentalis (Xántus de Vesey, 1860) S California S.o.lucida (Nelson, 1903) SW USA to C Mexico S.o.juanaphillipsae Dickerman, 1997 C Mexico (726) Strix varia (Barred Owl) S.v.varia Barton, 1799 S Canada, EC USA S.v.georgica Latham, 1802113 S and SE USA S.v.helveola (Bangs, 1899) SC Texas S.v.sartorii (Ridgway, 1873) N and C Mexico Strix fulvescens (Sclater & Salvin, 1868) (Fulvous Owl) S Mexico, W Guatemala, Honduras Strix hylophila Temminck, 1825 (Rusty-barred Owl) Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina Strix chacoensis Cherrie & Reichenberger, 1921 (Chaco Owl)114 S Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina Strix rufipes (Rufous-legged Owl) S.r.sanborni Wheeler, 1938 Chiloe I. (Chile) S.r.rufipes P.P. King, 1828 S Chile, S Argentina Strix uralensis (Ural Owl) S.u.macroura Wolf, 1810115 C and SE Europe S.u.liturata Lindroth, 1788 N Scandinavia and NE Poland to C European Russia and N Belarus S.u.uralensis Pallas, 1771116 E European Russia to W Siberia S.u.yenisseensis Buturlin, 1915 C and NE Siberia to NW Mongolia S.u.daurica Stegmann, 1929117 Lake Baikal and NE Mongolia to W and N Amurland and W and N Manchuria S.u.nikolskii (Buturlin, 1907)118 E Amurland, Sakhalin south to NE China and Korea S.u.japonica Clark, 1907 S Kuril Is., Hokkaido S.u.hondoensis (Clark, 1907) N Honshu S.u.momiyamae Taka-Tsukasa, 1931 C Honshu S.u.fuscescens Temminck & Schlegel, 1850119 S Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku Is. S.u.davidi (Sharpe, 1875)120 W and N Sichuan, NE Qinghai Strix nebulosa (Great Grey Owl) S.n.nebulosa J.R. Forster, 1772 N Nth. America S.n.lapponica Thunberg, 1798121 N Eurasia east to Kolyma Mts. and Sakhalin, south to N Mongolia Strix woodfordi (African Wood Owl) S.w.umbrina (Heuglin, 1863) Ethiopia and SE Sudan S.w.nigricantior (Sharpe, 1897)122 S Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, E Zaire S.w.nuchalis (Sharpe, 1870) Sierra Leone to S Sudan, Uganda, N and W Zaire and NC Angola S.w.woodfordi (A. Smith, 1834) S Angola, SE Zaire and Malawi to N Botswana and E and S Sth. Africa Strix virgata (Mottled Owl) S.v.squamulata (Bonaparte, 1850) Sonora to Guerrero (NW Mexico) S.v.tamaulipensis J.C. Phillips, 1911 Nuevo Leon and S Tamaulipas (NE Mexico) S.v.centralis (Griscom, 1929) S Mexico to W Panama S.v.virgata (Cassin, 1849)123 E Panama east to Venezuela and Trinidad, and south to Ecuador S.v.macconnelli (Chubb, 1916) The Guianas S.v.superciliaris (Pelzeln, 1863) NC and NE Brazil S.v.borelliana (W. Bertoni, 1901) S Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Strix albitarsis (Rufous-banded Owl)124 S.a.albitarsis (Bonaparte, 1850) Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela S.a.opaca J.L. Peters, 1943 C Peru (1831) S.a.tertia Todd, 1947 Bolivia (2411) CICCABA Wagler, 1832125 F Ciccaba nigrolineata P.L. Sclater, 1859 (Black-and-white Owl) S Mexico to W Ecuador Ciccaba huhula (Black-banded Owl) C.h.huhula (Daudin, 1800) N Sth. America (east of the Andes) C.h.albomarginata (Spix, 1824) NE Argentina, Paraguay, SE Brazil JUBULA Bates, 1929 F Jubula lettii (Büttikofer, 1889) (Maned Owl) Liberia to N Zaire LOPHOSTRIX Lesson, 1836 F Lophostrix cristata (Crested Owl) L.c.stricklandi Sclater & Salvin, 1859 S Mexico to W Panama, W Colombia L.c.wedeli Griscom, 1932 E Panama, N Colombia, NW Venezuela L.c.cristata (Daudin, 1800)126 Amazonia PULSATRIX Kaup, 1848 F Pulsatrix perspicillata (Spectacled Owl) P.p.saturata Ridgway, 1914 S Mexico to W Panama P.p.chapmani Griscom, 1932 E Costa Rica to W Ecuador, NW Peru P.p.perspicillata (Latham, 1790) Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonia P.p.trinitatis Bangs & Penard, 1918 Trinidad P.p.boliviana L. Kelso, 1933 S Bolivia to N Argentina P.p.pulsatrix (Wied, 1820) E Brazil, Paraguay Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana (M. & W. Bertoni, 1901) (Tawny-browed Owl) S Brazil, NE Argentina Pulsatrix melanota (Band-bellied Owl) P.m.melanota (Tschudi, 1844) E Ecuador, E Peru P.m.philoscia Todd, 1947 W Bolivia (2411) SURNIINAE SURNIA Duméril, 1806 F Surnia ulula (Northern Hawk-Owl) S.u.ulula (Linnaeus, 1758) N Eurasia S.u.tianschanica Smallbones, 1906 Tien Shan to N China (S of ulula) S.u.caparoch (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) Alaska and Canada >> south to N USA GLAUCIDIUM Boie, 1826 N Glaucidium passerinum (Eurasian Pygmy Owl) G.p.passerinum (Linnaeus, 1758) C and N Europe and SW Siberia G.p.orientale Taczanowski, 1891 NW and C Siberia to Sakhalin and NE China Glaucidium brodiei (Collared Owlet) G.b.brodiei (E. Burton, 1836)127 Himalayas east to S China and S through mainland SE Asia to the Malay Pen. G.b.sylvaticum Bonaparte, 1850128 Sumatra G.b.borneense Sharpe, 1893 Borneo G.b.pardalotum (Swinhoe, 1863) Taiwan Glaucidium perlatum (Pearl-spotted Owlet) G.p.perlatum (Vieillot, 1817) Senegal to W Sudan G.p.licua (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1842)129 E, NE and Sthn. Africa Glaucidium gnoma (Northern Pygmy Owl)130 G.g.grinnelli Ridgway, 1914 SE Alaska to N California G.g.swarthi Grinnell, 1913 Vancouver I. G.g.californicum P.L. Sclater, 1857 C Brit. Columbia to S California G.g.pinicola Nelson, 1910 WC USA G.g.hoskinsii Brewster, 1888 Baja California G.g.gnoma Wagler, 1832 N and C Mexico G.g.cobanense Sharpe, 1875 Guatemala Glaucidium costaricanum L. Kelso, 1937 (Costa Rican Pygmy Owl)131 Costa Rica, Panama Glaucidium nubicola Robbins & Stiles, 1999 (Cloud-Forest Pygmy Owl) # W Colombia, N Ecuador (2086) Glaucidium jardinii (Bonaparte, 1855) (Andean Pygmy Owl) Andes from Venezuela and Colombia, to C Peru Glaucidium bolivianum König, 1991 (Yungas Pygmy Owl) # S Peru, Bolivia, NW Argentina (1294) Glaucidium palmarum (Colima Pygmy Owl)132 G.p.oberholseri R.T. Moore, 1937 C and S Sinaloa (NW Mexico) G.p.palmarum Nelson, 1901 W Mexico G.p.griscomi R.T. Moore, 1947 SW Morelos, NE Guerrero (S Mexico) (1616) Glaucidium sanchezi Lowery & Newman, 1949 (Tamaulipas Pygmy Owl) NE Mexico (1393) Glaucidium griseiceps (Central American Pygmy Owl) G.g.occultum R.T. Moore, 1947 E Oaxaca, Chiapas (Mexico) (1617) G.g.griseiceps Sharpe, 1875 E Guatemala, Belize, E Honduras G.g.rarum Griscom, 1931 Costa Rica, Panama Glaucidium parkeri Robbins & Howell, 1995 (Subtropical Pygmy Owl) # E Ecuador, E Peru (2079) Glaucidium hardyi Vielliard, 1989 (Amazonian Pygmy Owl) # Amazonia (2527) Glaucidium minutissimum (Wied, 1830) (Least Pygmy Owl) SE Brazil, Paraguay Glaucidium brasilianum (Ferruginous Pygmy Owl)133 G.b.cactorum van Rossem, 1937 S Arizona to W Mexico G.b.ridgwayi Sharpe, 1875134 S Texas to C Panama and NW Colombia G.b.medianum Todd, 1916 N Colombia G.b.margaritae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1951 Margarita I. (off Venezuela) (1849) G.b.phalaenoides (Daudin, 1800) N Venezuela, Trinidad G.b.duidae Chapman, 1929 Mt. Duida (Venezuela) G.b.olivaceum Chapman, 1939 Mt. Auyun-tepui (Venezuela) (316) G.b.ucayalae Chapman, 1929 SE Colombia to Peru G.b.brasilianum (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) W and S Amazonia, NE Argentina, N Uruguay G.b.pallens Brodkorb, 1938 E Bolivia, W Paraguay, N Argentina G.b.stranecki König & Wink, 1995 C Argentina to S Uruguay (1296) G.b.tucumanum Chapman, 1922 W Argentina Glaucidium peruanum König, 1991 (Peruvian Pygmy Owl) # W Ecuador, Peru (1294) Glaucidium nanum (P.P. King, 1828) (Austral Pygmy Owl) S Chile, S Argentina Glaucidium siju (Cuban Pygmy Owl) G.s.siju (d'Orbigny, 1839) Cuba G.s.vittatum Ridgway, 1914 Isla de la Juventud Glaucidium tephronotum (Red-chested Owlet) G.t.tephronotum Sharpe, 1875 Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana G.t.pycrafti Bates, 1911 Cameroon G.t.medje Chapin, 1932135 Zaire, Rwanda, SW Uganda G.t.elgonense Granvik, 1934 E Uganda, W Kenya Glaucidium sjostedti Reichenow, 1893 (Sjostedt’s Owlet) Cameroon to Gabon and C Zaire Glaucidium cuculoides (Asian Barred Owlet) G.c.cuculoides (Vigors, 1831) W and C Himalayas G.c.austerum Ripley, 1948 NE Assam (2032) G.c.rufescens E.C.S. Baker, 1926 E Himalayas, Assam hills, W and N Burma to SW Yunnan G.c.whitelyi (Blyth, 1867) C Yunnan, Sichuan and S Gansu to E China, NE Vietnam G.c.persimile E. Hartert, 1910 Hainan G.c.delacouri Ripley, 1948 NE Laos, NW and C Vietnam (2032) G.c.deignani Ripley, 1948 SE Thailand, S Vietnam, ? Cambodia (2032) G.c.bruegeli (Parrot, 1908) S Burma, S Thailand Glaucidium castanopterum (Horsfield, 1821) (Javan Owlet) Java, Bali Glaucidium radiatum (Jungle Owlet) G.r.radiatum (Tickell, 1833)136 India, Sri Lanka G.r.malabaricum (Blyth, 1846) SW India Glaucidium castanonotum (Blyth, 1852) (Chestnut-backed Owlet)137 Sri Lanka Glaucidium capense (African Barred Owlet)138 G.c.etchecopari Érard & Roux, 1983 Liberia, Ivory Coast (814) G.c.castaneum Neumann, 1893 NE Zaire, SW Uganda G.c.albertinum Prigogine, 1983139 NE Zaire and N Rwanda (1939) G.c.scheffleri Neumann, 1911 SE Kenya, NE Tanzania G.c.ngamiense (Roberts, 1932)140 SE Zaire, NE Angola, S and W Tanzania, W Mozambique to N Botswana and E Transvaal G.c.capense (A. Smith, 1834) S Mozambique to Natal and E Cape Province XENOGLAUX O’Neill & Graves, 1977 F Xenoglaux loweryi O’Neill & Graves, 1977 (Long-whiskered Owlet) N Peru (1713) MICRATHENE Coues, 1866 F Micrathene whitneyi (Elf Owl) M.w.whitneyi (J.G. Cooper, 1861) SW USA, NW Mexico >> C Mexico M.w.idonea (Ridgway, 1914) Texas, C Mexico M.w.sanfordi (Ridgway, 1914) S Baja California and W Mexico M.w.graysoni Ridgway, 1886 Socorro I. ATHENE Boie, 1822 F Athene noctua (Little Owl) A.n.vidalii A.E. Brehm, 1857141 W and C Europe east to Baltic Rep. and Belarus A.n.noctua (Scopoli, 1769)142 Corsica, Sardinia and Italy to Slovakia, NW Romania and Croatia A.n.indigena C.L. Brehm, 1855 Albania to S European Russia, south to Greece, Turkey, N Levant and Transcaucasia A.n.lilith E. Hartert, 1913 Cyprus, Sinai, N Arabia, Jordan and C Syria to SE Turkey and Iraq A.n.bactriana Blyth, 1847 Lower Ural R., Transcaspia and Iran to E Kazakhstan and W Pakistan A.n.orientalis Severtsov, 1873 Pamir and Tien Shan Mts. to Qinghai (W China) A.n.ludlowi E.C.S. Baker, 1926 S and E Tibetan Plateau from Ladakh to W Sichuan A.n.impasta Bangs & Peters, 1928 NE Qinghai, SW Gansu A.n.plumipes Swinhoe, 1870 S Altai and Mongolia to S Transbaikalia and NC and NE China A.n.glaux (Savigny, 1809) Coastal N Africa, Nile Valley, SW Israel A.n.saharae (O. Kleinschmidt, 1909)143 Sahara east to Red Sea (except Nile Valley) and C Arabia A.n.spilogastra (Heuglin, 1869) E Sudan, Eritrea, NE Ethiopia A.n.somaliensis Reichenow, 1905 E Ethiopia, Somalia Athene brama (Spotted Owlet)144 A.b.indica (Franklin, 1831)145 S Iran to N and C India and Bangladesh A.b.ultra Ripley, 1948 E Assam (2031) A.b.brama (Temminck, 1821) S India A.b.pulchra Hume, 1873 Burma A.b.mayri Deignan, 1941 Thailand (except SW and S), S Laos, S Vietnam, Cambodia (634) Athene cunicularia (Burrowing Owl) A.c.hypugaea (Bonaparte, 1825) SW Canada to W Mexico A.c.rostrata (C.H. Townsend, 1890) Clarion I. A.c.floridana (Ridgway, 1874) C and S Florida, Bahama Is. †A.c.amaura Lawrence, 1878 Antigua, W Indies †A.c.guadeloupensis Ridgway, 1874 Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles) ¶A.c. guantanamensis Garrido, 2001 Cuba (924) A.c.troglodytes (Wetmore & Swales, 1931) Hispaniola, Gonave I. A.c.arubensis (Cory, 1915) Aruba I. A.c.brachyptera (Richmond, 1896) Margarita I. and N Venezuela A.c.apurensis (Gilliard, 1940) NC Venezuela (937) A.c.minor (Cory, 1918) S Guyana, S Surinam, NE Brazil A.c.carrikeri (Stone, 1922) E Colombia A.c.tolimae (Stone, 1899) W Colombia A.c.pichinchae (von Boetticher, 1929) W Ecuador A.c.punensis (Chapman, 1914) SW Ecuador, NW Peru A.c.intermedia (Cory, 1915) W Peru A.c.nanodes (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1892) SW Peru A.c.juninensis (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902) C Peru, W Bolivia A.c.boliviana (L. Kelso, 1939) Bolivia (1244) A.c.grallaria (Temminck, 1822) E and C Brazil A.c.cunicularia (Molina, 1782) S Bolivia and S Brazil to Tierra del Fuego A.c.partridgei Olrog, 1976 Corrientes (Argentina) (1685) HETEROGLAUX Hume, 1873146 F Heteroglaux blewitti Hume, 1873 (Forest Owlet) C India AEGOLIUS Kaup, 1829 M Aegolius funereus (Tengmalm's Owl/Boreal Owl) A.f.richardsoni (Bonaparte, 1838) Alaska, N Canada and N USA A.f.funereus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, C and SE Europe to Lena basin and Lake Baikal, south to Tarbagatay and N Mongolia A.f.magnus (Buturlin, 1907)147 NE Siberia east to Anadyr and Kamchatka A.f.sibiricus (Buturlin, 1910) Lake Baikal to W shore of Sea of Okhotsk, Sakhalin and NE China A.f.pallens (Schalow, 1908) Russian and Chinese Tien Shan A.f.caucasicus (Buturlin, 1907) N Caucasus A.f.beickianus Stresemann, 1928148 NW India and NE Qinghai (China) Aegolius acadicus (Northern Saw-whet Owl) A.a.acadicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788)149 Canada, N and SW USA south to N Mexico A.a.brooksi (J.H. Fleming, 1916) Queen Charlotte Is. Aegolius ridgwayi (Unspotted Saw-whet Owl) 150 A.r.tacanensis R.T. Moore, 1947 S Mexico (1617) A.r.rostratus (Griscom, 1930) Guatemala A.r.ridgwayi (Alfaro, 1905) Costa Rica Aegolius harrisii (Buff-fronted Owl) A.h.harrisii (Cassin, 1849) Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela A.h.iheringi (Sharpe, 1899) SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina A.h.dabbenei Olrog, 1979151 NW Argentina (1686) NINOX Hodgson, 1837 F Ninox rufa (Rufous Owl) N.r.humeralis (Bonaparte, 1850) New Guinea, Waigeo I. N.r.aruensis (Schlegel, 1866) Aru Is. N.r.rufa (Gould, 1846) NW Australia (Kimberley to Arnhem Land) N.r.meesi Mason & Schodde, 1980 Cape York Pen. (1451) N.r.queenslandica Mathews, 1911152 NE to EC Queensland Ninox strenua (Gould, 1838) (Powerful Owl) EC to SE Australia Ninox connivens (Barking Owl) N.c.rufostrigata (G.R. Gray, 1860) N Moluccas N.c.assimilis Salvadori & D'Albertis, 1875 E New Guinea, Vulcan, Dampier Is. N.c.peninsularis Salvadori, 1876153 N Australia N.c.connivens (Latham, 1802)154 SW, E and SE Australia Ninox rudolfi A.B. Meyer, 1882 (Sumba Boobook) Sumba I. Ninox boobook (Southern Boobook)155 N.b.rotiensis Johnstone & Darnell, 1997 Roti I. (1221) N.b.fusca (Vieillot, 1817) Timor I. N.b.plesseni Stresemann, 1929 Alor I. N.b.moae Mayr, 1943 Moa, Leti, Roma Is. (1473) N.b.cinnamomina E. Hartert, 1906 Babar I. N.b.remigialis Stresemann, 1930 Kai Is. N.b.pusilla Mayr & Rand, 1935 S New Guinea N.b.ocellata (Bonaparte, 1850)156 Australia W of Murray-Darling basin and South Australian gulfs, Sawu I. N.b.halmaturina Mathews, 1912157 Kangaroo I. (South Australia) N.b.lurida De Vis, 1889 NE Queensland N.b.boobook (Latham, 1802)158 E to SC Australia Ninox novaeseelandiae (Morepork) N.n.leucopsis (Gould, 1838)159 Tasmania †N.n.albaria E.P. Ramsay, 1888 Lord Howe I. †?N.n.undulata (Latham, 1802)160 Norfolk I. N.n.novaeseelandiae (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) New Zealand Ninox scutulata (Brown Hawk-Owl) N.s.florensis (Wallace, 1864)161 Russian Far East and N Korea to C and NE China >> main winter quarters?162 N.s.japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845163) S Korea, Japan >> Philippines, Sundas, Wallacea N.s.lugubris (Tickell, 1833) NE Pakistan, N and C India to W Assam N.s.burmanica Hume, 1876 S Assam east to Thailand (not Pen.), Indochina and S China N.s.hirsuta (Temminck, 1824) S India, Sri Lanka N.s.obscura Hume, 1873 Andaman, Nicobar Is. N.s.totogo Momiyama, 1931164 Ryukyu Is., Taiwan and nearby Lanyu I. N.s.scutulata (Raffles, 1822)165 Malay Pen., Riau Arch, Sumatra, Bangka N.s.javanensis Stresemann, 1928 Java (? Bali) N.s.borneensis (Bonaparte, 1850) Borneo, N Natuna Is. N.s.palawanensis Ripley & Rabor, 1962166 Palawan (2074) N.s.randi Deignan, 1951 Philippine Is. (except Palawan group) (649) Ninox affinis (Andaman Hawk-Owl) N.a.affinis Beavan, 1867 Andaman Is. N.a.isolata E.C.S. Baker, 1926 Car Nicobar I. N.a.rexpimenti Abdulali, 1979 Gt. Nicobar I. (13) Ninox superciliaris (Vieillot, 1817) (White-browed Hawk-Owl) SW and S Madagascar (rarely NE) Ninox sumbensis Olsen, Wink, Sauer-Gürth & Trost, 2002 (Little Sumba Hawk-Owl) # Sumba (Lesser Sundas) (1688A) Ninox philippensis (Philippine Hawk-Owl)167 N.p.philippensis Bonaparte, 1855 Luzon, Polillo, Catanduanes, Marinduque, Leyte, Samar N.p.mindorensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1896 Mindoro N.p.proxima Mayr, 1945 Masbate (682) N.p.ticaoensis duPont, 1972 Ticao (773) N.p.centralis Mayr, 1945 Panay, Guimaras, Negros, Bohol (682) N.p.spilonota Bourns & Worcester, 1894 Tablas, Sibuyan, Cebu, Camiguin Sur N.p.spilocephala Tweeddale, 1879 Mindanao, Dinagat, Siargao, Basilan N.p.reyi Oustalet, 1880168 Sulu Arch. Ninox ochracea (Schlegel, 1866) (Ochre-bellied Hawk-Owl) Sulawesi Ninox ios Rasmussen, 1999 (Cinnabar Hawk-Owl) # N Sulawesi (1986) Ninox squamipila (Moluccan Hawk-Owl) N.s.hypogramma (G.R. Gray, 1860) N Moluccas N.s.hantu (Wallace, 1863) Buru I. N.s.squamipila (Bonaparte, 1850) Seram I. N.s.forbesi P.L. Sclater, 1883 Tanimbar Is. Ninox natalis Lister, 1889 (Christmas Island Hawk-Owl)169 Christmas I. (Indian Ocean) Ninox theomacha (Jungle Hawk-Owl) N.t.hoedtii (Schlegel, 1871) Waigeo, Misool Is. N.t.goldii J.H. Gurney, 1883 D'Entrecasteaux Arch. N.t.theomacha (Bonaparte, 1855) New Guinea N.t.rosseliana Tristram, 1889 Louisiade Arch. Ninox meeki Rothschild & Hartert, 1914 (Manus Hawk-Owl) Admiralty Is. Ninox punctulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) (Speckled Hawk-Owl) Sulawesi Ninox variegata (Bismarck Hawk-Owl) N.v.superior E. Hartert, 1925 New Hanover (Bismarck Arch.) N.v.variegata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) New Ireland, New Britain Ninox odiosa P.L. Sclater, 1877 (Russet Hawk-Owl) New Britain (Bismarck Arch.) Ninox jacquinoti (Solomon Islands Hawk-Owl) N.j.eichhorni (E. Hartert, 1927) Bougainville, Choiseul Is. N.j.mono Mayr, 1935 Mono I. N.j.jacquinoti (Bonaparte, 1850) Sta. Isabel, St George Is. N.j.floridae Mayr, 1935 Florida I. N.j.granti Sharpe, 1888 Guadalcanal I. N.j.malaitae Mayr, 1931 Malaita I. N.j.roseoaxillaris (E. Hartert, 1929) San Cristobal I. UROGLAUX Mayr, 1937 F Uroglaux dimorpha (Salvadori, 1874) (Papuan Hawk-Owl) New Guinea, Yapen I. SCELOGLAUX Kaup, 1848 F Sceloglaux albifacies (Laughing Owl) †?S.a.rufifacies Buller, 1904 North Island (New Zealand) †?S.a.albifacies (G.R. Gray, 1844) South Island (New Zealand) ASIONINAE170 PSEUDOSCOPS Kaup, 1848 M Pseudoscops grammicus (Gosse, 1847) (Jamaican Owl) Jamaica Pseudoscops clamator (Striped Owl)171 P.c.forbesi (Lowery & Dalquest, 1951) S Mexico to Panama (1392) P.c.clamator (Vieillot, 1808)172 N Sth. America south to E Peru and C Brazil P.c.oberi (E.H. Kelso, 1936) Trinidad, Tobago Is. P.c.midas (Schlegel, 1862) E Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, N Argentina NESASIO J.L. Peters, 1937 M Nesasio solomonensis (E. Hartert, 1901) (Fearful Owl) Bougainville, Choiseul, Sta. Isabel Is. (Solomons) ASIO Brisson, 1760 M Asio stygius (Stygian Owl) A.s.lambi R.T. Moore, 1937 NW Mexico A.s.robustus L. Kelso, 1934 E Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua A.s.siguapa (d'Orbigny, 1839) Cuba, Isla de la Juventud A.s.noctipetens Riley, 1916 Hispaniola, Gonave I. A.s.stygius (Wagler, 1832) C and S Brazil A.s.barberoi W. Bertoni, 1930 Paraguay, N Argentina Asio otus (Long-eared Owl) A.o.otus (Linnaeus, 1758) Eurasia to NW Xinjiang and NE China and Japan; south to Mediterranean, Middle East, N Pakistan, Azores, NW Africa, A.o.canariensis Madarász, 1901 Canary Is. A.o.tuftsi Godfrey, 1948 W Canada south to NW Mexico (947) A.o.wilsonianus (Lesson, 1830) Canada and USA (east of tuftsi) Asio abyssinicus (African Long-eared Owl) A.a.abyssinicus (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) Highlands of Eritrea to C Ethiopia A.a.graueri Sassi, 1912 Mts. of E Zaire, W Uganda and Mt. Kenya Asio madagascariensis (A. Smith, 1834) (Madagascan Long-eared Owl) Madagascar Asio flammeus (Short-eared Owl) A.f.flammeus (Pontoppidan, 1763) Europe, N Asia, N Africa, Nth. America A.f.portoricensis Ridgway, 1882 Puerto Rico A.f.domingensis (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) Hispaniola A.f.galapagoensis (Gould, 1837) Galapagos Is. A.f.bogotensis Chapman, 1915 Colombia, Ecuador A.f.pallidicaudus Friedmann, 1949 Venezuela (880) A.f.suinda (Vieillot, 1817) S Peru, S Brazil to Tierra del Fuego A.f.sanfordi Bangs, 1919 Falkland Is. A.f.sandwichensis (Bloxham, 1826) Hawaiian Is. A.f.ponapensis Mayr, 1933 Mariana and Caroline Is. (W Pacific) Asio capensis (Marsh Owl) A.c.tingitanus (Loche, 1867) NW Africa, A.c.capensis (A. Smith, 1834) Senegal to Cameroon; Ethiopia to Angola and Cape Province A.c.hova (Stresemann, 1922) Madagascar 1 The sequence of genera and species follows Marks et al. (1999) (1436), except that Ciccaba is maintained (limited to two species). 2 Hekstra’s new names are cited from his formal publication and not his thesis, which may have been earlier (those only in the thesis are not included). 3 For reasons to omit burbidgei see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 4 Includes rupchandi Koelz, 1952 (1282), see Ripley (1982: 176) (2055). 5 Specific treatment, based strongly on acoustic evidence (Marshall, 1978) (1439), needs re-evaluation along with the bakkamoena complex. 6 The case, based on acoustic evidence, to split this species (here containing forms with feathered toes and with bare toes) has yet to be convincingly tied to morphology, and vocal repertoire is apparently not yet understood (Wells, 1999) (2579). It may even be premature to have separated two species from the Philippines (tentatively recognised here). 7 Includes manipurensis Roonwal & Nath, 1949 (2102), and alboniger Koelz, 1952 (1282), see Ripley (1982: 179) (2055). 8 Includes stewarti Koelz, 1939 (1279), see Ripley (1982: 178) (2055). 9 Includes aurorae Allison, 1946 (30), see Deignan (1950) (646). 10 This name should perhaps date from 1845 see Holthuis & Sakai (1970) (1128). 11 We agree with the view that birds from the north of the Malay Peninsula called condorensis by Deignan (1950, 1963) (645, 663), based on Robinson & Kloss (1930) (2094), should not be given that name without stronger evidence. Perhaps topotypical specimens should be compared with “small island” species! 12 Includes hypnodes Deignan, 1950 (645), and cnephaeus Deignan, 1950 (645), see Wells (1999) (2579). However Wells (1999) (2579) erred in stating that Mees (1986) (1539) had submerged hypnodes in lempiji, so Wells, himself, took that step. Also includes lemurum Deignan, 1957 (658), see Konig et al. (1999) (1297). 13 Includes boholensis see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 14 The many races listed in last Edition could usefully have been reduced to the African forms of O. scops recognised by White (1965: 193) (2649); of the five he listed all but hartlaubi appear here. 15 Includes huszari Keve, 1959 (1262), and nivosus Keith & Twomey, 1968 (1243) which require re-evaluation. 16 Includes vincii Trischitta, 1939 (2439), see Vaurie (1965: 599) (2510). 17 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1985: 454) (591). 18 Separation of sunia from scops is founded on two distinct morphological groups (Vaurie, 1965: 597) (2510), this one, which is dimorphic, extending beyond that treated here to include Philippine forms, and later acoustic evidence (Marshall, 1978) (1439). The specific separation (Roberts & King, 1986) (2091) now widely accepted, although some populations insufficiently studied, draws support from range disjunction. 19 This name should perhaps date from 1845 see Holthuis & Sakai (1970) (1128). 20 Given as 1847 in Peters (1940: 91) (1825), but other taxa described in this paper are given as 1844 or 1845! 21 Includes khasiensis Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 177) (2055). 22 Requires re-evaluation; the Feb. type is reportedly unlike either sunia or northern migrants (Marshall, 1978: 10) (1439). It is sometimes treated as a synonym within a broad ranging modestus (e.g. by Holt et al., 1999: 164) (1127). 23 Omitted from last Edition, but see Ripley (1982: 178) (2055). 24 For reasons to treat this as monotypic see Marshall (1967) (1438). Browning (1990) (251) reviewed borealis Hekstra, 1982 (1097), and frontalis Hekstra, 1982 (1097), accepting the later as valid but not in the context of Marshall (1967) (1438) for idahoensis is recognised; meridionalis Hekstra, 1982, awaits re-evaluation see Browning (1989) (248). 25 We again follow the tentative treatment of White & Bruce (1986: 251) (2652) in placing forms from islands close to Sulawesi in magicus. There seems to be no valid basis to move them to manadensis, see Lambert & Rasmussen (1998) (1318). However they are probably not part of this species either. 26 Includes bouruensis see White & Bruce (1986: 252) (2652). 27 Includes steerei see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 28 Includes batanensis Manuel & Gilliard, 1952 (1422), see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 29 The name obsti Eck, 1973 (786), has been associated with this species (793); obsti is from Java, which is unlikely to hold manadensis, it apparently awaits resolution. 30 No satisfactory evidence has been published for treatment of enganensis as a separate species. 31 For a revision of this and the next few species see Rasmussen (2000) (1995). 32 Treatment here and in the next three species follows Marshall (1967) (1438), with his four groups elevated to species (A.O.U., 1998) (3). The subspecific name ocreatus Hekstra, 1982 (published only within his dissertation) has not been assigned. 33 Includes swenki see Marshall (1967) (1438). 34 Includes naevius see Marshall (1967) (1438). 35 Includes semplei Sutton & Burleigh, 1939 (2378), see Marshall (1967) (1438). 36 Includes brewsteri and saturatus see Marshall (1967) (1438) 37 Includes macfarlanei and quercinus see Marshall (1967) (1438). 38 Includes inyoensis, cineraceus, mychophilus and gilmani see Marshall (1967) (1438). 39 Includes clazus see Marshall (1967) (1438). 40 Includes sinaloensis see Marshall (1967) (1438). 41 Includes sortilegus R.T. Moore, 1941 (1613), see Marshall (1967) (1438). 42 Includes colimensis Hekstra, 1982 (1097) see Holt et. al. (1999: 173) (1127). 43 Includes chiapensis R.T. Moore, 1947 (1616), see Marshall (1967) (1438). 44 Treatment based on Marshall (1967) (1438). 45 Includes ridgwayi and guerrensis see Marshall (1967) (1438). 46 Includes pumilis see Marshall (1967) (1438). 47 Treatment follows Holt et al. (1999: 175) (1127), with reservations. 48 Includes alticola, montanus Hekstra, 1982 (1097), kelsoi Hekstra, 1982 (1097), caucae Hekstra, 1982 (1097), and guyanensis Hekstra, 1982 (1097), see Holt et al. (1999: 175) (1127). Also includes portoricensis Lesson, see Ridgway (1914) (2022), mistakenly ascribed to Kelso (1942) (1247) by Hekstra (1982) (1097). Hekstra's freshly described bird from Trinidad is tentatively included here, but requires re-evaluation. 49 Includes caatingensis Hekstra, 1982 (1097), see Holt et al. (1999: 175) (1127). 50 Includes chapadensis Hekstra, 1982 (1097), see Holt et al. (1999: 175) (1127). 51 Includes alilicuco Hekstra, 1982 (1097), see Holt et al. (1999: 175) (1127). 52 For selection of this spelling over urugaii see Browning (1989) (248). 53 For recognition see Holt et al. (1999: 175) (1127). 54 Original spelling koepckei, emended by Greenway (1978) (1010) see Browning (1989) (248). Considered a distinct species by Marshall & King in Amadon & Bull (1988) (47). 55 Includes minimus see Holt et al. (1999: 179) (1127). 56 Treated as a species by Holt et al. (1999: 179) (1127), there is a substantial size difference compared to colombianus. See also Vuilleumier et al. (1992) (2552). 57 Status as a species endorsed by Vuilleumier et al. (1992) (2552). 58 Apparently includes ater Hekstra, 1982 (1097), and moreliensis Hekstra, 1982 (1097), originally morelius but emended, see Browning, 1989 (248). See also Konig et al. (1999) (1297). 59 Apparently includes inambarii Hekstra, 1982 (1097), emended to inambariensis by Browning (1989) (248), and fulvescens Hekstra, 1982 (1097), see Konig et al. (1999) (1297). 60 A.O.U. (1998: 256) (3) continued to treat a broader species including the versicolor group. 61 Includes pettingilli Hekstra, 1982 (1097), see Holt et al. (1999: 180) (1127). 62 Includes petenensis Hekstra, 1982 (1097) (originally peteni but emended by Browning (1989) (248), see Holt et al. (1999: 180) (1127). 63 Treatment follows Holt et al. (1999: 180) (1127); information to date suggests the three taxa may deserve specific status, but further evidence needed. 64 Thought to include centralis Hekstra, 1982 (1097), and pallidus Hekstra, 1982 (1097). 65 Includes inexpectus Hekstra, 1982 (1097), see Browning (1989) (248). 66 Includes helleri L. Kelso, 1940 (1245), and bolivianus Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1941 (191), see Holt et al. (1999: 180) (1127), and thought to include rufus Hekstra, 1982 (1097). 67 Tentatively treated as a species following Holt et al. (1999: 180) (1127), but see Vuilleumier et al. (1992) (2552). 68 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 69 Includes argentinus see Holt et al. (1999: 181) (1127). Several forms named by Hekstra (1982) (1097) are in the synonymy of the species watsoni (see above). 70 Thought to include krugii Gundlach, 1874 (1025). 71 Treatment, including recognition of two extra forms (compared to last Edition), follows Holt et al. (1999: 181) (1127), with the exception that we follow Traylor (1952) (2423) and Konig et al. (1297) in considering aequatorialis a name applying to variants of nominate O. ingens. 72 In last Edition we placed this in Otus; we did the same for the following species for which see also A.O.U. (1998: 257) (3). 73 Treated in the genus Otus in last Edition, but see Wink & Heidrich in König et al. (1999: 42) (1297). 74 Includes margarethae see White (1965: 194) (2649). 75 This name was proposed as a new name for Scops erlangeri Ogilvie-Grant, 1906, preoccupied in Otus. The latter seems unlikely to be preoccupied in Ptilopsis and should probably be restored (Art. 59.3., I.C.Z.N., 1998) (1178), but has not been here pending confirmation. For specific separation see Holt et al. (1999: 183) (1127). 76 Preliminary molecular information seems to suggest that this is closer to Otus than to Bubo (Miranda et al., 1997) (1587). 77 Treatment follows Holt et al. (1999: 185) (1127): all other forms listed in last Edition, including colombianus Lehmann, 1946 (1349), as well as scalariventris Snyder, 1961 (2296), are treated as exemplars of individual variation and, with one exception, not assigned to synonymy by them. They also note the replacement of the name wapacuthu J.F. Gmelin, 1788 (see Peters, 1940, p. 111 fn) by subarcticus. Gmelin’s name was retained by König et al. (1994), but see Browning (1990) (250). 78 For a rather different treatment see Weick (2001) (2570). 79 Includes occidentalis see Holt et al. (1999: 185) (1127). 80 Treated as a species by Weick (2001) (2570), but substantiation needed. 81 Includes andicolus L. Kelso, 1941 (1246) see Weick (2001) (2570). 82 Treatment based on Cramp et al. (1985) (591), Cheng (1987) (333) and Stepanyan (1990: 263) (2326). 83 Includes ognevi Dementiev, 1952 (690), and meridionalis Orlando, 1957 (1724), see Stepanyan (1990: 264) (2326). 84 Includes zaissanensis see Stepanyan (1990: 265) (2326). 85 Includes gladkovi Zaletaev, 1962 (2703), see Stepanyan (1990: 267) (2326), but the name attaches to intermediates between this and omissus. 86 Ripley (1982: 180) (2055) retained this in B. bubo. It is perhaps premature to separate this as not all subspecies have known DNA profiles. 87 We follow Stepanyan (1990: 267) (2326) who included auspicabilis, which was recognised by Cheng (1987: 325) (333). 88 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 89 Includes swinhoei and jarlandi see Cheng (1987: 326) (333) and tenuipes see Orn. Soc. Japan (2000: 154) (1727). 90 Includes dauricus and inexpectatus see Stepanyan (1990: 266) (2326). 91 Separation from B. bubo tentative as reported to intergrade with B.b.nikolskii. Seen as more distinct than bengalensis by Vaurie (1965: 580) (2510), but see Dowsett & Dowsett-Lemaire (1993: 337) (761). 92 Includes tanae Keith & Twomey, 1968 (1243), see Konig et al. (1999) (1297). 93 Separation from B. africanus tentative, but based on agreement between Holt et al. (1999: 188) (1127) and König et al. (1999) (1297). Includes kollmannspergeri Niethammer, 1957 (1653), see White (1965: 195) (2649). 94 For separation from B. poensis see Turner et al. (1991) (2442). 95 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 96 We follow König et al. (1999) (1297) in placing this in Bubo rather than in Ketupa. 97 Includes piscivorus see Stepanyan (1990: 268) (2326) and Cheng (1987) (333). 98 Includes karafutonis see Stepanyan (1990: 268) (2326) and Orn. Soc. Japan (2000: 154) (1727). 99 Treated within a broader genus Bubo in last Edition. 100 For correct gender see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 101 The wrapper apparently carried the name spelled thus, see Froriep (1821) (888) (Dickinson (2001) (739). 102 Includes pageli see Mayr (1938) (1468) and aagaardi see Wells (1999: 423) (2579). 103 The name minor is not available for this taxon if Ketupu is placed in the genus Bubo. See Chasen (1935: 84) (319) who proposed the substitute name buettikoferi. 104 Range quite wrong in last Edition! 105 Lumped by Ripley (1977) (2051). Given that two species may be involved the decision of Holt et al. (1999: 197) (1127) to go back to basics seems preferable, but a fresh published review is needed. 106 Includes connectens Koelz, 1950 (1280), see Ripley (1982: 187) (2055). 107 Mees (1986) (1539) rejected this, but he did so saying “if Ripley is right that the populations of …. Sumatra and Borneo are consubspecific” and as van Marle & Voous (1988) (2468) did not agree with that premise they quoted Mees (op. cit.) out of context. 108 Pl. 525 was in Livr. 89 (not 88 as given by Peters, 1940: 159) and dates from 1832 (not 1831) see Dickinson (2001) (739). 109 Specimen said to be from Sumatra likely to be mistakenly labelled. 110 Includes volhyniae Dunajewski, 1948 (769), see Stepanyan (1990: 282) (2326). 111 Includes obscurata see Stepanyan (1990: 283) (2326). 112 Includes obrieni Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 187) (2055). 113 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 114 Reasons to accept this as a species are given by Straneck et al. (1995) (2357). 115 Includes carpathica Dunajewski, 1940 (768A), see Stepanyan (1990: 285) (2326). 116 Includes buturlini Dementiev, 1951 (689), see Stepanyan (1990: 284) (2326). 117 For recognition see Stepanyan (1990: 285) (2326). 118 Includes tatibanai see Stepanyan (1990: 285) (2326), and coreensis see Holt et al. (1999: 203). 119 For reasons to use this date see Dekker et al. (2001) (672). 120 May be a distinct species. We agree with Holt et al. (1999: 203) (1127) that more study is needed. 121 Includes elisabethae see Stepanyan (1990: 286) (2326). 122 Includes sokokensis Ripley & Bond, 1971 (2064), see Holt et al. (1999: 204) (1127). 123 Presumably includes minuscula L. Kelso, 1940 (1245), and occidentalis von Sneidern, 1957 (2544); the latter name is preoccupied in Strix and Eck (1971) (785) renamed it sneiderni. 124 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 125 This narrow use of Ciccaba was an option suggested by Voous (1964) (2546). 126 Thought to includes amazonica L. Kelso, 1940 (1245). 127 Includes garoense Koelz, 1952 (1282), see Ripley (1982: 182) (2055). 128 For the use of this name in place of peritum see Mees (1967) (1518). 129 Includes kilimense Reichenow, 1893 (2002) of last Edition, not mentioned in Peters as previously synonymised by Reichenow (1900: 674) (2003), and diurnum Clancey, 1968 (415), see Holt et al. (1999: 210) (1127). 130 Although a split may be anticipated, the evidence is not all in print yet. 131 For reasons to separate from jardinii see Heidrich et al. (1995) (1094), A.O.U. (1998: 259) (3). 132 In last Edition a broad concept G. minutissimum began here, but see A.O.U. (1998: 259) (3) for sources of accepted treatment as seven species. 133 A split is to be expected when more evidence is published. 134 Here treated as including saturatum Brodkorb, 1941 (222) and intermedium A.R. Phillips, 1966 (1869); but both require re-evaluation. 135 Includes lukolelae and kivuense Verheyen, 1946 (2520), see White (1965: 198) (2649). 136 Includes principum Koelz, 1950 (1280), see Greenway (1978) (1010). 137 In last Edition treated as a race of cuculoides in contradiction to Ripley (1948, 1982) (2032, 2055); for recognition see also Konig et al. (1999) (1297). 138 We treat this as a broad species, including albertinum, following Dowsett & Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) (762). For an alternative treatment see Prigogine (1985) (1942). 139 Treated as a species by Kemp (1988: 143) (1249); the acoustic evidence for lumping is perhaps somewhat ambivalent. 140 Includes clanceyi Prigogine, 1985 (1942) see Kemp (1988: 141) (1249). 141 Includes grueni von Jordans & Steinbacher, 1942 (2542), and cantabriensis Harrison, 1957 (1077), see Vaurie (1965: 610) (2510). 142 Includes sarda see Vaurie (1965: 610) (2510), and salentina Trischitta, 1939 (2439), and daciae Keve & Kohl, 1961 (1266), see Stepanyan (1990: 276) (2326). 143 Includes solitudinis see Vaurie (1965: 609) (2510). 144 Holt et al (1999: 226) (1127) reported that A. b. poikila Yang & Li, 1989 (2697), has been reidentified as Aegolius funereus. 145 Includes albida Koelz, 1950 (1280), see Vaurie (1965: 613) (2510). 146 For reasons to use this generic name see Rasmussen & Collar (1999) (1990). 147 Includes jakutorum see Stepanyan (1990: 274) (2326), but an intergrade with pallidus. 148 Includes juniperi Koelz, 1939 (1279), placed in caucasicus by Ripley (1982: 189) (2055), but NW Indian birds reassigned by Roselaar in Cramp et al. (1985: 606) (591). 149 Probably includes brodkorbi Briggs, 1954 (214), based on a juvenile (Holt et al., 1999: 228) (1127). 150 The two races tentatively recognised may prove to be hybrids (Holt et al., 1999: 229) (1127). 151 Recognition tentative; requires evaluation. 152 Includes marginata Mees, 1964 (1514), see Mason & Schodde (1980) (2186). 153 Includes connivens see Schodde & Mason (1980) (2186). The name enigma Mathews & Neumann, 1939 (1458), is thought to relate to an aberrant specimen, perhaps of this form (Mees, 1964) (1514). 154 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). Includes addenda see Mees (1964) (1514). 155 For reasons to separate boobook from novaeseelandiae see Schodde & Mason (1980) (2186). 156 Includes arida Mayr, 1943 (1473), see Mees (1964) (1514) who also put marmorata in nominate boobook but Schodde & Mason (1980) (2186) reassessed the distribution patterns and placed the name in ocellata. Also includes rufigaster Mees, 1961 (1510), see Schodde & Mason (1980) (2186). 157 For recognition of this see Mees (1961, 1964) (1510, 1514). 158 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 159 This taxon appears to be genetically closer to N. novaeseelandiae see Christidis & Norman (1998) (1661), but its morphological similarity to N. boobook suggests that it may be best treated as a distinct species. 160 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 161 This name must replace ussuriensis see Dickinson et al. (1991: 229) (745). 162 Scattered specimens thought to be this form recorded from Thailand to Philippines and Lesser Sundas; all older records need review against voucher specimens selected to take account of changes in nomenclature (see other footnotes to this species). 163 This name must date from 1845 see Holthuis & Sakai (1970) (1128). 164 Mees (1970) (1521) considered this a synonym of japonica; this has not been accepted by Cheng (1987: 334) (333) or Orn. Soc. Japan (2000: 159) (1727) and totogo is usefully maintained for this non-migratory population. Includes yamashinae Ripley, 1953 (2036), see Orn. Soc. Japan (1958) (1725). 165 Includes malaccensis see Dickinson (1975) (735). 166 For recognition of this see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 167 Arrangement follows Dickinson et al. (1991) (745); as presently arranged probably comprises two or three species but problems of separation unresolved. 168 Includes everetti. 169 For reasons to separate from distant N. squampila see Norman et al. (1998) (1661). 170 The generic sequence is based on Olson (1995) (1701). 171 Treated in the genus Asio in last Edition; for reasons to place this in Pseudoscops see Olson (1995) (1701). 172 Dated 1807 by Peters (1940: 166) (1825), but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). STRIGIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD PODARGIDAE (FROGMOUTHS) (2: 12) PODARGINAE PODARGUS Vieillot, 1818 M Podargus ocellatus (Marbled Frogmouth) P.o.ocellatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 New Guinea and islands P.o.marmoratus Gould, 1855 Cape York Pen. P.o.plumiferus Gould, 18461 EC Australia P.o.intermedius E. Hartert, 1895 Triobriand Is., D’Entrecasteaux Arch. P.o.meeki E. Hartert, 1898 Louisiade Arch. (Sudest I.) P.o.inexpectatus E. Hartert, 1901 Solomon Is. Podargus papuensis (Papuan Frogmouth)2 P.p.papuensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 New Guinea and islands, Aru Is. P.p.rogersi Mathews, 1912 Cape York Pen. P.p.baileyi Mathews, 1912 Humid NE Queensland Podargus strigoides (Tawny Frogmouth)3 P.s.strigoides (Latham, 1802)4 E Australia west to E Murray-Darling and E Lake Eyre basins, Tasmania P.s.brachypterus Gould, 1841 W and C Australia east to W Lake Eyre and Murray-Darling basins P.s.phalaenoides Gould, 18405 N Australia (Kimberley to Cape York Pen.) BATRACHOSTOMINAE BATRACHOSTOMUS Gould, 1838 M Batrachostomus auritus (J.E. Gray, 1829) (Large Frogmouth) Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo, Natuna Is. Batrachostomus harterti Sharpe, 1892 (Dulit Frogmouth) Mts. of N and C Borneo Batrachostomus septimus (Philippine Frogmouth) B.s.microrhynchus Ogilvie-Grant, 1895 Luzon, Catanduanes (N Philippines) B.s.menagei Bourns & Worcester, 1894 Panay, Negros (WC Philippines B.s.septimus Tweeddale, 1877 Samar, Leyte, Bohol, Mindanao, Basilan (EC and S Philippines) Batrachostomus stellatus (Gould, 1837) (Gould's Frogmouth) C and S Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo, Bangka, Bunguran (Natuna Is.) Batrachostomus moniliger Blyth, 1849 (Sri Lankan Frogmouth) SW India, Sri Lanka Batrachostomus hodgsoni (Hodgson's Frogmouth) B.h.hodgsoni (G.R. Gray, 1859)6 NE India, E Bangladesh, W and N Burma B.h.indochinae Stresemann, 1937 E Burma, N Thailand, S Yunnan, NW Laos, C Vietnam Batrachostomus poliolophus (Short-tailed Frogmouth)7 B.p.poliolophus E. Hartert, 1892 (Apr.) Mts. of Sumatra B.p.mixtus Sharpe, 1892 (Nov.) Mts. of Borneo Batrachostomus javensis (Horsfield’s Frogmouth)8 B.j.continentalis Stresemann, 1937 SE Burma, NW and S Thailand (south to N Malay Pen.), S Laos, C Vietnam B.j.affinis Blyth, 1847 SE Thailand, S Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo B.j.javensis (Horsfield, 1821) W and C Java B.j.chaseni Stresemann, 1937 Palawan, Banggi and Calamianes Is9. Batrachostomus cornutus (Sundan Frogmouth) B.c.cornutus (Temminck, 1822) Sumatra, Borneo, Bangka, Belitung Is. B.c.longicaudatus Hoogerwerf, 1962 Kangean I. (Java Sea) (1141) 1 For recognition see Schodde & Mason (1980) (2186). 2 We follow Schodde & Mason (1980) (2186); another opinion is offered by Holyoak (2001) (1131A). 3 This treatment follows Ford (1986) (862) and Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 4 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 5 Includes lilae Deignan, 1951 (648), see Schodde & Mason (1997) (2188). 6 Includes rupchandi Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 289) (2055). Holyoak (2001) (1131A) treated the species as monotypic. 7 May represent two species see Peters (1940) (1825). So treated by Marshall (1978) (1439), but no acoustic evidence then available. 8 For comments on why affinis was at times treated as a separate species see Marshall (1978) (1439); but see also Wells (1999: 442) (2579). 9 Sometimes treated as javensis, e.g. by Holyoak (2001) (1131A), but Marshall (1978) (1439) thought these birds matched affinis. Batrachostomus pygmaeus Alviola, 1997 (39), proposed as a new species #, is here considered a synonym of B.j.chaseni see Holyoak (1999: 287) (1131). PODARGIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD STEATORNITHIDAE (OILBIRD) (1: 1) STEATORNIS Humboldt, 1814 M Steatornis caripensis Humboldt, 1817 (Oilbird) Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Trinidad and N Brazil; in Andes south to Bolivia NYCTIBIIDAE (POTOOS) (1: 7) NYCTIBIUS Vieillot, 1816 M Nyctibius grandis (Great Potoo) N.g.guatemalensis Land & Schultz, 19631 S Mexico, Guatemala (1320) N.g.grandis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Nicaragua to Panama, Sth. America south to C Bolivia and S Brazil Nyctibius aethereus (Long-tailed Potoo) N.a.chocoensis Chapman, 1921 W Colombia N.a.longicaudatus (Spix, 1825) Amazonia N.a.aethereus (Wied, 1820) SE Brazil, SE Paraguay, NE Argentina Nyctibius jamaicensis (Northern Potoo)2 N.j.lambi J. Davis, 19593 WC Mexico (616) N.j.mexicanus Nelson, 1900 E and S Mexico to Honduras N.j.costaricensis Ridgway, 19124 NW Costa Rica N.j.jamaicensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Jamaica N.j.abbotti Richmond, 1917 Hispaniola, Gonave I. Nyctibius griseus (Common Potoo) N.g.panamensis Ridgway, 1912 E Nicaragua to W Panama and Colombia and Ecuador (W of the Andes) N.g.griseus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)5 N and C Sth. America (E of the Andes) Nyctibius maculosus Ridgway, 1912 (Andean Potoo)6 Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia Nyctibius leucopterus (Wied, 1821) (White-winged Potoo) The Guianas and Amazonia Nyctibius bracteatus Gould, 1846 (Rufous Potoo) The Guianas and Amazonia CAPRIMULGIDAE (NIGHTJARS) (16: 89)7 CHORDEILINAE LUROCALIS Cassin, 1851 M Lurocalis semitorquatus (Short-tailed or Semi-collared Nighthawk) L.s.stonei Huber, 1923 SE Mexico, NE Guatemala, N Honduras, NE Nicaragua L.s.noctivagus Griswold, 1936 Costa Rica, Panama, W Colombia, NW Ecuador L.s.semitorquatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) N Colombia to the Guianas, N Brazil L.s.schaeferi Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1952 N Venezuela (Aragua) (1850) L.s.nattereri (Temminck, 1822) C Ecuador, N and E Peru, C and S Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina Lurocalis rufiventris Taczanowski, 1884 (Rufous-bellied Nighthawk)8 Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia CHORDEILES Swainson, 1832 M Chordeiles pusillus (Least Nighthawk) C.p.septentrionalis (Hellmayr, 1908) C and E Venezuela, NE Colombia, Guyana, W Surinam C.p.esmeraldae Zimmer & Phelps, 1947 E Colombia, S Venezuela, NW Brazil (2724) C.p.xerophilus Dickerman, 1988 NE Brazil (719) C.p.novaesi Dickerman, 1988 NE Brazil (719) C.p.pusillus Gould, 1861 E Brazil C.p.saturatus Pinto & Camargo, 1957 WC Brazil, E Bolivia and (?) NE Argentina (1898) Chordeiles vielliardi (Lencioni-Neto, 1994) (Bahian Nighthawk) # E Brazil (1351) Chordeiles rupestris (Sand-coloured Nighthawk)9 C.r.xyostictus Oberholser, 1914 C Colombia (Cundinamarca) C.r.rupestris (Spix, 1825) Amazonia Chordeiles acutipennis (Lesser Nighthawk) C.a.texensis Lawrence, 1856 SW USA, N and C Mexico >> C America, W Colombia C.a.littoralis Brodkorb, 1940 S Mexico to Costa Rica (221) C.a.micromeris Oberholser, 1914 N Yucatán Pen. (Mexico) >>Costa Rica, Panama C.a.acutipennis (Hermann, 1783) N and C Sth. America C.a.crissalis A.H. Miller, 1959 SW Colombia (1582) C.a.aequatorialis Chapman, 1923 W Colombia, W Ecuador C.a.exilis (Lesson, 1839) W Peru Chordeiles minor (Common Nighthawk) C.m.minor (J.R. Forster, 1771) Canada, C and E USA >> S Sth. America C.m.hesperis Grinnell, 190510 11 SW Canada, W USA >> C Sth. America C.m.sennetti Coues, 1888 NW USA >> C Sth. America C.m.howelli Oberholser, 1914 WC USA >> C Sth. America C.m.henryi Cassin, 1855 SW USA >> C Sth. America C.m.aserriensis Cherrie, 1896 SE Texas, NE Mexico >> C Sth. America C.m.chapmani Coues, 1888 SE USA >> C Sth. America C.m.neotropicalis Selander & Alvarez del Toro, 195512 E and S Mexico >> C Sth. America (2221) C.m.panamensis Eisenmann, 1962 S Central America >> Sth. America (795) Chordeiles gundlachii (Antillean Nighthawk) C.g.vicinus Riley, 1903 SE USA, Bahama Is. C.g.gundlachii Lawrence, 1856 Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico NYCTIPROGNE Bonaparte, 1857 F Nyctiprogne leucopyga (Band-tailed Nighthawk) N.l.exigua Friedmann, 1945 E Colombia, S Venezuela (879) N.l.pallida Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1952 W and C Venezuela (1850) N.l.leucopyga (Spix, 1825) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil N.l.latifascia Friedmann, 1945 S Venezuela (879) N.l.majuscula Pinto & Camargo, 1952 NE Peru, E Bolivia, W Brazil, N Paraguay (1896) PODAGER Wagler, 1832 M Podager nacunda (Nacunda Nighthawk) P.n.minor Cory, 1915 N Sth. America P.n.nacunda (Vieillot, 1817) E Peru and C Brazil to C Argentina EUROSTOPODINAE EUROSTOPODUS Gould, 1838 M Eurostopodus argus E. Hartert, 1892 (Spotted Nightjar)13 Australia >> islands in Arafura Sea Eurostopodus mystacalis (White-throated Nightjar)14 E.m.mystacalis (Temminck, 1826) E Australia >> New Guinea E.m.nigripennis E.P. Ramsay, 1881 Solomon Is. E.m.exul Mayr, 1941 New Caledonia (1471) Eurostopodus diabolicus Stresemann, 1931 (Heinrich’s Nightjar) N and C Sulawesi Eurostopodus papuensis (Schlegel, 1866) (Papuan Nightjar)15 Salawati I., lowland New Guinea Eurostopodus archboldi (Mayr & Rand, 1935) (Archbold's Nightjar) Upper montane New Guinea Eurostopodus temminckii (Gould, 1838) (Malaysian Eared Nightjar) S Malay Pen., Sumatra, Nias, Bangka, Belitung, Borneo Eurostopodus macrotis (Great Eared Nightjar) E.m.cerviniceps (Gould, 1838) S and E Assam east to Burma, Yunnan and mainland SE Asia south to Kedah (W Malaysia) E.m.bourdilloni (Hume, 1875) SW India E.m.macrotis (Vigors 1831) Philippines E.m.jacobsoni (Junge, 1936)16 Simeuluë I. (W Sumatra) E.m.macropterus (Bonaparte, 1850) Sulawesi, Sangihe and Peleng Is. CAPRIMULGINAE VELES Bangs, 1918 M Veles binotatus (Bonaparte, 1850) (Brown Nightjar)17 Ghana to S Cameroon, N Gabon and C Zaire NYCTIDROMUS Gould, 1838 M Nyctidromus albicollis (Common Pauraque) N.a.insularis Nelson, 1898 Tres Marias Is. (W Mexico) N.a.merrilli Sennett, 1888 S Texas, NE Mexico N.a.yucatanensis Nelson, 1901 W and E Mexico to C Guatemala N.a.intercedens Griscom, 192918 S Guatemala to W Panama N.a.gilvus Bangs, 1902 C and E Panama, N Colombia N.a.albicollis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) E and S Venezuela to Peru and E Brazil N.a.derbyanus Gould, 1838 C and S Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina, N and E Bolivia PHALAENOPTILUS Ridgway, 1880 M Phalaenoptilus nuttallii (Common Poorwill) P.n.nuttallii (Audubon, 1844) W and WC USA >> C Mexico P.n.californicus Ridgway, 1887 W California, NW Baja California P.n.hueyi Dickey, 1928 SE California, SW Arizona P.n.dickeyi Grinnell, 1928 S Baja California P.n.adustus van Rossem, 1941 S Arizona to C Sonora (2477) P.n.centralis R.T. Moore, 1947 C Mexico (1617) SIPHONORHIS P.L. Sclater, 1861 F †Siphonorhis americana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Jamaican Pauraque)19 Jamaica Siphonorhis brewsteri (Chapman, 1917) (Least Pauraque) Hispaniola, Gonave I. NYCTIPHRYNUS Bonaparte, 185720 M Nyctiphrynus mcleodii (Eared Poorwill) N.m.mcleodii (Brewster, 1888) Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Colima (Mexico) N.m.rayi (A.H. Miller, 1948) Guerrero (Mexico) (1581)21 Nyctiphrynus yucatanicus (E. Hartert, 1892) (Yucatán Poorwill) SE Mexico, N Guatemala, N Belize Nyctiphrynus ocellatus (Ocellated Poorwill) N.o.lautus Miller & Griscom, 1925 E Honduras, NE Nicaragua, NW Costa Rica N.o.ocellatus (Tschudi, 1844) SE Colombia to E Brazil, south to NE Argentina Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi (E. Hartert, 1895) (Choco Poorwill)22 W Colombia, NW Ecuador CAPRIMULGUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Caprimulgus carolinensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (Chuck-will's Widow) EC and S USA >> E Mexico, C and N Sth. America Caprimulgus rufus (Rufous Nightjar) C.r.minimus Griscom & Greenway, 193723 S Costa Rica to Venezuela and N Colombia, Trinidad C.r.rufus Boddaert, 1783 S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil C.r.otiosus (Bangs, 1911)24 NE St Lucia C.r.rutilus (Burmeister, 1856) C and S Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina C.r.saltarius Olrog, 1979 25 NW Argentina (1686) Caprimulgus cubanensis (Greater Antillean Nightjar)26 C.c.cubanensis (Lawrence, 1860) Cuba C.c.insulaepinorun Garrido, 198327 Isla de la Juventud (922) C.c.ekmani (Lönnberg, 1929) Hispaniola Caprimulgus salvini E. Hartert, 1892 (Tawny-collared Nightjar) E Mexico Caprimulgus badius (Bangs & Peck, 1908) (Yucatán Nightjar) Yucatán Pen. (Mexico) Caprimulgus sericocaudatus (Silky-tailed Nightjar) C.s.mengeli Dickerman, 1975 N Brazil, N Peru, N Bolivia (709) C.s.sericocaudatus (Cassin, 1849) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Caprimulgus ridgwayi (Buff-collared Nightjar) C.r.ridgwayi (Nelson, 1897) W Mexico C.r.troglodytes Griscom, 1930 C Guatemala, C Honduras, C Nicaragua Caprimulgus vociferus (Whip-poor-will) C.v.vociferus A. Wilson, 1812 S Canada, E USA >> C America C.v.arizonae (Brewster, 1881) SW USA, N and C Mexico >> C Mexico C.v.setosus van Rossem, 1934 E Mexico C.v.oaxacae (Nelson, 1900) SW Mexico C.v.chiapensis (Nelson, 1900) SE Mexico, Guatemala C.v.vermiculatus (Dickey & van Rossem, 1928) Honduras, El Salvador Caprimulgus noctitherus (Wetmore, 1919) (Puerto Rican Nightjar) SW Puerto Rico Caprimulgus saturatus (Salvin, 1870) (Dusky Nightjar) Costa Rica, W Panama Caprimulgus longirostris (Band-winged Nightjar) C.l.ruficervix (P.L. Sclater, 1866) Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador C.l.roraimae (Chapman, 1929) The Pantepui (S Venezuela) C.l.decussatus Tschudi, 1844 SW Peru, N Chile C.l.atripunctatus (Chapman, 1923) Peru, Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina C.l.bifasciatus Gould, 1837 Chile, W Argentina C.l.longirostris Bonaparte, 1825 SE Brazil, NW and C Paraguay, NE Argentina, Uruguay C.l.patagonicus Olrog, 196228 C and S Argentina (1680) Caprimulgus cayennensis (White-tailed Nightjar) C.c.albicauda (Lawrence, 1875) Costa Rica to N Colombia C.c.apertus J.L. Peters, 1940 W Colombia C.c.cayennensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789 C and NE Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil C.c.insularis (Richmond, 1902) Curacao, Bonaire, Margarita Is., N Venezuela, NE Colombia C.c.leopetes Jardine & Selby, 1830 Trinidad, Tobago I.29 C.c.manati (Pinchon, 1963)30 Martinique (1886) Caprimulgus candicans (Pelzeln, 1867) (White-winged Nightjar) C and SW Brazil, E Paraguay, E Bolivia Caprimulgus maculicaudus (Lawrence, 1862) (Spot-tailed Nightjar) SE Mexico to S Brazil and E Paraguay Caprimulgus parvulus (Little Nightjar) C.p.heterurus (Todd, 1915) N Colombia, N and C Venezuela C.p.parvulus Gould, 1837 E Peru to E Brazil and C Argentina Caprimulgus anthonyi (Chapman, 1923) (Scrub Nightjar)31 W Ecuador, NW Peru †?Caprimulgus maculosus (Todd, 1920) (Cayenne Nightjar) Mana River, French Guiana Caprimulgus nigrescens Cabanis, 1848 (Blackish Nightjar)32 Amazonian Sth. America Caprimulgus whitelyi (Salvin, 1885) (Roraiman Nightjar) Mt. Roraima and tepuis of S Venezuela Caprimulgus hirundinaceus (Pygmy Nightjar) C.h.cearae (Cory, 1917) NE Brazil C.h.hirundinaceus Spix, 1825 E Brazil C.h.vielliardi Ribon, 1995 EC Brazil (2014) Caprimulgus ruficollis (Red-necked Nightjar) C.r.ruficollis Temminck, 1820 Iberia and W Morocco >> W Africa C.r.desertorum Erlanger, 1899 NE Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia >> W Africa Caprimulgus indicus (Grey Nightjar) C.i.jotaka Temminck & Schlegel, 184533 Transbaikalia and Japan south to C and SE China >> S China to mainland SE Asia, Indonesia and Philippines C.i.hazarae Whistler & Kinnear, 193534 NW Pakistan, Himalayas, S Assam, Burma, SW China (E Xizang, NW Yunnan) >> mainland SE Asia south to Malay Pen. C.i.indicus Latham, 1790 C and S India C.i.kelaarti Blyth, 1852 Sri Lanka 35 C.i.phalaena Hartlaub & Finsch, 1872 Palau Is. (WC Pacific) Caprimulgus europaeus (European Nightjar)36 C.e.europaeus Linnaeus, 1758 C and N Europe, C and N Siberia and N Kazakhstan to Lake Baikal >> C and S Africa C.e.meridionalis E. Hartert, 1896 N Africa and S Europe to Crimea and Caucasus area >> W, C and S Africa C.e.sarudnyi E. Hartert, 1912 W Siberia, C Asia >> E and SE Africa C.e.unwini Hume, 1871 Iraq and Transcaspia to W Tien Shan, W Tarim Basin and W and N Pakistan >> SE Africa and NW India C.e.plumipes Przevalski, 1876 E Tien Shan to SW and S Mongolia >> SE Africa C.e.dementievi Stegmann, 1949 NE Mongolia, S Transbaikalia >> SE Africa (2313) Caprimulgus fraenatus Salvadori, 1884 (Sombre Nightjar)37 Eritrea and Ethiopia to C and S Kenya and NE Tanzania Caprimulgus rufigena (Rufous-cheeked Nightjar) C.r.damarensis Strickland, 1852 N Cape Province, Namibia, Botswana and coastal W Angola >> W Africa C.r.rufigena A. Smith, 1845 W and S Cape to Transvaal, Zimbabwe, SW Zambia and S Angola >> W Africa Caprimulgus aegyptius (Egyptian Nightjar) C.a.saharae Erlanger, 1899 NW Africa east to W Egypt >> Senegal to Nigeria C.a.aegyptius M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 182338 Nile Valley and Delta of Egypt to Middle East and WC Asia >> E Sahel to Sudan Caprimulgus mahrattensis Sykes, 1832 (Sykes's Nightjar) SE Iran and S Afghanistan to NW India >> N and C India Caprimulgus centralasicus Vaurie, 1960 (Vaurie's Nightjar)39 SW Xinjiang (W China) (2505) Caprimulgus nubicus (Nubian Nightjar) C.n.tamaricis Tristram, 1864 Dead Sea to Yemen >> NE Africa C.n.nubicus M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823 W and C Sudan C.n.torridus Lort Phillips, 189840 Somalia to N Tanzania C.n.jonesi Ogilvie-Grant & Forbes, 1899 Socotra I. Caprimulgus eximius (Golden Nightjar) C.e.simplicior E. Hartert, 1921 S Mauritania to C Chad C.e.eximius Temminck, 1826 W and C Sudan Caprimulgus atripennis (Jerdon’s Nightjar) C.a.atripennis Jerdon, 1845 S India C.a.aequabilis Ripley, 194541 Sri Lanka (2028) Caprimulgus macrurus (Large-tailed Nightjar) C.m.albonotatus Tickell, 183342 NE Pakistan, N and NE India C.m.bimaculatus Peale, 184843 S Assam east to S Yunnan and Hainan and S through SE Asia to Malay Pen. and Sumatra C.m.andamanicus Hume, 1873 Andaman Is. C.m.macrurus Horsfield, 1821 Java, Bali C.m.salvadori Sharpe, 187544 Borneo, Banggi and S Sulu Is. C.m.johnsoni Deignan, 195545 Palawan (656) C.m.schlegelii A.B. Meyer, 187446 Lesser Sundas north to Salayar and Tanahjampea Is., Moluccas to New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. and Lihir I., N and NE Australia Caprimulgus manillensis Walden, 1875 (Philippine Nightjar)47 Philippines (except Palawan and Sulu groups) Caprimulgus celebensis (Sulawesi Nightjar)48 C.c.celebensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1894 Sulawesi C.c.jungei Neumann, 1939 Sula Is. (1645) Caprimulgus donaldsoni Sharpe, 1895 (Donaldson-Smith's Nightjar) Somalia and E Ethiopia to E Kenya and NE Tanzania Caprimulgus nigriscapularis Reichenow, 1893 (Black-shouldered Nightjar) Guinea to S Sudan, NE and E Zaire and Uganda Caprimulgus pectoralis (Fiery-necked Nightjar)49 C.p.shelleyi Bocage, 1879 Angola and S Zaire to N Malawi, C and NE Tanzania and SE Kenya C.p.fervidus Sharpe, 1875 S Angola, and N Namibia to NE Sth. Africa to Zimbabwe C.p.crepusculans Clancey, 1994 Mozambique to Natal (525) C.p.pectoralis Cuvier, 181650 Cape Province Caprimulgus poliocephalus Rüppell, 1840 (Abyssinian Nightjar) 51 Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia to N Tanzania Caprimulgus ruwenzorii (Montane Nightjar) C.r.ruwenzorii Ogilvie-Grant, 1908 SW Uganda, E Zaire, Burundi, Rwanda C.r.guttifer Grote, 1921 NE and SW Tanzania, N Malawi, NE Zambia C.r.koesteri Neumann, 1931 Highlands of C Angola Caprimulgus asiaticus (Indian Nightjar) C.a.asiaticus Latham, 179052 S Pakistan, India, Burma, Thailand (except S), C and S Laos, C and S Vietnam, Cambodia C.a.eidos J.L. Peters, 1940 Sri Lanka Caprimulgus madagascariensis (Madagascan Nightjar) C.m.aldabrensis Ridgway, 1894 Aldabra C.m.madagascariensis Sganzin, 1840 Madagascar Caprimulgus natalensis (Swamp Nightjar) C.n.accrae Shelley, 1875 Liberia to W Cameroon C.n.natalensis A. Smith, 184553 Mali and Sudan to Central Africa, Gabon and E Sth. Africa. Caprimulgus solala Safford, Ash, Duckworth, Telfer & Zewdie, 1995 (Nechisar Nightjar)54 # Nechisar Plains (?) (S Ethiopia) (2147) Caprimulgus inornatus Heuglin, 1869 (Plain Nightjar)55 S Mauritania and N Senegal to Ethiopia, NW Somalia and SW Arabia >> Liberia, N Zaire and C Tanzania Caprimulgus stellatus Blundell & Lovat, 1899 (Star-spotted Nightjar) Djibouti and Ethiopia, to N Kenya and SE Sudan Caprimulgus affinis (Savanna Nightjar)56 C.a.monticolus Franklin, 183157 NE Pakistan, India, SE Xizang, Burma, Thailand (not S) C.a.amoyensis E.C.S. Baker, 1931 S and SE China C.a.stictomus Swinhoe, 1863 Indochina, Taiwan C.a.affinis Horsfield, 1821 S tip of Malay Pen., Sumatra, Nias, Bangka, Belitung, Borneo, Java, Bali, Lombok C.a.undulatus Mayr, 1944 Flores, Sumbawa (1474) C.a.kasuidori Hachisuka, 1932 Savu, Sumba Is. C.a.timorensis Mayr, 1944 Alor, Timor, Roti and Kisar Is. (1474) C.a.griseatus Walden, 1875 N and C Philippines C.a.mindanensis Mearns, 1905 Mindanao C.a.propinquus Riley, 1918 C and S Sulawesi Caprimulgus tristigma (Freckled Nightjar) C.t.sharpei Alexander, 1901 Senegal to C Central African Republic C.t.pallidogriseus Parker & Benson, 1971 Nigeria (1743) C.t.tristigma Rüppell, 1840 S Sudan and Ethiopia to Burundi and N Tanzania C.t.granosus Clancey, 196558 S Tanzania and SE Zaire to NE and E Sth. Africa (403) C.t.lentiginosus A. Smith, 1845 Angola to W Sth. Africa Caprimulgus concretus Bonaparte, 1850 (Bonaparte's Nightjar) Sumatra, Borneo, Belitung I. Caprimulgus pulchellus (Salvadori's Nightjar) C.p.pulchellus Salvadori, 1879 Mts. of Sumatra C.p.bartelsi Finsch, 1902 Mts. of Java Caprimulgus prigoginei Louette, 1990 (Prigogine's Nightjar) Lake Kivu dist., (E Zaire) (1379) Caprimulgus enarratus G.R. Gray, 1871 (Collared Nightjar) NW, N and E Madagascar Caprimulgus batesi Sharpe, 1906 (Bates's Nightjar) S Cameroon to C and E Zaire Caprimulgus climacurus (Long-tailed Nightjar)59 C.c.climacurus Vieillot, 1825 Senegal to NW Ethiopia C.c.nigricans (Salvadori, 1868) Upper Nile (C Sudan) C.c.sclateri (Bates, 1927) Sierra Leone to N Zaire Caprimulgus clarus Reichenow, 1892 (Slender-tailed Nightjar)60 Djibouti to C Tanzania Caprimulgus fossii (Mozambique Nightjar) C.f.fossii Hartlaub, 1857 Gabon C.f.welwitschii Bocage, 1867 S Zaire and S Tanzania to Natal >> N Zaire to S Kenya61 C.f.griseoplurus Clancey, 1965 W Botswana (404) >> ? MACRODIPTERYX Swainson, 1837 F Macrodipteryx longipennis (Shaw, 1796) (Standard-winged Nightjar) S Senegal to Uganda >> Sahel belt of W Africa, Sudan and Ethiopia Macrodipteryx vexillarius (Gould, 1838) (Pennant-winged Nightjar)62 Angola and S Tanzania to Transvaal >> Nigeria to Zaire, Uganda and W Kenya HYDROPSALIS Wagler, 1832 F Hydropsalis climacocerca (Ladder-tailed Nightjar) H.c.schomburgki P.L. Sclater, 1866 E Venezuela, the Guianas H.c.climacocerca (Tschudi, 1844) W Amazonia H.c.pallidior Todd, 1937 NC Brazil H.c.intercedens Todd, 1937 C Brazil (Obidos, W Para) H.c.canescens Griscom & Greenway, 1937 E Brazil Hydropsalis torquata (Scissor-tailed Nightjar) H.t.torquata (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)63 S Surinam, Brazil, EC Peru H.t.furcifer (Vieillot, 1817)64 E Bolivia and S Brazil to and C Argentina UROPSALIS W. de W. Miller, 191565 F Uropsalis segmentata (Swallow-tailed Nightjar) U.s.segmentata (Cassin, 1849) Andes from Colombia to Ecuador U.s.kalinowskii (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894) Andes from Peru to C Bolivia Uropsalis lyra (Lyre-tailed Nightjar) U.l.lyra (Bonaparte, 1850) Andes from Venezuela to Ecuador U.l.peruana (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1906) Andes from Peru to C Bolivia U.l.argentina Olrog, 197566 Andes of N Argentina (1684) MACROPSALIS P.L. Sclater, 1866 F Macropsalis creagra (Bonaparte, 1850) (Long-trained Nightjar)67 SE Brazil, NE Argentina ELEOTHREPTUS G.R. Gray, 1840 M Eleothreptus anomalus (Gould, 1837) (Sickle-winged Nightjar) S Brazil, S Paraguay, N and NE Argentina AEGOTHELIDAE (OWLET-NIGHTJARS) (2: 9) EUAEGOTHELES Mathews, 191868 M Euaegotheles insignis (Salvadori, 1875) (Feline Owlet-Nightjar)69 Mts. of New Guinea Euaegotheles tatei (Rand, 1941) (Spangled Owlet-Nightjar)70 Lowland E and C New Guinea (1964) Euaegotheles crinifrons (Bonaparte, 1850) (Moluccan Owlet-Nightjar) Halmahera, Bacan Is. (Moluccas) AEGOTHELES Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 M Aegotheles wallacii (Wallace's Owlet-Nightjar) A.w.wallacii G.R. Gray, 1859 NW to SC New Guinea, Aru Is. A.w.gigas Rothschild, 1931 WC New Guinea A.w.manni Diamond, 1969 N New Guinea (698) Aegotheles archboldi Rand, 1941 (Archbold’s Owlet-Nightjar) Montane C New Guinea (1964) Aegotheles albertisi (Mountain Owlet-Nightjar) A.a.albertisi P.L. Sclater, 1874 NW New Guinea (Mts. of Vogelkop) A.a.wondiwoi Mayr & Rand, 1936 NW New Guinea (Mts. at head of Geelvink Bay) A.a.salvadorii E. Hartert, 1892 Mts. of C and E New Guinea †?Aegotheles savesi E.L. & E.L.C. Layard, 1881 (New Caledonian Owlet-Nightjar) New Caledonia71 Aegotheles bennettii (Barred Owlet-Nightjar) A.b.affinis Salvadori, 1875 NW New Guinea (Vokelkop Pen.) A.b.wiedenfeldi Laubmann, 1914 N New Guinea A.b.terborghi Diamond, 1967 Montane SC New Guinea (697) A.b.bennettii Salvadori & D’Albertis, 1875 Aru Is., Lowland SE to SC New Guinea A.b.plumiferus E.P. Ramsay, 1883 D’Entrecasteaux Arch. Aegotheles cristatus (Australian Owlet-Nightjar) A.c.cristatus (Shaw, 1790)72 Australia, S New Guinea A.c.tasmanicus Mathews, 1918 Tasmania 1 For recognition see Cohn-Haft (1999: 299) (542). 2 For separation from N. griseus see A.O.U. (1998: 274) (3). 3 For recognition see Cleere (1998: 139) (535), but see also Cohn-Haft (1999: 299) (542). 4 Treated as a race of griseus by Cleere (1998: 141) (535), but moved to this species by Cohn-Haft (1999: 299) (542), who considered it doubtfully valid. 5 Includes cornutus see Cohn-Haft (1999: 300) (542). 6 For reasons to separate from N. leucopterus see Schulenberg et al. (1984) (2214). 7 We have followed Cleere (1999) (536) as regards subfamilies and generic placements. Holyoak (2001) (1131A) differs in several respects; his sequences within genera also differ. 8 For reasons to separate from L. semitorquatus see Parker et al. (1991) (1750). 9 Holyoak (2001) (1131A) treated this species as monotypic. 10 Includes divisus Oberholser, 1974 (1672), see Browning (1990) (251). 11 Presumably includes twomeyi Hawkins, 1948 (1089). 12 For recognition see Cleere (1998: 167) (535). 13 Includes harterti, gilberti Deignan, 1950 (647), and insulanus Deignan, 1950 (647), see Schodde & Mason (1980) (2186). 14 The prior name guttatus Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 – not 1826, see Raphael (1970) (1981) -- applied by Mathews to specimens thought to have been named argus has been shown by Schodde & Mason (1980) (2186) to be founded on E. mystacalis (Temminck, 1826). 15 Includes astrolabae see Peters (1940: 191) (1825). The subspecies is recognised by Holyoak (2001) (1331A). 16 Acoustic evidence may show this isolate to belong, as zoogeographic logic suggests, or be closest to E. temmincki (Wells, 1999) (2579). 17 For a defence of the validity of this genus see Cleere (2001) (537). 18 Tentatively listed by Cleere (1998: 186) (535). Placed in synonymy of albicollis by Holyoak (2001) (1131A). 19 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 20 Includes Otophanes see A.O.U. (1998: 270) (3). 21 Not recognised by Holyoak (2001) (1131A). 22 For reasons to separate this from N. ocellatus see Robbins & Ridgely (1992) (2082). 23 Thought to include maximus Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1940 (190), and noctivigulus Wetmore & Phelps, 1953 (2613), but both may require re-evaluation. They are recognised by Holyoak (2001) (1131A). 24 Placed here following A.O.U. (1998: 271) (3). 25 We note that Cleere (1998: 199) (535) moves this taxon here, from C. sericocaudatus, but with reservations and we share them (we omitted it last Edition). Holyoak (2001) (1131A) made this a synonym of C.r.rutilus. 26 We defer splitting ekmani as did A.O.U. (1998: 271) (3). 27 Tentatively accepted; requires evaluation, measurements overlap those of nominate. See Cleere (1998: 200) (535). 28 Omitted from last Edition. 29 Placed in the synonymy of the nominate form by Holyoak (2001) (1131A). 30 Omitted from last Edition. 31 For reasons to separate from C. parvulus see Robbins et al., (1994) (2085). 32 Includes australis Gyldenstolpe, 1941 (1029). 33 This name dates from 1844 or 1845 see Holthuis & Sakai (1970) (1128); not from 1847 as given by Peters (1940: 204) (1825). 34 Includes memnon Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 191). Both memnon and hazarae as placed in the nominate form by Holyoak (2001) (1131A). 35 Treated as a synonym of the nominate form by Holyoak (2001) (1131A). 36 We follow Cramp et al. (1985: 620) (591). 37 Includes keneiensis see Cleere (1999: 361) (536). 38 Includes arenicolor Severtsov, 1875 (2225A), see Cramp et al. (1985: 646) (591). 39 For reservations as to its validity see Cleere (1999: 362) (536). 40 Includes taruensis see Zimmermann et al. (1996) (2735); but accepted by Holyoak (2001) (1131A). 41 Listed as a race of C. macrurus in last Edition (with albonotatus treated as a race of C. atripennis), but see Ripley & Beehler (1987) (2061). Holyoak (2001) (1131A) placed it in the synonymy of the nominate form making C. atripennis a monotypic species. 42 Includes noctuvigilis Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 192) (2055). 43 Includes silvanus Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 193) (2055) and hainanus see Mees (1977) (1529). 44 Omitted last Edition, but see Mees (1977) (1529). 45 For recognition see Mees (1977) (1529). 46 Includes obiensis Jany, 1955 (1200), see Mees (1977) (1529). 47 For reasons to separate this (including celebensis) from macrurus see Mees (1986) (1537). 48 For reasons to separate from manillensis, here accepted tentatively, see Rozendaal (1990) (2121). 49 Polytypic treatment follows Cleere (1998) (535). 50 Given as 1817 by Peters (1940: 208) (1825) but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). 51 Treated as polytypic in last Edition; the races then attached to it have been transferred to C. ruwenzori by Cleere (1998: 260) (535), except that he kept koesteri in synonymy; it was recognised by White (1965: 204) (2649) and is apparently very isolated. Holyoak (2001) (1131A) agreed with Cleere. 52 Includes gurgaoni Koelz, 1939 (1279), see Ripley (1982: 193) (2055), and siamensis see Deignan (1963) (663). Holyoak (2001) (1131A) also included eidos making a monotypic species. 53 Includes carpi Smithers, 1954 (2284), and mpasa Smithers, 1954 (2283), recognised by White (1965) (2649), but see Harwin (1983) (1088). Detailed review required. 54 Described, and still only known, from a wing. Requires substantiation. 55 Includes malbranti Niethammer, 1957 (1653), see White (1965: 206) (2649). Also includes ludovicianus see Cleere (1999: 371) (536). 56 Two species in last Edition, but see Mayr (1944: 153) (1474). 57 Includes burmanicus see Ticehurst (1939) (2307). 58 For recognition of this see Fry & Harwin (1988: 181) (896). 59 This species, clarus, and the next fossi, were listed in the genus Scotornis in last Edition. 60 A note on the recognition of this appears in Safford et al. (1995) (2147). 61 Holyoak (2001) (1131A) split this and recognised a further subspecies. 62 For comment on spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 63 For reasons to use this name in place of H. brasiliana Gmelin, 1789, see Pacheco & Whitney (1998) (1737). 64 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 65 Holyoak (2001) (1131A) submerges this genus in Macropsalis. 66 Omitted from last Edition. 67 Cleere (1999: 385) (536) used the name forcipata Nitzsch, 1840 (1656A), but used creagra in Cleere (1998) (535). This change, about which see Pacheco & Whitney (1998) (1737), is associated with unresolved issues and, although we accept that forcipata is not a nomen oblitum, we defer its adoption. 68 The recognition of this genus was proposed at the 2nd Southern Hemisphere Ornithological Congress in Brisbane. Not employed by Holoyoak (2001) (1131A). 69 Includes pulcher see Rand (1942) (1966). 70 For recognition at specific rank see Pratt (2000) (1922); but this is controversial (N. Cleere in litt.). 71 Recent reports suggest this is still extant. 72 Includes major and leucogaster see Schodde & Mason (1980) (2186). CAPRIMULGIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD APODIDAE (SWIFTS) (19: 94) CYPSELOIDINAE CYPSELOIDES Streubel, 1848 M Cypseloides cherriei Ridgway, 1893 (Spot-fronted Swift) Costa Rica, N Venezuela, NC and SW Colombia, N Ecuador Cypseloides cryptus J.T. Zimmer, 1945 (White-chinned Swift) Belize to Panama, Colombia to Peru, S Venezuela, Guyana (2709) Cypseloides storeri Navarro, Peterson, Escalante & Benitez, 1992 (White-fronted Swift) # SW Mexico (1637) Cypseloides fumigatus (Streubel, 1848) (Sooty Swift) E Bolivia, E Paraguay, NW Argentina, SE Brazil Cypseloides rothschildi J.T. Zimmer, 1945 (Rothschild’s Swift) 1 NW Argentina (2709) Cypseloides niger (Black Swift) 2 C.n.borealis (Kennerly, 1858) SE Alaska to SW USA >> Sth. America C.n.costaricensis Ridgway, 1910 C Mexico to Costa Rica C.n.niger (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) W Indies, Trinidad Cypseloides lemosi Eisenmann & Lehmann, 1962 (White-chested Swift) SW Colombia (and perhaps NC Colombia, NE Ecuador, NW Peru) (796) 3 Cypseloides senex (Temminck, 1826) (Great Dusky Swift) 4 C and S Brazil, E Paraguay, N Argentina STREPTOPROCNE Oberholser, 1906 F Streptoprocne phelpsi (Collins, 1972) (Tepui Swift) S Venezuela, NW Guyana (549) Streptoprocne rutila (Chestnut-collared Swift)5 S.r.griseifrons (Nelson, 1900) W Mexico S.r.brunnitorques (Lafresnaye, 1844)6 SE Mexico to Bolivia S.r.rutila (Vieillot, 1817) Venezuela to Guyana, Trinidad Streptoprocne zonaris (White-collared Swift) 7 S.z.mexicana Ridgway, 1910 S Mexico to Belize S.z.bouchellii Huber, 1923 Nicaragua to Panama S.z.pallidifrons (E. Hartert, 1896) Greater and Lesser Antilles S.z.minor (Lawrence, 1882) Coastal N Venezuela, Trinidad S.z.albicincta (Cabinis, 1862) Guyana, Venezuela S.z.subtropicalis Parkes, 1994 Colombia south to Peru (1782) S.z.altissima Chapman, 1914 Colombia, Ecuador S.z.kuenzeli Niethammer, 1953 Bolivia, NW Argentina (1650) S.z.zonaris (Shaw, 1796) S Brazil, Bolivia, C and E Paraguay Streptoprocne biscutata (Biscutate Swift) S.b.seridoensis Sick, 1991 NE Brazil (2271) S.b.biscutata (P.L. Sclater, 1865) E to SE Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina Streptoprocne semicollaris (DeSaussure, 1859) (White-naped Swift) W Mexico APODINAE HYDROCHOUS Brooke, 1970 M Hydrochous gigas (Hartert & Butler, 1901) (Waterfall Swift) Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, W Java COLLOCALIA G.R. Gray, 1840 F Collocalia esculenta (Glossy Swiftlet) 8 C.e.affinis Beavan, 1867 Andaman, Nicobar Is. C.e.elachyptera Oberholser, 1906 Mergui Arch. (S Burma) C.e.cyanoptila Oberholser, 1906 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Belitung I., Borneo, (?) Palawan group (Philippines) C.e.vanderbilti Meyer de Schauensee & Ripley, 1940 Nias I. (1579) C.e.oberholseri Stresemann, 1912 Mentawi Is., Batu Is. C.e.natalis Lister, 1889 Christmas I. (Indian Ocean) C.e.septentrionalis Mayr, 1945 Babuyan, Calayan, N Camiguin Is. (off N Luzon) (682) C.e.isonata Oberholser, 1906 N Luzon C.e.marginata Salvadori, 1882 C and S Luzon and E and W Visayas (C Philippines) C.e.bagobo Hachisuka, 1930 9 Mindoro, Mindanao, Bongao (Sulu Arch.) C.e.manadensis Salomonsen, 1983 N Sulawesi to Sangihe, (?) Talaud Is. (2161) C.e.esculenta (Linnaeus, 1758) C and S Sulawesi; Buru, Seram, Obi (C and S Moluccas), Kai Is. C.e.minuta Stresemann, 1925 Tanahdjampea, Kalao Is. (off Sulawesi) C.e.spilura G.R. Gray, 1866 10 Bacan, Halmahera, Morotai, Ternate (N Moluccas) C.e.sumbawae Stresemann, 1925 Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba Is. (W Lesser Sundas) C.e.neglecta G.R. Gray, 1866 Timor, Roti (S Lesser Sundas) C.e.perneglecta Mayr, 1944 Alor to Damar Is. (EC Lesser Sundas) (1474) C.e.amethystina Salomonsen, 1983 Waigeo I. (2161) C.e.numforensis Salomonsen, 1983 Numfor I., (?) Biak I. (2161) C.e.nitens Ogilvie-Grant, 1914 New Guinea (except alpine W), Misoöl, Batanta, Yapen, Karkar Is. C.e.erwini Collin & Hartert, 1927 Alpine W New Guinea C.e.stresemanni Rothschild & Hartert, 1914 Admiralty Is. C.e.kalili Salomonsen, 1983 New Hanover, New Ireland, Djaul I. (2161) C.e.spilogaster Salomonsen, 1983 Tabar Is., Lihir group (2161) C.e.hypogrammica Salomonsen, 1983 Nissan I. (Green Is.) (2161) C.e.tametamele Stresemann, 1921 New Britain, Witu Is., Bougainville I. C.e.misimae Salomonsen, 1983 Louisiade Arch. (2161) C.e.becki Mayr, 1931 NE and C Solomon Is. C.e.makirensis Mayr, 1931 San Cristobal I. C.e.desiderata Mayr, 1931 Rennell I. C.e.uropygialis G.R. Gray, 1866 Santa Cruz Is., Vanuatu C.e.albidior Salomonsen, 1983 Loyalty Is., New Caledonia (2161) Collocalia linchi (Cave Swiftlet) C.l.ripleyi Somadikarta, 1986 Mts. of Sumatra (2298) C.l.linchi Horsfield & Moore, 185411 Java, Bawean I. C.l.dedii Somadikarta, 1986 12 Bali, Lombok I. (2298) C.l.dodgei Richmond, 1905 Mt. Kinabalu (N Borneo) Collocalia troglodytes Gray & Mitchell, 1845 (Pygmy Swiftlet) Philippine Is. AERODRAMUS Oberholser, 1906 M Aerodramus elaphrus (Oberholser, 1906) (Seychelles Swiftlet) Seychelles Aerodramus francicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Mascarene Swiftlet) Mauritius, Reunion Aerodramus unicolor (Jerdon, 1840) (Indian Swiftlet) SW India, Sri Lanka Aerodramus mearnsi (Oberholser, 1912) (Philippine Swiftlet) 13 Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan, Negros, Bohol, Mindanao Is. Aerodramus infuscatus (Moluccan Swiftlet) 14 A.i.sororum (Stresemann, 1931) C, S and SE Sulawesi A.i.infuscatus (Salvadori, 1880) N Moluccas, Sangihe, Siau A.i.ceramensis (van Oort, 1911) S Moluccas Aerodramus hirundinaceus (Mountain Swiftlet) A.h.baru (Stresemann & Paludan, 1932) Yapen I. A.h.hirundinaceus (Stresemann, 1914) Montane New Guinea, Dampier I. A.h.excelsus (Ogilvie-Grant, 1914) Snow Mts. (SW New Guinea) Aerodramus spodiopygius (White-rumped Swiftlet) 15 A.s.delichon (Salomonsen, 1983) Admiralty Is. (2161) A.s.eichhorni (E. Hartert, 1924) NC Bismarck Arch. A.s.noonaedanae (Salomonsen, 1983) New Ireland, New Britain (2161) A.s.reichenowi (Stresemann, 1912) S and E Solomon Is. A.s.desolatus (Salomonsen, 1983) Duff Is., Swallow Is., Santa Cruz Is. (2161) A.s.epiensis (Salomonsen, 1983) N and C Vanuatu (2161) A.s.ingens (Salomonsen, 1983) S Vanuatu (2161) A.s.leucopygius (Wallace, 1864) Loyalty Is., New Caledonia A.s.assimilis (Stresemann, 1912) Fiji A.s.townsendi (Oberholser, 1906) Tonga A.s.spodiopygius (Peale, 1848) Samoa Aerodramus terraereginae (Australian Swiftlet) A.t.terraereginae (E.P. Ramsay, 1875) E Queensland A.t.chillagoensis Pecotich, 1982 NE Queensland (1817) Aerodramus brevirostris (Himalayan Swiftlet) A.b.brevirostris (Horsfield, 1840) Himalayas, NE India, W Yunnan, N Burma A.b.innominatus (Hume, 1873) Sichuan and Hubei (C China) to N Vietnam >> SE Asia incl. Andamans A.b.rogersi (Deignan, 1955)16 E Burma, N and W Thailand, S Yunnan, N Laos, NW Vietnam >> Malay Pen. (654) A.b.vulcanorum (Stresemann, 1926) 17 W Java Aerodramus whiteheadi (Whitehead's Swiftlet) 18 A.w.whiteheadi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1895) Mt. Data (Luzon) A.w.origenis (Oberholser, 1906) Mindanao, Panay Aerodramus nuditarsus (Salomonsen, 1962) (Bare-legged Swiftlet) E New Guinea (2156) Aerodramus orientalis (Mayr’s Swiftlet) A.o.leletensis (Salomonsen, 1962) C New Ireland (2156) A.o.orientalis (Mayr, 1935) Guadalcanal (Solomon Is.) Aerodramus salangana (Mossy-nest Swiftlet) A.s. subsp.? Sumatra 19 A.s.aerophilus (Oberholser, 1912) W Sumatran Is. A.s.natunae (Stresemann, 1930) N Borneo, Natuna Is. A.s.maratua (Riley, 1927) Maratua Is. (Borneo), Basilan (SW Philippines) A.s.salangana (Streubel, 1848) Java Aerodramus vanikorensis (Uniform Swiftlet) A.v.amelis (Oberholser, 1906) 20 Philippines (excl. Palawan) A.v.palawanensis (Stresemann, 1914)21 Palawan A.v.aenigma (Riley, 1918) N and C Sulawesi A.v.heinrichi (Stresemann, 1932) S Sulawesi A.v.moluccarum (Stresemann, 1914) S Moluccas A.v.waigeuensis (Stresemann & Paludan, 1932) N Moluccas, W Papuan Is. A.v.steini (Stresemann & Paludan, 1932) Numfor I., Biak I. A.v.yorki (Mathews, 1916)22 New Guinea, Aru Is., D’Entrecasteaux Is. A.v.tagulae (Mayr, 1937) Louisiade Arch., Trobriand Is., Woodlark I. A.v.coultasi (Mayr, 1937) Admiralty Is., St Matthias Group A.v.pallens (Salomonsen, 1983) New Hanover, New Ireland, Djaul I., New Britain (2161) A.v.lihirensis (Mayr, 1937) Lihir, Nuguria and Hibernian Is., Feni Is., Tabar Is. A.v.lugubris (Salomonsen, 1983) Solomon Is. (2161) A.v.vanikorensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) Santa Cruz, Vanuatu Aerodramus pelewensis (Mayr, 1935) (Palau Swiftlet) 23 Palau Is. Aerodramus bartschi (Mearns, 1909) (Marianas Swiftlet) S Mariana Is. Aerodramus inquietus (Caroline Islands Swiftlet) A.i.rukensis (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1915) Chuuk (C Caroline Is.) A.i.ponapensis (Mayr, 1935) Pohnpei (E Caroline Is.) A.i.inquietus (Kittlitz, 1858) Kusaie (E Caroline Is.) Aerodramus leucophaeus (Polynesian Swiftlet) A.l.leucophaeus (Peale, 1848) Society Islands A.l.sawtelli (Holyoak, 1974) 24 Atiu I. (S Cook Is.) (1129) Aerodramus ocistus (Marquesan Swiftlet 25 A.o.ocistus (Oberholser, 1906) N Marquesas Is. A.o.gilliardi (Somadikarta, 1994) S Marquesas Is. (2299) Aerodramus maximus (Black-nest Swiftlet) 26 A.m.maximus (Hume, 1878) S Burma, Malaysia, SE Vietnam27 A.m.lowi (Sharpe, 1879) Sumatra, N and W Borneo, Java A.m.tichelmani (Stresemann, 1926) SE Borneo Aerodramus fuciphagus (Edible-nest Swiftlet) 28 A.f.inexpectatus (Hume, 1873) Andaman and Nicobar Is. A.f.germani (Oustalet, 1878) SE Asia from SW Burma to N Vietnam south to C Malay Pen., Borneo, Palawan and scattered islands of W Philippines and off Borneo A.f.amechanus (Oberholser, 1912) S Malay Pen., Singapore, Anamba Is. A.f.vestitus (Lesson, 1843) Sumatra, Belitung, Borneo A.f.perplexus (Riley, 1927) 29 Maratua Is. (E of N Borneo) A.f.fuciphagus (Thunberg, 1812) 30 Java, Kangean I., W Lesser Sundas A.f.dammermani (Rensch, 1931) Flores (NC Lesser Sundas) A.f.micans (Stresemann, 1914) Sumba, Sawu, Timor (SC Lesser Sundas) Aerodramus papuensis (Rand, 1941) (Papuan or Three-toed Swiftlet) Montane WC to E New Guinea (1964) SCHOUTEDENAPUS de Roo, 1968 M Schoutedenapus myoptilus (Scarce Swift) S.m.myoptilus (Salvadori, 1888) Ethiopia south to Zimbabwe S.m.poensis (Alexander, 1903) Bioko I. S.m.chapini (Prigogine, 1957) E Zaire, Rwanda, SW Uganda (1927) Schoutedenapus schoutedeni (Prigogine, 1960) (Schouteden's Swift) E Zaire (1928) MEARNSIA Ridgway, 1911 F Mearnsia picina (Tweeddale, 1879) (Philippine Spinetail) SC and S Philippines Mearnsia novaeguineae (Papuan Spinetail) M.n.buergersi (Reichenow, 1917) N New Guinea M.n.novaeguineae (D’Albertis & Salvadori, 1879) S and SE New Guinea ZOONAVENA Mathews, 1918 F Zoonavena grandidieri (Madagascan Spinetailed Swift) Z.g.grandidieri (J. Verreaux, 1867) Madagascar Z.g.mariae (Benson, 1960) 31 Grande Comore (122) Zoonavena thomensis (E. Hartert, 1900) (Săo Tomé Spinetailed Swift) Săo Tomé and Príncipe Zoonavena sylvatica (Tickell, 1846) (White-rumped Spinetailed Swift) India, Burma TELACANTHURA Mathews, 1918 F Telacanthura ussheri (Mottled Spinetail) T.u.ussheri (Sharpe, 1870) Senegal and Gambia to N Nigeria T.u.sharpei (Neumann, 1908) S Cameroon, Gabon, Zaire and Uganda T.u.stictilaema (Reichenow, 1879)32 Kenya, NE and C Tanzania T.u.benguellensis (Neumann, 1908) W Angola, SE Africa Telacanthura melanopygia (Chapin, 1915) (Black Spinetail) Sierra Leone to Cameroon and Gabon, SW Central African Republic, NE Zaire, NE Angola RHAPHIDURA Oates, 1883 F Rhaphidura leucopygialis (Blyth, 1849) (Silver-rumped Spinetail) S Burma to Sumatra, Java, Borneo Raphidura sabini (J.E. Gray, 1829) (Sabine's Spinetail) Sierra Leone to Uganda and W Kenya, Bioko NEAFRAPUS Mathews, 1918 M Neafrapus cassini (P.L. Sclater, 1863) (Cassin's Spinetail) S Ivory Coast to Gabon and Zaire and W Uganda Neafrapus boehmi (Böhm's Spinetail) N.b.boehmi (Schalow, 1882) W Angola to W Tanzania N.b.sheppardi (Roberts, 1922) 33 SE Kenya, E Tanzania, E and S Zambia to Mozambique HIRUNDAPUS Hodgson, 1837 M Hirundapus caudacutus (White-throated Needletail) 34 H.c.caudacutus (Latham, 1802) 35 C and E Siberia to Japan, Korea, NE China and Mongolia >> E Australia H.c.nudipes (Hodgson, 1837) Himalayas and Assam east to Sichuan and Yunnan >> Malay Pen., Java Hirundapus cochinchinensis (Oustalet, 1878) (Silver-backed Needletail) 36 37 C Himalayas and Assam to S China and Taiwan >> mainland SE Asia and Gtr. Sundas Hirundapus giganteus (Brown-backed Needletail) H.g.indicus (Hume, 1873) SW India and Sri Lanka; Andaman Is.; E India east to mainland SE Asia south to SW Thailand H.g.giganteus (Temminck, 1825) Malay Pen., Gtr. Sundas, Palawan I. Hirundapus celebensis (P.L. Sclater, 1865) (Purple Needletail) 38 N Sulawesi, Philippines (excl. Palawan) CHAETURA Stephens, 1826 F Chaetura martinica (Hermann, 1783) (Lesser Antillean Swift) Lesser Antilles Chaetura spinicaudus (Band-rumped Swift)39 C.s.aetherodroma Wetmore, 1951 C and E Panama, W Colombia, W Ecuador (2594) C.s.spinicaudus (Temminck, 1839)40 E Venezuela, the Guianas, N and C Brazil Chaetura fumosa Salvin, 1870 (Costa Rican Swift) 41 S Costa Rica to Chiriqui (Panama) Chaetura egregia Todd, 1916 (Pale-rumped Swift) 42 SW Amazonia Chaetura cinereiventris (Grey-rumped Swift) C.c.phaeopygos Hellmayr, 1906 E Nicaragua to Panama C.c.lawrencei Ridgway, 1893 N Venezuela, Grenada, Trinidad, Tobago Is. C.c.schistacea Todd, 1937 E Colombia, W Venezuela C.c.guianensis E. Hartert, 1892 W Guyana, E Venezuela C.c.occidentalis Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884 W Colombia, W Ecuador C.c.sclateri Pelzeln, 1868 S Venezuela to N Brazil, E Peru to NW Bolivia C.c.cinereiventris P.L. Sclater, 1862 E Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Chaetura vauxi (Vaux's Swift) 43 C.v.vauxi (J.K. Townsend, 1839) SW Canada to SW USA >> C America C.v.tamaulipensis Sutton, 1941 E Mexico (2376) C.v.gaumeri Lawrence, 1882 Yucatán Penin, Cozumel I. C.v.richmondi Ridgway, 1910 44 S Mexico to Costa Rica C.v.ochropygia Aldrich, 1937 E Panama C.v.aphanes Wetmore & Phelps, 1956 N Venezuela (2614) C.v.andrei (Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902) E Venezuela Chaetura meridionalis Hellmayr, 1907 (Sick’s Swift) 45 C Sth. America >> Colombia Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chimney Swift) S Canada to S USA >> WC Sth. America Chaetura chapmani Hellmayr, 1907 (Chapman's Swift) French Guiana, Trinidad Chaetura viridipennis Cherrie, 1916 (Amazonian Swift) 46 C Brazil Chaetura brachyura (Short-tailed Swift) C.b.praevelox Bangs & Penard, 1918 Grenada, St. Vincent, Tobago C.b.brachyura (Jardine, 1846) The Guianas south to N Bolivia C.b.ocypetes J.T. Zimmer, 1953 SW Ecuador, NW Peru (2720) C.b.cinereocauda (Cassin, 1850) NC Brazil AERONAUTES E. Hartert, 1892 M Aeronautes saxatalis (White-throated Swift)47 A.s.saxatalis (Woodhouse, 1853)48 SW Canada to SW USA >> Mexico A.s.nigrior Dickey & van Rossem, 1928 S Mexico to C Honduras Aeronautes montivagus (White-tipped Swift) A.m.montivagus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Andes from N Venezuela south to NW Argentina A.m.tatei (Chapman, 1929) S Venezuela, N Brazil Aeronautes andecolus (Andean Swift) A.a.parvulus (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1892) W Peru, N Chile A.a.peruvianus (Chapman, 1919) SE Peru A.a.andecolus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) C Bolivia, W Argentina TACHORNIS Gosse, 1847 F Tachornis phoenicobia (Antillean Palm Swift) T.p.iradii (Lembeye, 1850) Cuba, Isla de la Juventud T.p.phoenicobia Gosse, 1847 Hispaniola, Jamaica Tachornis furcata (Pygmy Swift) T.f.furcata (Sutton, 1928) NE Colombia, NW Venezuela T.f.nigrodorsalis (Aveledo & Pons, 1952) W Venezuela (70) Tachornis squamata (Fork-tailed Palm Swift) T.s.squamata (Cassin, 1853) 49 Trinidad, the Guianas, C and E Brazil T.s.semota (Riley, 1933) E Ecuador and NE Peru east to S and E Venezuela, NW Brazil PANYPTILA Cabanis, 1847 F Panyptila sanctihieronymi Salvin, 1863 (Great Swallow-tailed Swift) SW Mexico, C Guatemala, S Honduras Panyptila cayennensis (Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift) P.c.veraecrucis R.T. Moore, 1947 E Mexico to N Honduras (1617) P.c.cayennensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) S Honduras to N and C Sth. America CYPSIURUS Lesson, 1843 M Cypsiurus parvus (African Palm Swift) C.p.parvus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) Senegal and Gambia to N Ethiopia and SW Arabia C.p.brachypterus (Reichenow, 1903) Sierra Leone to NE and S Zaire and Angola, Bioko C.p.myochrous (Reichenow, 1886) S Sudan through E Zaire, W Tanzania,and Zimbabwe to NE South Africa, C.p.laemostigma (Reichenow, 1905) 50 S Somalia to C Mozambique C.p.griveaudi Benson, 1960 51 Comoro Is. (122) C.p.gracilis (Sharpe, 1871) Madagascar C.p.hyphaenes Brooke, 1972 N Namibia, N Botswana (233) C.p.celer Clancey, 1983 S Mozambique to Natal (491) Cypsiurus balasiensis (Asian Palm Swift) 52 C.b.balasiensis (J.E. Gray, 1829) Pakistan, India (except Assam), Sri Lanka C.b.infumatus (P.L. Sclater, 1865) Assam east to Hainan, south through mainland SE Asia to Sumatra, Borneo C.b.bartelsorum Brooke, 1972 Java, Bali (233) C.b.pallidior McGregor, 1905 Philippine Is TACHYMARPTIS Roberts, 1922 M Tachymarptis melba (Alpine Swift) T.m.melba (Linnaeus, 1758) 53 N Morocco, S Europe, Turkey, NW Iran >> W, C and NE Africa T.m.tuneti (Tschudi, 1904) C Morocco to N Libya, Levant, Iran to W Pakistan T.m.archeri (E. Hartert, 1928) N Somalia, SW Arabia to Dead Sea T.m.maximus (Ogilvie-Grant, 1907) Mt. Ruwenzori (Zaire/Uganda) T.m.africanus (Temminck, 1815) Ethiopia, E Africa to N Namibia and Cape Province T.m.marjoriae (Bradfield, 1935) C Namibia to NW Cape T.m.willsi (E. Hartert, 1896) Madagascar T.m.nubifuga (Koelz, 1954)54 NW Himalayas >> C India (1284) T.m.bakeri (E. Hartert, 1928) Sri Lanka Tachymarptis aequatorialis (Mottled Swift) T.a.lowei (Bannerman, 1920) Sierra Leone to Nigeria T.a.bamendae (Serle, 1949) 55 NW Cameroon T.a.furensis (Lynes, 1920) W Sudan T.a.aequatorialis (J.W. von Müller, 1851) Eritrea, Ethiopia and E Africa south to S Mozambique and E Zimbabwe, WC Angola T.a.gelidus (Brooke, 1967) W Zimbabwe (226) APUS Scopoli, 1777 M Apus alexandri E. Hartert, 1901 (Alexander's Swift) Cape Verde Is. Apus apus (Common Swift) A.a.apus (Linnaeus, 1758) N Africa, W Europe to Lake Baikal >> Africa A.a.pekinensis (Swinhoe, 1870) Iran and Transcaspia to N China and Mongolia >> E and Sthn. Africa Apus unicolor (Jardine, 1830) (Plain Swift) Madeira, Canary Is. >> Morocco, Mauritania Apus niansae (Nyanza Swift) A.n.niansae (Reichenow, 1887) 56 Mts. of Eritrea and Ethiopia to N Tanzania A.n.somalicus (Stephenson Clarke, 1919) N Somalia Apus pallidus (Pallid Swift) A.p.brehmorum E. Hartert, 1901 Madeira, Canary Is., N Africa to NW Egypt, S Europe, Cyprus, Turkey >> Sahel and Uganda A.p.illyricus Tschusi, 1907 E coast Adriatic Sea >> E Africa A.p.pallidus (Shelley, 1870) W Mauritania, Saharan hills, Egypt, Levant to W Pakistan >> Sahel to S Pakistan Apus barbatus (African Swift) A.b.barbatus (P.L. Sclater, 1865) S Africa A.b.hollidayi Benson & Irwin, 1960 Victoria Falls (Zambia/Zimbabwe) (129) A.b.oreobates Brooke, 1970 Zimbabwe to Mozambique (230) A.b.balstoni (E. Bartlett, 1880) Madagascar A.b.mayottensis (Nicoll, 1906) Comoro Is A.b.sladeniae (Ogilvie-Grant, 1904) SE Nigeria, W Cameroon, Bioko, W Angola A.b.serlei de Roo, 1970 W Cameroon (629) A.b.roehli Reichenow, 1906 Kenya to E Zaire, south to Malawi, NE Angola A.b.glanvillei Benson, 1967 Sierra Leone (126) Apus berliozi (Forbes-Watson’s Swift) A.b.berliozi Ripley, 1965 Socotra I. (2046) A.b.bensoni Brooke, 1969 Somalia >> coastal Kenya (227) Apus bradfieldi (Bradfield's Swift) A.b.bradfieldi (Roberts, 1926) SW Angola, Namibia A.b.deserticola Brooke, 1970 N Cape Prov. (S Africa) (230) Apus pacificus (Fork-tailed or Pacific Swift) A.p.leuconyx (Blyth, 1845) Himalayas and Assam hills >> S India A.p.kanoi Yamashina, 194257 SE Tibet to S China, Taiwan, Lanyu I. (off Taiwan), Batan Is. (off N Luzon) >> Assam, mainland SE Asia (2693) A.p.pacificus (Latham, 1802) 58 Altai to Kamchatka, Japan and NC China >> Indonesia, Melanesia, Australia A.p.cooki (Harington, 1913) E Burma, N Thailand, Laos, C Vietnam >> Malay Pen. Apus acuticauda (Jerdon, 1864) (Dark-rumped Swift) 59 Nepal, S Assam (hills) Apus affinis (Little Swift) 60 A.a.galilejensis (Antinori, 1855) NW Africa, N Sahel to N Somalia, Middle East to Uzbekistan and W Pakistan A.a.bannermani E. Hartert, 1928 Săo Tomé, Príncipe, Bioko A.a.aerobates Brooke, 1969 61 Mauritania to Ethiopia, south to C Angola and Natal (228) A.a.theresae R. Meinertzhagen, 1949 W and S Angola and S Zambia south to Cape Province (1549) A.a.affinis (J.E. Gray, 1830) E Somalia to N Mozambique; Indian plains to Assam >> S India A.a.singalensis Madarász, 1911 S India, Sri Lanka Apus nipalensis (House Swift) A.n.nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837) Himalayas >> ? Malay Pen. A.n.subfurcatus (Blyth, 1849) Assam east to S China south through mainland SE Asia and Philippines to Sumatra and Borneo A.n.furcatus Brooke, 1971 Java, Bali (232) A.n.kuntzi Deignan, 1958 Taiwan (659) Apus horus (Horus Swift) A.h.horus (Heuglin, 1869) 62 Ethiopia to Sth. Africa, Nigeria, N Cameroon, W Chad, W and EC Sudan, W Zaire, NW Angola A.h.fuscobrunneus Brooke, 1971 SW Angola (231) Apus caffer (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) (White-rumped Swift) Iberian Pen., NW Africa, Senegal and Gambia east to Somalia, south to Sth. Africa (sub-Saharan Africa) Apus batesi (Sharpe, 1904) (Bates's Swift) Guinea to Cameroon, E Zaire HEMIPROCNIDAE (TREE SWIFTS) (1: 4) HEMIPROCNE Nitzsch, 1829 F Hemiprocne coronata (Tickell, 1833) (Crested Treeswift) 63 India and Sri Lanka to Yunnan and SE Asia south to SW Thailand Hemiprocne longipennis (Grey-rumped Treeswift) H.l.harterti Stresemann, 1913 S Burma, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Tawitawi (Sulu Is., SW Philippines) H.l.perlonga (Richmond, 1903)64 W Sumatran Is. H.l.longipennis (Rafinesque, 1802) Java, Lombok and Kangean Is. H.l.wallacii (Gould, 1859) 65 Sula Is., Sulawesi Hemiprocne comata (Whiskered Treeswift) H.c.comata (Temminck, 1824) 66 Malaysia, Sumatra and W Sumatran Is., Borneo H.c.major (E. Hartert, 1895) 67 Philippines incl. Sulu Is. Hemiprocne mystacea (Moustached Treeswift) 68 H.m.confirmata Stresemann, 1914 Moluccas, Aru and Boano Is. H.m.mystacea (Lesson, 1827) New Guinea, W Papuan and Geelvink Bay islands H.m.aeroplanes Stresemann, 1921 Bismarck Arch. H.m.macrura Salomonsen, 1983 Admiralty Is. (2161) H.m.woodfordiana (E. Hartert, 1896) Solomon Is. (except San Cristobal and Sta. Cruz Is.) H.m.carbonaria Salomonsen, 1983 San Cristobal I. (SC Solomons) (2161) 1 Called Cypseloides major in last Edition. With the genus Aerornis submerged, this 1931 name became preoccupied by the name Chaetura major Bertoni, 1900, a synonym of C. senex. Under the current Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178) the name major might not require replacement. 2 The genus Nephoectes, used for this species in last Edition, is submerged following A.O.U. (1998: 275) (3). 3 The bracketed records are sight records (M. Marin in litt. 23 Jul. 2001). 4 In last Edition treated in the genus Aerornis. 5 For reasons to transfer rutilus from Cypseloides see Marin & Stiles (1992) (1432) and A.O.U. (1998: 276) (3). The sister species phelpsi moves with it. 6 Includes nubicola see Chantler (1999: 419) (308). 7 For recognition of some taxa see Parkes (1994) (1782). 8 The inclusion of birds with pale scalloped rumps (marginata – treated as a separate species in last Edition) remains tentative, see Dickinson (1990) (737). We have tentatively accepted the forms proposed by Salomonsen (1983) (2161), but re-evaluation may suggest some consolidation. 9 Includes mindanensis Hachisuka, 1941 (1041), see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 10 Includes nubila Ripley, 1959 (2040), see White & Bruce (1986: 264) (2652). 11 Includes plesseni Meise, 1941 (1552) according to Somadikarta (1986) (2298). 12 Somadikarta (1986) (2298) thought birds from Nusa Penida (type not then traced) to be nominate linchi. However, Penida lies between Bali and Lombok and the proposed distribution is unlikely; we omit Nusa Penida from the two range statements, but we suspect that plesseni will take priority over dedii. 13 Includes apoensis see Dickinson (1989) (736); wrongly treated as a form of whiteheadi in last Edition. 14 Bruce in White & Bruce (1986) (2652) noted that Salomonsen (1983) (2161) had observed that groups of forms comprising the ‘species’ spodiopygius’ might be treated as species within a superspecies; this is now generally accepted for infuscatus, hirundinaceus and terraereginae. The last of these was not yet accepted in last Edition. A. mearnsi has also been suggested as part of the superspecies. 15 We tentatively accept the new forms of Salomonsen (1983) (2161), but re-evaluation is needed. 16 An enigmatic and unresolved form (or forms) see Wells (1999: 455) (2579). 17 Now that breeding records of the species from Sumatra have been discarded (Wells, 1975) (2578), and the purported Philippine subspecies detached (Dickinson, 1989) (736), this taxon will probably be found to belong elsewhere (rogersi may be attached to it). 18 The two other forms listed in last Edition do not belong to this species (Dickinson, 1989) (736) and are mentioned in other footnotes. 19 Wells (1975) (2578) using the specific name vanikorensis described breeding. Some name in synonymy may prove applicable. As now grouped this species may require splitting. 20 Treated as a species in last Edition but see Dickinson, 1989 (736). 21 Attached to maximus in last Edition but see Dickinson (1989) (736), who included tsubame -- treated as a form of whiteheadi in last Edition. 22 Apparently has priority over the name granti. However, the two types differ significantly (Somadikarta, in litt.). 23 There is limited published evidence as a basis for separation of this species and the next from vanikorensis. 24 Placement as advised by Somadikarta (in litt.). 25 For reasons to separate this from A. leucophaeus see Somadikarta (1994) (2299). 26 Tacit acceptance has been given almost universally to use of this name (in place of the well-established lowii) following Deignan (1955) (653), but see Salomonsen (1983: 6) (2161). In view of the quantum of publication since 1955, during which progress has been made on the taxonomy of swiftlets, stability is probably best served by accepting the fait accompli however this is under fresh review. 27 A report by Medway (1962) (1504) that both brevirostris and maximus specimens are known from Bhutan and S Tibet was contradicted by Grimmett et al. (1998: 424) (1014). 28 Treatment here follows Medway (1966) (1506); the arrangement in last Edition (with two forms included in a species germani, one in amelis, and vestitus, dammermani and micans in synonymy) demonstrated considerable confusion. 29 Attached to amelis in last Edition, but see Medway (1966) (1506). 30 As the synonymy is unusually complex, note that this includes bartelsi and javensis. 31 Omitted in last Edition. 32 Includes marwitzi see Chantler (1999: 438) (308). 33 In synonymy in last Edition but Fry (1988: 205) (889). Presumably includes madaraszi Keve, 1959 (1262), but may need re-evaluation. 34 In last Edition formosanus was attached here. It was transferred to cochinchinensis by Mees (1973) (1525) and is now in its synonymy (Mees, 1977) (1528). 35 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). Includes bourreti David-Beaulieu, 1944 (615), see Dickinson (1970) (734). 36 Mees (1973) (1525) listed ernsti as a synonym -- overlooked by van den Hoek Ostende et al. (1997) (2464). 37 Includes formosanus and rupchandi Biswas, 1951 (154), see Mees (1973, 1977) (1525, 1528). 38 Includes manobo Salomonsen, 1953 (2155), see Mees (1985) (1538) and Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 39 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 40 Includes aethalea and latirostris Zimmer & Phelps, 1952 (2728) see Marin (2000) (1431). 41 For reasons to treat as a species distinct from spinicauda see Marin (2000) (1431). 42 Includes pachiteae Meise, 1964, see Marin (2000) (1431). 43 The form andrei was treated as the nominate race of a polytypic species in last Edition, but see Marin (1997) (1430). 44 Presumably includes warneri A.R. Phillips, 1966 (1869). 45 For reasons to separate from a “species” andrei (as in last Edition and in “HBW”) see Marin (1997) (1430). 46 For reasons to separate from chapmani see Marin (1997) (1430). 47 Wrongly spelled saxatilis in last Edition. 48 Apparently includes sclateri Rogers, 1939 (2097), but recognised by A.O.U. (1957: 300) (1). 49 Presumably includes orientalis Pinto & de Camargo, 1961 (1899), but may need evaluation. 50 For recognition of this see Clancey (1983) (491). 51 Omitted in error in last Edition. 52 Spelling corrected by Medway (1965) (1505). 53 Includes obscurus Trischitta, 1939 (2440), see Vaurie (1965: 655) (2510). 54 For recognition see Ripley (1982: 198) (2055), who included dorabtatai Abdulali, 1965 (7). 55 Not recognised by Chantler (1995: 191) (309); but recognised by White (1965: 210) (2649) and listed on advice of R. Dowsett (in litt.). 56 Includes kapnodes Friedmann, 1964 (881), see White (1967) (2650). 57 Includes salimalii Lack, 1958 (1311A) see Ripley (1982: 200) (2055). 58 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). Includes shiraii Mishima, 1960 (1592) see Stepanyan (1990: 294) (2326). 59 Includes rupchandi Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 199) (2055). 60 Two groups, this and nipalensis, identified by Brooke (1971) (232), the later since usually treated as a species (but evidence not yet wholly convincing). 61 Includes gyrator Clancey, 1980 (480), see Clements & Driessens (1995: 211) (309). 62 The name toulsoni attaches to what is thought to be a local colour morph (Brooke, 1971) (231). 63 For reasons to separate this see Brooke (1969) (229). Includes dryas Ripley, 1950 (2034), see Ripley (1982: 202) (2055). 64 Includes ocyptera and thoa see Wells (1999: 465) (2580). 65 Includes dehaani Somadikarta, 1975 (2297), and mendeni Somadikarta, 1975 (2297), see Wells (1999: 465) (2580). 66 Includes stresemanni see Wells (1999: 465) (2580). 67 Includes nakamurai and barbarae Peters, 1939 (1824), see Dickinson et al. (1991: 235) (745). 68 The two new races are accepted tentatively. APODIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD TROCHILIDAE (HUMMINGBIRDS)1 (1O4: 331) PHAETHORNITHINAE RAMPHODON Lesson, 1830 M Ramphodon naevius (Dumont, 1818) (Saw-billed Hermit)2 SE Brazil EUTOXERES Reichenbach, 1849 M3 Eutoxeres aquila (White-tipped Sicklebill) E.a.salvini Gould, 18684 Costa Rica to W Colombia E.a.heterurus Gould, 1868 SW Colombia, W Ecuador E.a.aquila (Bourcier, 1847) E Colombia to N Peru Eutoxeres condamini (Buff-tailed Sicklebill) E.c.condamini (Bourcier, 1851) SE Colombia to N Peru E.c.gracilis Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902 C Peru to N Bolivia GLAUCIS Boie, 1831 M5 Glaucis dohrnii (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1852) (Hook-billed Hermit) SE Brazil Glaucis hirsutus (Rufous-breasted Hermit) G.h.insularum Hellmayr & von Seilern-Aspang, 1913 Grenada, Trinidad, Tobago Is. G.h.hirsutus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788)6 7 Panama, Colombia to Bolivia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil Glaucis aeneus Lawrence, 1867 (Bronzy Hermit) E Honduras and E Nicaragua to W Panama, W Colombia, W Ecuador THRENETES Gould, 1852 M Threnetes ruckeri (Band-tailed Barbthroat) 8 T.r.ventosus Bangs & Penard, 1924 E Guatemala to Panama T.r.ruckeri (Bourcier, 1847) N and W Colombia, W Ecuador T.r.venezuelensis Cory, 1913 NW Venezuela Threnetes niger (Pale-tailed Barbthroat)9 T.n.cervinicauda Gould, 1855 E Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru, W Brazil T.n.rufigastra Cory, 1915 C Peru to NC Bolivia T.n.leucurus (Linnaeus, 1766) The Orinoco and Amazon basins (Guianas, Venezuela, Brazil and NE Bolivia) T.n.niger (Linnaeus, 1758) French Guiana, N Brazil T.n.loehkeni Grantsau, 196910 11 NE Brazil (N of R. Amazon) (974) T.n.medianus Hellmayr, 1929 NE Brazil (S of R. Amazon) ANOPETIA Simon, 191812 F Anopetia gounellei (Boucard, 1891) (Broad-tipped Hermit) E Brazil PHAETHORNIS Swainson, 1827 M Phaethornis yaruqui (Bourcier, 1851) (White-whiskered Hermit)13 W Colombia, W Ecuador Phaethornis guy (Green Hermit) P.g.coruscus Bangs, 1902 Costa Rica, Panama, NW Colombia P.g.emiliae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1846) WC Colombia P.g.apicalis (Tschudi, 1844) N Colombia and NW Venezuela to SE Peru P.g.guy (Lesson, 1832) NE Venezuela, Trinidad Phaethornis hispidus (Gould, 1846) (White-bearded Hermit) E Venezuela, E Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, Bolivia, W Brazil Phaethornis longirostris (Western Long-tailed Hermit) P.l.griseoventer A.R. Phillips, 1962 W Mexico (1868) P.l.mexicanus E. Hartert, 1897 SW Mexico P.l.longirostris (DeLattre, 1843)14 S Mexico to N Honduras P.l.cephalus (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1848) 15 E Honduras to NW Colombia P.l.sussurus Bangs, 1901 N Colombia P.l.baroni E. Hartert, 1897 W Ecuador, NW Peru Phaethornis superciliosus (Eastern Long-tailed Hermit)16 P.s.superciliosus (Linnaeus, 1766)17 S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil P.s.muelleri Hellmayr, 1911 N Brazil Phaethornis malaris (Great-billed Hermit) P.m.malaris (Nordmann, 1835) The Guianas, N Brazil P.m.insolitus J.T. Zimmer, 1950 E Colombia, S Venezuela, N Brazil (2713) P.m.moorei Lawrence, 185818 E Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru P.m.ochraceiventris Hellmayr, 1907 NE Peru, W Brazil P.m.bolivianus Gould, 186119 SE Peru, Bolivia, W Brazil P.m.margarettae Ruschi, 197220 E Brazil (2132) Phaethornis syrmatophorus (Tawny-bellied Hermit) P.s.syrmatophorus Gould, 1851 W Colombia to SW Ecuador P.s.columbianus Boucard, 189121 E Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru Phaethornis koepckeae Weske & Terborgh, 1977 (Koepcke's Hermit) Peru (2587) Phaethornis philippii (Bourcier, 1847) (Needle-billed Hermit) E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil Phaethornis bourcieri (Straight-billed Hermit) P.b.bourcieri (Lesson, 1832)22 E Colombia, NE Peru to Brazil, S Venezuela and the Guianas P.b.major Hinkelmann, 1989 Brazil (1119) Phaethornis anthophilus (Pale-bellied Hermit) 23 P.a.hyalinus Bangs, 1901 Pearl Is. (Panama) P.a.anthophilus (Bourcier, 1843) C Panama, N Colombia, N Venezuela Phaethornis eurynome (Scale-throated Hermit) P.e.eurynome (Lesson, 1832)24 SE Brazil P.e.paraguayensis M. & W. Bertoni, 190125 E Paraguay, NE Argentina Phaethornis pretrei (Lesson & DeLattre, 1839) (Planalto Hermit)26 Bolivia, N Argentina, Paraguay, SE and E Brazil Phaethornis augusti (Sooty-capped Hermit) P.a.curiosus Wetmore, 1956 N Colombia (2597) P.a.augusti (Bourcier, 1847)27 E Colombia, N Venezuela P.a.incanescens (Simon, 1921) S Venezuela, W Guyana Phaethornis subochraceus Todd, 1915 (Buff-bellied Hermit) N Bolivia, S Brazil Phaethornis squalidus (Temminck, 1822) (Dusky-throated Hermit) SE Brazil Phaethornis rupurumii (Streak-throated Hermit)28 P.r.rupurumii Boucard, 1892 E Colombia, C and E Venezuela, W Guyana, N Brazil P.r.amazonicus Hellmayr, 1906 NC Brazil Phaethornis longuemareus (Lesson, 1832) (Little Hermit) 29 30 NE Venezuela to French Guiana, Trinidad Phaethornis idaliae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1856) (Minute Hermit) SE Brazil Phaethornis nattereri Berlepsch, 1887 (Cinnamon-throated Hermit)31 NE and SW Brazil, E Bolivia Phaethornis ruber (Reddish Hermit) P.r.episcopus Gould, 1857 C and E Venezuela, Guyana, N Brazil P.r.ruber (Linnaeus, 1758) Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil, SE Peru, N Bolivia P.r.nigricinctus Lawrence, 1858 SW Venezuela, E and S Colombia, to N Peru P.r.longipennis Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902 S Peru Phaethornis stuarti E. Hartert, 1897 (White-browed Hermit) SE Peru to C Bolivia Phaethornis atrimentalis (Black-throated Hermit) P.a.atrimentalis Lawrence, 1858 Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru P.a.riojae Berlepsch, 188932 C Peru Phaethornis striigularis (Stripe-throated Hermit) P.s.saturatus Ridgway, 191033 34 S Mexico to NW Colombia P.s.subrufescens Chapman, 1917 W Colombia, W Ecuador P.s.striigularis Gould, 1854 N Colombia, W Venezuela P.s.ignobilis Todd, 1913 N Venezuela Phaethornis griseogularis (Grey-chinned Hermit) P.g.griseogularis Gould, 1851 SE Venezuela, N Brazil, E Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru P.g.zonura Gould, 1860 E Andean slope NW Peru P.g.porcullae Carriker, 1935 W Andean NW Peru TROCHILINAE ANDRODON Gould, 1863 M Androdon aequatorialis Gould, 1863 (Tooth-billed Hummingbird) E Panama, W Colombia, NW Ecuador DORYFERA Gould, 1847 F Doryfera ludovicae (Green-fronted Lancebill) D.l.veraguensis Salvin, 1867 NC Costa Rica, W Panama D.l.ludovicae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1847)35 E Panama, Colombia, W Venezuela to NW Bolivia Doryfera johannae (Blue-fronted Lancebill) D.j.johannae (Bourcier, 1847) EC Colombia to NE Peru D.j.guianensis (Boucard, 1893) SE Venezuela, S Guyana, N Brazil CAMPYLOPTERUS Swainson, 182736 M Campylopterus cuvierii (Scaly-breasted Hummingbird) C.c.roberti (Salvin, 1861) SE Mexico, N Guatemala to E NE Costa Rica C.c.maculicauda (Griscom, 1932) Pacific slope Costa Rica C.c.furvescens (Wetmore, 1967)37 Pacific slope W Panama (2604) C.c.saturatior (E. Hartert, 1901 Coiba I. (Panama) C.c.cuvierii (DeLattre & Bourcier, 1846) E and C Panama C.c.berlepschi (Hellmayr, 1915) N Colombia Campylopterus curvipennis (Wedge-tailed Sabrewing) C.c.curvipennis (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1830) SE Mexico C.c.excellens (Wetmore, 1941)38 S Mexico C.c.yucatanensis (Simon, 1921) Yucatán Pen. (Mexico) C.c.pampa (Lesson, 1832)39 N Guatemala, Belize, Honduras Campylopterus largipennis (Grey-breasted Sabrewing) C.l.largipennis (Boddaert, 1783) E Venezuela, the Guianas, NW Brazil C.l.obscurus Gould, 1848 NE Brazil C.l.aequatorialis Gould, 1861 E Colombia and NW Brazil to N Bolivia C.l.diamantinensis Ruschi, 196340 SE Brazil (2130) Campylopterus rufus Lesson, 1840 (Rufous Sabrewing) S Mexico, W Guatemala, El Salvador Campylopterus hyperythrus Cabanis, 1848 (Rufous-breasted Sabrewing) SE Venezuela, NW Brazil Campylopterus hemileucurus (Violet Sabrewing) C.h.hemileucurus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1830) S Mexico to SC Nicaragua C.h.mellitus Bangs, 1902 Costa Rica, W Panama Campylopterus ensipennis (Swainson, 1822) White-tailed Sabrewing) NE Venezuela, Tobago I. Campylopterus falcatus (Swainson, 1821) (Lazuline Sabrewing) NC Venezuela to NE Ecuador Campylopterus phainopeplus Salvin & Godman, 1879 (Santa Marta Sabrewing) NE Colombia Campylopterus villaviscensio (Bourcier, 1851) (Napo Sabrewing) S Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru Campylopterus duidae (Buff-breasted Sabrewing) C.d.duidae Chapman, 192941 S Venezuela, N Brazil C.d.guayquinimae Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 Mt. Guaiquinima (S Venezuela) (2723) APHANTOCHROA Gould, 1853 F Aphantochroa cirrochloris (Vieillot, 1818) (Sombre Hummingbird)42 E Brazil EUPETOMENA Gould, 1853 F Eupetomena macroura (Swallow-tailed Hummingbird)43 E.m.macroura (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) The Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay E.m.simoni Hellmayr, 1929 NE Brazil E.m.cyanoviridis Grantsau, 1988 SE Brazil (975) E.m.hirundo Gould, 1875 E Peru E.m.boliviana J.T. Zimmer, 1950 Beni (NW Bolivia) (2714) FLORISUGA Bonaparte, 1850 F Florisuga mellivora (White-necked Jacobin) F.m.mellivora (Linnaeus, 1758) C America, N Sth. America F.m.flabellifera (Gould, 1846) Tobago I. Florisuga fusca (Vieillot, 1817) (Black Jacobin)44 E Brazil to SE Paraguay, NE Argentina, N Uruguay COLIBRI Spix, 1824 M Colibri delphinae (Lesson, 1839) (Brown Violet-ear)45 Guatemala to Panama, N and W Sth. America Colibri thalassinus (Green Violet-ear) C.t.thalassinus (Swainson, 1827)46 C and S Mexico to NC Nicaragua C.t.cabanidis (Heine, 1863) Costa Rica, W Panama C.t.cyanotus (Bourcier, 1843) Mts. of Colombia, Ecuador and NW Venezuela C.t.kerdeli Aveledo & Perez, 1991 Cordillera Oriental (NE Venezuela) (68) C.t.crissalis Todd, 1942 Andes of Peru, Bolivia and NW Argentina Colibri coruscans (Sparkling Violet-ear) C.c.coruscans (Gould, 1846) Andes of NW Venezuela and Colombia to NW Argentina C.c.rostratus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1952 Mts. of Amazonas (S Venezuela) (1850) C.c.germanus (Salvin & Godman, 1884) Tepuis of SE Venezuela, E Guyana, N Brazil Colibri serrirostris (Vieillot, 1816) (White-vented Violet-ear) E Bolivia, C Paraguay, S Brazil, N Argentina ANTHRACOTHORAX Boie, 1831 M Anthracothorax viridigula (Boddaert, 1783) (Green-throated Mango) NE Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, N Brazil Anthracothorax prevostii (Green-breasted Mango) A.p.prevostii (Lesson, 1832) E and S Mexico to Guatemala, Belize and El Salvador A.p.gracilirostris Ridgway, 1910 El Salvador to C Costa Rica A.p.hendersoni (Cory, 1887)47 San Andrés I., Providencia I. A.p.viridicordatus Cory, 1913 NE Colombia, N Venezuela A.p.iridescens (Gould, 1861)48 W Colombia, SW Ecuador, NW Peru Anthracothorax nigricollis (Vieillot, 1817) (Black-throated Mango) W Panama, Sth. America south to NE Argentina Anthracothorax veraguensis Reichenbach, 1855 (Veraguas Mango) Panama Anthracothorax dominicus (Antillean Mango) A.d.dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766) Hispaniola and nearby islands A.d.aurulentus (Audebert & Vieillot, 1801) Puerto Rico and nearby islands Anthracothorax viridis (Audebert & Vieillot, 1801) (Green Mango) Puerto Rico Anthracothorax mango (Linnaeus, 1758) (Jamaican Mango) Jamaica Anthracothorax recurvirostris (Swainson, 1822) (Fiery-tailed Awlbill)49 SE Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil, E Ecuador TOPAZA G.R. Gray, 1840 F Topaza pella (Crimson Topaz) T.p.pella (Linnaeus, 1758)50 E Venezuela, the Guianas T.p.smaragdula (Bosc, 1792) Surinam and NE Brazil (north of the Amazon) T.p.microrhyncha Butler, 1926 S bank of Amazon (NC Brazil) Topaza pyra (Fiery Topaz) T.p.pyra (Gould, 1846) E Colombia, S Venezuela, NW Brazil T.p.amaruni Hu, Joseph & Agro, 2000 E Ecuador, NW Peru (1156) T.p.subsp. ? WC Brazil51 EULAMPIS Boie, 1831 M Eulampis jugularis (Linnaeus, 1766) (Purple-throated Carib) Montane Lesser Antilles Eulampis holosericeus (Green-throated Carib)52 E.h.holosericeus (Linnaeus, 1758) E Puerto Rico, most of Lesser Antilles E.h.chlorolaemus Gould, 1857 Grenada I. CHRYSOLAMPIS Boie, 1831 F Chrysolampis mosquitus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ruby Topaz) E Panama, Colombia east to NE Brazil, south to E Bolivia ORTHORHYNCUS Lacépčde, 1799 M Orthorhyncus cristatus (Antillean Crested Hummingbird) O.c.exilis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) E Puerto Rico to Lesser Antilles and St. Lucia I. O.c.ornatus Gould, 1861 St Vincent I. O.c.cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Barbados I. O.c.emigrans Lawrence, 1877 Grenada and Grenadines Is. KLAIS Reichenbach, 1854 F Klais guimeti (Violet-headed Hummingbird) K.g.merrittii (Lawrence, 1860)53 E Honduras to E Panama K.g.guimeti (Bourcier, 1843) N and W Venezuela to N Peru, N and NW Brazil K.g.pallidiventris Stolzmann, 1926 E Peru, WC Bolivia STEPHANOXIS Simon, 1897 M Stephanoxis lalandi (Plovercrest) S.l.lalandi (Vieillot, 1818) E Brazil S.l.loddigesii (Gould, 1831) S Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina ABEILLIA Bonaparte, 1850 F Abeillia abeillei (Emerald-chinned Hummingbird) A.a.abeillei (Lesson & DeLattre, 1839) Mts. of SE Mexico to N Honduras A.a.aurea Miller & Griscom, 1925 Mts. of S Honduras, N Nicaragua LOPHORNIS Lesson, 182954 M55 Lophornis ornatus (Boddaert, 1783) (Tufted Coquette) E Venezuela, the Guianas, Trinidad, N Brazil Lophornis gouldii (Lesson, 1833) (Dot-eared Coquette) N and C Brazil Lophornis magnificus (Vieillot, 1817) (Frilled Coquette) EC Brazil Lophornis brachylophus R.T. Moore, 1949 (Short-crested Cocquette)56 SW Mexico (1618) Lophornis delattrei (Rufous-crested Coquette)57 L.d.lessoni Simon, 1921 SW Costa Rica, Panama, C Colombia L.d.delattrei (Lesson, 1839) E and C Peru, N Bolivia Lophornis stictolophus Salvin & Elliot, 1873 (Spangled Coquette) Andes of W Venezuela and E Colombia south to N Peru Lophornis chalybeus (Festive Coquette) L.c.verreauxii J. & E. Verreaux, 1853 E Colombia to C Bolivia, NW Brazil L.c.klagesi Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 SE Venezuela L.c.chalybeus (Vieillot, 1823) SE Brazil Lophornis pavoninus (Peacock Coquette) L.p.pavoninus Salvin & Godman, 188258 Cerro Ptaretepui, Mt. Roraima and the Merumé Mts. (Venezuela/Guyana) L.p.duidae Chapman, 1929 Mt. Duida (SE Venezuela) Lophornis helenae (DeLattre, 1843) (Black-crested Coquette) S Mexico to E Costa Rica Lophornis adorabilis Salvin, 1870 (White-crested Coquette) C Costa Rica to W Panama DISCOSURA Bonaparte, 185059 F Discosura popelairii (Du Bus, 1846)60 (Wire-crested Thorntail) E Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru Discosura langsdorffi (Black-bellied Thorntail) D.l.melanosternon (Gould, 1868) SE Colombia, S Venezuela, E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil D.l.langsdorffi (Temminck, 1821) E Brazil Discosura letitiae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1852) (Coppery Thorntail) NE Bolivia Discosura conversii (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1846) (Green Thorntail) Costa Rica to W Ecuador Discosura longicaudus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Racquet-tailed Coquette)61 S Venezuela, the Guianas, NC and NE Brazil TROCHILUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Trochilus polytmus Linnaeus, 1758 (Red-billed Streamertail) Jamaica Trochilus scitulus (Brewster & Bangs, 1901) (Black-billed Streamertail)62 E Jamaica CHLOROSTILBON Gould, 1853 M Chlorostilbon notatus (Blue-chinned Sapphire) 63 64 C.n.notatus (Reich, 1795) NE Colombia to Trinidad and Tobago, the Guianas, E Brazil (2000) C.n.puruensis Riley, 1913 NW Brazil to SE Colombia and NE Peru C.n.obsoletus (J.T. Zimmer, 1950) NE Peru (2715) Chlorostilbon auriceps (Gould, 1852) (Golden-crowned Emerald) W and C Mexico Chlorostilbon forficatus Ridgway, 1885 (Cozumel Emerald) Cozumel Is. Chlorostilbon canivetii (Canivet's Emerald) C.c.canivetii (Lesson, 1832) SE Mexico, Belize, N Guatemala, Bay Is. C.c.osberti Gould, 1860 SE Mexico, C and W Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua C.c.salvini Cabanis & Heine, 1860 W Costa Rica Chlorostilbon assimilis Lawrence, 1861 (Garden Emerald) SW Costa Rica, SW Panama, Pearl Is. Chlorostilbon mellisugus (Blue-tailed Emerald)65 C.m.pumilus Gould, 1872 W Colombia, W Ecuador C.m.melanorhynchus Gould, 1860 Andes of W Colombia, W and C Ecuador C.m.gibsoni (Fraser, 1840) C Colombia C.m.chrysogaster (Bourcier, 1843) N Colombia C.m.nitens Lawrence, 1861 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela C.m.caribaeus Lawrence, 1871 Netherlands Antilles, Trinidad, NE Venezuela C.m.duidae Zimmer & Phelps, 1952 Mt. Duida (S Venezuela) (2728) C.m.subfurcatus Berlepsch, 1887 E and S Venezuela, Guyana, NW Brazil C.m.mellisugus (Linnaeus, 1758) Surinam, French Guiana, NE Brazil C.m.phoeopygus (Tschudi, 1844)66 Upper Amazonia C.m.peruanus Gould, 1861 Peru, E Bolivia Chlorostilbon olivaresi Stiles, 1996 (Chiribiquete Emerald) # SE Colombia (2341) Chlorostilbon aureoventris (Glittering-bellied Emerald)67 C.a.pucherani (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1848) E Brazil C.a.aureoventris (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) Bolivia, Paraguay, WC Brazil, NW Argentina C.a.berlepschi Pinto, 1938 S Brazil, Uruguay, NE Argentina †Chlorostilbon bracei (Lawrence, 1877) (Brace’s Emerald)68 Bahamas Chlorostilbon ricordii (Gervais, 1835) (Cuban Emerald) Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, Bahamas Chlorostilbon swainsonii (Lesson, 1829) (Hispaniolan Emerald) Hispaniola Chlorostilbon maugaeus (Audebert & Vieillot, 1801) (Puerto Rican Emerald) Puerto Rico Chlorostilbon russatus (Salvin & Godman, 1881) (Coppery Emerald) NE Colombia, NW Venezuela Chlorostilbon stenurus (Narrow-tailed Emerald)69 C.s.stenurus (Cabanis & Heine, 1860) NE Colombia, NW Venezuela, NE Ecuador C.s.ignotus Todd, 194270 NW Venezuela Chlorostilbon alice (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1848) (Green-tailed Emerald) N Venezuela Chlorostilbon poortmani (Short-tailed Emerald) C.p.poortmani (Bourcier, 1843) E Colombia, NW Venezuela C.p.euchloris (Reichenbach, 1854) C Colombia †?Chlorostilbon elegans (Gould, 1860) Caribbean Emerald 71 ? Caribbean PANTERPE Cabanis & Heine, 1860 F Panterpe insignis (Fiery-throated Hummingbird) P.i.eisenmanni Stiles, 1985 N Costa Rica (2338) P.i.insignis Cabanis & Heine, 1860 NC Costa Rica to W Panama ELVIRA Mulsant and J. & E. Verreaux, 1866 F Elvira chionura (Gould, 1851) (White-tailed Emerald) S Costa Rica to C Panama Elvira cupreiceps (Lawrence, 1866) (Coppery-headed Emerald) N and C Costa Rica EUPHERUSA Gould, 1857 F Eupherusa cyanophrys Rowley & Orr, 1964 (Oaxaca Hummingbird) S Oaxaca (Mexico) (2117) Eupherusa poliocerca Elliot, 1871 (White-tailed Hummingbird) S Mexico Eupherusa eximia (Stripe-tailed Hummingbird) E.e.nelsoni Ridgway, 1910 E and SE Mexico E.e.eximia (DeLattre, 1843) E Mexico to C Nicaragua E.e.egregia Sclater & Salvin, 1868 Costa Rica, W Panama Eupherusa nigriventris Lawrence, 1867 (Black-bellied Hummingbird) C Costa Rica, W Panama GOETHALSIA Nelson, 1912 F Goethalsia bella Nelson, 1912 (Pirre Hummingbird) E Panama, NW Colombia GOLDMANIA Nelson, 1911 F Goldmania violiceps Nelson, 1911 (Violet-capped Hummingbird) E Panama CYNANTHUS Swainson, 1827 M Cynanthus sordidus (Gould, 1859) (Dusky Hummingbird) To north of Sierra Madre del Sur (S Mexico) Cynanthus latirostris (Broad-billed Hummingbird) 72 C.l.magicus (Mulsant & Verreaux, 1872) Arizona south to Nayarit and Durango C.l.propinquus R.T. Moore, 1939 NE Jalico, Guanajuaoto (C Mexico) C.l.latirostris Swainson, 1827 C and E Mexico C.l.toroi Berlioz, 1937 Colima and Michoacán (SC Mexico) C.l.lawrencei (Berlepsch, 1887) Tres Marias Arch. C.l.doubledayi (Bourcier, 1847) Coastal plain of SW Mexico CYANOPHAIA Reichenbach, 1854 F Cyanophaia bicolor (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Blue-headed Hummingbird) Dominica and Martinique Is. THALURANIA Gould, 184873 F Thalurania ridgwayi Nelson, 1900 (Mexican Woodnymph) W Mexico Thalurania colombica (Purple-crowned Woodnymph) T.c.townsendi Ridgway, 1888 E Guatemala to SE Honduras T.c.venusta (Gould, 1851) Nicaragua to C Panama T.c.colombica (Bourcier, 1843) N Colombia, NW Venezuela T.c.rostrifera Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1956 NW Venezuela (1858) Thalurania fannyi (Green-crowned Woodnymph) T.f.fannyi (DeLattre & Bourcier, 1846) E Panama, NW to SW Colombia T.f.subtropicalis Griscom, 1932 WC Colombia T.f.verticeps (Gould, 1851) SW Colombia, NW Ecuador T.f.hypochlora Gould, 1871 W Ecuador Thalurania furcata (Fork-tailed Woodnymph) T.f.refulgens Gould, 1853 NE Venezuela T.f.furcata (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) E Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil T.f.fissilis Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 E Venezuela, W Guyana, NE Brazil T.f.orenocensis Hellmayr 1921 Upper Orinoco (S Venezuela) T.f.nigrofasciata (Gould, 1846) SE Colombia, S Venezuela, NW Brazil T.f.viridipectus Gould, 184874 E Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru T.f.jelskii Taczanowski, 1874 E Peru, W Brazil T.f.simoni Hellmayr, 1906 SE Peru, SW Brazil T.f.balzani Simon, 1896 NC Brazil T.f.furcatoides Gould, 1861 E Brazil T.f.boliviana Boucard, 1894 SE Peru, NE Bolivia T.f.baeri Hellmayr, 1907 NE and C Brazil to SE Bolivia and NW and NC Argentina T.f.eriphile (Lesson, 1832) SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Thalurania watertonii (Bourcier, 1847) (Long-tailed Woodnymph) Guyana, E Brazil Thalurania glaucopis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Violet-capped Woodnymph) E and S Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina DAMOPHILA Reichenbach, 1854 F Damophila julie (Violet-bellied Hummingbird) D.j.panamensis Berlepsch, 1884 C Panama D.j.julie (Bourcier, 1842) N and C Colombia D.j.feliciana (Lesson, 1844) SW Colombia to NW Peru LEPIDOPYGA Reichenbach, 1855 F Lepidopyga coeruleogularis (Sapphire-throated Hummingbird) L.c.coeruleogularis (Gould, 1851) W Panama L.c.confinis Griscom, 1932 E Panama, NW Colombia L.c.coelina (Bourcier, 1856) N Colombia Lepidopyga lilliae Stone, 1917 (Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird) Coastal NC Colombia Lepidopyga goudoti (Shining-green Hummingbird) L.g.luminosa (Lawrence, 1862) N Colombia L.g.goudoti (Bourcier, 1843) Magdalena valley (C Colombia) L.g.zuliae Cory, 1918 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela L.g.phaeochroa Todd, 1942 NW Venezuela HYLOCHARIS Boie, 1831 F Hylocharis eliciae (Blue-throated Goldentail) H.e.eliciae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1846) SE Mexico to S Costa Rica H.e.earina Wetmore, 196775 W Panama to NW Colombia (2604) Hylocharis sapphirina (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Rufous-throated Sapphire) E Colombia, S Venezuela and the Guianas to NE Peru and C Brazil, NE Bolivia, Paraguay, NE Argentina Hylocharis cyanus (White-chinned Sapphire)76 H.c.viridiventris Berlepsch, 1880 N and E Colombia, W and S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil H.c.rostrata Boucard, 1895 E Peru, NE Bolivia, W Brazil H.c.conversa J.T. Zimmer, 1950 E Bolivia, N Paraguay, SW Brazil (2716) H.c.cyanus (Vieillot, 1818) Coastal E Brazil H.c.griseiventris Grantsau, 1988 SE Brazil, NE Argentina (975) Hylocharis chrysura (Shaw, 1812) (Gilded Hummingbird)77 NE and SC Bolivia, Paraguay, C and SE Brazil, Uruguay, N Argentina Hylocharis grayi (Blue-headed Sapphire) H.g.humboldtii (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1852) SE Panama to NW Ecuador H.g.grayi (DeLattre & Bourcier, 1846) W Colombia, N Ecuador CHRYSURONIA Bonaparte, 1850 F Chrysuronia oenone (Golden-tailed Sapphire) C.o.oenone (Lesson, 1832)78 N and E Venezuela, E Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru, W Brazil C.o.josephinae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1848) E Peru C.o.alleni (Elliot, 1888)79 N Bolivia LEUCOCHLORIS Reichenbach, 1854 M Leucochloris albicollis (Vieillot, 1818) (White-throated Hummingbird) E Bolivia, SE Brazil, E Paraguay, N Argentina POLYTMUS Brisson, 1760 M Polytmus guainumbi (White-tailed Goldenthroat) P.g.andinus Simon, 192180 E Colombia P.g.guainumbi (Pallas, 1764) Venezuela, the Guianas, Trinidad, N Brazil P.g.thaumantias (Linnaeus, 1766) E and C Brazil, E Paraguay, E Bolivia, NE Argentina Polytmus milleri (Chapman, 1929) (Tepui Goldenthroat) SE Venezuela and Mt. Roraima (N Brazil) Polytmus theresiae (Green-tailed Goldenthroat) P.t.theresiae (Da Silva Maia, 1843) The Guianas, NC Brazil P.t.leucorrhous Sclater & Salvin, 1867 E Colombia and S Venezuela to NE Peru and NW Brazil LEUCIPPUS Bonaparte, 185081 M Leucippus fallax (Bourcier, 1843) (Buffy Hummingbird)82 Coastal Colombia and Venezuela, and offshore islands Leucippus baeri Simon, 1901 (Tumbes Hummingbird) SW Ecuador and NW Peru Leucippus taczanowskii (P.L. Sclater, 1879) (Spot-throated Hummingbird)83 N and C Peru Leucippus chlorocercus Gould, 1866 (Olive-spotted Hummingbird) E Peru TAPHROSPILUS Simon, 191084 M Taphrospilus hypostictus (Gould, 1862) (Many-spotted Hummingbird) 85 E Ecuador, E Peru, C and SE Bolivia to SW Brazil AMAZILIA Lesson, 184386 F Amazilia chionogaster (White-bellied Hummingbird) A.c.chionogaster (Tschudi, 1844) N and C Peru A.c.hypoleuca (Gould, 1846) SE Peru, Bolivia, NW Argentina Amazilia viridicauda (Berlepsch, 1883) (Green-and-white Hummingbird) C Peru Amazilia rutila (Cinnamon Hummingbird) A.r.diluta van Rossem, 1938 NW Mexico A.r.graysoni Lawrence, 1866 Tres Marías Is. (off W Mexico) A.r.rutila (Lesson, 1842) W and SW Mexico A.r.corallirostris (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1846) S and SE Mexico to Costa Rica Amazilia yucatanensis (Buff-bellied Hummingbird) A.y.chalconota Oberholser, 1898 S Texas, NE Mexico A.y.cerviniventris (Gould, 1856) E Mexico A.y.yucatanensis (Cabot, 1845) SE Mexico, NW Guatemala, N Belize Amazilia tzacatl (Rufous-tailed Hummingbird) A.t.tzacatl (De la Llave, 1833) EC Mexico to C Panama A.t.handleyi Wetmore, 196387 I. Escudo de Veraguas (NW Panama) (2601) A.t.fuscicaudata (Fraser, 1840) N Colombia, W Venezuela (872) A.t.brehmi Weller & Schuchmann 1999 Narińo (SW Colombia) (2577) A.t.jucunda (Heine, 1863) W Colombia, W Ecuador Amazilia castaneiventris (Gould, 1856) (Chestnut-bellied Hummingbird) NC Colombia Amazilia amazilia (Amazilia Hummingbird) A.a.dumerilii (Lesson, 1832) W and SE Ecuador, N Peru A.a.leucophoea Reichenbach, 185488 NW Peru A.a.amazilia (Lesson, 1828) W Peru A.a.caeruleigularis Carriker, 1933 SW Peru Amazilia alticola Gould, 1860 (Loja Hummingbird)89 S Ecuador Amazilia leucogaster (Plain-bellied Emerald) A.l.leucogaster (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) E Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil A.l.bahiae (E. Hartert, 1899) E Brazil Amazilia versicolor (Versicoloured Emerald) A.v.millerii (Bourcier, 1847) E Colombia to E Peru, N Brazil A.v.hollandi (Todd, 1913) SE Venezuela A.v.nitidifrons (Gould, 1860) NE Brazil A.v.versicolor (Vieillot, 1818) SE Brazil A.v.kubtchecki Ruschi, 195990 NE Bolivia, E Paraguay, NE Argentina, SW Brazil (2127) Amazilia rondoniae Ruschi, 1982 (Blue-green Emerald) # WC Brazil, N Bolivia (2140) Amazilia brevirostris (White-chested Emerald)91 A.b.chionopectus (Gould, 1859) Trinidad A.b.brevirostris (Lesson, 1829)92 E Venezuela and Guyana to NC Brazil A.b.orienticola Todd, 1942 Coastal French Guiana Amazilia franciae (Andean Emerald) A.f.franciae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1846) NW and C Colombia A.f.viridiceps (Gould, 1860) SW Colombia, W Ecuador A.f.cyanocollis (Gould, 1854) N Peru Amazilia candida (White-bellied Emerald) A.c.genini (Meise, 1938)93 E and S Mexico A.c.candida (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1846) SE Mexico (Chiapas) to Nicaragua A.c.pacifica (Griscom, 1929) SE Mexico (Yucatán Pen.), S Guatemala Amazilia cyanocephala (Azure-crowned Hummingbird) A.c.cyanocephala (Lesson, 1829)94 E and S Mexico to E Honduras and NC Nicaragua A.c.chlorostephana (T.R. Howell, 1965)95 E Honduras to NE Nicaragua (1151) Amazilia violiceps (Violet-crowned Hummingbird) A.v.ellioti (Berlepsch, 1889) SW USA to NW and C Mexico A.v.violiceps (Gould, 1859) SW Mexico Amazilia viridifrons (Green-fronted Hummingbird) 96 A.v.viridifrons (Elliot, 1871) Guerrero (S Mexico) A.v.wagneri A.R. Phillips, 196697 E and SC Oaxaca and Chiapas (S Mexico) (1872) Amazilia fimbriata (Glittering-throated Emerald)98 A.f.elegantissima Todd, 194299 NE Colombia, N and NW Venezuela A.f.fimbriata (J.F. Gmelin, 1788)100 NE Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil A.f.apicalis (Gould, 1861) E Colombia A.f.fluviatilis (Gould, 1861) SE Colombia, E Ecuador A.f.laeta (E. Hartert, 1900) NE Peru A.f.nigricauda (Elliot, 1878) E Bolivia to C Brazil A.f.tephrocephala (Vieillot, 1818) SE Brazil Amazilia lactea (Sapphire-spangled Emerald) A.l.zimmeri (Gilliard, 1941) SE Venezuela A.l.lactea (Lesson, 1832) C and S Brazil A.l.bartletti (Gould, 1866) E and SE Peru, N Bolivia Amazilia amabilis (Blue-chested Hummingbird)101 A.a.amabilis (Gould, 1853) NE Nicaragua to NC Colombia, W Ecuador102 A.a.decora (Salvin, 1891) SW Costa Rica, W Panama Amazilia rosenbergi (Boucard, 1895) (Purple-chested Hummingbird) W Colombia, NW Ecuador Amazilia boucardi (Mulsant, 1877) (Mangrove Hummingbird) W Costa Rica Amazilia luciae (Lawrence, 1867) (Honduran Emerald) Honduras Amazilia saucerrottei (Steely-vented Hummingbird)103 A.s.hoffmanni (Cabanis & Heine, 1860) SW Nicaragua to C Costa Rica A.s.warscewiczi (Cabanis & Heine, 1860) N and C Colombia A.s.saucerrottei (DeLattre & Bourcier, 1846)104 Andean slopes and valleys of NW Colombia A.s.braccata (Heine, 1863) Andes of Merida, Venezuela Amazilia cyanifrons (Bourcier, 1843) (Indigo-capped Hummingbird) N and C Colombia †Amazilia alfaroana Underwood, 1896 (Miravalles Hummingbird) Volcán Miravalles (Costa Rica)105 Amazilia edward (Snowy-breasted Hummingbird) A.e.niveoventer (Gould, 1851)106 SW Costa Rica, W and C Panama, Coiba I A.e.edward (DeLattre & Bourcier, 1846) WC Panama A.e.collata Wetmore, 1952 EC Panama (2595) A.e.margaritarum (Griscom, 1927) E Panama and islands in N Gulf of Panama Amazilia cyanura (Blue-tailed Hummingbird) A.c.guatemalae (Dearborn, 1907) SE Mexico to S Guatemala A.c.cyanura Gould, 1859 S Honduras to NW Nicaragua A.c.impatiens (Bangs, 1906)107 NW and C Costa Rica Amazilia beryllina (Berylline Hummingbird) A.b.viola (W. de W. Miller, 1905) NW and W Mexico A.b.beryllina (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1830) C Mexico A.b.lichtensteini R.T. Moore, 1950 W Chiapas (S Mexico) (1619) A.b.sumichrasti Salvin, 1891108 C and S Chiapas (Mexico) A.b.devillei (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1848) S Guatemala to C Honduras Amazilia viridigaster (Green-bellied Hummingbird) A.v.viridigaster (Bourcier, 1843) NC Colombia A.v.iodura (Reichenbach, 1854)109 NE Colombia, W Venezuela Amazilia cupreicauda (Copper-tailed Hummingbird)110 A.c.duidae (Chapman, 1929) S and C Venezuela A.c.cupreicauda Salvin & Godman, 1884 E Venezuela, W Guyana, N Brazil A.c.laireti (Phelps & Aveledo, 1988) Extreme S Venezuela (1840) A.c.pacaraimae (Weller, 2000) SE Venezuela (Co. Urutani) (2575) Amazilia tobaci (Copper-rumped Hummingbird) A.t.monticola (Todd, 1913) NW Venezuela A.t.feliciae (Lesson, 1840) NC Venezuela A.t.caudata Zimmer & Phelps, 1949 NE Venezuela (2725) A.t.aliciae Richmond, 1895 NE Venezuela, Margarita I. A.t.erythronotos (Lesson, 1829) Trinidad A.t.tobaci (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Tobago I. A.t.caurensis (Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902) E and SE Venezuela MICROCHERA Gould, 1858 F Microchera albocoronata (Snowcap) M.a.parvirostris (Lawrence, 1865) S Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica M.a.albocoronata (Lawrence, 1855) WC Panama ANTHOCEPHALA Cabanis & Heine, 1860 F Anthocephala floriceps (Blossomcrown) A.f.floriceps (Gould, 1854) NE Colombia A.f.berlepschi Salvin, 1893 C Colombia CHALYBURA Reichenbach, 1854 F Chalybura buffonii (White-vented Plumeleteer) C.b.micans Bangs & Barbour, 1922 C and E Panama, W Colombia C.b.buffonii (Lesson, 1832) C and NE Colombia, NW Venezuela C.b.aeneicauda Lawrence, 1865 N Colombia, NC and W Venezuela C.b.caeruleogaster (Gould, 1847) N and C Colombia Chalybura urochrysia (Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer) C.u.melanorrhoa Salvin, 1865 Nicaragua, Costa Rica C.u.isaurae (Gould, 1861)111 E Panama, NW Colombia C.u.urochrysia (Gould, 1861) SE Panama, NC and W Colombia, NW Ecuador C.u.intermedia E. & C. Hartert, 1894112 SW Ecuador LAMPORNIS Swainson, 1827 M Lampornis clemenciae (Blue-throated Hummingbird) L.c.phasmorus Oberholser, 1974113 Chisos Mts. (Texas) (1672) L.c.bessophilus (Oberholser, 1918) SW USA, NW Mexico L.c.clemenciae (Lesson, 1829) S USA, NE, S and C Mexico Lampornis amethystinus (Amethyst-throated Hummingbird) L.a.amethystinus Swainson, 1827 W, C and E Mexico L.a.circumventris (A.R. Phillips, 1966)114 S Mexico (1870) L.a.margaritae (Salvin & Godman, 1889) 115 SW Mexico L.a.salvini (Ridgway, 1908) S Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador L.a.nobilis Griscom, 1932 Honduras Lampornis viridipallens (Green-throated Mountain-gem) L.v.amadoni J.S. Rowley, 1968116 S Mexico (2116) L.v.ovandensis (Brodkorb, 1939) S Mexico, NW Guatemala L.v.viridipallens (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1846)117 Guatemala, N El Salvador, W Honduras L.v.nubivagus Dickey & van Rossem, 1929 El Salvador Lampornis sybillae (Salvin & Godman, 1892) (Green-breasted Mountain-gem) E Honduras, NC Nicaragua Lampornis hemileucus (Salvin, 1865) (White-bellied Mountain-gem) NC Costa Rica to W Panama Lampornis calolaemus (Purple-throated Mountain-gem) L.c.pectoralis (Salvin, 1891) S Nicaragua to NC Costa Rica L.c.calolaemus (Salvin, 1865)118 C Costa Rica L.c.homogenes Wetmore, 1967119 S Costa Rica, W Panama (2604) Lampornis castaneoventris (White-throated Mountain-gem)120 L.c.cinereicauda (Lawrence, 1867) S Costa Rica L.c.castaneoventris (Gould, 1851) W Panama BASILINNA Boie, 1831121 F Basilinna xantusii (Lawrence, 1860) (Xantus’s Hummingbird) S Baja California, Cerralvo I. Basilinna leucotis (White-eared Hummingbird) B.l.borealis (Griscom, 1929) SE Arizona, N Mexico B.l.leucotis (Vieillot, 1818) C and S Mexico, Guatemala B.l.pygmaea Simon & Hellmayr, 1908 El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua LAMPROLAIMA Reichenbach, 1854 F Lamprolaima rhami (Lesson, 1838) (Garnet-throated Hummingbird)122 C and S Mexico south to Honduras and El Salvador ADELOMYIA Bonaparte, 1854 F Adelomyia melanogenys (Speckled Hummingbird) A.m.cervina Gould, 1872 W and C Colombia A.m.connectens Meyer de Schauensee, 1945 S Colombia (1562) A.m.melanogenys (Fraser, 1840) E Colombia to SC Peru, W Venezuela A.m.debellardiana Aveledo & Perez, 1994123 W Venezuela (Perija Mts.) (69) A.m.aeneosticta Simon, 1889 C and N Venezuela A.m.maculata Gould, 1861 Ecuador to N Peru A.m.chlorospila Gould, 1872 SE Peru A.m.inornata (Gould, 1846) Bolivia, NW Argentina PHLOGOPHILUS Gould, 1860 M Phlogophilus hemileucurus Gould, 1860 (Ecuadorian Piedtail) S Colombia to NE Peru Phlogophilus harterti Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1901 (Peruvian Piedtail) C and SE Peru CLYTOLAEMA Gould, 1853 F Clytolaema rubricauda (Boddaert, 1783) (Brazilian Ruby) SE Brazil HELIODOXA Gould, 1849124 F Heliodoxa xanthogonys (Velvet-browed Brilliant) H.x.willardi Weller & Renner, 2001 Extreme S Venezuela (2576A) H.x. xanthogonys Salvin & Godman, 1882 E Venezuela, Guyana, NC Brazil Heliodoxa gularis (Gould, 1860) (Pink-throated Brilliant) S Colombia, NE Ecuador, NE Peru, NW Brazil Heliodoxa branickii (Taczanowski, 1874) (Rufous-webbed Brilliant) SE Peru, NW Bolivia Heliodoxa schreibersii (Black-throated Brilliant) H.s.schreibersii (Bourcier, 1847) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru, NW Brazil H.s.whitelyana (Gould, 1872) E Peru Heliodoxa aurescens (Gould, 1846) (Gould's Jewelfront) Amazonia Heliodoxa rubinoides (Fawn-breasted Brilliant) H.r.rubinoides (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1846) C and E Colombia H.r.aequatorialis (Gould, 1860) W Colombia, W Ecuador H.r.cervinigularis (Salvin, 1892) E Ecuador, E Peru, C Bolivia Heliodoxa jacula (Green-crowned Brilliant) H.j.henryi Lawrence, 1867 Costa Rica, W Panama H.j.jacula Gould, 1850 E Panama, N and C Colombia H.j.jamesoni (Bourcier, 1851) SW Colombia, W Ecuador Heliodoxa imperatrix (Gould, 1856) (Empress Brilliant) WC Colombia, NW Ecuador Heliodoxa leadbeateri (Violet-fronted Brilliant) H.l.leadbeateri (Bourcier, 1843) N Venezuela H.l.parvula Berlepsch, 1887 NW Venezuela, N, C and S Colombia H.l.sagitta (Reichenbach, 1854) E Ecuador, N Peru H.l.otero (Tschudi, 1844)125 C and S Peru, NW Bolivia EUGENES Gould, 1856 M Eugenes fulgens (Magnificent Hummingbird) E.f.fulgens (Swainson, 1827)126 SW USA to Honduras and NE Nicaragua E.f.spectabilis (Lawrence, 1867) Costa Rica, W Panama HYLONYMPHA Gould, 1873 F Hylonympha macrocerca Gould, 1873 (Scissor-tailed Hummingbird) Paria Pen. (NE Venezuela) STERNOCLYTA Gould, 1858 F Sternoclyta cyanopectus (Gould, 1846) (Violet-chested Hummingbird) NW Venezuela UROCHROA Gould, 1856 F Urochroa bougueri (White-tailed Hillstar) U.b.bougueri (Bourcier, 1851) SW Colombia, NW Ecuador U.b.leucura Lawrence, 1864127 S Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru BOISSONNEAUA Reichenbach, 1854 F Boissonneaua flavescens (Buff-tailed Coronet) B.f.flavescens (Loddiges, 1832) Colombia, NW Venezuela B.f.tinochlora Oberholser, 1902 SW Colombia, W Ecuador Boissonneaua matthewsii (Bourcier, 1847) (Chestnut-breasted Coronet) SE Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Boissonneaua jardini (Bourcier, 1851) (Velvet-purple Coronet) SW Colombia, NW Ecuador AGLAEACTIS Gould, 1848 F128 Aglaeactis cupripennis (Shining Sunbeam) A.c.cupripennis (Bourcier, 1843)129 Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru A.c.caumatonota Gould, 1848 C and S Peru Aglaeactis aliciae Salvin, 1896 (Purple-backed Sunbeam) Marańon Valley (N Peru) Aglaeactis castelnaudii (White-tufted Sunbeam) A.c.regalis J.T. Zimmer, 1951130 C Peru (2718) A.c.castelnaudii (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1848) S Peru Aglaeactis pamela (d’Orbigny, 1838) (Black-hooded Sunbeam) Andes of N and C Bolivia OREOTROCHILUS Gould, 1847 M Oreotrochilus chimborazo (Ecuadorian Hillstar)131 O.c.jamesonii Jardine, 1849 N Ecuador, S Colombia O.c.soderstromi Lönnberg & Rendahl, 1922 Mt. Quillotoa (C Ecuador) O.c.chimborazo (DeLattre & Bourcier, 1846) Mt. Chimborazo (C Ecuador) Oreotrochilus estella (Andean Hillstar) O.e.stolzmanni Salvin, 1895 N and C Peru O.e.estella (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) SW Peru to N Chile and NW Argentina O.e.bolivianus Boucard, 1893 C Bolivia Oreotrochilus leucopleurus Gould, 1847 (White-sided Hillstar) S Bolivia to SC Chile and S Argentina Oreotrochilus melanogaster Gould, 1847 (Black-breasted Hillstar) C Peru Oreotrochilus adela (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) (Wedge-tailed Hillstar) S Bolivia LAFRESNAYA Bonaparte, 1850 F Lafresnaya lafresnayi (Mountain Velvetbreast) L.l.liriope Bangs, 1910 NE Colombia L.l.greenewalti Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1961 W Venezuela (1863) L.l.lafresnayi (Boissonneau, 1840)132 W Venezuela, C and E Colombia L.l.saul (DeLattre & Bourcier, 1846) SW Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru L.l.rectirostris Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902133 N and C Peru COELIGENA Lesson, 1832 F Coeligena coeligena (Bronzy Inca) C.c.ferruginea (Chapman, 1917) W and C Colombia C.c.columbiana (Elliot, 1876) E and C Colombia, NW Venezuela C.c.coeligena (Lesson, 1833)134 N Venezuela C.c.zuliana Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1953 W Venezuela, NE Colombia (1853) C.c.obscura (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902)135 S Colombia, Ecuador, Peru C.c.boliviana (Gould, 1861) C and SE Bolivia Coeligena wilsoni (DeLattre & Bourcier, 1846) (Brown Inca) W and SW Colombia, W Ecuador Coeligena prunellei (Bourcier, 1843) (Black Inca) NC Colombia Coeligena torquata (Collared Inca)136 C.t.conradii (Bourcier, 1847) E Colombia, NW Venezuela C.t.torquata (Boissonneau, 1840) NW Venezuela, Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru C.t.fuligidigula (Gould, 1854) W Ecuador C.t.margaretae J.T. Zimmer, 1948 N Peru (2712) C.t.eisenmanni Weske, 1985 S Peru (2584) C.t.insectivora (Tschudi, 1844) C Peru C.t.omissa J.T. Zimmer, 1948 SE Peru (2712) C.t.inca (Gould, 1852) Bolivia Coeligena phalerata (Bangs, 1898) (White-tailed Starfrontlet) NE Colombia Coeligena bonapartei (Golden-bellied Starfrontlet)137 C.b.consita Wetmore & Phelps, 1952 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela (2612) C.b.bonapartei (Boissonneau, 1840) E Colombia C.b.orina Wetmore, 1953 NC Colombia (2596) C.b.eos (Gould, 1848) W Venezuela Coeligena helianthea (Blue-throated Starfrontlet) C.h.helianthea (Lesson, 1838) N and E Colombia C.h.tamai Berlioz & Phelps, 1953 138 W Venezuela (144) Coeligena lutetiae (DeLattre & Bourcier, 1846) (Buff-winged Starfrontlet) C Colombia, C Ecuador, N Peru Coeligena violifer (Violet-throated Starfrontlet) C.v.dichroura (Taczanowski, 1874) S Ecuador, N and C Peru, W Peru C.v.albicaudata Schuchmann & Züchner, 1997 S Peru (2207) C.v.osculans (Gould, 1871) SE Peru C.v.violifer (Gould, 1846) NW Bolivia Coeligena iris (Rainbow Starfrontlet) C.i.hesperus (Gould, 1865) SW Ecuador C.i.iris (Gould, 1854) S Ecuador, NW Peru (Piura) C.i.aurora (Gould, 1854) NW Peru (Cutervo) C.i.flagrans J.T. Zimmer, 1951 W slope of W Andes of Peru (2717) C.i.eva (Salvin, 1897) E slope of W Andes of N Peru C.i.fulgidiceps (Simon, 1921)139 E Andes of N Peru (E of the Marańon) ENSIFERA Lesson, 1843 F Ensifera ensifera (Boissonneau, 1840) (Sword-billed Hummingbird) W Venezuela, Colombia to N Bolivia PTEROPHANES Gould, 1849 M Pterophanes cyanopterus (Great Sapphirewing) P.c.cyanopterus (Fraser, 1839) NC Colombia P.c.caeruleus J.T. Zimmer, 1951 S Colombia (2718) P.c.peruvianus Boucard, 1895 Ecuador, Peru, N Bolivia PATAGONA G.R. Gray, 1840 F Patagona gigas (Giant Hummingbird) P.g.peruviana Boucard, 1893 SW Colombia to N Chile, NW Argentina P.g.gigas (Vieillot, 1824) C and S Chile, WC Argentina SEPHANOIDES G.R. Gray, 1840 M Sephanoides sephaniodes (Lesson, 1827) (Green-backed Firecrown)140 Chile, W Argentina Sephanoides fernandensis (Juan Fernandez Firecrown) S.f.fernandensis (P.P. King, 1831) Robinson Crusoe I. (Juan Fernandez Is.) †?S.f.leyboldi (Gould, 1870) Alejandro Selkirk I. (Juan Fernandez Is.) HELIANGELUS Gould, 1848 M Heliangelus mavors Gould, 1848 (Orange-throated Sunangel) E Colombia, NW Venezuela Heliangelus amethysticollis (Amethyst-throated Sunangel)141 H.a.violiceps Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1953 NE Colombia (1853) H.a.clarisse (Longuemare, 1841)142 E Colombia, W Venezuela H.a.spencei (Bourcier, 1847) Mérida Andes (NW Venezuela) H.a.laticlavius Salvin, 1891 S Ecuador, N Peru H.a.decolor J.T. Zimmer, 1951 C Peru (2718) H.a.amethysticollis (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) S Peru, NW Bolivia Heliangelus strophianus (Gould, 1846) (Gorgeted Sunangel) SW Colombia, NW Ecuador Heliangelus exortis (Fraser, 1840) (Tourmaline Sunangel) Colombia, NW Ecuador Heliangelus micraster (Little Sunangel) H.m.micraster Gould, 1872 SE Ecuador, N Peru H.m.cutervensis Simon, 1921 NW Peru Heliangelus viola (Gould, 1853) (Purple-throated Sunangel) S Ecuador, N Peru †?Heliangelus zusii Graves, 1993 (Bogotá Sunangel) # Bogota (Colombia) (988) Heliangelus regalis Fitzpatrick, Willard & Terborgh, 1979 (Royal Sunangel) N Peru (840) ERIOCNEMIS Reichenbach, 1849143 F144 Eriocnemis nigrivestis (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1852) (Black-breasted Puffleg) NW Ecuador Eriocnemis vestita (Glowing Puffleg) E.v.paramillo (Chapman, 1917) NW Colombia E.v.vestita (Lesson, 1838) E Colombia, NW Venezuela E.v.smaragdinipectus Gould, 1868 SW Colombia, E Ecuador E.v.arcosi Schuchmann, Weller & Heynen, 2001 S Ecuador, N Peru (2206) Eriocnemis derbyi (DeLattre & Bourcier, 1846) (Black-thighed Puffleg)145 C Colombia, NW Ecuador Eriocnemis godini (Bourcier, 1851) (Turquoise-throated Puffleg) NW Ecuador Eriocnemis cupreoventris (Fraser, 1840) (Coppery-bellied Puffleg) E Colombia, NW Venezuela Eriocnemis luciani (Sapphire-vented Puffleg)146 E.l.meridae Schuchmann, Weller & Heynen, 2001 Merida Andes of NW Venezuela (2206) E.l.luciani (Bourcier, 1847) W Ecuador, SW Colombia E.l.baptistae Schuchmann, Weller & Heynen, 2001 Andes of SC to S Ecuador (2206) E.l.catharina Salvin, 1897 N Peru E.l.sapphiropygia Taczanowski, 1874147 C and S Peru Eriocnemis mosquera (DeLattre & Bourcier, 1846) (Golden-breasted Puffleg) SW and C Colombia, NW Ecuador Eriocnemis glaucopoides (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) (Blue-capped Puffleg) C Bolivia to NW Argentina Eriocnemis mirabilis Meyer de Schauensee, 1967 (Colourful Puffleg) W Colombia (1574) Eriocnemis alinae (Emerald-bellied Puffleg) E.a.alinae (Bourcier, 1842) E Colombia, E Ecuador E.a.dybowskii Taczanowski, 1882 N and C Peru HAPLOPHAEDIA Simon, 1918148 F Haplophaedia aureliae (Greenish Puffleg) H.a.caucensis (Simon, 1911)149 SE Panama, W and C Andes of Colombia H.a.aureliae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1846)150 C and E Colombia H.a.russata (Gould, 1871) N and C Ecuador H.a.cutucuensis Schuchmann, Weller & Heynen, 2000 S Ecuador (2205) Haplophaedia assimilis (Buff-thighed Puffleg)151 H.a.affinis (Taczanowski, 1884) N and C Peru H.a.assimilis (Elliot, 1876) S Peru, N Bolivia Haplophaedia lugens (Gould, 1851) (Hoary Puffleg) SW Colombia, NW Ecuador UROSTICTE Gould, 1853 F Urosticte benjamini (Bourcier, 1851) (Whitetip)152 U.b.benjamini (Bourcier, 1851) 153 154 W Colombia to SW Ecuador and NE Peru U.b.ruficrissa Lawrence, 1864 S Colombia, E Ecuador OCREATUS Gould, 1846 M Ocreatus underwoodii (Racket-tailed Puffleg)155 O.u.polystictus Todd, 1942 N Venezuela O.u.discifer (Heine, 1863) NW Venezuela, NE Colombia O.u.underwoodii (Lesson, 1832) E Colombia O.u.incommodus (O. Kleinschmidt, 1943)156 W and C Colombia (1274) O.u.melanantherus (Jardine, 1851) E Ecuador O.u.peruanus (Gould, 1849) E Ecuador, NE Peru O.u.annae (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894) C and S Peru O.u.addae (Bourcier, 1846) Bolivia LESBIA Lesson, 1832 F Lesbia victoriae (Black-tailed Trainbearer) L.v.victoriae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1846)157 NE and S Colombia, Ecuador L.v.juliae (E. Hartert, 1899) N and C Peru L.v.berlepschi (Hellmayr, 1915) SE Peru Lesbia nuna (Green-tailed Trainbearer) L.n.gouldii (Loddiges, 1832) Colombia, W Venezuela L.n.gracilis (Gould, 1846) Ecuador L.n.pallidiventris (Simon, 1902) N Peru L.n.eucharis (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1848)158 C Peru L.n.nuna (Lesson, 1832)159 SW Peru, N Bolivia SAPPHO Reichenbach, 1849 F Sappho sparganura (Red-tailed Comet) S.s.sparganura (Shaw, 1812) N and C Bolivia S.s.sapho (Lesson, 1829) S Bolivia, N and W Argentina POLYONYMUS Heine, 1863 M Polyonymus caroli (Bourcier, 1847) (Bronze-tailed Comet) C and S Peru RAMPHOMICRON Bonaparte, 1850 N Ramphomicron dorsale Salvin & Godman, 1880 (Black-backed Thornbill) NE Colombia Ramphomicron microrhynchum (Purple-backed Thornbill) R.m.andicola (Simon, 1921)160 W Venezuela R.m.microrhynchum (Boissonneau, 1839) Colombia, Ecuador, NW Peru R.m.albiventre Carriker, 1935 C Peru R.m.bolivianum Schuchmann, 1984 N Bolivia (2202) OREONYMPHA Gould, 1869 F Oreonympha nobilis (Bearded Mountaineer) O.n.albolimbata Berlioz, 1938 WC Peru O.n.nobilis Gould, 1869 SC Peru OXYPOGON Gould, 1848 M Oxypogon guerinii (Bearded Helmetcrest) O.g.cyanolaemus Salvin & Godman, 1880 NE Colombia O.g.lindenii (Parzudaki, 1845) NW Venezuela O.g.stuebelii A.B. Meyer, 1884 C Colombia O.g.guerinii (Boissonneau, 1840) E Colombia METALLURA Gould, 1847 F Metallura tyrianthina (Tyrian Metaltail) M.t.districta Bangs, 1899 NE Colombia M.t.chloropogon (Cabanis & Heine, 1860) N Venezuela M.t.oreopola Todd, 1913 W Venezuela M.t.tyrianthina (Loddiges, 1832) NW Venezuela, Colombia, E and S Ecuador, N Peru M.t.quitensis Gould, 1861 NW Ecuador M.t.septentrionalis E. Hartert, 1899 N Peru M.t.smaragdinicollis (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838)161 C and S Peru, N Bolivia Metallura iracunda Wetmore, 1946 (Perija Metaltail) N Colombia, W Venezuela (2591) Metallura williami (Viridian Metaltail) M.w.recisa Wetmore, 1970162 NC Colombia (2606) M.w.williami (DeLattre & Bourcier, 1846) C Colombia M.w.primolina Bourcier, 1853 N Ecuador, S Colombia M.w.atrigularis Salvin, 1893 S Ecuador Metallura baroni Salvin, 1893 (Violet-throated Metaltail) SC Ecuador Metallura odomae Graves, 1980 (Neblina Metaltail) S Ecuador, N Peru (977) Metallura theresiae (Coppery Metaltail) M.t.parkeri Graves, 1981 N Peru (979) M.t.theresiae Simon, 1902 NE Peru Metallura eupogon (Cabanis, 1874) (Fire-throated Metaltail) C Peru Metallura aeneocauda (Scaled Metaltail) M.a.aeneocauda (Gould, 1846) S Peru, N Bolivia M.a.malagae Berlepsch, 1897 C Bolivia Metallura phoebe (Lesson & DeLattre, 1839) (Black Metaltail) Peru, Bolivia, N Chile CHALCOSTIGMA Reichenbach, 1854 N Chalcostigma ruficeps (Gould, 1846) (Rufous-capped Thornbill)163 SE Ecuador, Peru to C Bolivia Chalcostigma olivaceum (Olivaceous Thornbill) C.o.pallens Carriker, 1935 C Peru C.o.olivaceum (Lawrence, 1864) S Peru to C Bolivia Chalcostigma stanleyi (Blue-mantled Thornbill) C.s.stanleyi (Bourcier, 1851) Ecuador C.s.versigulare J.T. Zimmer, 1924164 N Peru C.s.vulcani (Gould, 1852) S Peru to WC Bolivia Chalcostigma heteropogon (Boissonneau, 1839) (Bronze-tailed Thornbill) E Colombia, W Venezuela Chalcostigma herrani (Rainbow-bearded Thornbill) C.h.tolimae O. Kleinschmidt, 1927 W Colombia C.h.herrani (DeLattre & Bourcier, 1846) S Colombia to N Peru OPISTHOPRORA Cabanis & Heine, 1860 F Opisthoprora euryptera (Loddiges, 1832) (Mountain Avocetbill) S Colombia, NE Ecuador TAPHROLESBIA Simon, 1918 F Taphrolesbia griseiventris (Taczanowski, 1883) (Grey-bellied Comet) NW Peru (Marańon Valley) AGLAIOCERCUS J.T. Zimmer, 1930 M Aglaiocercus kingi (Long-tailed Sylph) A.k.berlepschi (E. Hartert, 1898)165 NE Venezuela A.k.margarethae (Heine, 1863) NC and N Venezuela A.k.caudatus (Berlepsch, 1892)166 N Colombia, W Venezuela A.k.emmae (Berlepsch, 1892) Colombia, NW Ecuador A.k.kingi (Lesson, 1832) E Colombia A.k.mocoa (DeLattre & Bourcier, 1846) S Colombia to N Peru A.k.smaragdinus (Gould, 1846) C Peru to C Bolivia Aglaiocercus coelestis (Violet-tailed Sylph) A.c.coelestis (Gould, 1861)167 W Colombia, N and C Ecuador A.c.aethereus (Chapman, 1925) SW Ecuador AUGASTES Gould, 1849 M Augastes scutatus (Hyacinth Visorbearer)168 A.s.scutatus (Temminck, 1824) C and E Minas Gerais (Brazil) A.s.ilseae Grantsau, 1967 C and E Minas Gerais (Brazil) (972) A.s.soaresi Ruschi, 1963 SC Minas Gerais (Brazil) (2129) Augastes lumachella (Lesson, 1838) (Hooded Visorbearer)169 E Brazil SCHISTES Gould, 1851170 M Schistes geoffroyi (Wedge-billed Hummingbird) S.g.albogularis (Gould, 1851) W Colombia, W Ecuador S.g.geoffroyi (Bourcier, 1843) N Venezuela, E Colombia to S Peru S.g.chapmani (Berlioz, 1941)171 C Bolivia (137) HELIOTHRYX Boie, 1831 M172 Heliothryx barroti (Bourcier, 1843) (Purple-crowned Fairy)173 SE Mexico to W Ecuador Heliothryx auritus (Black-eared Fairy) H.a.auritus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) SE Colombia and E Ecuador to the Guianas, N Brazil H.a.phainolaemus Gould, 1855 NC Brazil H.a.auriculatus (Nordmann, 1835) E Peru, C Bolivia, C and E Brazil HELIACTIN Boie, 1831 F Heliactin bilophus (Temminck, 1821) (Horned Sungem) S Surinam, C and E Brazil, E Bolivia LODDIGESIA Bonaparte, 1850 F Loddigesia mirabilis (Bourcier, 1847) (Marvellous Spatuletail) N Peru HELIOMASTER Bonaparte, 1850 M Heliomaster constantii (Plain-capped Starthroat) H.c.pinicola (Gould, 1853) NW Mexico H.c.leocadiae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1852)174 W and SW Mexico, W Guatemala H.c.constantii (DeLattre, 1843) El Salvador to Costa Rica Heliomaster longirostris (Long-billed Starthroat) H.l.pallidiceps Gould, 1861 175 S Mexico to Nicaragua H.l.longirostris (Audebert & Vieillot, 1801)176 E and SW Costa Rica to N and C Sth. America, Trinidad H.l.albicrissa Gould, 1871 W Ecuador, NW Peru Heliomaster squamosus (Temminck, 1823) (Stripe-breasted Starthroat) E Brazil Heliomaster furcifer (Shaw, 1812) (Blue-tufted Starthroat) C and S Brazil to Bolivia, Paraguay and N Argentina RHODOPIS Reichenbach, 1854 F Rhodopis vesper (Oasis Hummingbird) R.v.koepckeae Berlioz, 1974 NW Peru (142) R.v.vesper (Lesson, 1829)177 Peru, N Chile R.v.atacamensis (Leybold, 1869) N Chile THAUMASTURA Bonaparte, 1850 F Thaumastura cora (Lesson & Garnot, 1827) (Peruvian Sheartail) W Peru TILMATURA Reichenbach, 1855 F Tilmatura dupontii (Lesson, 1832) (Sparkling-tailed Woodstar) C and S Mexico to N Nicaragua DORICHA Reichenbach, 1854 F Doricha enicura (Vieillot, 1818) (Slender Sheartail) S Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras Doricha eliza (Lesson & DeLattre, 1839) (Mexican Sheartail) N Yucatán Pen. (SE Mexico) CALLIPHLOX Boie, 1831178 F Calliphlox amethystina (Boddaert, 1783) (Amethyst Woodstar) E Colombia, S Venezuela, Ecuador and the Guianas south to N Bolivia, Paraguay, NE Argentina Calliphlox evelynae (Bahama Woodstar) C.e.evelynae (Bourcier, 1847)179 Bahama and Caicos Is. C.e.lyrura (Gould, 1869) Gt. Inagua I. (Bahamas) Calliphlox bryantae (Lawrence, 1867) (Magenta-throated Woodstar) N Costa Rica, W Panama Calliphlox mitchellii (Bourcier, 1847) (Purple-throated Woodstar) E Panama, W Colombia, W Ecuador MICROSTILBON Todd, 1913 M Microstilbon burmeisteri (P.L. Sclater, 1887) (Slender-tailed Woodstar) C Bolivia to NW Argentina CALOTHORAX G.R. Gray, 1840 M Calothorax lucifer (Swainson, 1827) (Lucifer Hummingbird) SC USA to SC Mexico. Winters in S of range. Calothorax pulcher Gould, 1859 (Beautiful Hummingbird) S Mexico MELLISUGA Brisson, 1760 F Mellisuga minima (Vervain Hummingbird) M.m.minima (Linnaeus, 1758) Jamaica M.m.vieilloti (Shaw, 1812) Hispaniola and nearby islands Mellisuga helenae (Lembeye, 1850) (Bee Hummingbird)180 Cuba, Isla de la Juventud ARCHILOCHUS Reichenbach, 1854 M Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ruby-throated Hummingbird) S Canada, C and E USA >> Florida, C Mexico to W Panama Archilochus alexandri (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1846) (Black-chinned Hummingbird) SW Canada, W USA, N Mexico >> W and SC Mexico CALYPTE Gould, 1856 F Calypte anna (Lesson, 1829) (Anna's Hummingbird) SW Canada, W USA, NW Mexico >> SC USA Calypte costae (Bourcier, 1839) (Costa's Hummingbird) SW and WC USA, NW Mexico >> W Mexico ATTHIS Reichenbach, 1854 F Atthis heloisa (Bumblebee Hummingbird) A.h.margarethae R.T. Moore, 1937 NW and W Mexico A.h.heloisa (Lesson & DeLattre, 1839) NE, C and S Mexico Atthis ellioti (Wine-throated Hummingbird) A.e.ellioti Ridgway, 1878 S Mexico, Guatemala A.e.selasphoroides Griscom, 1932 Honduras MYRTIS Reichenbach, 1854 F Myrtis fanny (Purple-collared Woodstar) M.f.fanny (Lesson, 1838) W and SE Ecuador, W Peru M.f.megalura J.T. Zimmer, 1953181 N Peru (2719) EULIDIA Mulsant & Verreaux, 1877182 F Eulidia yarrellii (Bourcier, 1847) (Chilean Woodstar) S Peru, N Chile MYRMIA Mulsant, 1876 F Myrmia micrura (Gould, 1854) (Short-tailed Woodstar) W Ecuador, NW Peru CHAETOCERCUS G.R. Gray, 1855183 M Chaetocercus mulsanti (Bourcier, 1842)184 (White-bellied Woodstar) Colombia to C Bolivia Chaetocercus bombus Gould, 1871 (Little Woodstar) SW Colombia, W and E Ecuador, N and NC Peru Chaetocercus heliodor (Gorgeted Woodstar) C.h.heliodor (Bourcier, 1840)185 W Ecuador to Venezuela C.h.cleavesi R.T. Moore, 1934 NE Ecuador Chaetocercus astreans (Bangs, 1899) (Santa Marta Woodstar) NE Colombia Chaetocercus berlepschi Simon, 1889 (Esmeraldas Woodstar) W Ecuador Chaetocercus jourdanii (Rufous-shafted Woodstar) C.j.andinus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 NE Colombia , W Venezuela (1846) C.j.rosae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1846) N Venezuela C.j.jourdanii (Bourcier, 1839) NE Venezuela, Trinidad SELASPHORUS Swainson, 1832 M Selasphorus platycercus (Swainson, 1827) (Broad-tailed Hummingbird)186 W and WC USA to Mexico, W Guatemala >> Mexico, C America Selasphorus rufus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Rufous Hummingbird) SE Alaska to NW USA >> Mexico and Gulf coast of USA Selasphorus sasin (Allen's Hummingbird) S.s.sasin (Lesson, 1829) Coastal S Oregon and California (USA) >> SC Mexico S.s.sedentarius Grinnell, 1929 Offshore islands of S California (USA) Selasphorus flammula (Volcano Hummingbird) S.f.flammula Salvin, 1865 Irazu and Turrialba Volc. (Costa Rica) S.f.simoni Carriker, 1910 Poás and Barba Volc. (Costa Rica) S.f.torridus Salvin, 1870 Talamanca range (Costa Rica), W Panama Selasphorus ardens Salvin, 1870 (Glow-throated Hummingbird) WC Panama Selasphorus scintilla (Gould, 1851) (Scintillant Hummingbird) Costa Rica, W Panama STELLULA Gould, 1861 F Stellula calliope (Gould, 1847) (Calliope Hummingbird)187 SW Canada, W USA >> WC and SC Mexico 1 Gerwin & Zink (1998) (934) supported the view that two broad groups (here subfamilies) should be recognised. Names of hybrids are omitted (or footnoted if recently declared to be hybrids); two probable hybrids described since Peters (1945) (1826) are: Augasma cyaneo-beryllina Berlioz, 1965 (140), and Phasmornis mystica Oberholser, 1974 (1672). Mayr (1971) (1483) discussed the former and Browning (1978) (246) the latter. 2 The name freitasi Ruschi, 1978 (2139), is a synonym see Hinkelmann (1999: 537) (1121). 3 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 4 Includes mundus see Hinkelmann (1999: 537) (1121) although an intergrade. 5 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 6 Includes affinis, mazeppa and abrawayae Ruschi, 1973 (2135), see Hinkelmann (1999: 538) (1121). 7 The name Threnetes grzimeki Ruschi, 1973 (2134), is thought to have been applied to immature specimens of this taxon, see Hinkelmann (1988) (1117). 8 The name darienensis is thought to relate to a population where two or more forms meet, see Hinkelmann (1999: 538) (1121). 9 Hinkelmann (1999: 539) (1121) explained the lumping of niger and leucurus. 10 Includes freirei Ruschi, 1976 (2138), see Hinkelmann (1999: 539) (1121). 11 Includes cristinae Ruschi, 1975 (2137), see Hinkelmann (1988) (1117). 12 This generic name was reintroduced in Hinkelmann (1999: 539) (1121). In last Edition we placed this in the genus Phaethornis following Peters (1945) (1826), see Peters p. 7 for a relevant footnote. 13 Includes sanctijohannis, a name given to immature birds, see Hinkelmann (1999: 539) (1121). 14 Includes veraecrucis see Hinkelmann (1996) (1120). 15 Includes cassinii see Hinkelmann (1996) (1120). 16 The broad species concept used in our last Edition we replace with the species concept of Hinkelmann (1996, 1999) (1120, 1121); some forms are attached to a species malaris, and longirostris is treated as a good polytypic species. 17 Includes saturatior see Hinkelmann (1996) (1120). 18 The name ucayali J.T. Zimmer, 1950 (2713) relates to intergrades between moorei and bolivianus see Hinkelmann (1999: 543) (1121). 19 Includes insignis see Hinkelmann (1996) (1120). 20 For attachment of this taxon here see Hinkelmann (1988) (1117). Includes camargoi Grantsau, 1988 (975). 21 Includes huallagae see Hinkelmann (1999: 543) (1121). 22 Includes whitelyi see Hinkelmann (1999: 544) (1121). 23 The name fuliginosus, treated by Peters (1945) (1826) as a subspecies, attached to a melanistic bird of doubtful origin, see Hinkelmann (1999: 544) (1121). 24 The name Phaethornis nigrirostris Ruschi, 1973 (2133), has been given to aberrant black-billed individuals, see Hinkelmann (1988) (1117) and pinheiroi Ruschi, 1965 (2131) is a synonym (Hinkelmann in litt.). 25 In our last Edition the species eurynome was treated as monotypic, but see Hinkelmann (1999: 544) (1121). 26 The names schwarti Ruschi, 1975 (2136), and minor Grantsau, 1988 (975), relate to individual variation (Hinkelmann, 1999: 544) (1121). 27 Includes vicarius see Peters (1945) (1826). 28 Separated from the species squalidus by Hinkelmann & Schuchmann (1997) (1122). 29 This species previously treated as conspecific with striigularis and atrigularis but see Hinkelmann (1999: 545) (1121). 30 The name imatacae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1952 (1850) relates to a hybrid, so too does aethopyga J.T. Zimmer, 1950 (2713) see Hinkelmann (1996) (1120). 31 The name maranhaoensis Grantsau, 1968 (973), was given to the previously undescribed male, see Hinkelmann (1988) (1118). 32 Submerged in nominate atrimentalis in our last Edition. 33 Includes adolphi Gould, 1857, preoccupied; a substitute name cordobae J.T. Zimmer, 1950 (2713), yields priority to saturatus see Hinkelmann (1999: 547) (1121). 34 Includes nelsoni see Hinkelmann (1999: 547) (1121). 35 Includes rectirostris and grisea, see Stiles (1999: 549) (2344). 36 Including the genus Phaeochroa see Schuchmann (1999: 550) (2203). 37 For recognition of this see Stiles (1999: 550) (2344). 38 Treated as a separate monotypic species in our last Edition, but see Züchner (1999: 550) (2737). 39 Omitted in our last Edition. 40 Omitted in our last Edition. 41 Includes zuloagae Phelps & Phelps, 1948 (1844), see Sánchez Osés (1999: 554) (2163). 42 Placed in the genus Campylopterus by Züchner (1999: 554) (2737); we prefer to await more detailed evidence, but we have listed the species next to that genus. 43 Placed in the genus Campylopterus by Schuchmann (1999: 554) (2203); we prefer to await more detailed evidence. 44 Previously treated in a monotypic genus Melanotrochilus. 45 Includes greenwalti Ruschi, 1962 (2128), see Stiles (1999: 557) (2344). 46 Includes minor see Stiles (1999: 557) (2344). 47 Includes pinchoti see Stiles (1999: 558) (2344). 48 Previously attached to A. nigricollis and still a matter of opinion see Stiles (1999: 558) (2344). 49 Previously treated in the monotypic genus Avocettula, but see Schuchmann (1999: 560) (2203). 50 Includes pampreta see Hu et al. (2000) (1156). 51 See map in Hu et al. (2000) (1156) 52 Previously treated in the monotypic genus Sericotes, but see A.O.U. (1998: 289) (3). 53 For recognition see Stiles (1999: 564) (2344). 54 Includes the two species (helenae and adorabilis) treated in the genus Paphosia in last Edition. See Schuchmann (1999: 569) (2203). 55 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 56 For reasons to separate this from the next species see Banks (1990) (87). 57 Walters (1997) (2556) has discussed Lophornis melaniae concluding that the name was probably applied to aberrant specimens or faded skins of L. d. delattrei. 58 Includes punctigula Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 (2723), see Züchner (1999: 568) (2737). 59 Includes the four species (popelairii, langsdorffi, letitiae and conversii) treated in the genus Popelairia in last Edition. See Schuchmann (1999: 571) (2203). 60 Du Bus is an abbreviation for Du Bus de Gisignies. 61 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 62 Treated as separate from T. polytmus by Schuchmann (1978; 1999: 572) (2201, 2203); not recognised as separate by A.O.U. (1998: 297) (3). 63 Treated in a monotypic genus Chlorestes in last Edition. For correction of the attribution of this name (not of Reichenbach, 1795) see Walters (1996) (2555). 64 See Bündgen (1999: 572) (269) for comments on synonymy and some doubtful associated names. 65 Bündgen (1999: 573) (269) treated this species more broadly and included the four preceding ones. We choose to follow A.O.U. (1998: 292) (3). 66 This, not phaeopygus, is Tschudi’s original spelling. Includes vitticeps see Bündgen (1999: 573) (269); previously listed as a separate species. 67 The name minutus Berlioz, 1949 (138) is thought to have been attached to a hybrid. 68 For treatment at specific level see Graves & Olson (1987) (991). 69 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 70 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 71 For a discussion see Weller (1999) (2572). 72 For alternative views to those of Powers (1999: 581) (1914), supporting some specific separation see Navarro & Peterson (1999) (1638). 73 The arrangement of the first four species follows Schuchmann (1999: 585-586) (2203), although tentatively; in last Edition these four species were treated as two. 74 Includes taczanowksii see Stiles (1999: 586) (2344). 75 Not recognised in our last Edition, for recognition see Stiles (1999: 589) (2344). 76 In last Edition we listed a species H. pyropygia now thought to be a hybrid, see Weller (1999: 589) (2573). 77 Includes ¶lessoni Pinto & Camargo, 1955 (1897); this needs evaluation. 78 Includes longirostris and azurea, while intermedia thought to be a hybrid, see Stiles (1999: 590) (2344). 79 For recognition of this taxon see Stiles (1999: 590) (2344). 80 Schuchmann (1999: 591) (2203) explained that the name andinus is not preoccupied. The name doctus is thus a synonym. 81 A broader genus is employed in Schuchmann (1999: 592-593) (2203), but we defer adopting this until more detailed reasons are published. 82 Proposed races, including occidentalis Phelps & Phelps, 1949 (1845), now thought to relate to individual, not geographic variation see Züchner (1999: 592) (2737). 83 Includes fractus see Weller (1999: 592) (2573). 84 Schuchmann (1999: 593) (2203) placed this in the genus Leucippus. 85 Includes peruvianus see Schuchmann (1999: 593) (2203). 86 In Schuchmann (1999: 595-605) (2203) this genus is split. We defer this pending publication of a detailed analysis. Two of his three genera were treated as subgenera in Peters (1945) (1826); the third Agyrtria Reichenbach, 1854, was in the synonymy of the subgenus Polyerata Heine, 1863 (apparently a junior name). 87 Omitted in last Edition but see Weller & Schuchmann (1999) (2577). 88 Spelled leucophaea in Weller (1999: 595) (2573), but Peters (1945) (1826) used leucophoea. Original spelling verified. ECD. 89 For reasons to recognise this see Weller (2000) (2574). 90 For recognition of this see Weller (1999: 597) (2573). 91 In last Edition we listed this as A. chionopectus, however Ornismya brevirostris Lesson, treated by Peters (1945: 64) (1826) as a synonym of A. versicolor, has been found to be a senior synonym of whitelyi as used for this population. See Weller (1999: 598) (2573). 92 Includes whitelyi see Weller (1999: 598) (2573). 93 If placed in a genus Argyrtria Reichenbach the authors’ names should remain bracketed (contra Weller (1999: 598) (2573), Meise described it as Argyrtrina v. genini using the generic name of Chubb, 1910, not the slightly different one of Reichenbach. 94 Includes guatemalensis see Weller (1999: 599) (2573). 95 Omitted from last Edition. 96 Includes villadai Peterson & Navarro, 2000 (1834B). These authors treated wagneri as a species. They considered rowleyi S.N.G. Howell, 1993 (1150) rightly placed as a synonym of wagneri by Weller (1999: 599) (2573). The AOU Checklist Committee apparently still considers wagneri conspecific with viridifrons. We follow with reservations; ¶villadai Peterson & Navarro-Siguenza (2000) (1834B) may deserve recognition. 97 Given as 1964 in Weller (1999: 599) (2573), but actually published in 1966 see Dickerman & Parkes (1997: 226) (729). 98 In last Edition we listed Amazilia distans Wetmore & Phelps, 1956 (2614), next after this. It is now thought this name attaches to a hybrid, see Weller (1999: 601) (2573). 99 Includes obscuricauda Zimmer & Phelps, 1951 (2727), see Weller (1999: 601) (2573). 100 Includes maculicauda and alia J.T. Zimmer, 1950 (2727), see Weller (1999: 601) (2573). 101 Type species of the genus Polyerata still submerged here, pending further publication. 102 It is now thought the range of amabilis excludes that of decora, which is found on the Pacific slope; hence Weller (1999: 601) (2573) united these two taxa as there is no sympatry. 103 Type species of the genus Saucerrottia still submerged here, pending further publication. 104 Includes australis Meyer de Schauensee, 1951 (1567), see Weller (1999: 603) (2573). 105 The recognition of this was discussed by Weller (1999: 603; 2001) (2573, 2576). 106 Includes the aberrant ludibunda Wetmore, 1952 (2595), see Weller (1999: 603) (2573). 107 For reasons for recognition see Weller (1997: 604) (2573). 108 Recognised by Weller (1999: 604) (2573). 109 Recognised by Weller (1999: 604) (2573). 110 Separated from viridigaster by Weller (1999: 604; 2000) (2573, 1575). 111 Includes incognita see Stiles (1999: 608) (2344). 112 In last Edition treated as a race of C. buffonii but see Stiles (199: 608) (2344). 113 For recognition of this see Browning (1978) (246). 114 For recognition see Züchner (1999: 608) (2737). 115 Includes brevirostris see Züchner (1999: 608) (2737). 116 Züchner (1999: 609) (2737) considered this a more distinct race than ovandensis and nubivagus. 117 Includes connectens see Züchner (1999: 609) (2737). 118 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 119 For recognition see Stiles (1999: 611) (2344). Not all authors place this taxon in this species. 120 For this and the next species we retain the treatment of A.O.U. (1998: 304-305) (3). 121 We tentatively follow Schuchmann (1999) (2203) in reintroducing this generic name. 122 Includes saturatior and occidentalis A.R. Phillips, 1966 (1870), see Schuchmann (1999: 612) (2203). 123 The type has been examined by A. Weller (in litt.) who provisionally recognises this form. 124 The species treated here and their sequence follows Gerwin & Zink (1989) (933). 125 Apparently omitted from our previous Edition. 126 Includes viridiceps see Powers (1999: 619) (1914). 127 The inclusion of a “race” eulcura in previous Editions seems to have been a lapsus, but perhaps leucura has been found to be preoccupied and eulcura proposed as a substitute! 128 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 129 Includes parvula, ruficauda and cajabambae J.T. Zimmer, 1951 (2718), see Schuchmann (1999: 621) (2203). 130 Recognised by Fjeldsĺ (1999: 621) (848). 131 In our last Edition this was treated as part of O. estella; for separation see Fjeldsĺ (1999: 623) (848); we defer specific level treatment for stolzmanni pending further publication. 132 Includes tamae Phelps & Aveledo, 1987 (1839) (nec tamai as given in last Edition), see Schuchmann, 1999: 624) (2203). 133 Includes orestes J.T. Zimmer, 1951 (2718), see Schuchmann (1999: 624) (2203). 134 Includes zuloagae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1959 (1861), see Züchner (1999: 627) (2737). 135 Not recognised in last Edition but see Züchner (1999: 627) (2737). 136 We have chosen not to follow Züchner (1999: 628) (2737) yet in the separation of a species C. inca. He was right to highlight the need for further study. 137 We have chosen not to follow Züchner (1999: 628) (2737) yet in the separation of a species C. eos. 138 Erroneously spelled tamae in last Edition. 139 Includes hypocrita see Züchner (1999: 631) (2737). 140 Monotypic treatment of Roy (1999) (2118) presumably includes albicans A. Kleinschmidt, 1970 (1273), which seems to be an infrasubspecific name and unavailable, and mariannae A. Kleinschmidt, 1970 (1273). 141 We have chosen not to follow Heynen (1999: 636) (1111) in the separation of a species H. clarisse (now preferring to lump even spencei -- which we treated as a separate species in last Edition), but the two groups seem to have widely disjunct ranges. 142 Includes verdiscutatus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1955 (1855) (nec viridiscutatus as in our last Edition), see Heynen (1999: 636) (1111). 143 The names soederstroemi and isaacsonii probably attach to hybrids, see Heynen (1999: 639-640) (1111). 144 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 145 Includes longirostris see Heynen (1999: 639) (1111). 146 We have not followed Heynen (1999: 640) (1111) yet in the separation of a species E. sapphiropygia. 147 Includes marcapatae J.T. Zimmer, 1951 (2718) see Heynen (1999: 640) (1111). 148 For this genus we follow Schuchmann et al. (2000) (2205). 149 Includes galindoi Wetmore, 1967 (2604) and floccus, see Heynen (1999) (1111). 150 Includes bernali Romero & Hérnandez, 1979 (2100) see Heynen (1999) (1111). 151 For reasons to split this from the previous species see Schuchmann et al. (2000) (2205). 152 We have not followed Schuchmann (1999: 643-644) (2203) who treated this as two species. 153 Includes rostrata see Schuchmann (1999: 643) (2203). 154 Includes intermedia see Schuchmann (1999: 643) (2203). 155 We have preferred not to follow Schuchmann (1999: 644) (2203) but to restrict the generic name “Racquet-tail” to the genus Prioniturus. 156 Includes ambiguus J.T. Zimmer, 1951 (2718) see Schuchmann (1999: 644) (2203). In last Edition we listed that. 157 Includes aequatorialis see Züchner (1999: 647) (2737). 158 See comments in Züchner (1999: 647) (2737); the discovery that this came from C Peru requires chlorura to be treated as a synonym. 159 Includes boliviana see Züchner (1999: 647) (2737). 160 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 161 Includes peruviana see Heindl & Schuchmann (1998) (1096). 162 For recognition see Heindl & Schuchmann (1998) (1096). 163 Includes aureofastigata see Heindl (1999: 655) (1095). 164 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 165 Altshuler (1999: 659) (37) treated this as a separate monotypic species; we await a more detailed published study. 166 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 167 Includes pseudocoelestis see Schuchmann (1999: 659) (2203). 168 For acceptance of three races see Schuchmann (1999:660) (2203). 169 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 170 Submerged in Augastes in Schuchmann (1999: 660) (2203). 171 Omitted from last Edition. 172 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 173 In last Edition we listed major as a race of H. auritus. Schuchmann (1999:663) (2203) suggested this name may have been applied to immature males of H. barroti. 174 Includes surdus see Stiles (1999: 664) (2344). 175 Contra Stiles (1999: 664) (2344) we think that masculinus A.R. Phillips, 1966 (1870) must, due to its type locality, be a synonym of this form and not of longirostris. 176 Includes stuartae see Stiles (1999: 664) (2344). 177 Includes tertia see Schuchmann (1999: 665) (2203). 178 We follow Schuchmann (1999) (2203) in submerging Philodice herein. 179 Includes salita see Schuchmann (1999: 667) (2203). 180 In last Edition we treated this in the genus Calypte but see Schuchmann (1999: 671) (2203). 181 Omitted from last Edition. 182 Schuchmann (1999: 674) (2203) submerged Eulidia in the genus Myrtis. 183 We follow Schuchmann (1999: 677) (2203) in submerging Acestrura in Chaetocercus. 184 The emended name used here is judged to be in prevailing usage; see Art. 33.2 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178) and p. 000 herein. 185 Züchner (1999) (2737) made no mention of placing meridae Zimmer & Phelps, 1950 (2726) as being in synonymy; it was placed in synonymy by Graves (1986) (982). 186 Includes guatemalae see Schuchmann (1999: 679) (2203). 187 Includes lowei see Calder (1999: 674) (289). TROCHILIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD COLIIDAE (MOUSEBIRDS) (2: 6) COLIUS Brisson, 1760 M Colius striatus (Speckled Mousebird)1 C.s.nigricollis Vieillot, 1817 E Nigeria to W Zaire C.s.leucophthalmus Chapin, 1921 N Zaire, SE Central African Republic, SW Sudan C.s.leucotis Rüppell, 18392 E Sudan, W and C Ethiopia, Eritrea C.s.hilgerti Zedlitz, 1910 NE Ethiopia, NW Somalia C.s.jebelensis Mearns, 1915 S Sudan, N Uganda C.s.mombassicus van Someren, 1919 S Somalia to NE Tanzania C.s.kikuyensis van Someren, 1919 W and C Kenya C.s.cinerascens Neumann, 1900 N, C and W Tanzania to NE Zambia C.s.affinis Shelley, 1885 E Tanzania to N Mozambique, S Malawi and NE Zimbabwe C.s.berlepschi E. Hartert, 1899 S Tanzania, Malawi, NE Zambia, NW Mozambique C.s.kiwuensis Reichenow, 19083 C and S Uganda, NW Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, E Zaire C.s.congicus Reichenow, 19234 S and SE Zaire, W Zambia, E Angola C.s.simulans Clancey, 1979 C Mozambique to SE Malawi (468) C.s.integralis Clancey, 1957 S Mozambique, SE Zimbabwe, E Transvaal (375) C.s.rhodesiae Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1938 E Zimbabwe to W Mozambique C.s.minor Cabanis, 1876 N Transvaal to Natal, E Cape Province and Swaziland C.s.striatus J.F. Gmelin, 1789 SW and S Cape Province Colius leucocephalus (White-headed Mousebird) C.l.turneri van Someren, 1919 N and NE Kenya C.l.leucocephalus Reichenow, 1879 S Somalia, SE Kenya to NE Tanzania Colius castanotus J. & E. Verreaux, 1855 (Red-backed Mousebird) W Angola Colius colius (Linnaeus, 1766) (White-backed Mousebird) Namibia, S Botswana, W Sth. Africa UROCOLIUS Bonaparte, 1854 M Urocolius macrourus (Blue-naped Mousebird) U.m.macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766)5 Senegal and SW Mauritania to Eritrea U.m.laeneni (Niethammer, 1955) Niger (Aďr Mountains) (1652) U.m.abyssinicus Schifter, 1975 C and S Ethiopia, N Kenya, NW Somalia (2174) U.m.pulcher Neumann, 1900 SE Sudan, NE Uganda, Kenya, S Somalia, N Tanzania U.m.griseogularis (van Someren, 1919) S Sudan, W and S Uganda to E Zaire, NW Tanzania U.m.massaicus Schifter, 1975 C to coastal Tanzania (2174) Urocolius indicus (Red-faced Mousebird) U.i.mossambicus Reichenow, 18966 E Angola, Zambia, SE Zaire, Malawi, SW Tanzania U.i.lacteifrons Sharpe, 1892 W Angola to N Namibia U.i.pallidus Reichenow, 1896 SE Tanzania, NE Mozambique U.i.transvaalensis Roberts, 1922 SW Zambia, Botswana, Zimbabwe C and S Mozambique to N and E Cape Province U.i.indicus Latham, 1790 S Cape Province TROGONIDAE (TROGONS) 7 (6: 39) APALODERMA Swainson, 1833 N Apaloderma narina (Narina’s Trogon) A.n.constantia (Sharpe & Ussher, 1872) Sierra Leone to Ghana A.n.brachyurum Chapin, 1923 S Cameroon to SW Sudan, N, C and S Zaire A.n.narina (Stephens, 1815)8 Ethiopia to inland E Africa, E Zaire, Angola and E Cape Province A.n.littorale van Someren, 19319 S Somalia to E Tanzania and Mozambique Apaloderma aequatoriale (Sharpe, 1901) (Bare-cheeked Trogon) S Cameroon to Gabon, NE and S Zaire Apaloderma vittatum (Shelley, 1882) (Bar-tailed Trogon) W Cameroon, Angola, E Zaire to Kenya, Malawi and N Mozambique HARPACTES Swainson, 1833 M Harpactes reinwardtii (Red-billed Trogon)10 H.r.mackloti (S. Müller, 1835) Mts. of Sumatra H.r.reinwardtii (Temminck, 1822) Mts. of Java Harpactes fasciatus (Malabar Trogon) H.f.malabaricus (Gould, 1834) SW and S India H.f.legerli Koelz, 1939 W and E Ghats (C India) H.f.fasciatus (Pennant, 1769)11 Sri Lanka Harpactes kasumba (Red-naped Trogon) H.k.kasumba (Raffles, 1822) SC and S Malay Pen., Sumatra H.k.impavidus (Chasen & Kloss, 1931) Borneo Harpactes diardii (Diard's Trogon) H.d.sumatranus W.H. Blasius, 1896 C and S Malay Pen., Sumatra H.d.diardii (Temminck, 1832) Borneo, Bangka I. Harpactes ardens (Philippine Trogon)12 H.a.herberti Parkes, 1970 NE Luzon (1762) H.a.luzoniensis Rand & Rabor, 1952 Luzon, Marinduque, Catanduanes (1762) H.a.minor Manuel, 1958 Polillo (1421) H.a.linae Rand & Rabor, 1959 Bohol, Leyte and Samar (1976) H.a.ardens (Temminck, 1826) Basilan, Dinagat and Mindanao Harpactes whiteheadi Sharpe, 1888 (Whitehead's Trogon) Mt. Kinabalu (N Borneo) Harpactes orrhophaeus (Cinnamon-rumped Trogon) H.o.orrhophaeus (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) SC and S Malay Pen., Sumatra H.o.vidua Ogilvie-Grant, 1892 N Borneo Harpactes duvaucelii (Temminck, 1824) (Scarlet-rumped Trogon) C and S Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo Harpactes oreskios (Orange-breasted Trogon) H.o.stellae Deignan, 1941 Kengtung (E Burma), Thailand (except Pen.), S Yunnan south to S Indochina H.o.uniformis (Robinson, 1917) Malay Pen., Sumatra H.o.oreskios (Temminck, 1823) Java H.o.dulitensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1892 Mts. of NW Borneo H.o.nias Meyer de Schauensee & Ripley, 1939 Nias I. Harpactes erythrocephalus (Red-headed Trogon) H.e.erythrocephalus (Gould, 1834) C Himalayas, S and E Assam, W and SE Burma, NW Thailand H.e.helenae Mayr, 1941 Arunachal Pradesh, W Yunnan, N and NE Burma H.e.yamakenensis Rickett, 189913 SC and SE China west to Guizhou and S Sichuan H.e.intermedius (Kinnear, 1925) N Laos, N Vietnam H.e.annamensis (Robinson & Kloss, 1919) NE Thailand, S Indochina H.e.klossi (Robinson, 1915) W Cambodia H.e.chaseni Riley, 1934 C and S Malay Pen. H.e.hainanus Ogilvie-Grant, 1900 Hainan I. H.e.flagrans (S. Müller, 1835) Sumatra Harpactes wardi (Kinnear, 1927) (Ward's Trogon) Bhutan to N Burma, NE Vietnam PRIOTELUS G.R. Gray, 184014 M Priotelus temnurus (Cuban Trogon) P.t.temnurus (Temminck, 1825) Cuba P.t.vescus Bangs & Zappey, 1905 Isla de la Juventud Priotelus roseigaster (Vieillot, 1817) (Hispaniolan Trogon)15 Hispaniola TROGON Brisson, 1760 M Trogon melanocephalus Gould, 1835 (Black-headed Trogon)16 E Mexico to N Costa Rica Trogon citreolus (Citreoline Trogon) T.c.citreolus Gould, 1835 W Mexico T.c.sumichrasti Brodkorb, 1942 S Mexico Trogon viridis (White-tailed Trogon) T.v.chionurus Sclater & Salvin, 1871 E Panama, W Colombia, W Ecuador T.v.viridis Linnaeus, 1766 E Colombia to Peru, Brazil and Trinidad T.v.melanopterus Swainson, 183817 SE Brazil Trogon bairdii Lawrence, 1868 (Baird's Trogon) SW Costa Rica, W Panama Trogon surrucura (Surucua Trogon) T.s.aurantius Spix, 1824 E Brazil T.s.surrucura Vieillot, 1817 S Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, N Argentina Trogon curucui (Blue-crowned Trogon) T.c.peruvianus Gould, 185818 S Colombia to Bolivia and W Brazil T.c.curucui Linnaeus, 1766 E Brazil T.c.behni Gould, 1875 E Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina Trogon violaceus (Violaceous Trogon) T.v.braccatus (Cabanis & Heine, 1856) C Mexico to Nicaragua T.v.concinnus Lawrence, 1862 Costa Rica to W Ecuador T.v.caligatus Gould, 1838 N Colombia, W Venezuela T.v.violaceus J.F. Gmelin, 1788 Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil, Trinidad T.v.ramonianus Deville & Des Murs, 1849 Upper Amazonia T.v.crissalis (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) E Brazil Trogon mexicanus (Mountain Trogon) T.m.clarus Griscom, 1932 NW Mexico T.m.mexicanus Swainson, 1827 C Mexico to W Guatemala T.m.lutescens Griscom, 193219 Honduras Trogon elegans (Elegant Trogon) T.e.canescens van Rossem, 1934 S Arizona, NW Mexico T.e.ambiguus Gould, 1835 S Texas, E and C Mexico T.e.elegans Gould, 1834 Guatemala T.e.lubricus J.L. Peters, 1945 Nicaragua, Costa Rica T.e.goldmani Nelson, 1898 Tres Marias Is. Trogon collaris (Collared Trogon) T.c.puella Gould, 1845 C Mexico to W Panama T.c.extimus Griscom, 1929 NE Panama T.c.hoethinus Wetmore, 1967 E Panama (2604) T.c.virginalis Cabanis & Heine, 1863 W Colombia, W Ecuador, NW Peru T.c.subtropicalis J.T. Zimmer, 1948 C Colombia (2711) T.c.exoptatus Cabanis & Heine, 1863 N Venezuela T.c.collaris Vieillot, 1817 Colombia to Bolivia, Trinidad, S Brazil T.c.castaneus Spix, 1824 SE Colombia, NW Brazil Trogon personatus (Masked Trogon) T.p.sanctaemartae J.T. Zimmer, 1948 N Colombia (2711) T.p.ptaritepui Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 Venezuela (2723) T.p.personatus Gould, 1842 W Venezuela, E Colombia, E Peru T.p.assimilis Gould, 1846 W Ecuador T.p.temperatus (Chapman, 1923) C Colombia, Ecuador T.p.heliothrix Tschudi, 1844 Temperate Peru T.p.submontanus Todd, 1943 Bolivia T.p.duidae Chapman, 1929 Mt. Duida (S Venezuela) T.p.roraimae (Chapman, 1929) SE Venezuela, S Guyana Trogon aurantiiventris (Orange-bellied Trogon) T.a.underwoodi Bangs, 1908 NW Costa Rica T.a.aurantiiventris Gould, 1856 C Costa Rica to W Panama T.a.flavidior (Griscom, 1925) E Panama Trogon rufus (Black-throated Trogon) T.r.tenellus Cabanis, 1862 SE Honduras to NW Colombia T.r.cupreicauda (Chapman, 1914) W Colombia, W Ecuador T.r.rufus J.F. Gmelin, 1788 E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil T.r.sulphureus Spix, 1824 E Peru, W Brazil T.r.amazonicus Todd, 1943 NE Brazil T.r.chrysochloros Pelzeln, 1856 S Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Trogon massena (Slaty-tailed Trogon) T.m.massena Gould, 1838 S Mexico to Nicaragua T.m.hoffmanni (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) Costa Rica, Panama T.m.australis (Chapman, 1915) W Colombia Trogon clathratus Salvin, 1866 (Lattice-tailed Trogon) E Costa Rica, W Panama Trogon melanurus (Black-tailed Trogon) T.m.macroura Gould, 1838 E Panama, N Colombia T.m.mesurus (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) W Ecuador, NW Peru T.m.eumorphus J.T. Zimmer, 1948 W Amazonia (2711) ¶T.m.occidentalis Pinto, 1950 Brazil (1889) T.m.melanurus Swainson, 1838 Colombia to Bolivia and N Brazil Trogon comptus J.T. Zimmer, 1948 (Blue-tailed Trogon) C Colombia (2711) EUPTILOTIS Gould, 1858 M Euptilotis neoxenus (Gould, 1838) (Eared Quetzal) C Mexico PHAROMACHRUS De La Llave, 1832 M Pharomachrus pavoninus (Spix, 1824) (Pavonine Quetzal)20 Upper and central Amazonia Pharomachrus auriceps (Golden-headed Quetzal) P.a.auriceps (Gould, 1842) 21 E Panama and Andes from N Colombia to E Peru and N Bolivia P.a.hargitti (Oustalet, 1891) Andes of NW Venezuela Pharomachrus fulgidus (White-tipped Quetzal) P.f.festatus Bangs, 1899 N Colombia P.f.fulgidus (Gould, 1838) NE and NC Venezuela Pharomachrus mocinno (Resplendent Quetzal) P.m.mocinno de la Llave, 1832 S Mexico to N Nicaragua P.m.costaricensis Cabanis, 1869 Costa Rica to W Panama Pharomachrus antisianus (d’Orbigny, 1837) (Crested Quetzal) W Venezuela, Colombia to Brazil 1 Treatment follows that of Schifter (1972) (2173). 2 The range in Decoux (1988: 250) (633) implicitly includes erlangeri. 3 Includes ugandensis see White (1965: 219) (2649). 4 Includes lungae White, 1947 (2632), see White (1965: 219) (2649). 5 We follow Decoux (1988: 247) (633) who implicitly treated syntactus as a synonym. However Schifter (1975) (2174) recognised this form and his lectotype probably needs re-examination. 6 Presumably includes lualabae Verheyen, 1951 (2522); White (1965: 222) (2649) thought this ‘doubtfully distinct’ from pallidus (but White did not recognise mossambicus). 7 For recent views on phylogeny see Espinosa de los Monteros (2000) (819). 8 Includes arcanum Clancey, 1959 (380) see White (1965: 222) (2649). 9 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 10 This is treated as two species by Collar (2001: 106) (546) with mention of unpublished research (which, if now out, escaped our attention). Awaiting this research, we prefer to retain one species, and to defer the use of a separate generic name. Espinosa de los Monteros (1998) (818) did not suggest any split in Harpactes. 11 Includes parvus Deraniyagala, 1955 (694), see Ripley (1981: 202) (2055). 12 Revised from last Edition; now follows Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 13 Includes rosa see Cheng (1987: 357) (333). 14 Our sequence for New World trogons draws on Espinosa de los Monteiros (1998) (818) 15 Placed in the genus Temnotrogon by Collar (2001: 123) (546). 16 Includes illaetabilis see Collar (2001: 113) (546). 17 Placed in synonymy by Collar (2001: 113) (546), but we note the range gap and await further details on this. 18 Includes bolivianus see Collar (2001: 121) (546). 19 Placed in synonymy by Collar (2001: 117) (546), but his text implies that he did not examine specimens. 20 Includes viridiceps see Collar (2001: 125) (546). 21 Mistakenly attached to P. pavoninus in last Edition. Includes heliactin see Peters (1945: 149) (1826). TROGONIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD CORACIIDAE (ROLLERS) (2: 12) CORACIAS Linnaeus, 1758 M1 Coracias naevius (Rufous-crowned Roller) C.n.naevius Daudin, 1800 Senegal to Ethiopia and N Tanzania C.n.mosambicus Dresser, 1890 Angola and S Zaire to Namibia and N Sth. Africa Coracias benghalensis (Indian Roller) C.b.benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) E Saudi Arabia to N India and Bangladesh C.b.indicus Linnaeus, 1766 C and S India, Sri Lanka, Laccadive and Maldive Is. C.b.affinis McClelland, 1840 Bhutan and Assam east to S Sichuan and W Yunnan and south through mainland SE Asia to NE of W Malaysia Coracias temminckii (Vieillot, 1819) (Purple-winged or Sulawesi Roller) Sulawesi Coracias spatulatus (Racquet-tailed Roller) C.s.weigalli Dresser, 18902 S Tanzania, Malawi and N Mozambique C.s.spatulatus Trimen, 1880 Angola to Zambia, Zimbabwe and S Mozambique Coracias caudatus (Lilac-breasted Roller) C.c.lorti Shelley, 1885 Eritrea, Ethiopia, W Somalia, NE Kenya C.c.caudatus Linnaeus, 1766 Uganda, S and W Kenya to N Namibia and N Sth. Africa Coracias abyssinicus Hermann, 1783 (Abyssinian Roller) Senegal to Eritrea south to N Zaire and NW Kenya Coracias garrulus (European Roller) C.g.garrulus Linnaeus, 1758 N Africa and S and C Europe to Middle East, NW Himalayas and SW Siberia >> Africa C.g.semenowi Loudon & Tschudi, 1902 Iraq and Transcaspia to W Pakistan, Xinjiang and C Kazakhstan >> NE Africa and SW Asia Coracias cyanogaster Cuvier, 18163 (Blue-bellied Roller) Senegal to C Nigeria, N Zaire and SW Sudan EURYSTOMUS Vieillot, 1816 M Eurystomus gularis (Blue-throated Roller) E.g.gularis Vieillot, 1819 Guinea to W Cameroon E.g.neglectus Neumann, 1908 S Cameroon to N Angola and Uganda Eurystomus glaucurus (Broad-billed Roller)4 E.g.afer (Latham, 1790)5 Senegal to Liberia, N Zaire, Sudan and Ethiopia E.g.suahelicus Neumann, 1905 S Somalia and Uganda to N Zambia and Tanzania E.g.pulcherrimus Neumann, 1905 Angola, S Zambia and Mozambique south to Natal E.g.glaucurus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) Madagascar >> SE and C Africa Eurystomus orientalis (Dollarbird)6 E.o.calonyx Sharpe, 18907 E Himalayas and N Assam east to C and NE China, Korea, SE Siberia and Japan >> S and SE Asia to Gtr. Sundas E.o.orientalis (Linnaeus, 1766)8 NE India (?), Burma, C and S Thailand, Indochina south to the Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Philippines E.o.laetior Sharpe, 1890 SW India E.o.gigas Stresemann, 1913 S Andaman Is. †?E.o.irisi Deraniyagala, 19519 Dry Zone of Sri Lanka (692) E.o.oberholseri Junge, 1936 Simaleue10 E.o.pacificus (Latham, 1802)11 Lesser Sundas , N and E Australia >> Wallacea and New Guinea to Bismarck Arch. E.o.waigiouensis Elliot, 1871 W, S and E New Guinea and nearby islands E.o.crassirostris P.L. Sclater, 1869 Bismarck Arch. E.o.solomonensis Sharpe, 1890 Feni I. (Solomon Is.) Eurystomus azureus G.R. Gray, 1860 (Purple Roller) N Moluccas BRACHYPTERACIIDAE (GROUND ROLLERS) (4: 5) BRACHYPTERACIAS Lafresnaye, 1834 M Brachypteracias leptosomus (Lesson, 1833) (Short-legged Ground Roller) NE and E Madagascar GEOBIASTES Sharpe, 187112 M Geobiastes squamiger (Lafresnaye, 1838) (Scaly Ground Roller)13 NE Madagascar ATELORNIS Pucheran, 1846 M Atelornis pittoides (Lafresnaye, 1834) (Pitta-like Ground Roller) NE and E Madagascar Atelornis crossleyi Sharpe, 1875 (Rufous-headed Ground Roller) NE and E Madagascar URATELORNIS Rothschild, 1895 M Uratelornis chimaera Rothschild, 1895 (Long-tailed Ground Roller) SW Madagascar LEPTOSOMATIDAE (CUCKOO-ROLLER) (1: 1) LEPTOSOMUS Vieillot, 1816 M Leptosomus discolor (Cuckoo-Roller) L.d.gracilis Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, 1885 Grande Comore I. L.d.intermedius Hartert & Neumann, 1924 Anjouan I. L.d.discolor (Hermann, 1783) Madagascar, Mayotte I. 1 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 2 For recognition see Fry & Fry (1992: 293) (895). 3 Given as 1817 by Peters (1945: 244) (1826) but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). 4 Treatment follows Cramp et al. (1985: 783) (591). 5 Implicitly includes aethiopicus -- recognised by Fry (1988: 354) (889) and Fry & Fry (1992: 303) (895). 6 Differences in nomenclatural treatment can be traced to Stresemann (1952) (2366). Those who accepted his views, including Dickinson et al. (1991) (745) and Kennedy et al. (2000) (1259), called mainland Asian birds, stretching to and including those in the Philippines, cyanocollis Viellot, 1819, not mentioned in Peters 1945 (1826). By implication they would treat nominate orientalis as the Australian form (first obtained as a migrant in Amboina). Mees (1965) (1515) rejected this view and a majority of writers has followed his opinion, including Fry (2001: 376) (894). Although we accept this majority view here, we note that this implies “cherry-picking” from the decisions proposed by Stresemann (op. cit.). 7 Ripley (1942) (2026) argued that the name calonyx Sharpe, 1890, could not be used and introduced the name abundus as a nomen novum. His argument rested on the existence in synonymy at an earlier date of the nomen nudum calonyx Hodgson, 1844. Under the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178) this is no longer an objection. We agree with Fry (2001: 376) (894) and follow him in the use of calonyx Sharpe, 1890. The name latouchei Allison, 1946 (30), is a synonym see Deignan (1950) (646), Stepanyan (1990) (2326). 8 Implicitly includes deignani see Fry & Fry (1992: 306) (895). 9 Reputedly a rare breeding form (Phillips, 1978) (1881); perhaps extinct (Ripley, 1982) (2055). 10 This population has been minimally sampled and requires review; accepted by van Marle & Voous (1988: 133) (2468) who apparently had no specimens available. 11 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). Includes connectens see White & Bruce (1986: 286) (2652), although if proved to breed may warrant the use of this name. 12 For the use of this generic name see Kirchman et al. (2001) (1271). 13 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). CORACIIDAE AND BRACHYPTERACIIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD ALCEDINIDAE (KINGFISHERS)1 (17: 91) HALCYONINAE2 ACTENOIDES Hombron & Jacquinot, 1853 M Actenoides monachus (Green-backed Kingfisher)3 A.m.monachus (Bonaparte, 1850)4 N and C Sulawesi A.m.capucina (Meyer & Wiglesworth, 1896) E, SE and S Sulawesi Actenoides princeps (Scaly Kingfisher)5 A.p.princeps (Reichenbach, 1851) NE Sulawesi A.p.erythrorhampha (Stresemann, 1931)6 NW and C Sulawesi A.p.regalis (Stresemann, 1932) SE Sulawesi Actenoides bougainvillei (Moustached Kingfisher) A.b.bougainvillei (Rothschild, 1904) Bougainville I. A.b.excelsus (Mayr, 1941) Guadalcanal I. Actenoides lindsayi (Spotted Kingfisher) A.l.lindsayi (Vigors, 1831) Catanduanes, Marinduque, Luzon A.l.moseleyi Steere, 1890 Negros, Panay Actenoides hombroni Bonaparte, 1850 (Blue-capped Kingfisher)7 Mindanao (Philippines) Actenoides concretus (Rufous-collared Kingfisher) A.c.peristephes (Deignan, 1946) N Malay Pen. (641) A.c.concretus (Temminck, 1825) S Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka, Belitung and Mentawai Is. A.c.borneanus (Chasen & Kloss, 1930 Borneo MELIDORA Lesson, 1830 F Melidora macrorrhina (Hook-billed Kingfisher) M.m.waigiuensis E. Hartert, 1930 Waigeo I. M.m.macrorrhina (Lesson, 1827) Misool, Batanta Is., W, S and E lowland New Guinea M.m.jobiensis Salvadori, 1880 Yapen I., N New Guinea LACEDO Reichenbach, 1851 F Lacedo pulchella (Banded Kingfisher) L.p.amabilis (Hume, 1873)8 SC and SE Burma, Thailand (except S Pen.), S Vietnam L.p.pulchella (Horsfield, 1821) C and S Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java, N Natuna Is. L.p.melanops (Bonaparte, 1850) Borneo, Bangka I. TANYSIPTERA Vigors, 1828 F Tanysiptera galatea (Common Paradise Kingfisher) T.g.emiliae Sharpe, 1871 Rau I. (N Moluccas) T.g.doris Wallace, 1862 Morotai I. (N Moluccas) T.g.browningi Ripley, 1983 Halmahera (2056) T.g.brunhildae Jany, 1955 Doi I. (N Moluccas) (1200) T.g.margarethae Heine, 1859 Bacan I. (N Moluccas) T.g.sabrina G.R. Gray, 1860 Kayoa I. (N Moluccas) T.g.obiensis Salvadori, 1877 Obi, Oblilatu Is. (N Moluccas) T.g.acis Wallace, 1863 Buru I. (S Moluccas) T.g.boanensis Mees, 1964 Boano I. (S Moluccas) (1513) T.g.nais G.R. Gray, 1860 Seram, Ambon, Manipa, Seramlaut Is. (S Moluccas) T.g.galatea G.R. Gray, 1859 NW New Guinea and W Papuan islands T.g.meyeri Salvadori, 1889 N New Guinea T.g.minor Salvadori & D’Albertis, 1875 S and SE New Guinea T.g.vulcani Rothschild & Hartert, 1915 Manam I. (NE New Guinea) T.g.rosseliana Tristram, 1889 Rossel I. (E Louisade Arch.) Tanysiptera ellioti Sharpe, 1870 (Kafiau Paradise Kingfisher) Kafiau I. (west of Misool) Tanysiptera riedelii J. Verreaux, 1866 (Biak Paradise Kingfisher) Biak I. (Geelvink Bay) Tanysiptera carolinae Schlegel, 1871 (Numfor Paradise Kingfisher) Numfor I. (Geelvink Bay) Tanysiptera hydrocharis G.R. Gray, 1858 (Little Paradise Kingfisher) S New Guinea, Aru Is. Tanysiptera sylvia (Buff-breasted Paradise Kingfisher) T.s.leucura Neumann, 1915 Umboi I. (Bismarck Arch.) T.s.nigriceps P.L. Sclater, 1877 New Britain and Duke of York Is. (Bismarck Arch.) T.s.salvadoriana E.P. Ramsay, 1878 SE New Guinea T.s.sylvia Gould, 1850 N Queensland >> N and S New Guinea Tanysiptera nympha G.R. Gray, 1840 (Red-breasted Paradise Kingfisher) SC, W and north to NE New Guinea Tanysiptera danae Sharpe, 1880 (Brown-headed Paradise Kingfisher) SE New Guinea CITTURA Kaup, 1848 F Cittura cyanotis (Lilac-cheeked Kingfisher) C.c.sanghirensis Sharpe, 1868 Sangihe Is. C.c.cyanotis (Temminck, 1824)9 Sulawesi and nearby Lembeh I. CLYTOCEYX Sharpe, 1880 M Clytoceyx rex (Shovel-billed Kookaburra) C.r.rex Sharpe, 1880 Submontane New Guinea (except Hellwig Mts.) C.r.imperator van Oort, 1909 Hellwig Mts. (SW New Guinea) DACELO Leach, 181510 F Dacelo novaeguineae (Laughing Kookaburra) D.n.minor Robinson, 1900 Cape York Pen. D.n.novaeguineae (Hermann, 1783) NE Queensland to SC South Australia, SW Western Australia, Tasmania Dacelo leachii (Blue-winged Kookaburra) D.l.superflua Mathews, 191811 SW New Guinea D.l.intermedia Salvadori, 1876 SC to SE New Guinea D.l.occidentalis Gould, 187012 WC Australia D.l.leachii Vigors & Horsfield, 182613 Australia (except WC), Melville I. Dacelo tyro (Spangled Kookaburra) D.t.archboldi (Rand, 1938) S New Guinea D.t.tyro G.R. Gray, 1858 Aru Is. Dacelo gaudichaud Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 (Rufous-bellied Kookaburra) New Guinea and islands, Aru Is. CARIDONAX Cabanis & Heine, 1860 M Caridonax fulgidus (White-rumped Kingfisher) C.f.fulgidus (Gould, 1857) Lombok, Sumbawa Is. (Lesser Sundas) C.f.gracilirostris (Rensch, 1928) Flores I. (Lesser Sundas) PELARGOPSIS Gloger, 1841 F Pelargopsis capensis (Stork-billed Kingfisher) P.c.capensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Nepal, India, Sri Lanka P.c.osmastoni (E.C.S. Baker, 1934)14 Andaman Is. (80) P.c.intermedia Hume, 1874 Nicobar Is. P.c.burmanica Sharpe, 1870 Burma east to Indochina and south to N Malay Pen. P.c.malaccensis Sharpe, 1870 C and S Malay Pen., Riau and Lingga Arch. P.c.cyanopteryx (Oberholser, 1909) Sumatra, Bangka, Belitung Is. P.c.simalurensis Richmond, 1903 Simaleue I. P.c.sodalis Richmond, 190315 Banyak, Nias, Batu, Mentawai Is. P.c.innominata (van Ooort, 1910) Borneo P.c.javana (Boddaert, 1783)16 Java P.c.floresiana Sharpe, 1870 Bali to Flores I. P.c.gouldi Sharpe, 1870 Lubang, Mindoro and Palawan (N Philippines)17 P.c.gigantea Walden, 1874 18 C and S Philippines (incl. Sulu Is.) Pelargopsis melanorhyncha (Black-billed Kingfisher) P.m.melanorhyncha (Temminck, 1826) Sulawesi, Muna, Buton, Salayar Is. P.m.dichrorhyncha Meyer & Wiglesworth, 1896 Peleng, Banggai Is. P.m.eutreptorhyncha E. Hartert, 1898 Sula Is. Pelargopsis amauroptera (J.T. Pearson, 1841) (Brown-winged Kingfisher)19 Coasts of Orissa (E India) to Malay Pen. (W coast only) south to Langkawi I. HALCYON Swainson, 1821 F Halcyon coromanda (Ruddy Kingfisher) H.c.coromanda (Latham, 1790) Nepal to S Yunnan S through mainland SE Asia to N Malay Pen. H.c.major (Temminck & Schlegel, 1848)20 SE Manchuria (incl. Jilin, China), Korea, Japan >> E China, Philippines and Sulawesi H.c.bangsi (Oberholser, 1915) Ryukyu Is., Taiwan and nearby Lanyu I. >> Taiwan, Philippines, Talaud Is. H.c.mizorhina (Oberholser, 1915) Andaman and Nicobar Is. H.c.minor (Temminck & Schlegel, 1848) S’most Malay Pen., Gtr. Sundas, W Sumatran Is., Bangka, Belitung H.c.linae Hubbard & duPont, 1974 Palawan I. (1159) H.c.claudiae Hubbard & duPont, 1974 Tawitawi group, Sulu Is. (1159) H.c.rufa Wallace, 1863 Sulawesi, Sangihe, Talaud, Togian, Muna and Buton Is. H.c.pelingensis Neumann, 1939 Peling and Banggai Is. H.c.sulana Mees, 1970 Sula Is. (1521) Halcyon smyrnensis (White-throated Kingfisher) H.s.smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758) Asia Minor and Levant to NW India H.s.fusca (Boddaert, 1783) W India and Sri Lanka H.s.perpulchra Madarász, 190421 Bhutan south to E India and east to mainly SE Asia and W Java H.s.saturatior Hume, 1874 Andaman Is. H.s.fokiensis Laubmann & Götz, 1926 S and E China H.s.gularis (Kuhl, 1820) Philippines Halcyon cyanoventris (Vieillot, 1818) (Javan Kingfisher) Java, Bali Halcyon badia J. & E. Verreaux, 1851 (Chocolate-backed Kingfisher)22 Liberia to Gabon and E Zaire, W Uganda Halcyon pileata (Boddaert, 1783) (Black-capped Kingfisher) India and Sri Lanka east to N Indochina, China and Korea >> mainland SE Asia, Gtr. Sundas, Sulawesi and Philippines Halcyon leucocephala (Grey-headed Kingfisher) H.l.acteon (Lesson, 1830) Cape Verde Is. H.l.leucocephala (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776)23 Senegal to Ethiopia, south to N Zaire and N Tanzania H.l.semicaerulea (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Yemen H.l.hyacinthina Reichenow, 1900 S Somalia to NE Tanzania H.l.pallidiventris Cabanis, 1880 S Zaire and W Tanzania south to N Namibia and E Transvaal >> Kenya, Uganda and N Zaire Halcyon albiventris (Brown-hooded Kingfisher) H.a.orientalis W.K.H. Peters, 186824 Coasts of Somalia and Kenya to C Mozambique, Malawi, S Zambia and N Botswana, Gabon and Angola to S Somalia, N Kenya and Mozambique H.a.albiventris (Scopoli, 1786) Natal to S and E Cape Province H.a.vociferans Clancey, 1952 Zimbabwe and S Mozambique to NE Sth. Africa (368) H.a.prentissgrayi Bowen, 193025 Congo, Angola, S Zaire, N Zambia, W and C Tanzania, S and C Kenya Halcyon chelicuti (Striped Kingfisher) H.c.eremogiton E. Hartert, 1921 C Mali to C Sudan H.c.chelicuti (Stanley, 1814)26 Senegal and Gambia to Nigeria, Ethiopia, and E and S Africa to Botswana and Natal Halcyon malimbica (Blue-breasted Kingfisher) H.m.torquata Swainson, 183727 S Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, W Mali H.m.forbesi Sharpe, 1892 Sierra Leone to Mt. Cameroon and Bioko H.m.dryas Hartlaub, 1854 Principe I. H.m.malimbica (Shaw, 1811)28 Cameroon to Uganda and Zambia Halcyon senegalensis (Woodland Kingfisher) H.s.fuscopileus Reichenow, 190629 Sierra Leone to Zaire and N Angola H.s.senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Senegal to Ethiopia and W Kenya H.s.cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1818) S Angola to W Tanzania south to N Namibia and Transvaal >> S Sudan and Kenya Halcyon senegaloides A. Smith, 1834 (Mangrove Kingfisher)30 Coast of E and SE Africa TODIRAMPHUS Lesson, 182731 M32 Todiramphus nigrocyaneus (Blue-black Kingfisher) T.n.nigrocyaneus (Wallace, 1862) Lowland NW to SC New Guinea and islands T.n.quadricolor (Oustalet, 1880) Yapen I., N New Guinea T.n.stictolaemus (Salvadori, 1876) SC to SE New Guinea Todiramphus winchelli (Rufous-lored Kingfisher)33 T.w.nigrorum (Hachisuka, 1934) Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Negros and Samar (C and EC Philippines) T.w.nesydrionetes (Parkes, 1966) Romblon, Sibuyan and Tablas (NC Philippines) (1758) T.w.mindanensis (Parkes, 1966) Mindanao (1758) T.w.winchelli (Sharpe, 1877) Basilan T.w.alfredi (Oustalet, 1890) Sulu Is. (SW Philippines) (1735) Todiramphus diops (Temminck, 1824) (Blue-and-white Kingfisher) N Moluccas Todiramphus lazuli (Temminck, 1830) (Lazuli Kingfisher) S Moluccas (except Buru) Todiramphus macleayii (Forest Kingfisher) T.m.elizabeth (Heine, 1883) SE New Guinea T.m.macleayii (Jardine & Selby, 1830)34 N Northern Territory, Arus Is., ? Sermata Is. T.m.incinctus (Gould, 1838) NE and EC Australia >> S, E and N New Guinea, Kai Is., New Britain Todiramphus albonotatus (E.P. Ramsay, 1885) (New Britain or White-backed Kingfisher) New Britain Todiramphus leucopygius (J. Verreaux, 1858) (Ultramarine Kingfisher) Solomon Is. Todiramphus farquhari (Sharpe, 1899) (Chestnut-bellied Kingfisher) C Vanuatu Todiramphus funebris Bonaparte, 1850 (Sombre Kingfisher) Halmahera (N Moluccas) Todiramphus chloris (Collared Kingfisher) T.c.abyssinicus (Pelzeln, 1856) Coast of Red Sea and NW Somalia T.c.kalbaensis (Cowles, 1980) NE Arabia (577) T.c.vidali (Sharpe, 1892) SW India T.c.davisoni (Sharpe, 1892) Andaman Is., Cocos Is. (off Burma) T.c.occipitalis Blyth, 1846 Nicobar Is. T.c.humii (Sharpe, 1892) Coastal W Bengal, Bangladesh, Burma and C and S Malay Pen., NE Sumatra T.c.armstrongi (Sharpe, 1892) Thailand (on E coast south to C Malay Penin) round to Vietnam T.c.laubmannianus (Grote, 1933) Sumatra, Borneo and islands nearby T.c.chloropterus (Oberholser, 1919) W Sumatran Is. (but not Enggano) T.c.azelus (Oberholser, 1919) Enggano I. T.c.palmeri (Oberholser, 1919) Java, Bali, Bawean and Kangean Is. T.c.collaris (Scopoli, 1786) Philippines incl. Palawan group T.c.chloris (Boddaert, 1783) Talaud Is., Sulawesi to NW New Guinea, and Lesser Sundas to Kai Is. and Tanimbar T.c.sordidus (Gould, 1842) N and NE Australia, Aru Is., S New Guinea T.c.pilbara (Johnstone, 1983) W and N Western Australia (1219) T.c.colcloughi (Mathews, 1916)35 EC Australia T.c.colonus (E. Hartert, 1896)36 Islands off SE New Guinea, Louisiade Arch. T.c.teraokai (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1915) Palau Is. T.c.owstoni (Rothschild, 1904) Ascuncion, Pagan, Alamagan Is. (N Marianas) T.c.albicilla (Dumont, 1823) Saipan, Tinan Is. (S Marianas) T.c.orii (Taka-Tsukasa & Momiyama, 1931) Rota I. (S Marianas) T.c.nusae (Heinroth, 1902) Bismarck Arch. (except as below) T.c.matthiae (Heinroth, 1902) St. Matthias Is. (Bismarck Arch.) T.c.stresemanni (Laubmann, 1923) French, Umboi Is. (Bismarck Arch.) T.c.novaehiberniae (E. Hartert, 1925) SW New Ireland (Bismarck Arch.) T.c.bennetti (Ripley, 1947) Nissan I. (Bismarck Arch.) (2030) T.c.tristrami (E.L. Layard, 1880) New Britain T.c.alberti (Rothschild & Hartert, 1905) N and C Solomons to Guadalcanal T.c.mala (Mayr, 1935) Malaita I. (NE Solomons) T.c.pavuvu (Mayr, 1935) Pavuvu I. (SC Solomons) T.c.solomonis (E.P. Ramsay, 1882) Ugi, San Cristobal, St. Ana Is. (SE Solomons) T.c.sororum (I.C.J. & E.H. Galbraith, 1962) Malau Is. (E Solomons) (907) T.c.amoenus (Mayr, 1931) Rennell, Bellona Is. (S Solomons) T.c.brachyurus (Mayr, 1931) Reef I. (N Sta. Cruz Is.) T.c.vicina (Mayr, 1931) Duff I. (N Sta. Cruz Is.) T.c.ornatus (Mayr, 1931) Ndeni, Tinakula Is. (N Santa Cruz Is.) T.c.utupuae (Mayr, 1931) Utupua I. (S Santa Cruz Is.) T.c.melanodera (Mayr, 1931) Vanikoro I. (S Santa Cruz Is.) T.c.torresianus (Mayr, 1931) Torres Is. (N Vanuatu) T.c.santoensis (Mayr, 1931) Espiritu Santo, Banks Is. (N Vanuatu) T.c.juliae (Heine, 1860) Aneitum, Efate Is. (C Vanuatu) T.c.erromangae (Mayr, 1938) Erromanga I. (S Vanuatu) T.c.tannensis (Sharpe, 1892) Tanna I. (S Vanuatu) T.c.vitiensis (Peale, 1848) Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taviuni Is. (Fiji) T.c.eximius (Mayr, 1941) Kandavu, Ono, Vanua Kula Is. (Fiji) T.c.marinus (Mayr, 1941) Lau Arch. (Fiji) T.c.sacer (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) C and S Tonga Is. T.c.regina (Mayr, 1941) Futuna I. (Ilęs de Horn) T.c.pealei (Finsch & Hartlaub, 1867) Tutuila, Samoa Is. T.c.manuae (Mayr, 1941) Ofu, Olosinga, Tau Is. Todiramphus enigma E. Hartert, 1904 (Talaud Kingfisher) Talaud Is. Todiramphus cinnamominus (Micronesian Kingfisher) T.c.pelewensis (Wiglesworth, 1891) Palau Is. T.c.reichenbachii Hartlaub, 1852 Pohnpei I. (E Carolines) T.c.cinnamominus (Swainson, 1821) Guam I. (S Marianas) †Todiramphus miyakoensis (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1919) (Miyako Island Kingfisher) Miyako I. (Ryukyu Is., Japan) Todiramphus saurophagus (Beach Kingfisher) T.s.saurophagus (Gould, 1843) N Moluccas to Solomon Is. T.s.anachoreta (Reichenow, 1898) Hermit, Ninigo Is. (off E New Guinea) T.s.admiralitatis (Sharpe, 1892) Admiralty Is. (Bismarck Arch.) Todiramphus sanctus (Sacred Kingfisher) T.s.sanctus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Australia, E Solomon Is. >> New Guinea, Solomon Is., Moluccas, Sulawesi, Lesser and Gtr. Sundas T.s.vagans (Lesson, 1830)37 New Zealand, Lord Howe I., Kermadec Is T.s.norkolkiensis (Tristram, 1885)38 Norfolk I. T.s.recurvirostris Lafresnaye, 184239 W Samoa T.s.canacorum (Brasil, 1916) New Caledonia T.s.macmillani (Mayr, 1940) Loyalty Is. Todiramphus australasia (Cinnamon-banded Kingfisher)40 T.a.australasia (Vieillot, 1818) Lombok, Sumba, Timor, Wetar, Roma Is (W and C Lesser Sundas) T.a.dammerianus (E. Hartert, 1900)41 Damar, Babar, Leti and Moa Is. (E Lesser Sundas) T.a.odites (J.L. Peters, 1945) Tanimbar I. Todiramphus tutus (Chattering Kingfisher)42 T.t.tutus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Society Is. (except Moorea) T.t.atiu (Holyoak, 1974) Atiu I. (Cook Is.) (1129) T.t.mauke (Holyoak, 1974) Mauke I. (Cook Is.) (1129) T.t.ruficollaris (Holyoak, 1974)43 Mangaia I. (Cook Is.) (1129) Todiramphus veneratus (Tahitian Kingfisher) T.v.veneratus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Tahiti I. (Society Is.) T.v.youngi Sharpe, 1892 Moorea I. (Society Is.) Todiramphus gambieri (Tuamotu Kingfisher) †T.g.gambieri (Oustalet, 1895) Mangareva I. (Tuamoto Arch.) T.g.gertrudae Murphy, 1924 Niau I. (Tuamoto Arch.) Todiramphus godeffroyi (Finsch, 1877) (Marquesan Kingfisher) S Marquesas Is. Todiramphus pyrrhopygius (Gould, 1841) (Red-backed Kingfisher)44 Australia SYMA Lesson, 1827 F Syma torotoro (Yellow-billed Kingfisher) S.t.torotoro Lesson, 182745 W Papuan Is., north to W and SC New Guinea, Aru Is. S.t.meeki Rothschild & Hartert, 1901 SE New Guinea S.t.ochracea Rothschild & Hartert, 1901 D'Entrecasteaux Arch. S.t.flavirostris (Gould, 1850) N Cape York Pen. (Australia) Syma megarhyncha (Mountain Kingfisher) S.m.wellsi Mathews, 1918 Mts. of WC New Guinea S.m.sellamontis Reichenow, 1919 Huon Pen. (E New Guinea) S.m.megarhyncha Salvadori, 1896 Mts. of SE to C New Guinea ALCEDININAE CEYX Lacépčde, 1799 M Ceyx lecontei (Cassin, 1856) (African Dwarf Kingfisher)46 Sierra Leone to Liberia and S Uganda Ceyx pictus (African Pygmy Kingfisher)47 C.p.pictus (Boddaert, 1783) Senegal to Eritrea, south to Uganda and N Tanzania C.p.ferruginus Clancey, 198448 Guinea-Bissau to W Uganda south to NW Zambia (492) C.p.natalensis (A. Smith, 1832) S Angola, Zambia and S Tanzania to E Cape Province >> coastal Kenya Ceyx erithaca49 (Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher)50 C.e.erithaca (Linnaeus, 1758)51 India to SE China S through mainland SE Asia to Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka, Belitung, and Simaleue and Batu Is. (off W Sumatra) C.e.macrocarus Oberholser, 1917 Andaman, Nicobar Is. C.e.motleyi Chasen & Kloss, 1929 N Bornean Is., Borneo, Philippines, Java, Sumbawa, Flores Ceyx melanurus (Philippine Dwarf Kingfisher) C.m.melanurus (Kaup, 1848) Luzon, Polillo (N Philippines) C.m.samarensis Steere, 1890 Samar, Leyte (EC Philippines) C.m.mindanensis Steere, 1890 Mindanao, Basilan (S Philippines) Ceyx fallax (Sulawesi Dwarf Kingfisher) C.f.sangirensis (Meyer & Wiglesworth, 1898) Sangihe Is. C.f.fallax (Schlegel, 1866) Sulawesi Ceyx madagascariensis (Madagascan Pygmy Kingfisher) C.m.madagascariensis (Linnaeus, 1766) NW, N and E Madagascar C.m.dilutus (Benson, 1974) SW Madagascar (128) Ceyx lepidus (Variable Dwarf Kingfisher) C.l.margarethae W.H. Blasius, 189052 W Visayas (Panay, Negros), Mindanao, Basilan and the Sulu Is. (Philippines)53 C.l.wallacii Sharpe, 1868 Sula Is. (Indonesia) C.l.uropygialis G.R. Gray, 1860 N and C Moluccas (996) C.l.lepidus Temminck, 1836 S Moluccas (except Buru) C.l.cajeli Wallace, 1863 Buru I. C.l.solitarius Temminck, 1836 New Guinea and islands, Aru Is., D’Entrecasteaux Arch. C.l.dispar Rothschild & Hartert, 1914 Admiralty Is. C.l.mulcatus Rothschild & Hartert, 1914 New Hanover, New Ireland, Lihir Is. C.l.sacerdotis E.P. Ramsay, 1882 New Britain, Umboi Is. C.l.meeki Rothschild, 1901 Choiseul, Ysabel, Bougainville, Buka Is. (N Solomons) C.l.collectoris Rothschild & Hartert, 1901 Vellalavella, New Georgia, Rendova Is. (C Solomons) C.l.malaitae Mayr, 1935 Malaita I. (E Solomons) C.l.nigromaxilla Rothschild & Hartert, 1905 Guadalcanal I. (S Solomons) C.l.gentiana Tristram, 1879 San Cristobal (Makira) I. (SE Solomons) ALCEDO Linnaeus, 1758 F Alcedo leucogaster (White-bellied Kingfisher)54 A.l.bowdleri Neumann, 1908 Guinea to Mali and Ghana A.l.leucogaster (Fraser, 1843)55 Nigeria to NW Angola, Bioko I. A.l.nais Kaup, 1848 Principe I. A.l.leopoldi (A.J.C. Dubois, 1905) E Congo to S Uganda, south to NW Zambia Alcedo cristata (Malachite Kingfisher) A.c.galerita P.L. Statius Müller, 1776 Senegal to Nigeria and E Africa south to N Angola and Malawi A.c.cristata Pallas, 1764 S Angola, SW Zambia, Zimbabwe and S Mozambique to Transvaal and E Cape Province A.c.thomensis (Salvadori, 1902) Săo Tomé A.c.stuartkeithi Dickerman, 1989 Sudan, Ethiopia (720) Alcedo vintsioides (Madagascan Kingfisher) A.v.vintsioides Eydoux & Gervais, 1836 Madagascar A.v.johannae (R. Meinertzhagen, 1924) Comoro Is. Alcedo cyanopectus (Indigo-banded Kingfisher)56 A.c.cyanopectus (Lafresnaye, 1840) Luzon, Mindoro and smaller islands nearby (N Philippines A.c.nigrirostris (Bourns & Worcester, 1894) Cebu, Negros, Panay (WC Philippines) Alcedo argentata (Silvery Kingfisher) A.a.flumenicola (Steere, 1890) Bohol, Leyte, Samar Is. (EC Philippines) A.a.argentata (Tweeddale, 1877)57 Mindanao, Basilan, Dinagat, Siargao Is. (S Philippines) Alcedo coerulescens Vieillot, 1818 (Cerulean Kingfisher) S Sumatra and Java east to Sumbawa I. and Kangean I. Alcedo euryzona (Blue-banded Kingfisher) A.e.peninsulae Laubmann, 1941 SE Burma, SW Thailand, Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka, Borneo58 A.e.euryzona Temminck, 1830 Java Alcedo quadribrachys (Shining-blue Kingfisher) A.q.quadribrachys Bonaparte, 1850 Gambia to WC Nigeria A.q.guentheri Sharpe, 1892 S Nigeria to Uganda, N Angola and NW Zambia Alcedo azurea (Azure Kingfisher) A.a.affinis (G.R. Gray, 1860) N Moluccas A.a.lessonii (Cassin, 1850)59 W Papuan Is., W, S, and E New Guinea, Aru Is. A.a.ochrogaster (Reichenow, 1903) N New Guinea, Geelvink Bay Is. A.a.ruficollaris (Bankier, 1841)60 N Australia, ? Tanimbar Is. A.a.azurea Latham, 180261 E and SE Australia A.a.diemenensis (Gould, 1846)62 Tasmania Alcedo websteri (E. Hartert, 1898) (Bismarck Kingfisher) Bismarck Arch. Alcedo pusilla (Little Kingfisher) A.p.halmaherae (Salomonsen, 1934) Bacan and Halmahera (N Moluccas) A.p.laetior (Rand, 1941) N New Guinea A.p.pusilla (Temminck, 1836)63 W Papuan Is., W, S and E New Guinea, Kai Is., Aru Is., D’Entrecasteaux Arch. A.p.ramsayi (North, 1912) N coast of Northern Territory, Melville and Bathurst Is., Groote Eylandt, W Cape York Pen. A.p.halli (Mathews, 1912) NE Queensland to E Cape York Pen. A.p.masauji (Mathews, 1927) Bismarck Arch. A.p.bougainvillei (Ogilvie-Grant, 1914) Bougainville, Ysabel, Choiseul Is. (N Solomons) A.p.richardsi (Tristram, 1882) Vellalavella, Kolombangara Is. (C Solomons) A.p.aolae (Ogilvie-Grant, 1914) Guadalcanal (SE Solomons) Alcedo meninting (Blue-eared Kingfisher) A.m.coltarti E.C.S. Baker, 191964 Nepal and India (except SW) east to N and C Thailand and Indochina A.m.phillipsi E.C.S. Baker, 1927 SW India65, Sri Lanka A.m.scintillans E.C.S. Baker, 1919 N Malay Pen. A.m.rufigastra Walden, 187366 S and C Andaman Is. A.m.meninting Horsfield, 182167 68 Malay Pen., Borneo, the Palawan group and the Sulu Is. (Philippines), SW Sulawesi and Sula Is. (Indonesia), and Sumatra and W Sumatran Is., Java to Lombok Alcedo atthis (Common Kingfisher) A.a.ispida Linnaeus, 1758 NW and C Europe >> W, C and S Europe A.a.atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) Mediterranean basin and E Europe to SW and C Asia >> N Africa and Sudan A.a.bengalensis J.F. Gmelin, 178869 N India to Sakhalin and Japan >> S and E Asia south to Sulawesi and the Moluccas A.a.taprobana O. Kleinschmidt, 1894 S India, Sri Lanka A.a.floresiana Sharpe, 1892 Bali to Timor and Romang Is. (Lesser Sundas) A.a.hispidoides Lesson, 1837 Sangihe Is., Sulawesi to Moluccas, coastal New Guinea and islands, Bismarck Arch. and Louisade Arch. A.a.salomonensis Rothschild & Hartert, 1905 Solomon Is. Alcedo semitorquata Swainson, 1823 (Half-collared Kingfisher)70 Ethiopia and Tanzania south to Transvaal and E Cape Province Alcedo hercules Laubmann, 1917 (Blyth's Kingfisher) E Himalayas east to N Vietnam CERYLINAE CHLOROCERYLE Kaup, 1848 F Chloroceryle aenea (American Pygmy Kingfisher) C.a.stictoptera (Ridgway, 1884) S Mexico to Nicaragua C.a.aenea (Pallas, 1764) Costa Rica, Panama, N Sth. America, Trinidad Chloroceryle inda (Linnaeus, 1766) (Green-and-Rufous Kingfisher)71 Panama and tropical Sth. America Chloroceryle americana (Green Kingfisher) C.a.hachisukai Laubmann, 1942 SC USA, NW Mexico C.a.septentrionalis (Sharpe, 1892)72 SE Texas and E Mexico south to N Columbia and W Venezuela C.a.americana (J.F. Gmelin, 1788)73 N Sth. America (east of Andes) C.a.mathewsii Laubmann, 1927 C and SC Sth. America C.a.cabanisii (Tschudi, 1846)74 W Colombia south to N Chile (west of the Andes) Chloroceryle amazona (Latham, 1790) (Amazon Kingfisher)75 S Mexico to N Sth. America MEGACERYLE Kaup, 1848 F Megaceryle lugubris (Crested Kingfisher) M.l.continentalis (E. Hartert, 1900) W and C Himalayas M.l.guttulata (Stejneger, 1892) E Himalayas, Assam hills and Burma, N Thailand, S and C China and N Indochina M.l.pallida (Momiyama, 1927) Hokkaido I., S Kuril Is. M.l.lugubris (Temminck, 1834) C and S Japan, Korea Megaceryle maxima (Giant Kingfisher) M.m.maxima (Pallas, 1769) Senegal to N Nigeria, Ethiopia and S Kenya to Cape Province M.m.gigantea (Swainson, 1837) Liberia to S Nigeria and N Angola east to W Tanzania; Bioko Megaceryle torquata (Ringed Kingfisher) M.t.stictipennis (Lawrence, 1885) Guadeloupe I., Dominica I. M.t.torquata (Linnaeus, 1766) Mexico to N Argentina, Peru M.t.stellata (Meyen, 1834) Chile, Argentina Megaceryle alcyon (Linnaeus, 1758) (Belted Kingfisher)76 Alaska and C and E Canada to N Sth. America and W Indies CERYLE Boie, 1828 M77 Ceryle rudis (Pied Kingfisher) C.r.syriacus Roselaar, 199578 Asia Minor and the Levant to SW Iran (2107) C.r.rudis (Linnaeus, 1758) Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa C.r.leucomelanurus Reichenbach, 1851 E Afghanistan, south to C and SE India, east to W and S Yunnan, Thailand (except SW and Pen.) and Indochina C.r.travancoreensis Whistler, 1935 SW India C.r.insignis E. Hartert, 1910 SE China, Hainan I. 1 With two exceptions (the placement of the genera Melidora and Lacedo) we follow the sequence used by Woodall (2001) (2689). In doing this we bring in the generic name Todiramphus for part of Halcyon which we used in last Edition. 2 We use this subfamily following Woodall (2001) (2689). 3 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 4 Includes intermedia see White & Bruce (1986: 270) (2652). 5 The name princeps is said to be preoccupied in Halcyon and kleinschmidti Laubmann, 1950 (1335), was proposed to replace nominate princeps; the availability of princeps in Todiramphus is presumed here. 6 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 7 Treated as part of lindsayi in last Edition, but see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745) where burtoni duPont, 1976 (775), is a synonym. 8 Includes deignani Meyer de Schauensee, 1946 (1564), see Wells (1999: 505) (2579), type locality N of Trang. 9 Includes modesta see White & Bruce (1986) (2652). 10 Given that this genus comes next to Clytoceyx we have taken the largest species first here. 11 For recognition of this see Mees (1982) (1534). 12 The name cliftoni is a junior synonym. 13 Tentatively includes kempi (see Schodde & Mason, 1997) (2188), but further revision expected. 14 Includes shekarii Abdulali, 1964 (6), see Ripley (1982: 208) (2055). 15 Includes nesoeca and isoptera see van Marle & Voous (1988) (2468). 16 The names used in last Edition for the Javan (fraseri) and Bornean (javana) populations were taken from Peters (1945); but see Mees (1971) (1523) for the correction of the names and for reasons to recognise the Bornean population, followed by Smythies (1981) (2288). 17 No recent records known from Luzon (and status of old ones doubtful). 18 Includes smithi see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 19 For spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 20 Includes ochrothorectis see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 21 Sometimes claimed to be identical with fusca; details of this claim possibly await publication. 22 Includes obscuridorsalis Dickerman & Cane, 1994 (731), see Woodall (2001: 209) (2689). 23 Includes centralis see White (1965: 230) (2649). 24 Includes erlangeri see White (1965: 229) (2649). 25 Thought to include hylophila Clancey, 1986 (501), see Woodall (2001: 210) (2689). 26 Includes damarensis see White (1965: 228) (2649). 27 Includes fortis only doubtfully recognised by White (1965) (2649). 28 Includes prenticei see White (1965: 228) (2649). 29 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 30 Includes ranivorus see White (1965: 227) (2649). 31 Treated in a broad genus Halcyon in last Edition. 32 For correct gender and spellings see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 33 Just two forms recognised in last Edition, but see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 34 Includes insularis see Mees (1982) (1534). 35 For recognition of this form see Schodde & Mason (1997: 349) (2188). 36 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 37 Includes adamsi of Lord Howe I. see Fry & Fry (1992: 185) (895). 38 For recognition of this form see Schodde & Mason (1997: 349) (2188). 39 Treated at specific level in last Edition, but see Fry & Fry (1992) (895); for reasons to include this here see Woodall (2001: 223) (2689). We follow, but with reservations. 40 We continue to follow White & Bruce (1986) (2652). 41 Includes interpositus see White & Bruce (1986: 279) (2652). 42 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 43 A substitute name mangaia Holyoak, 1976 (1130), was proposed, but see Schodde & Holyoak (1977) (2183). 44 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 45 Includes brevirostris, pseutes and tentelare see Mees (1982) (1534). 46 We choose to follow White (1965: 226) (2649) in treating this as monotypic. 47 Type species of the genus Ispidina here submerged. 48 Clancey spelled this name ferrugina not ferruginea. It should not be rendered as ferrugineus (N. David in litt.). 49 For an explanation of the spelling erithaca see David & Gosselin (2000) (612). 50 We prefer to interpret variation in this species as relating to primary differentiation with geographic separation and subsequent reoccupation of territory with introgression, showing full speciation was not achieved. In this arrangement the name rufidorsa, applied to rufous-backed individuals, is a synonym of erithaca the population of the Malay Pen. including such birds among the intergrades (Wells, 1999) (2579). 51 Includes jungei see Fry & Fry (1992: 198) (895). 52 An extremely variable population; in last Edition we listed a species goodfellowi; that name and associated ones (including virgicapitus) are all synonyms of this see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 53 Apparently absent from the E Visayas (Samar and Leyte), Luzon and the Palawan group. 54 Woodall (2001: 233) (2689) separated nais of Principe as a species, but considered the island form on Bioko essentially undifferentiated from birds of the nearby African coast. We tentatively retain the treatment of Fry & Fry (1992) (895). 55 Includes batesi see White (1965: 225) (2649). 56 For correct spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 57 The range given in last Edition was a lapsus hiding the fact that this is an allospecies of cyanopectus. 58 For attribution to this form see Mees (1971) (1523). 59 Includes wallaceanus given as doubtfully distinct by Peters (1945) (1826). 60 We follow White & Bruce (1986) (2652) in doubting the distinctness of yamdenae. 61 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). Includes mixtus see Schodde & Mason (1976) (2185). 62 For recognition of this see Schodde & Mason (1976) (2185). 63 In last Edition we had nominate pusilla extending to the Moluccas and we still accepted laetior. White & Bruce (1986: 281) (2652) seemed to suggest that both halmaherae and laetior should be submerged in nominate pusilla. However both are recognised by Woodall (2000: 238) (2689) and we tentatively follow him. 64 Includes laubmanni see Ripley (1982: 206) (2055). 65 Based on Woodall (2001: 238) (2689), not Ripley (1982) (2055), and tentatively accepted here on zoogeographical grounds. 66 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 67 Includes verreauxi see Mees (1986) (1539), Wells (1999) (2579), and thus also proxima, subviridis and callima (see Woodall, 2001: 238) (2689). 68 Includes amadoni duPont, 1971 (771). Dickinson et al. (1991) (745) relied on an evaluation prior to the review of Mees (1986) (1539) establishing the nature of variation; with the sinking of verreauxi it is now best to put both Philippine populations, thought the same by Woodall (2001: 238) (2689), in nominate meninting. 69 Includes japonica see Orn. Soc. Japan (2000) (1727). 70 Includes heuglini and tephria Clancey, 1951 (364), see White (1965: 224) (2649). 71 Includes chocoensis see Woodall (2001: 243) (2689). 72 Includes isthmica see Woodall (2001: 243) (2689). 73 Includes croteta see Woodall (2001: 243) (2689); presumably also includes ¶bottomeana Aveledo & Perez, 1994 (69). 74 Includes hellmayri and ecuadorensis Yamashina, 1943 (2694), see Woodall (2001: 248) (2689). 75 Includes mexicana see monotypic treatment in Fry et al. (1992) (895). 76 Includes caurina see Woodall (2001: 248) (2689). 77 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names, but Megaceryle remains feminine and names therein do not change. 78 For an opinion opposing recognition see Kasparek (1996) (1234). ALCEDINIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD TODIDAE (TODIES) (1: 5) TODUS Brisson, 1760 M Todus multicolor Gould, 1837 (Cuban Tody) Cuba, Isla de la Juventud Todus subulatus G.R. Gray, 1847 (Broad-billed Tody) Hispaniola, Gonave I. Todus angustirostris Lafresnaye, 1851 (Narrow-billed Tody) Hispaniola Todus todus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Jamaican Tody) Jamaica Todus mexicanus Lesson, 1838 (Puerto Rican Tody) Puerto Rico MOMOTIDAE (MOTMOTS)1 (6: 10) HYLOMANES M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1839 M Hylomanes momotula (Tody-Motmot)2 H.m.chiapensis Brodkorb, 1938 S Mexico (Pacific) H.m.momotula M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1839 Caribbean slope of S Mexico to Honduras H.m.obscurus Nelson, 1911 NW Costa Rica to NW Colombia ASPATHA Sharpe, 1892 F Aspatha gularis (Lafresnaye, 1840) (Blue-throated Motmot) S Mexico to Honduras, El Salvador MOMOTUS Brisson, 1760 M Momotus mexicanus (Russet-crowned Motmot) M.m.vanrossemi R.T. Moore, 1932 NW Mexico M.m.mexicanus Swainson, 1827 NC and C Mexico M.m.saturatus Nelson, 1897 SW Mexico M.m.castaneiceps Gould, 1855 C Guatemala Momotus momota (Blue-crowned Motmot) M.m.coeruliceps (Gould, 1836) NE and C Mexico M.m.goldmani Nelson, 1900 SE Mexico, N Guatemala M.m.exiguus Ridgway, 1912 S Mexico M.m.lessonii Lesson, 1842 S Mexico to W Panama M.m.conexus Thayer & Bangs, 19063 C Panama, NW Colombia M.m.spatha Wetmore, 1946 Guajira Pen. (Colombia) (2591) M.m.olivaresi Hernández & Romero, 1978 NC Colombia (1107) M.m.subrufescens P.L. Sclater, 1853 N Colombia, N Venezuela M.m.momota (Linnaeus, 1766) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil M.m.osgoodi Cory, 1913 W Venezuela M.m.bahamensis (Swainson, 1837) Trinidad, Tobago I. M.m.microstephanus P.L. Sclater, 1858 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NW Brazil M.m.argenticinctus Sharpe, 1892 W Ecuador, NW Peru M.m.ignobilis Berlepsch, 1889 E Peru, W Brazil M.m.nattereri P.L. Sclater, 1858 NE Bolivia M.m.simplex Chapman, 1923 W Brazil M.m.cametensis E. Snethlage, 1912 NC Brazil M.m.parensis Sharpe, 1892 NE Brazil M.m.marcgraviniana Pinto & Camargo, 19614 Easternmost Brazil (1899) M.m.pilcomajensis Reichenow, 1919 S Bolivia, S Brazil, NW Argentina Momotus aequatorialis (Highland Motmot)5 M.a.aequatorialis Gould, 1857 WC Colombia, E Ecuador M.a.chlorolaemus Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902 E Peru BARYPHTHENGUS Cabanis & Heine, 1859 M Baryphthengus martii (Rufous Motmot)6 B.m.semirufus (P.L. Sclater, 1853)7 E Honduras to NW Columbia and W Ecuador B.m.martii (Spix, 1824) W Amazonia Baryphthengus ruficapillus (Vieillot, 1818) (Rufous-capped Motmot)8 S and E Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina ELECTRON Gistel, 1848 N Electron carinatum (Du Bus, 1847)9 (Keel-billed Motmot) S Mexico to NW Costa Rica Electron platyrhynchum (Broad-billed Motmot) E.p.minus (E. Hartert, 1898)10 E Honduras to C Colombia E.p.platyrhynchum (Leadbeater, 1829) NW Colombia to SW Ecuador E.p.colombianum Meyer de Schauensee, 1950 Lowland N Colombia (1566) E.p.pyrrholaemum (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902) E Colombia, E Ecuador, Peru, N Bolivia E.p.orienticola Oberholser, 1920 W Amazonian Brazil E.p.chlorophrys Miranda-Ribeiro, 1931 C Brazil (S of the Amazon) EUMOMOTA P.L. Sclater, 1858 F Eumomota superciliosa (Turquoise-browed Motmot) E.s.bipartita Ridgway, 1912 SW Mexico, W Guatemala E.s.superciliosa (Sandbach, 1837) SE Mexico E.s.vanrossemi Griscom, 1929 C Guatemala E.s.sylvestris Carriker & Meyer de Schauensee, 1935 E Guatemala E.s.apiaster (Lesson, 1842) El Salvador, W Honduras, NW Nicaragua E.s.euroaustris Griscom, 1929 N Honduras E.s.australis Bangs, 1906 SW Nicaragua, NW Costa Rica 1 For convenience the sequence of genera is revised to follow A.O.U. (1998) (3). 2 Although not normally hyphenated we prefer to hyphenate wherever two ‘generic vernaculars’ appear together and to use lower case for the second if that name, with a capital, would suggest a presumption of close relationship that is unwarranted. 3 Includes reconditus see Snow (2001: 283) (2295). 4 For recognition see Snow (2001: 283) (2295). 5 See A.O.U. (1998: 321) (3) for a discussion of relationships, and the implicit recognition of this following Fjeldsĺ & Krabbe (1990) (850). 6 For reasons to separate this species from ruficapillus see A.O.U. (1998: 321) (3). 7 Includes costaricensis see Snow (2001: 280) (2295). 8 Straube & Bornschein (1991) (2358) considered the species monotypic. The name berlai Stager, 1959 (2302), is considered invalid by Snow (2001: 281) (2295). 9 Du Bus is an abbreviation of Du Bus de Gisignies. 10 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). TODIDAE AND MOMOTIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD RAMPHASTIDAE (TOUCANS AND BARBETS)1 (20: 120) RAMPHASTINAE AULACORHYNCHUS Gould, 1835 M Aulacorhynchus prasinus (Emerald Toucanet) A.p.wagleri (Sturm, 1841) SW Mexico A.p.warneri Winker, 2000 EC Mexico (2675) A.p.prasinus (Gould, 1834) SE Mexico A.p.virescens Ridgway, 19122 N Guatemala, Belize to N Nicaragua A.p.volcanius Dickey & van Rossem, 1930 E El Salvador A.p.caeruleogularis (Gould, 1854)3 Costa Rica to W Panama A.p.cognatus (Nelson, 1912) E Panama A.p.griseigularis Chapman, 1915 NW Colombia A.p.phaeolaemus (Gould, 1874) W Colombia A.p.lautus (Bangs, 1898) N Colombia A.p.albivitta (Boissonneau, 1840) E Colombia, E Ecuador, W Venezuela A.p.cyanolaemus (Gould, 1866) SE Ecuador, N Peru A.p.dimidiatus (Ridgway, 1886) N Peru A.p.atrogularis (Sturm, 1841) E Peru, N Bolivia Aulacorhynchus sulcatus (Groove-billed Toucanet) A.s.calorhynchus (Gould, 1874) N Colombia, NW Venezuela A.s.sulcatus (Swainson, 1820) N Venezuela A.s.erythrognathus (Gould, 1874) NE Venezuela Aulacorhynchus derbianus (Chestnut-tipped Toucanet) A.d.nigrirostris Traylor, 1951 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru (2422) A.d.derbianus Gould, 1835 SE Peru, NE Bolivia A.d.duidae Chapman, 1929 S Venezuela (Mt. Duida) A.d.whitelianus (Salvin & Godman, 1882) S Venezuela (Auyan-tepui and Mt. Roraima and on Guyana border) A.d.osgoodi Blake, 1941 S Guyana (Acary Mts.) Aulacorhynchus haematopygus (Crimson-rumped Toucanet) A.h.haematopygus (Gould, 1835) Andes of Colombia and NW Venezuela A.h.sexnotatus (Gould, 1868) W Ecuador Aulacorhynchus huallagae Carriker, 1933 (Yellow-browed Toucanet) Huallaga Valley (E Peru) Aulacorhynchus coeruleicinctis d’Orbigny, 1840 (Blue-banded Toucanet) E Andes of S Peru, N Bolivia PTEROGLOSSUS Illiger, 1811 M Pteroglossus viridis (Linnaeus, 1766) (Green Aracari) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil Pteroglossus inscriptus (Lettered Aracari)4 P.i.inscriptus Swainson, 18225 C and S Brazil P.i.humboldti Wagler, 1827 SE Colombia to N Bolivia, W Brazil Pteroglossus bitorquatus (Red-necked Aracari) P.b.sturmii Natterer, 1842 E Bolivia, WC Brazil P.b.reichenowi E. Snethlage, 1907 NC Brazil P.b.bitorquatus Vigors, 1826 NE Brazil Pteroglossus azara (Ivory-billed Aracari)6 P.a.flavirostris Fraser, 1841 N Upper Amazonia P.a.azara (Vieillot, 1819) NW Brazil P.a.mariae Gould, 1854 NE Peru, W Brazil, N Bolivia Pteroglossus aracari (Black-necked Aracari) P.a.atricollis (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776)7 Venezuela, The Guianas. , N Brazil P.a.aracari (Linnaeus, 1758) C and E Brazil P.a.vergens Griscom & Greenway, 19378 E Brazil Pteroglossus castanotis (Chestnut-eared Aracari) P.c.castanotis Gould, 1834 E Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, NW Brazil P.c.australis Cassin, 1867 E Bolivia, W Brazil, NE Argentine Pteroglossus pluricinctus Gould, 1836 (Many-banded Aracari) E Peru and E Colombia to E Venezuela Pteroglossus torquatus (Collared Aracari) P.t.torquatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) S Mexico to W Panama P.t.erythrozonus Ridgway, 1912 SE Mexico, N Guatemala, Belize P.t.nuchalis Cabanis, 1862 9 N Colombia, N Venezuela Pteroglossus sanguineus Gould, 1854 (Stripe-billed Aracari)10 W Colombia, NW Ecuador Pteroglossus erythropygius Gould, 1843 (Pale-mandibled Aracari)11 W Ecuador Pteroglossus frantzii Cabanis, 1861 (Fiery-billed Aracari) Costa Rica, W Panama Pteroglossus beauharnaesii Wagler, 1832 (Curl-crested Aracari) E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil BAILLONIUS Cassin, 1867 M Baillonius bailloni (Vieillot, 1819) (Saffron Toucanet) SE Brazil SELENIDERA Gould, 1837 F Selenidera spectabilis Cassin, 1857 (Yellow-eared Toucanet) Honduras to Panama, NC and NW Colombia Selenidera culik (Wagler, 1827) (Guianan Toucanet) The Guianas, NE Brazil Selenidera reinwardtii (Golden-collared Toucanet) S.r.reinwardtii (Wagler, 1827) S Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru S.r.langsdorffii (Wagler, 1827) E Peru, W Brazil, N Bolivia Selenidera nattereri (Gould, 1836) (Tawny-tufted Toucanet) E Venezuela, NW Brazil Selenidera gouldii (Natterer, 1837) (Gould's Toucanet)12 C Brazil, E Bolivia Selenidera maculirostris (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) (Spot-billed Toucanet) E and SE Brazil, NE Argentina ANDIGENA Gould, 1851 F Andigena hypoglauca (Grey-breasted Mountain Toucan) A.h.hypoglauca (Gould, 1833) C Colombia A.h.lateralis Chapman, 1923 E Ecuador, E Peru Andigena laminirostris Gould, 1851 (Plate-billed Mountain Toucan) SW Colombia, W Ecuador Andigena cucullata (Gould, 1846) (Hooded Mountain Toucan) S Peru, N Bolivia Andigena nigrirostris (Black-billed Mountain Toucan) A.n.occidentalis Chapman, 1915 W Colombia A.n.spilorhynchus Gould, 1858 S Colombia, NE Ecuador A.n.nigrirostris (Waterhouse, 1839) E Colombia, E Ecuador, W Venzuela RAMPHASTOS Linnaeus, 1758 M Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 1766 (Red-breasted Toucan) SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Ramphastos vitellinus (Channel-billed Toucan) R.v.culminatus Gould, 1833 Upper Amazonia R.v.citreolaemus Gould, 1844 C Colombia R.v.vitellinus M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823 Trinidad, Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil R.v.ariel Vigors, 182613 C and E Brazil Ramphastos brevis Meyer de Schauensee, 1945 (Choco Toucan) W Colombia, W Ecuador Ramphastos sulfuratus (Keel-billed Toucan) R.s.sulfuratus Lesson, 1830 S Mexico, N Guatemala, Belize R.s.brevicarinatus Gould, 1854 SE Guatemala to N Colombia, NW Venezuela Ramphastos toco (Toco Toucan) R.t.toco P.L. Statius Müller, 1776 The Guianas, N and E Brazil R.t.albogularis Cabanis, 1862 E and S Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, N Argentina Ramphastos tucanus (White-throated Toucan)14 R.t.tucanus Linnaeus, 1758 SE Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil R.t.cuvieri Wagler, 1827 Upper Amazonia R.t.inca Gould, 1846 E Bolivia Ramphastos swainsonii Gould, 1833 (Chestnut-mandibled Toucan)15 SE Honduras to W Ecuador Ramphastos ambiguus (Black-mandibled Toucan) R.a.ambiguus Swainson, 1823 N Colombia to C Peru R.a.abbreviatus Cabanis, 1862 W Venezuela, NE Colombia CAPITONINAE (NEW WORLD BARBETS) CAPITO Vieillot, 1816 M Capito aurovirens (Cuvier, 1829) (Scarlet-crowned Barbet) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil Capito wallacei O'Neill, Lane, Kratter, Caparella & Joo, 2000 (Scarlet-banded Barbet) # NC Peru (1719) Capito maculicoronatus (Spot-crowned Barbet) C.m.maculicoronatus Lawrence, 1861 W Panama C.m.rubrilateralis Chapman, 191216 E Panama, NW Colombia Capito squamatus Salvin, 1876 (Orange-fronted Barbet) SW Colombia, W Ecuador Capito hypoleucus (White-mantled Barbet) C.h.hypoleucus Salvin, 1897 N Colombia C.h.carrikeri Graves, 1986 NC Colombia (981) C.h.extinctus Graves, 1986 C Colombia (981) Capito dayi Cherrie, 1916 (Black-girdled Barbet) E Bolivia, C Brazil Capito brunneipectus Chapman, 1921 (Brown-chested Barbet) N Brazil Capito niger (P.L.Statius Müller, 1776) (Black-spotted Barbet)17 The Guianas, NE Brazil, E Venezuela Capito auratus (Gilded Barbet) C.a.punctatus (Lesson, 1830) E Colombia to E Peru C.a.aurantiicinctus Dalmas, 190018 WC and E Venezuela C.a.auratus (Dumont, 1816) NE Peru C.a.orosae Chapman, 1928 EC Peru, NW Brazil C.a.amazonicus Deville & Des Murs, 184919 NW and NC Brazil C.a.nitidior Chapman, 192820 SW Venezuela, NW Brazil, SE Colombia C.a.hypochondriacus Chapman, 1928 NC Brazil C.a.bolivianus Ridgway, 191221 SE Peru, N and W Bolivia, W Brazil Capito quinticolor Elliot, 1865 (Five-coloured Barbet) W Colombia, NW Ecuador EUBUCCO Bonaparte, 1850 M Eubucco richardsoni (Lemon-throated Barbet) E.r.richardsoni (G.R. Gray, 1846) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru E.r.nigriceps Chapman, 1928 NE Peru E.r.aurantiicollis P.L. Sclater, 185822 C and E Peru, N Bolivia E.r.purusianus Gyldenstolpe, 195123 W Amazonian Brazil (1031) Eubucco bourcierii (Red-headed Barbet) E.b.salvini (Shelley, 1891) Costa Rica, W Panama E.b.anomalus Griscom, 1929 E Panama E.b.occidentalis Chapman, 1914 W Colombia E.b.bourcierii (Lafresnaye, 1845) C and E Colombia E.b.aequatorialis (Salvadori & Festa, 1900) W Ecuador E.b.orientalis Chapman, 1914 E Ecuador, N Peru Eubucco tucinkae (Seilern, 1913)24 (Scarlet-hooded Barbet) SE Peru Eubucco versicolor (Versicoloured Barbet) E.v.steerii (P.L. Sclater, 1878) N Peru E.v.glaucogularis (Tschudi, 1844) C Peru E.v.versicolor (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) S Peru, N Bolivia SEMNORNIS Richmond, 1900 M Semnornis frantzii (P.L. Sclater, 1864) (Prong-billed Barbet) Costa Rica, W Panama Semnornis ramphastinus (Toucan-Barbet) S.r.caucae Gyldenstolpe, 1941 Central Andes of Colombia S.r.ramphastinus (Jardine, 1855) W Andes of Colombia and Ecuador MEGALAIMINAE (ASIAN BARBETS) PSILOPOGON S. Müller, 1835 M Psilopogon pyrolophus S. Müller, 1835 (Fire-tufted Barbet) Mts. of W Malaysia, Sumatra MEGALAIMA G.R. Gray, 1842 F Megalaima virens (Great Barbet) M.v.marshallorum (Swinhoe, 1870) NW Himalayas to W Nepal M.v.magnifica E.C.S. Baker, 1926 C and E Himalayas, S Assam, NW Burma, SW Yunnan M.v.mayri Ripley, 1948 Mishmi hills (NE Assam) (2031) M.v.clamator Mayr, 194125 NE Burma and extreme W Yunnan M.v.virens (Boddaert, 1783) C and E Burma, N Thailand, N Laos to E China M.v.indochinensis Rand, 1953 N Vietnam (1970) Megalaima lagrandieri (Red-vented Barbet) M.l.rothschildi (Delacour, 1927) N Laos, N Vietnam M.l.lagrandieri J. Verreaux, 1868 S Laos, C and S Vietnam Megalaima zeylanica (Brown-headed Barbet) M.z.inornata Walden, 1870 W India M.z.caniceps (Franklin, 1831)26 NW Himalayas to C India M.z.zeylanica (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) SW India, Sri Lanka Megalaima lineata (Lineated Barbet) M.l.hodgsoni (Bonaparte, 1850)27 WC Himalayas and Assam east to Indochina and south to Malay Pen. M.l.lineata (Vieillot, 1816) Java, Bali Megalaima viridis (Boddaert, 1783) (White-cheeked Barbet) SW and S India Megalaima faiostricta (Green-eared Barbet) M.f.praetermissa (Kloss, 1918) SC Guangdong (S China), N Vietnam M.f.faiostricta (Temminck, 183228) Thailand (not Pen.), Laos, Cambodia, C and S Vietnam Megalaima corvina (Temminck, 1831) (Brown-throated Barbet) Java Megalaima chrysopogon (Gold-whiskered Barbet) M.c.laeta (Robinson & Kloss, 1918) Malay Pen. M.c.chrysopogon (Temminck, 1824) Sumatra M.c.chrysopsis Goffin, 1863 Borneo Megalaima rafflesii (Lesson, 1839) (Red-crowned Barbet) 29 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka and Belitung Is., Borneo Megalaima mystacophanos (Red-throated Barbet) M.m.mystacophanos (Temminck, 1824)30 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo M.m.ampala (Oberholser, 1912) Batu Is. Megalaima javensis (Horsfield, 1821) (Black-banded Barbet) Java Megalaima flavifrons (Cuvier, 1816)31 (Yellow-fronted Barbet) Sri Lanka Megalaima franklinii (Golden-throated Barbet) M.f.franklinii (Blyth, 1842) E Himalayas and Assam hills to S China and N Vietnam M.f.ramsayi (Walden, 1875)32 Hills of E and SE Burma, N and W Thailand M.f.auricularis (Robinson & Kloss, 1919) Mts. of S Laos, SC Vietnam M.f.trangensis (Riley, 1934) Mts. of S Thailand M.f.minor (Kloss & Chasen 1926) Mts. of W Malaysia Megalaima oorti (Black-browed Barbet) M.o.sini (Stresemann, 1929) Dayao Shan (Guangxi, China) M.o.nuchalis (Gould, 1863) Taiwan M.o.faber (Swinhoe, 1870) Mts. of Hainan I. M.o.annamensis (Robinson & Kloss, 1919) Mts. S Laos and SC Vietnam M.o.oorti (S. Müller, 1835) Mts. of W Malaysia, Sumatra Megalaima asiatica (Blue-throated Barbet) M.a.asiatica (Latham, 1790)33 Himalyan foothills and W Bengal to W, N, and NE Burma and SW Yunnan M.a.davisoni Hume, 1877 SE Burma to SE Yunnan and N Indochina M.a.chersonesus (Kloss & Chasen, 1927) Mts. of S Thailand Megalaima monticola (Sharpe, 1889) (Mountain Barbet)34 Mts. of N Borneo Megalaima incognita (Moustached Barbet) M.i.incognita Hume, 1874 SE Burma M.i.elbeli Deignan, 1956 NE and E Thailand (657) M.i.euroa (Deignan, 1939) SE Thailand, Indochina Megalaima henricii (Yellow-crowned Barbet) M.h.henricii (Temminck, 1831) C and S Malay Pen., Sumatra M.h.brachyrhyncha (Neumann, 1908) Lowland Borneo Megalaima armillaris (Flame-fronted Barbet)35 M.a.armillaris (Temminck, 1821) Java M.a.baliensis (Rensch, 1928) Bali Megalaima pulcherrima (Sharpe, 1888) (Golden-naped Barbet) Mts. of NW Borneo Megalaima australis (Blue-eared Barbet) M.a.cyanotis (Blyth, 1847) E Himalayas and N Bengal to Yunnan, N Thailand M.a.orientalis (Robinson, 1915) E and SE Thailand, Indochina M.a.stuarti (Robinson & Kloss, 1919) S Burma, SW and Pen. Thailand M.a.duvaucelii (Lesson, 1830) W Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Bangka M.a.gigantorhina (Oberholser, 1912)36 Nias I. M.a.tanamassae (Meyer de Schauensee, 1929) Batu Is. M.a.australis (Horsfield, 1821)37 Java, Bali Megalaima eximia (Bornean Barbet) M.e.cyanea (Harrisson & Hartley, 1934) Mts. of Sabah (NE Borneo) M.e.eximia (Sharpe, 1892) Mts. of NC Borneo Megalaima rubricapillus (Crimson-fronted Barbet)38 M.r.malabarica (Blyth, 1847) SW India M.r.rubricapillus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Sri Lanka Megalaima haemacephala (Coppersmith Barbet)39 M.h.indica (Latham, 1790) Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka east to Yunnan, and mainland SE Asia M.h.delica (Parrot, 1907) Sumatra M.h.rosea (Dumont, 1816) Java, Bali M.h.haemacephala (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) Luzon and Mindoro M.h.celestinoi Gilliard, 1949 Samar and Leyte (938) M.h.mindanensis Rand, 1948 Mindanao (1967) M.h.intermedia (Shelley, 1891) Guimaras, Negros and Panay M.h.cebuensis Dziadosz & Parkes, 1984 Cebu (780) M.h.homochroa Dziadosz & Parkes, 1984 Tablas, Romblon and Masbate (780) CALORHAMPHUS Lesson, 1839 M Calorhamphus fuliginosus (Brown Barbet) C.f.hayii (J.E. Gray, 1831)40 Malay Pen., Sumatra C.f.fuliginosus (Temminck, 1830) Borneo (except North) C.f.tertius Chasen & Kloss, 1929 N Borneo LYBIINAE (AFRICAN BARBETS) 41 GYMNOBUCCO Bonaparte, 1850 M Gymnobucco bonapartei (Grey-throated Barbet) G.b.bonapartei Hartlaub, 1854 SW Cameroon and Gabon to C Zaire G.b.cinereiceps Sharpe, 1891 S Sudan, NE and E Zaire to Uganda and W Kenya Gymnobucco sladeni Ogilvie-Grant, 1907 (Sladen's Barbet) N, C and E Zaire Gymnobucco peli Hartlaub, 1857 (Bristle-nosed Barbet) Ivory Coast to S Nigeria and W Zaire Gymnobucco calvus (Naked-faced Barbet) G.c.calvus (Lafresnaye, 1841) Sierra Leone to S Nigeria, Gabon G.c.congicus Chapin, 1932 W Zaire, NW Angola G.c.vernayi Boulton, 1931 WC Angola STACTOLAEMA C.H.T. & G.F.L. Marshall, 1870 F Stactolaema leucotis (White-eared Barbet) S.l.kilimensis (Shelley, 1889) C and SE Kenya, NE Tanzania S.l.leucogrammica (Reichenow, 1915) EC Tanzania S.l.leucotis (Sundevall, 1850)42 Mozambique to S Malawi, E Zimbabwe and Natal Stactolaema whytii (Whyte's Barbet) S.w.buttoni (C.M.N. White, 1945) NW Zambia S.w.stresemanni (Grote, 1934) SW Tanzania, NE Zambia S.w.terminata (Clancey, 1956)43 SC Tanzania (Iringa) (372) S.w.angoniensis (Benson, 1964) W Malawi, E Zambia (123) S.w.whytii (Shelley, 1893)44 S Tanzania, S Malawi S.w.sowerbyi Sharpe, 189845 E and NE Zimbabwe, NW Mozambique (Tete) Stactolaema anchietae (Anchieta's Barbet) S.a.katangae (Vincent, 1934) NE Angola, SE Zaire, N Zambia S.a.anchietae (Bocage, 1869) SC Angola to W Zambia S.a.rex (Neumann, 1908) WC Angola Stactolaema olivacea (Green Barbet) S.o.olivacea (Shelley, 1880) SE Kenya, NE Tanzania S.o.howelli Jensen & Stuart, 1982 EC Tanzania (E Uzungwes, Mahenge) (1207) S.o.woodwardi Shelley, 189546 SE Tanzania (Rondo), N Natal S.o.rungweensis Benson, 194847 SW Tanzania, N Malawi (120) S.o.belcheri (W.L. Sclater, 1927) S Malawi, NW Mozambique POGONIULUS Lafresnaye, 1844 M Pogoniulus scolopaceus (Speckled Tinkerbird) P.s.scolopaceus (Bonaparte, 1850) Sierra Leone and Liberia to SE Nigeria P.s.stellatus (Jardine & Fraser, 1852) Bioko P.s.flavisquamatus (J. & E. Verreaux, 1855) Cameroon to W Kenya to N Angola Pogoniulus simplex (Fischer & Reichenow, 1884) (Eastern Green Tinkerbird)48 Coastal Kenya, NE Tanzania, E Mozambique to SE Malawi Pogoniulus leucomystax (Sharpe, 1892) (Moustached Green Tinkerbird)49 W Kenya to W Malawi Pogoniulus coryphaeus (Western Green Tinkerbird) P.c.coryphaeus (Reichenow, 1892) SE Nigeria, SW Cameroon P.c.hildamariae (W.L. Sclater, 1938) E Zaire, Rwanda, SW Uganda P.c.angolensis (Boulton, 1931) W Angola Pogoniulus atroflavus (Sparrman, 1798) (Red-rumped Tinkerbird)50 S Senegal to S Nigeria, Gabon, W, C and NE Zaire and W Uganda Pogoniulus subsulphureus (Yellow-throated Tinkerbird) P.s.chrysopygus (Shelley, 1889) Guinea to Ghana P.s.flavimentum (J. & E. Verreaux, 1851) S Nigeria to Gabon, W, C and NE Zaire and Uganda P.s.subsulphureus (Fraser, 1843) Bioko Pogoniulus bilineatus (Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird)51 P.b.leucolaimus (J. & E. Verreaux, 1851)52 Gambia to S Nigeria, S Sudan and C Uganda south to N Angola and SE Zaire P.b.poensis (Alexander, 1908) Bioko P.b.mfumbiri (Ogilvie-Grant, 1907) SW Uganda, E Zaire, and SW Tanzania,to N Zambia P.b.jacksoni (Sharpe, 1897) C and W Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, NW Tanzania P.b.fischeri (Reichenow, 1880)53 Coastal Kenya, NE Tanzania, Zanzibar I. P.b.bilineatus (Sundevall, 1850)54 SE Tanzania to Malawi, Mozambique, NE Sth. Africa Pogoniulus pusillus (Red-fronted Tinkerbird) P.p.uropygialis (Heuglin, 1862) C Ethiopia,to Eritrea and N Somalia P.p.affinis (Reichenow, 1879) S Ethiopia and S Somalia to N Tanzania P.p.pusillus (Dumont, 1816)55 Mozambique to E Cape Province Pogoniulus chrysoconus (Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird) P.c.chrysoconus (Temminck, 1832) Senegal to Sudan, Uganda and W Kenya P.c.xanthostictus (Blundell & Lovat, 1899) SW and C Ethiopia P.c.extoni (E.L. Layard, 1871)56 S Angola and N Namibia to S Tanzania, Mozambique and Transvaal BUCCANODON Hartlaub, 1857 M Buccanodon duchaillui (Cassin, 1856) (Yellow-spotted Barbet)57 Sierra Leone and Gabon to Uganda and W Kenya TRICHOLAEMA J. & E. Verreaux, 1855 F 58 Tricholaema hirsuta (Hairy-breasted Barbet) T.h.hirsuta (Swainson, 1821)59 Sierra Leone to Togo T.h.flavipunctata J. & E. Verreaux, 1855 S Nigeria, Cameroon, N and C Gabon T.h.angolensis Neumann, 1908 S Gabon to W and S Zaire, N Angola T.h.ansorgii Shelley, 1895 E Cameroon to E Zaire, Uganda, W Kenya Tricholaema diademata (Red-fronted Barbet) T.d.diademata (Heuglin, 1861) S Sudan, Ethiopia, NW Somalia, to N Uganda, W and C Kenya T.d.massaica (Reichenow, 1887) Kenya to C and SW Tanzania Tricholaema frontata (Cabanis, 1880) (Miombo Pied Barbet) Angola to Malawi Tricholaema leucomelas 60 (Acacia Pied Barbet) T.l.centralis (Roberts, 1932) W and S Angola, Botswana and W Zimbabwe to N Cape, W Transvaal T.l.affinis (Shelley, 1880) E Zimbabwe and E Transvaal to Natal T.l.leucomelas (Boddaert, 1783) C and SW Cape Province Tricholaema lacrymosa (Spot-flanked Barbet) T.l.lacrymosa Cabanis, 1878 N and C Uganda to C and SE Kenya, NE Tanzania T.l.radcliffei Ogilvie-Grant, 1904 E Zaire,and S Uganda to Rwanda, W Tanzania, SW Kenya Tricholaema melanocephala (Black-throated Barbet) T.m.melanocephala (Cretzschmar, 1826) Eritrea to C Ethiopia, NW Somalia T.m.blandi Lort Phillips, 1897 N Somalia T.m.stigmatothorax Cabanis, 1878 S Ethiopia, S Somalia to NE Tanzania T.m.flavibuccalis Reichenow, 1893 N Tanzania LYBIUS Hermann, 1783 M Lybius undatus (Banded Barbet) L.u.thiogaster Neumann, 1903 Eritrea and NE Ethiopia L.u.undatus (Rüppell, 1837) NW to C Ethiopia L.u.leucogenys (Blundell & Lovat, 1899) W and SW Ethiopia L.u.salvadori Neumann, 1903 SE Ethiopia Lybius vieilloti (Vieillot's Barbet) L.v.buchanani E. Hartert, 1924 S Sahara east to Chad L.v.rubescens (Temminck, 1823) Senegal to N Cameroon and N Zaire L.v.vieilloti (Leach, 1815) C and S Sudan to NE Zaire and N Eritrea Lybius leucocephalus (White-headed Barbet) L.l.adamauae Reichenow, 1921 N Nigeria to S Chad, W Central African Republic L.l.leucocephalus (Defilippi, 1853) S Sudan, Uganda, NE Zaire L.l.senex (Reichenow, 1887) C and SE Kenya L.l.albicauda (Shelley, 1881)61 SW Kenya, N Tanzania L.l.lynesi Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1938 C and SC Tanzania L.l.leucogaster (Bocage, 1877) SW Angola Lybius chaplini Stevenson Clarke, 1920 (Chaplin's Barbet) S Zambia Lybius rubrifacies (Reichenow, 1892) (Red-faced Barbet) S Uganda, NW Tanzania Lybius guifsobalito Hermann, 1783 (Black-billed Barbet) Ethiopia, E and S Sudan, Uganda, NE Zaire, W Kenya Lybius torquatus (Black-collared Barbet) L.t.zombae (Shelley, 1893)62 S Malawi, C and N Mozambique, S Tanzania L.t.pumilio Grote, 1927 E Zaire, to Burundi, W Tanzania, E Zambia, N Malawi L.t.irroratus (Cabanis, 1878) E Kenya, NE Tanzania L.t.congicus (Reichenow, 1898) SE Zaire, N Angola, N Zambia, SW Tanzania L.t.vivacens Clancey, 1977 SC and W Mozambique to E Zimbabwe and S Malawi (463) L.t.bocagei (de Sousa, 1886)63 64 SW Angola to N Botswana, SW Zambia, W Zimbabwe L.t.torquatus (Dumont, 1816) SE Botswana to Transvaal and E Cape Province Lybius melanopterus (W.K.H. Peters, 1854) (Brown-breasted Barbet) S Somalia to Malawi, N Mozambique Lybius minor (Black-backed Barbet) L.m.minor (Cuvier, 1816)65 S Gabon to SW Zaire, NW Angola L.m.macclounii (Shelley, 1899) S and SE Zaire, NE Angola, N Zambia, W Tanzania, NW Malawi Lybius bidentatus (Double-toothed Barbet) L.b.bidentatus (Shaw, 1798) Guinea to Cameroon and N Angola L.b.aequatorialis (Shelley, 1889) N and E Zaire to Uganda and W Kenya, C Ethiopia Lybius dubius (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Bearded Barbet) Senegal to N Cameroon and N Central African Republic Lybius rolleti (Defilippi, 1853) (Black-breasted Barbet) S Chad, N Central African Republic to W and SW Sudan TRACHYLAEMUS Reichenow, 189166 M Trachylaemus purpuratus (Yellow-billed Barbet) T.p.goffinii (Schlegel, 1863) Sierra Leone to Ghana T.p.togoensis Reichenow, 1891 Togo, SW Nigeria T.p.purpuratus (J. & E. Verreaux, 1851) SE Nigeria to N and C Zaire and NW Angola T.p.elgonensis (Sharpe, 1891) NE Zaire, Uganda and W Kenya TRACHYPHONUS Ranzani, 1821 M Trachyphonus vaillantii (Crested Barbet) T.v.suahelicus Reichenow, 1887 Angola, SE Zaire and Tanzania to C Zimbabwe T.v.vaillantii Ranzani, 1821 E Botswana, S Zimbabwe and C Mozambique to E Cape Province Trachyphonus erythrocephalus (Red-and-yellow Barbet) T.e.shelleyi Hartlaub, 1886 E Ethiopia, N Somalia T.e.versicolor Hartlaub, 1883 NE Uganda, N Kenya, S Ethiopia T.e.erythrocephalus Cabanis, 1878 S Kenya, N Tanzania Trachyphonus margaritatus (Yellow-breasted Barbet) T.m.margaritatus (Cretzschmar, 1826) C Mali to C Sudan, N Ethiopia and Eritrea T.m.somalicus Zedlitz, 1910 E Ethiopia to N Somalia and Gabon to C and E Zaire Trachyphonus darnaudii (D'Arnaud's Barbet) T.d.darnaudii (Prévost & Des Murs, 1847)67 SE Sudan and SW Ethiopia to WC Kenya T.d.boehmi Fischer & Reichenow, 1884 E Ethiopia to S Somalia, E Kenya, NE Tanzania T.d.usambiro Neumann, 190868 SW Kenya to NW Tanzania T.d.emini Reichenow, 1891 C and E Tanzania 1 It is quite possible that further information will change our views that the barbets and toucans should be united at family level and that a suprafamilial linkage will be preferable. 2 Includes stenorhabdus see Haffer (1974: 197) (1053). 3 Includes maxillaris see Short & Horne (2001) (2255A). 4 For reasons to separate this species see Haffer (1974: 210) (1053). 5 The name didymus attaches to subadult specimens of inscriptus see Haffer (1974: 212) (1053). 6 Erroneously listed as P. flavirostris in last Edition, and in Peters (1948: 78) (1827), who also listed Pteroglossus olallae, probably a hybrid; for a discussion see Haffer (1974: 219) (1053). 7 Includes roraimae see Haffer (1974: 228) (1053). 8 Haffer (1974: 229) (1053) thought the name vergens probably related to hybrid birds. 9 Includes pectoralis see Short & Horne (2001) (2255A). 10 For treatment at specific level see Hilty & Brown (1986: 325) (1116) and Hackett & Lehn (1997) (1049). 11 For treatment at specific level see Meyer de Schauensee (1970) (1575) and and Hackett & Lehn (1997) (1049). 12 Includes baturitensis Pinto & Camargo, 1961 (1899), but see Novaes & Lima (1991) (1664). Also includes hellmayri see Short & Horne (2001) (2255A); this had previously been attached to S. maculirostris. 13 Includes pintoi see Short & Horne (2001) (2255A); this is intermediate between culminatus and ariel as is theresae. 14 As regards the name oblitus see Haffer (1974: 307) (1053). 15 Treated as a race of R. ambiguus in Short & Horne (2001) (2255A). 16 Includes pirrensis and melas see Wetmore (1968) (2605). 17 Separation of this from C. brunneipectus and C. auratus follows Haffer (1997) (1054). Short & Horne (2001) (2255A) have placed auratus within the species niger. 18 Includes intermedius see Short & Horne (2001) (2255A). 19 Includes novaolindae and arimae see Short & Horne (2001) (2255A). 20 Includes transilens see Short & Horne (2001) (2255A). 21 Includes insperatus see Short & Horne (2001) (2255A). 22 Includes coccineus see Short & Horne (2001) (2255A). 23 For recognition of this see Short & Horne (2001) (2255A). 24 The usual abbreviated form of von Seilern-Aspang. 25 Short & Horne (2001) (2255A) subsume mayri and indochinensis. 26 Includes kangrae see Ripley (1982: 221) (2055). 27 Includes rana Ripley, 1950 (2034), see Ali & Ripley (1983) (28), and kutru Mukherjee, 1952 (1630), see Ripley (1982: 222) (2055). 28 Contra Peters (1948: 33) pl. 527 was in Livr. 89 and appeared in 1832 not 1831, see Dickinson (2001) (739). 29 Includes billitonis see Voous (1961) (2545), as well as borneensis and malayensis see Mees (1986) (1539). 30 Includes humii see Smythies (1960) (2287) 31 Dated 1817 by Peters (1948: 35) (1827) but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258) and www.zoonomen.net (A.P. Peterson in litt.). 32 Short & Horne (2001) (2255A) subsume trangensis and minor. 33 Includes erythristic rubescens see Ripley (1982: 223) (2055). 34 Treated as a form of asiatica by Peters (1948: 37) (1827), but Smythies (1957) (2286) treated it as a distinct species. Needs re-evaluation as no detailed reasons given. 35 For revision to ranges see Mees (1996: 25) (1543). 36 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 37 Includes hebereri see Mees (1996: 27) (1543). 38 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 39 Philippine subspecies recognised follow Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 40 Includes detersus Deignan, 1960 (660), see Wells (1999: 599) (2579). But see also Short & Horne (2001) (2255A). 41 Here we follow Short & Horne (1988) (2255). 42 Includes rufopectoralis Irwin, 1957 (1185) see White (1965: 262) (2649). 43 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 44 Includes euroum Clancey, 1956 (372) see White (1965: 265) (2649). 45 Includes irwini Benson, 1956 (121) see White (1965: 265) (2649). 46 Thought to include hylophona Clancey, 1979 (472); re-evaluation may be indicated. 47 Thought to include ulugurensis Ripley & Heinrich, 1969 (2069); re-evaluation may be indicated. 48 Includes hylodytes Clancey, 1984 (494). May need review. 49 Includes meridionalis Ripley & Heinrich, 1969 (2069); may need re-evaluation. 50 Includes vividus Clancey, 1984 (493). May need review. 51 Includes makawai Benson & Irwin, 1965 (130) see Short & Horne (2002:184) (2255B). 52 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 53 Includes pallidus Ripley & Bond, 1971 (2064) see Short & Horne (1988: 436) (2255). 54 Includes riparium Clancey, 1952 (368), see White (1965: 269) (2649) and oreonesus Clancey, 1971 (429) and deceptor Clancey, 1972 (437), see Short & Horne (1988: 437) (2255). 55 Includes niethammeri Clancey, 1952 (368) see White (1965: 267) (2649). 56 Includes dryas Clancey & Lawson, 1961 (389), see White (1965: 269) (2649) 57 Includes bannermani Serle, 1949 (2222) see White (1965: 264) (2649). 58 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), but was largely correctly applied in last Edition. 59 Misspelled in last Edition. 60 For the use of this spelling see Dowsett (1989) (759) and Art. 31.2.3. of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178). 61 Thought to include pareensis Ripley & Heinrich, 1966 (2068). 62 Includes nampunju Williams, 1966 (2666), a colour morph, see Short & Horne (1988: 467) (2255). 63 See Peters (1948: 43) (1827) and White (1965: 256) (2649). 64 Includes lucidiventris Clancey, 1956 (373), as the Matobo Hills are in S Zimbabwe; White (1965: 256) (2649) placed this in the synonymy of a broad subspecies zombae. 65 Dated 1817 by Peters (1948: 59) (1827) but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258) and www.zoonomen.net (A.P. Peterson in litt.). 66 We use this genus following Zimmermann et al. (1996) (2735). 67 Peters (1948: 62) (1827) bracketed the date implying uncertainty. However, see Sherborn & Woodward (1902) (2242A). 68 Treated at specific level in last Edition following Wickler (1973) (2660), but see Dowsett & Dowsett-Lemaire (1993: 346) (761). RAMPHASTIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD PICIDAE (WOODPECKERS)1 (29: 210) JYGNINAE JYNX Linnaeus, 1758 F Jynx torquilla (Northern Wryneck) J.t.torquilla Linnaeus, 1758 Europe south to Alps, Bulgaria, Caucasus area >> sub-Saharan Africa J.t.sarudnyi Loudon, 1912 W Siberia to Yenisey >> NE Africa, SW and S Asia J.t.chinensis Hesse, 1911 E Siberia to Kolyma, Sakhalin and NE and C China >> S and SE Asia J.t.himalayana Vaurie, 1959 N Pakistan to NW Himalayas (2504) J.t.tschusii O. Kleinschmidt, 1907 Iberia (?), Italy, Sardinia, Corsica, Croatia to ? Greece J.t.mauretanica Rothschild, 1909 NW Africa Jynx ruficollis (Rufous-breasted Wryneck) J.r.pulchricollis Hartlaub, 1884 Cameroon and W Zaire to SW Sudan, W Uganda J.r.aequatorialis Rüppell, 1842 Ethiopia J.r.ruficollis Wagler, 18302 Kenya to Angola and E Sth. Africa PICUMNINAE PICUMNUS Temminck, 1825 M Picumnus innominatus (Speckled Piculet) P.i.innominatus E. Burton, 1836 W Himalayas to N Assam and SE Xizang P.i.malayorum E. Hartert, 1912 S and E India to SW Yunnan, Indochina, Sumatra, Borneo P.i.chinensis (Hargitt, 1881) S and C China Picumnus aurifrons (Bar-breasted Piculet) P.a.aurifrons Pelzeln, 1870 C Brazil P.a.transfasciatus Hellmayr & Gyldenstolpe, 1937 EC Brazil P.a.borbae Pelzeln, 1870 C Brazil P.a.wallacii Hargitt, 1889 WC Brazil P.a.purusianus Todd, 1946 W Brazil P.a.flavifrons Hargitt, 1889 NE Peru, W Brazil P.a.juruanus Gyldenstolpe, 1941 E Peru, W Brazil Picumnus lafresnayi (Lafresnaye's Piculet) P.l.lafresnayi Malherbe, 1862 S Colombia, E Ecuador, S Peru P.l.punctifrons Taczanowski, 1886 E Peru P.l.taczanowskii Domaniewski, 1925 NE Peru P.l.pusillus Pinto, 1936 W Brazil Picumnus pumilus Cabanis & Heine, 1863 (Orinoco Piculet)3 N Brazil, S Colombia, S Venezuela Picumnus exilis (Golden-spangled Piculet) P.e.salvini Hargitt, 18934 E Venezuela P.e.clarus Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 EC Venezuela P.e.undulatus Hargitt, 1889 SE Venezuela, S Guyana, N Brazil P.e.buffoni Lafresnaye, 1845 Surinam, Cayenne, NE Brazil P.e.pernambucensis J.T. Zimmer, 1947 E Brazil (2710) P.e.alegriae Hellmayr, 1929 NE Brazil P.e.exilis (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) E Brazil Picumnus sclateri (Ecuadorean Piculet) P.s.parvistriatus Chapman, 1921 W Ecuador P.s.sclateri Taczanowski, 1877 SW Ecuador, NW Peru P.s.porcullae Bond, 1954 N Peru (185) Picumnus squamulatus (Scaled Piculet) P.s.squamulatus Lafresnaye, 1854 N and E Colombia P.s.roehli Zimmer & Phelps, 1944 NE Colombia, N Venezuela P.s.obsoletus J.A. Allen, 1892 NE Venezuela P.s.apurensis Phelps & Aveledo, 1987 Venezuela (1839) P.s.lovejoyi Phelps & Aveledo, 1987 Venezuela (1839) Picumnus spilogaster (White-bellied Piculet) P.s.orinocensis Zimmer & Phelps, 1950 E Venezuela (2726) P.s.spilogaster Sundevall, 1866 NE Brazil, the Guianas P.s.pallidus E. Snethlage, 1924 NE Brazil Picumnus minutissimus (Pallas, 1782) (Guianan Piculet) The Guianas Picumnus pygmaeus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) (Spotted Piculet)5 NE Brazil Picumnus steindachneri Taczanowski, 1882 (Speckle-chested Piculet) NE Peru Picumnus varzeae E. Snethlage, 1912 (Varzea Piculet) Islands in mid-Amazon Picumnus cirratus (White-barred Piculet) P.c.macconnelli Sharpe, 1901 NE Brazil P.c.confusus Kinnear, 1927 Guyana, Cayenne P.c.cirratus Temminck, 1825 S Brazil, E Paraguay P.c.pilcomayensis Hargitt, 1891 SW Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina P.c.tucumanus E. Hartert, 1909 N Argentina P.c.thamnophiloides Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1942 S Bolivia, NW Argentina Picumnus dorbygnianus (Ocellated Piculet) P.d.jelskii Taczanowski, 1882 E Peru P.d.dorbygnianus Lafresnaye, 1845 N and C Bolivia Picumnus temminckii Lafresnaye, 1845 (Ochre-collared Piculet) E Paraguay, SE Brazil, NE Argentina Picumnus albosquamatus (White-wedged Piculet) P.a.albosquamatus d’Orbigny, 1840 Bolivia, W Brazil P.a.guttifer Sundevall, 1866 C Brazil Picumnus fuscus Pelzeln, 1870 (Rusty-necked Piculet) SW Brazil, E Bolivia Picumnus rufiventris (Rufous-breasted Piculet) P.r.rufiventris (Bonaparte, 1838) SW Colombia, E Ecuador P.r.grandis Carriker, 1930 E Peru P.r.brunneifrons Stager, 1968 NW Bolivia (2304) Picumnus limae E. Snethlage, 1924 (Ochraceous Piculet) 6 E Brazil Picumnus fulvescens Stager, 1961 (Tawny Piculet) NE Brazil (2303) Picumnus nebulosus Sundevall, 1866 (Mottled Piculet) S Brazil Picumnus castelnau Malherbe, 1862 (Plain-breasted Piculet) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru Picumnus subtilis Stager, 1968 (Fine-barred Piculet) SE Peru (Cuzco) (2305) Picumnus olivaceus (Olivaceous Piculet) P.o.dimotus Bangs, 1903 E Guatemala to Nicaragua P.o.flavotinctus Ridgway, 1889 Costa Rica to E Panama and NW Colombia P.o.malleolus Wetmore, 19657 N Colombia (2602) P.o.olivaceus Lafresnaye, 1845 NC Colombia P.o.eisenmanni Phelps & Aveledo, 19668 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela (1837) P.o.tachirensis Phelps & Gilliard, 1941 C Colombia, NE Venezuela P.o.harterti Hellmayr, 1909 SW Colombia, W Ecuador Picumnus granadensis (Greyish Piculet) P.g.antioquensis Chapman, 1915 N Colombia P.g.granadensis Lafresnaye, 1847 NC Colombia Picumnus cinnamomeus (Chestnut Piculet) P.c.cinnamomeus Wagler, 1829 N Colombia P.c.perijanus Zimmer & Phelps, 19449 NW Venezuela P.c.persaturatus Haffer, 1961 C Colombia (1051) P.c.venezuelensis Cory, 1913 WC Venezuela SASIA Hodgson, 1836 F Sasia africana J. & E. Verreaux, 1855 (African Piculet) Nigeria to C Zaire Sasia abnormis (Rufous Piculet) S.a.abnormis (Temminck, 1825) Malay Pen., Sumatra to Borneo S.a.magnirostris E. Hartert, 1901 Nias I Sasia ochracea (White-browed Piculet) S.o.ochracea Hodgson, 1836 C and E Himalayas S.o.reichenowi Hesse, 191110 S and E Assam, Burma, W and S Yunnan, Thailand, C Indochina S.o.kinneari Stresemann, 1929 SE China, N Vietnam NESOCTITES Hargitt, 1890 M Nesoctites micromegas (Antillean Piculet) N.m.micromegas (Sundevall, 1866) Hispaniola N.m.abbotti Wetmore, 1928 Gonave I. PICINAE MELANERPES Swainson, 1832 M Melanerpes candidus (Otto, 1796) (White Woodpecker) N and E Brazil to C Argentina Melanerpes lewis (G.R. Gray, 1849) (Lewis's Woodpecker) W Canada to NW Mexico Melanerpes herminieri (Lesson, 1830) (Guadeloupe Woodpecker) Guadeloupe I. Melanerpes portoricensis (Daudin, 1803) (Puerto Rican Woodpecker) Puerto Rico Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Red-headed Woodpecker)11 S Canada, WC and E USA Melanerpes formicivorus (Acorn Woodpecker) M.f.bairdi Ridgway, 1881 Oregon to N Baja California M.f.angustifrons S.F. Baird, 1870 S Baja California M.f.formicivorus (Swainson, 1827)12 SW USA to C Mexico M.f.albeolus Todd, 1910 SE Mexico to Belize M.f.lineatus (Dickey & van Rossem, 1927) S Mexico to N Nicaragua M.f.striatipectus Ridgway, 1874 Nicaragua to W Panama M.f.flavigula (Malherbe, 1849) Andes of Colombia Melanerpes cruentatus (Boddaert, 1783) (Yellow-tufted Woodpecker) The Guianas to NE Bolivia Melanerpes flavifrons (Vieillot, 1818) (Yellow-fronted Woodpecker) S Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina Melanerpes chrysauchen (Golden-naped Woodpecker) M.c.chrysauchen Salvin, 1870 SW Costa Rica, W Panama M.c.pulcher P.L. Sclater, 1870 N Colombia Melanerpes pucherani (Malherbe, 1849) (Black-cheeked Woodpecker) S Mexico to W Ecuador Melanerpes cactorum (d’Orbigny, 1840) (White-fronted Woodpecker) S Peru to C Argentina Melanerpes striatus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (Hispaniolan Woodpecker) Hispaniola Melanerpes radiolatus (Wagler, 1827) (Jamaican Woodpecker) Jamaica Melanerpes chrysogenys (Golden-cheeked Woodpecker)13 M.c.chrysogenys (Vigors, 1839) NW Mexico M.c.flavinuchus (Ridgway, 1911) SW Mexico Melanerpes hypopolius (Wagler, 1829) (Grey-breasted Woodpecker) Mexico Melanerpes pygmaeus (Red-vented Woodpecker) M.p.tysoni (Bond, 1936) Guanaja I. (Bay Is., Honduras) M.p.rubricomus J.L. Peters, 1948 Yucatán (SE Mexico) M.p.pygmaeus (Ridgway, 1885) Cozumel I. (off Yucatán) Melanerpes rubricapillus (Red-crowned Woodpecker) M.r.rubricapillus (Cabanis, 1862) SW Costa Rica to Surinam and Tobago M.r.subfusculus (Wetmore, 1957) Coiba I. (Panama) (2598) M.r.seductus Bangs, 1901 San Miguel I. (Pearl Is., Panama) M.r.paraguanae (Gilliard, 1940)14 Paraguana Pen. (N Venezuela) Melanerpes uropygialis (Gila Woodpecker) M.u.uropygialis (S.F. Baird, 1854) SW Nth. America M.u.cardonensis (Grinnell, 1927) N Baja California M.u.brewsteri (Ridgway, 1911) S Baja California M.u.fuscescens (van Rossem, 1934 S Sonora (Mexico) Melanerpes hoffmanni (Cabanis, 1862) (Hoffmann's Woodpecker) Nicaragua, W Costa Rica Melanerpes aurifrons (Golden-fronted Woodpecker) M.a.aurifrons (Wagler, 1829) Texas to SC Mexico M.a.polygrammus (Cabanis, 1862) SW Mexico M.a.grateloupensis (Lesson, 1839) E Mexico M.a.dubius (Cabot, 1844) SE Mexico, Belize M.a.leei (Ridgway, 1885) Cozumel I. M.a.santacruzi (Bonaparte, 1838) S Chiapas to N Nicaragua M.a.pauper (Ridgway, 1888) E Honduras M.a.hughlandi Dickerman, 1987 Guatemala (717) M.a.turneffensis Russell, 196315 Turneffe Is. (2141) M.a.insulanus (Bond, 1936) Utilla I. (Bay Is., Honduras) M.a.canescens (Salvin, 1889) Roatan, Barburat Is. (Bay Is., Honduras) Melanerpes carolinus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Red-bellied Woodpecker)16 C, E and S USA Melanerpes superciliaris (West Indian Woodpecker) M.s.nyeanus (Ridgway, 1886)17 Grand Bahama, San Salvador I. M.s.blakei (Ridgway, 1886) Abaco I. (Bahamas) M.s.superciliaris (Temminck, 1827) Cuba18 M.s.murceus (Bangs, 1910) Isla de la Juventud M.s.caymanensis (Cory, 1886) Grand Cayman I. SPHYRAPICUS S.F. Baird, 1858 M Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Williamson's Sapsucker) S.t.thyroideus (Cassin, 1851) S Brit. Columbia to S California S.t.nataliae (Malherbe, 1854) SE Brit. Columbia, WC USA, C Mexico Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus, 1766) (Yellow-bellied Sapsucker)19 S Canada, NE USA >> C and S USA to C America and Antilles Sphyrapicus nuchalis S.F. Baird, 1858 (Red-naped Sapsucker) W Canada, W USA, W Mexico Sphyrapicus ruber (Red-breasted Sapsucker) S.r.ruber (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) SE Alaska to W Oregon S.r.daggetti Grinnell, 1901 S Oregon to SC California XIPHIDIOPICUS Bonaparte, 1854 M Xiphidiopicus percussus (Cuban Green Woodpecker)20 X.p.percussus (Temminck, 1826) Cuba X.p.insulaepinorum Bangs, 1910 Isla de la Juventud CAMPETHERA G.R. Gray, 1841 F Campethera punctuligera (Fine-spotted Woodpecker) C.p.punctuligera (Wagler, 1827) Senegal to Nigeria and Central African Republic C.p.balia (Heuglin, 1871) S Chad, S Sudan, N Zaire Campethera bennettii (Bennett's Woodpecker) C.b.bennettii (A. Smith, 1836) W Tanzania and SE Zaire to Zimbabwe S Mozambique and Natal C.b.capricorni Strickland, 185321 S Angola, N Namibia to N Botswana, SW Zambia C.b.scriptoricauda (Reichenow, 1896)22 C and E Tanzania, N Mozambique, Malawi Campethera nubica (Nubian Woodpecker) C.n.nubica (Boddaert, 1783) Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya to SW Tanzania C.n.pallida (Sharpe, 1902) S Somalia Campethera abingoni (Golden-tailed Woodpecker) C.a.chrysura (Swainson, 1837) Senegal to Sudan and Malawi C.a.kavirondensis van Someren, 1926 SW Kenya to C Tanzania C.a.suahelica (Reichenow, 1902)23 S Tanzania to Zimbabwe and Mozambique C.a.abingoni (A. Smith, 1836) Botswana to S Mozambique and Natal C.a.anderssoni (Roberts, 1936) Namibia C.a.constricta Clancey, 1965 Natal (406) Campethera mombassica (Fischer & Reichenow, 1884) (Mombasa Woodpecker)24 Coastal S Somalia to N Tanzania Campethera notata (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) (Knysna Woodpecker)25 S Natal, S and E Cape Province Campethera cailliautii (Green-backed Woodpecker) C.c.permista (Reichenow, 1876) Ghana to SW Zaire, SW Uganda, C Zaire and NW Angola C.c.nyansae (Neumann, 1900)26 SW Kenya, W Tanzania to E Zaire, NE Angola and N Zambia C.c.cailliautii (Malherbe, 1849) S Somalia to NE Tanzania C.c.loveridgei E. Hartert, 192027 EC Tanzania to Mozambique Campethera maculosa (Valenciennes, 1826) (Little Green Woodpecker) Guinea to Ghana Campethera tullbergi (Tullberg's Woodpecker) C.t.tullbergi (Sjöstedt, 1892)28 SE Nigeria, W Cameroon, Bioko C.t.taeniolaema (Reichenow & Neumann, 1895) W Kenya, W Uganda to SE Zaire C.t.hausburgi (Sharpe, 1900) E and C Kenya Campethera nivosa (Buff-spotted Woodpecker) C.n.nivosa (Swainson, 1837)29 Guinea to W Zaire, N Angola C.n.poensis Alexander, 1903 Bioko C.n.herberti (Alexander, 1908)30 N, C and E Zaire, Uganda, W Kenya Campethera caroli (Brown-eared Woodpecker) C.c.arizela (Oberholser, 1899) Sierra Leone, Liberia C.c.caroli (Malherbe, 1852) Cameroon to W Kenya, S Zaire, NW Angola GEOCOLAPTES Swainson, 1832 M Geocolaptes olivaceus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Ground Woodpecker) 31 Cape Province to Transvaal and Natal (369) DENDROPICOS Malherbe, 1849 M Dendropicos elachus Oberholser, 1919 (Little Grey Woodpecker) Senegal to W Sudan Dendropicos poecilolaemus Reichenow, 1893 (Speckle-breasted Woodpecker) Cameroon to Uganda, W Kenya Dendropicos abyssinicus (Stanley, 1814) (Gold-mantled Woodpecker) Ethiopia Dendropicos fuscescens (Cardinal-Woodpecker) D.f.lafresnayei Malherbe, 1849 Senegal to Nigeria D.f.sharpii (Oustalet, 1879) Cameroon to S Sudan and N Angola D.f.lepidus (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) E Zaire to SWEthiopia, C Kenya, NW Tanzania D.f.hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1833) N and E Ethiopia, Somalia, N and E Kenya D.f.massaicus (Neumann, 1900) SC Ethiopia, W and C Kenya, to NC Tanzania D.f.centralis (Neumann, 1900) Angola to W Tanzania, Zimbabwe, N Namibia D.f.hartlaubii Malherbe, 1849 SE Kenya to Malawi and N Mozambique D.f.intermedius Roberts, 192432 E Transvaal, E Natal, S and C Mozambique D.f.fuscescens (Vieillot, 1818) C Namibia to Cape Province, S Transvaal, W Natal Dendropicos gabonensis (Gabon Woodpecker) D.g.lugubris Hartlaub, 185733 Sierra Leone to SW Nigeria D.g.reichenowi Sjöstedt, 1893 S Nigeria, SW Cameroon D.g.gabonensis (J. & E. Verreaux, 1851) Cameroon and Gabon, NE and C Zaire Dendropicos stierlingi Reichenow, 1901 (Stierling's Woodpecker) S Tanzania, N Mozambique, S Malawi Dendropicos namaquus (Bearded Woodpecker) D.n.schoensis (Rüppell, 1842) Ethiopia, Somalia, N Kenya D.n.namaquus (A.A.H. Lichtenstein, 1793) Central African Republic, C and S Kenya and Tanzania to N Namibia, Botswana and Transvaal D.n.coalescens Clancey, 1958 E Cape Province to S Mozambique (377) Dendropicos xantholophus Hargitt, 1883 (Yellow-crested Woodpecker) S Cameroon to NW Angola and W Kenya Dendropicos pyrrhogaster (Malherbe, 1845) (Fire-bellied Woodpecker) Sierra Leone to SE Nigeria Dendropicos elliotii (Elliot's Woodpecker) D.e.johnstoni (Shelley, 1887) E Nigeria, Mt. Cameroon, Bioko D.e.elliotii (Cassin, 1863) S Cameroon and Gabon to Uganda D.e.kupeensis Serle, 1952 Mt. Kupe (Cameroon) (2224) D.e.gabela Rand & Traylor, 1959 NW Angola (1980) Dendropicos goertae (Grey Woodpecker) D.g.koenigi (Neumann, 1903) Mali to WC Sudan D.g.abessinicus (Reichenow, 1900) E Sudan, N and W Ethiopia D.g.spodocephalus (Bonaparte, 1850)34 High plateaux of C and S Ethiopia D.g.rhodeogaster (Fischer & Reichenow, 1884) Highland C and SE Kenya to NE Tanzania D.g.goertae (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) Senegal to S Sudan, W Kenya, Uganda, NW Tanzania D.g.meridionalis Louette & Prigogine, 1982 SE Zaire, NW Angola, S Gabon (1383) Dendropicos griseocephalus (Olive Woodpecker) D.g.ruwenzori (Sharpe, 1902) Angola, Zambia and SE Zaire to W Uganda and C Tanzania D.g.kilimensis (Neumann, 1926) N and E Tanzania D.g.griseocephalus (Boddaert, 1783)35 E Transvaal and Natal to S Cape Province Dendropicos obsoletus (Brown-backed Woodpecker)36 D.o.obsoletus (Wagler, 1829) Gambia to W and S Sudan and C Uganda D.o.heuglini (Neumann, 1904) E Sudan to N Ethiopia D.o.ingens (E. Hartert, 1900) S Ethiopia, NE Uganda, W and C Kenya D.o.crateri (Sclater & Moreau, 1935) N Tanzania HYPOPICUS Bonaparte, 185437 M Hypopicus hyperythrus (Rufous-bellied Woodpecker) H.h.marshalli (E. Hartert, 1912) NW Himalayas H.h.hyperythrus (Vigors, 1831)38 C and E Himalayas to W Sichuan, Yunnan and N Thailand H.h.subrufinus (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) NE China, S Ussuriland, Korea >> S China and N Indochina H.h.annamensis (Kloss, 1925) Mts. of S Laos, SC Vietnam DENDROCOPOS Koch, 1816 M Dendrocopos temminckii (Malherbe, 1849) (Sulawesi Pygmy Woodpecker) Sulawesi, Togian Is. Dendrocopos maculatus (Philippine Pygmy Woodpecker) D.m.validirostris (Blyth, 1849)39 Luzon, Catanduanes and Mindoro D.m.leytensis (Steere, 1890) Bohol, Leyte and Samar D.m.fulvifasciatus (Hargitt, 1881) Basilan, Dinagat and Mindanao D.m.ramsayi (Hargitt, 1881) Bongao, Jolo and Tawitawi Is. (Sulu Is.) D.m.siasiensis (Mearns, 1909) Siasi I. (Sulu Is.) D.m.maculatus (Scopoli, 1786) Cebu, Guimaras, Negros and Panay D.m.menagei (Bourns & Worcester, 1894) Sibuyan I. Dendrocopos moluccensis (Brown-capped Woodpecker)40 D.m.nanus (Vigors, 1832) NE Pakistan, W and N India, Bangladesh D.m.hardwickii (Jerdon, 1844)41 C India D.m.cinereigula (Malherbe, 1849) SW India D.m.gymnophthalmus (Blyth, 1849) Sri Lanka D.m.moluccensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) W Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Bangka, Belitung D.m.grandis (Hargitt, 1882) Lombok to Alor (Lesser Sunda Is.) Dendrocopos kizuki (Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker)42 D.k.permutatus (Meise, 1934) Liaoning, N Korea, SE Siberia D.k.seebohmi (Hargitt, 1884)43 Sakhalin, S Kuril Is., Hokkaido D.k.nippon (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1922) Shandong, N Hebei, S Korea, Chejo-do, Honshu (except SW) D.k.shikokuensis (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1922) SW Honshu, Shikoku D.k.kizuki (Temminck, 1836) Kyushu, D.k.matsudairai (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1921) Yakushima, Izu Is. D.k.kotataki (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1922) Tsushima, Oki Is. (S Japan) D.k.amamii (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1922) Amami Oshima (N Ryukyu Is.) D.k.nigrescens (Seebohm, 1887) Okinawa (C Ryukyu Is.) D.k.orii (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1923) Iriomote (S Ryukyu Is.) Dendrocopos canicapillus (Grey-capped Pygmy Woodpecker)44 D.c.doerriesi (Hargitt, 1881) SE Siberia, E Manchuria, Korea D.c.scintilliceps (Swinhoe, 1853) E China north to Hebei D.c.szetschuanensis (Rensch, 1924) WC Sichuan to S Shaanxi D.c.omissus (Rothschild, 1922) N and W Yunnan and W Sichuan to E Qinghai and SW Gansu D.c.nagamichii (La Touche, 1932) S China (E Yunnan to Fujian) D.c.obscurus (La Touche, 1921) SW and S Yunnan D.c.kaleensis (Swinhoe, 1863) Taiwan D.c.swinhoei (E. Hartert, 1910) Hainan I. D.c.mitchelli (Malherbe, 1849) W Himalayas (N Pakistan to W Nepal) D.c.semicoronatus (Malherbe, 1849)45 E Himalayas D.c.canicapillus (Blyth, 1845) SE Assam, C and S Burma, N Thailand, Laos D.c.delacouri (Meyer de Schauensee, 1938) E and SE Thailand, Cambodia, S Vietnam D.c.auritus (Eyton, 1845) SW Thailand and Malay Pen. D.c.volzi (Stresemann, 1920) Sumatra D.c.aurantiiventris (Salvadori, 1868) N and E Borneo Dendrocopos minor (Lesser Spotted Woodpecker) D.m.comminutus E. Hartert, 1907 England, Wales D.m.minor (Linnaeus, 1758) Scandinavia, NE Poland and Russia to Ural Mts. D.m.kamtschatkensis (Malherbe, 1861) Siberia from Ural Mts. to Sea of Okhotsk and N Mongolia D.m.immaculatus Stejneger, 188446 Kamchatka and Anadyr basin D.m.amurensis (Buturlin, 1908)47 NE China, SE Siberia, Sakhalin and Korea D.m.hortorum (C.L. Brehm, 1831) C Europe (N France and N Alps to C Poland and Rumania) D.m.buturlini (E. Hartert, 1912)48 S Europe (Iberia to Bulgaria and NW Greece) D.m.danfordi (Hargitt, 1883) C and E Greece, Turkey D.m.colchicus (Buturlin, 1908) Caucasus and Transcaucasia D.m.quadrifasciatus (Radde, 1884) SE Azerbaijan D.m.hyrcanus (Zarudny & Bilkevitch, 1913) N Iran D.m.morgani Zarudny & Loudon, 1904 SW Iran D.m.ledouci (Malherbe, 1855)49 NW Africa Dendrocopos macei (Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker) D.m.westermanni (Blyth, 1870) W Himalayas D.m.macei (Vieillot, 1818)50 E Himalayas and W Bengal to N Burma D.m.longipennis Hesse, 1912 C and S Burma through Thailand to S Vietnam D.m.andamanensis (Blyth, 1859) Andaman Is. D.m.analis (Bonaparte, 1850) S Sumatra, Java, Bali Dendrocopos atratus (Stripe-breasted Woodpecker) D.a.atratus (Blyth, 1849) S and E Assam, Burma, N Thailand, Laos D.a.vietnamensis Stepanyan, 1988 Vietnam (2325) Dendrocopos auriceps (Brown-fronted Woodpecker) D.a.auriceps (Vigors, 1831) E Afghanistan, N Pakistan, W Himalayas D.a.incognitus (Scully, 1879)51 C Nepal Dendrocopos mahrattensis (Yellow-crowned Woodpecker) D.m.pallescens Biswas, 1951 C Pakistan, NW India (155) D.m.mahrattensis (Latham, 1802) 52 India, Sri Lanka, Burma Dendrocopos dorae (Bates & Kinnear, 1935) (Arabian Woodpecker) SW Arabia Dendrocopos cathpharius (Crimson-breasted Woodpecker) D.c.cathpharius (Blyth, 1843) E Himalayas D.c.ludlowi Vaurie, 1959 SE Xizang (China) (2503) D.c.pyrrhothorax (Hume, 1881)53 S and E Assam, W Burma D.c.tenebrosus (Rothschild, 1926) N and E Burma to SW Yunnan and NW Vietnam D.c.pernyii (J. Verreaux, 1867) N Yunnan, WC Sichuan, S Gansu (C China) D.c.innixus (Bangs & Peters, 1928) NE Sichuan and SE Shaanxi to W Hubei (NC China) Dendrocopos darjellensis (Darjelling Woodpecker) D.d.darjellensis (Blyth, 1845)54 C and E Himalayas and S Assam to Yunnan and NW Vietnam D.d.desmursi (J. Verreaux, 1870)55 W Sichuan Dendrocopos medius (Middle-spotted Woodpecker) D.m.medius (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe to NW Turkey D.m.caucasicus (Bianchi, 1904) N Asia Minor, Caucasus, Transcaucasia D.m.anatoliae (E. Hartert, 1912)56 W and S Asia Minor to N Iraq D.m.sanctijohannis (Blanford, 1873) Zagros Mts. (SW Iran) Dendrocopos leucotos (White-backed Woodpecker)57 D.l.leucotos (Bechstein, 1803) C and N Europe to E Alps, Carpathians and EC Europe, S Russia to SE Siberia, Sakhalin and NE China D.l.uralensis (Malherbe, 1861) W Ural Mts. to Lake Baikal area D.l.lilfordi (Sharpe & Dresser, 1871) Pyrenees; Balkans, Turkey, Caucasus area D.l.tangi Cheng, Tso-hsin, 1956 W Sichuan (China) (328) D.l.subcirris (Stejneger, 1886) S Kuril Is., Hokkaido D.l.stejnegeri (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1921) N and C Honshu, Sado-shima D.l.namiyei (Stejneger, 1886) W Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Oki Is. D.l.takahashii (Kuroda & Mori, 1920) Ullung-do (Dagelet Is., S Korea) D.l.owstoni (Ogawa, 1905) Amami-Oshima (Ryukyu Is.) D.l.quelpartensis (Kuroda & Mori, 1918) Cheju-do (Quelpart I., S Korea) D.l.fohkiensis (Buturlin, 1908) NW Fujian (SE China) D.l.insularis (Gould, 1836) Taiwan Dendrocopos himalayensis (Himalayan Woodpecker) D.h.albescens (E.C.S. Baker, 1926) NW Himalayas east to Chamba D.h.himalayensis (Jardine & Selby, 1831)58 WC Himalayas (Simla to W Nepal) Dendrocopos assimilis (Blyth, 1849) (Sind Woodpecker) SE Iran, W and NW Pakistan Dendrocopos syriacus (Syrian Woodpecker)59 D.s.syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833) C Europe to Turkey, Levant and SW Iran D.s.transcaucasicus Buturlin, 1910 Transcaucasia and N Iran D.s. milleri Zarudny, 1909 Kuh-e Taftan Mts. (SE Iran) Dendrocopos leucopterus (Salvadori, 1870) (White-winged Woodpecker)60 E Turkmenistan, C Uzbekistan, SW Kazakhstan, Pamir and Tien Shan Mts. to SE Kazakstan and Xinjiang Dendrocopos major (Great Spotted Woodpecker)61 D.m.major (Linnaeus, 1758) Scandinavia and NE Poland to Ural Mts. D.m.brevirostris (Reichenbach, 1854)62 Ural Mts. to W shore Sea of Okhotsk, NE China, N Mongolia and NE Tien Shan D.m.kamtschaticus (Dybowskii, 1883) Kamchatka and N shore Sea of Okhotsk D.m.anglicus E. Hartert, 1900 Great Britain D.m.pinetorum (C.L. Brehm, 1831) C Europe (Denmark and France to Alps and Carpathians) D.m.parroti E. Hartert, 191163 Corsica D.m.harterti Arrigoni, 1902 Sardinia D.m.italiae (Stresemann, 1919) Mainland Italy, Sicily, W Slovenia D.m.hispanus (Schlüter, 1908) Iberian Pen. D.m.canariensis (König, 1889) Tenerife I. D.m.thanneri Le Roi, 1911 Gran Canaria I. D.m.mauritanus (C.L. Brehm, 1855) Morocco D.m.numidus (Malherbe, 1843) N Algeria, Tunisia D.m.candidus (Stresemann, 1919) Rumania and S Ukraine to Greece D.m.paphlagoniae (Kumerlöwe & Niethammer, 1935)64 N Asia Minor D.m.tenuirostris Buturlin, 190665 Caucasus and Transcaucasia D.m.poelzami (Bogdanov, 1879) SE Azerbaijan, N Iran, SW Turkmenistan D.m.japonicus (Seebohm, 1883) SE Siberia and N and E Manchuria to S Kuril Is., N and C Japan and Korea D.m.wulashanicus Cheng, Xian, Zhang & Jiang, 197566 SC Nei Mongol (343) D.m.cabanisi (Malherbe, 1854) S Manchuria to N Anhui and N Jiangxu (E China) D.m.beicki (Stresemann, 1927) NE Sichuan and E Qinghai to Gansu and Shaanxi D.m.mandarinus (Malherbe, 1857) E Burma, S China, N Laos, N Vietnam D.m.stresemanni (Rensch, 1924) S and E Assam, NE Burma, Yunnan, W Sichuan D.m.hainanus Hartert & Hesse, 1911 Hainan PICOIDES Lacépčde, 1799 M Picoides mixtus (Checkered Woodpecker) P.m.cancellatus (Wagler, 1829) SE Brazil P.m.mixtus (Boddaert, 1783) E Paraguay, Uruguay, E Argentina P.m.malleator (Wetmore, 1922) W Paraguay, SE Bolivia, N and W Argentina P.m.berlepschi (Hellmayr, 1915) S and W Argentina Picoides lignarius (Molina, 1782) (Striped Woodpecker) C Bolivia, Chile, S and W Argentina Picoides scalaris (Ladder-backed Woodpecker) P.s.cactophilus (Oberholser, 1911) SW USA to C and E Mexico P.s.eremicus (Oberholser, 1911) N Baja California P.s.lucasanus (S.F. Baird, 1859) S Baja California P.s.soulei Banks, 196367 Cerralvo I. (84) P.s.graysoni (S.F. Baird, 1874) Tres Marias Is. P.s.sinaloensis (Ridgway, 1887) W Mexico P.s.scalaris (Wagler, 1829)68 S Mexico P.s.parvus (Cabot, 1845) N Yucatán, Cozumel I. P.s.leucoptilurus (Oberholser, 1911) Belize to N Nicaragua Picoides nuttallii (Gambel, 1843) (Nuttall's Woodpecker) W California, NW Baja California Picoides pubescens (Downy Woodpecker)69 P.p.glacialis (Grinnell, 1910) SE Alaska P.p.medianus (Swainson, 1832) C Alaska to SC and E USA P.p.fumidus (Maynard, 1889) SW Canada, W Washington (1462) P.p.gairdnerii (Audubon, 1839) W Oregon to NW California P.p.turati (Malherbe, 1861) Interior Washington and Oregon to California P.p.leucurus (Hartlaub, 1852)70 E British Columbia, W USA P.p.pubescens (Linnaeus, 1766) SE USA Picoides villosus (Hairy Woodpecker) P.v.septentrionalis (Nuttall, 1840) SC Alaska, S Canada, NW USA P.v.picoideus (Osgood, 1901) Queen Charlotte Is. P.v.sitkensis (Swarth, 1911) SE Alaska, N Brit. Columbia P.v.harrisi (Audubon, 1838) S Brit. Columbia to N California P.v.terraenovae (Batchelder, 1908) Newfoundland P.v.villosus (Linnaeus, 1766) SE Canada, NC and E USA P.v.orius (Oberholser, 1911) SC Washington to W Texas P.v.audubonii (Swainson, 1832) SE USA P.v.hyloscopus (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) W and S California P.v.icastus (Oberholser, 1911) SE Arizona, NW Mexico P.v.jardinii (Malherbe, 1845) E and S Mexico P.v.sanctorum (Nelson, 1897) S Mexico to N Nicaragua P.v.piger (G.M. Allen, 1905) Grand Bahama, Mores, Abaco Is. P.v.maynardi (Ridgway, 1887) New Providence, Andros Is. (Bahamas) Picoides arizonae (Arizona Woodpecker)71 P.a.arizonae (Hargitt, 1886) Arizona, NW Mexico P.a.fraterculus (Ridgway, 1887)72 W Mexico Picoides stricklandi (Malherbe, 1845) (Strickland's Woodpecker)73 C and E Mexico Picoides borealis (Vieillot, 1809)74 (Red-cockaded Woodpecker) SC and SE USA Picoides albolarvatus (White-headed Woodpecker) P.a.albolarvatus (Cassin, 1850) W USA P.a.gravirostris (Grinnell, 1902) S California Picoides tridactylus (Three-toed Woodpecker)75 P.t.tridactylus (Linnaeus, 1758) N Europe to Urals; S Urals through S Siberia and N Mongolia to Sakhalin and N Manchuria to NE Asia P.t.alpinus C.L. Brehm, 1831 C and SE Europe to the Carpathian Mts. P.t.crissoleucus (Reichenbach, 1854) C and N Urals to Sea of Okhotsk and Anadyr P.t.albidior Stejneger, 1885 Kamchatka P.t.tianschanicus Buturlin, 1907 C and E Tien Shan and Dzhungarian Alatau P.t.kurodai Yamashina, 1930 SE Manchuria and NE Korea P.t.inouyei Yamashina, 194376 Hokkaido P.t.funebris J. Verreaux, 1870 N Yunnan and W Sichuan to E Qinghai and W Gansu P.t.fasciatus S.F. Baird, 1870 W Nth. America south to NW USA P.t.dorsalis S.F. Baird, 1858 N Montana to C New Mexico and C Arizona P.t.bacatus Bangs, 1900 C and E Canada, NE USA Picoides arcticus (Swainson, 1832) (Black-backed Woodpecker) Canada, N and W USA VENILIORNIS Bonaparte, 1854 M Veniliornis callonotus (Scarlet-backed Woodpecker) V.c.callonotus (Waterhouse, 1841) W Ecuador V.c.major (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884) SW Ecuador, N Peru Veniliornis dignus (Yellow-vented Woodpecker) V.d.dignus (Sclater & Salvin, 1877)77 W Colombia, SW Venezuela V.d.baezae Chapman, 1923 E Ecuador V.d.valdizani (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1894) Peru Veniliornis nigriceps (Bar-bellied Woodpecker) V.n.equifasciatus Chapman, 1912 WC Colombia, N Ecuador V.n.pectoralis (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1902) C Peru V.n.nigriceps (d’Orbigny, 1840) N Bolivia Veniliornis fumigatus (Smoky-brown Woodpecker) V.f.oleagineus (Reichenbach, 1854) E Mexico V.f.sanguinolentus (P.L. Sclater, 1859) C and S Mexico to W Panama V.f.reichenbachi (Cabanis & Heine, 1863)78 E Panama, N Venezuela, Colombia, E Ecuador V.f.fumigatus (d’Orbigny, 1840) Upper Amazonia V.f.obscuratus Chapman, 1927 NW Peru to NW Argentina Veniliornis passerinus (Little Woodpecker) V.p.fidelis (Hargitt, 1889) E Colombia, W Venezuela V.p.modestus J.T. Zimmer, 1942 NE Venezuela V.p.diversus J.T. Zimmer, 1942 N Brazil V.p.agilis (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) E Ecuador to N Bolivia, W Brazil V.p.insignis J.T. Zimmer, 1942 WC Brazil V.p.tapajozensis Gyldenstolpe, 1941 C Brazil V.p.passerinus (Linnaeus, 1766) The Guianas, NE Brazil V.p.taenionotus (Reichenbach, 1854) E Brazil V.p.olivinus (Natterer & Malherbe, 1845) S Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina Veniliornis frontalis (Cabanis, 1883) (Dot-fronted Woodpecker) Andes from C Bolivia to NW Argentina Veniliornis spilogaster (Wagler, 1827) (White-spotted Woodpecker) SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Veniliornis sanguineus (A.A.H. Lichtenstein, 1793)79 (Blood-coloured Woodpecker) The Guianas Veniliornis kirkii (Red-rumped Woodpecker) V.k.neglectus Bangs, 1901 SW Costa Rica, W Panama V.k.cecilii (Malherbe, 1849) E Panama, W Colombia, W Ecuador V.k.continentalis Hellmayr, 1906 N and W Venezuela V.k.monticola Hellmayr, 1918 Mt. Roraima (Venezuela) V.k.kirkii (Malherbe, 1845) Trinidad, Tobago I. Veniliornis affinis (Red-stained Woodpecker) V.a.chocoensis Todd, 191980 NW Columbia V.a.orenocensis Berlepsch & Hartert, 190281 E Colombia, E Venezuela, N Brazil V.a.hilaris (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil V.a.ruficeps (Spix, 1824) C and E Brazil V.a.affinis (Swainson, 1821) E Brazil Veniliornis cassini (Malherbe, 1862) (Golden-collared Woodpecker) Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil Veniliornis maculifrons (Spix, 1824) (Yellow-eared Woodpecker) SE Brazil PICULUS Spix, 1824 M Piculus simplex (Salvin, 1870) (Rufous-winged Woodpecker)82 Honduras to W Panama Piculus callopterus (Lawrence, 1862) (Stripe-cheeked Woodpecker) E Panama Piculus leucolaemus (White-throated Woodpecker) P.l.leucolaemus (Natterer & Malherbe, 1845) E Colombia to Bolivia, W Brazil P.l.litae (Rothschild, 1901) W Colombia, NW Ecuador Piculus flavigula (Yellow-throated Woodpecker) P.f.flavigula (Boddaert, 1783) N Amazonia P.f.magnus (Cherrie & Reichenberger, 1921) SE Colombia, NW Brazil P.f.erythropis (Vieillot, 1818) E and SE Brazil Piculus chrysochloros (Golden-green Woodpecker) P.c.aurosus (Nelson, 1912) Panama P.c.xanthochlorus (Sclater & Salvin, 1875) NE Colombia, NW Venezuela P.c.capistratus (Malherbe, 1862) C Colombia to Guyana, NW Brazil P.c.guianensis Todd, 1937 Cayenne P.c.laemostictus Todd, 1937 W Brazil P.c.hypochryseus Todd, 1937 W Brazil, N Bolivia P.c.paraensis (E. Snethlage, 1907) NE Brazil P.c.polyzonus (Valenciennes, 1826) SE Brazil P.c.chrysochlorus (Vieillot, 1818) C and S Brazil, Bolivia, N Argentina Piculus aurulentus (Temminck, 182183) (White-browed Woodpecker) SE Brazil, N Argentina Piculus rubiginosus (Golden-olive Woodpecker) P.r.aeruginosus (Malherbe, 1862) NE Mexico P.r.yucatanensis (Cabot, 1844) C Mexico to W Panama P.r.alleni (Bangs, 1902) N Colombia P.r.buenavistae (Chapman, 1915) E Colombia, E Ecuador P.r.meridensis (Ridgway, 1911) W Venezuela P.r.rubiginosus (Swainson, 1820) N Venezuela P.r.deltanus Aveledo & Ginés, 1953 NE Venezuela (66) P.r.paraquensis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1948 E Venezuela (1844) P.r.guianae (Hellmayr, 1918) SE Venezuela, S Guyana P.r.viridissimus Chapman, 1939 S Venezuela P.r.nigriceps Blake, 194184 Guyana, Surinam P.r.trinitatis (Ridgway, 1911) Trinidad P.r.tobagensis (Ridgway, 1911) Tobago I P.r.gularis (Hargitt, 1889) C and SW Colombia P.r.rubripileus (Salvadori & Festa, 1900) SW Colombia, NW Peru P.r.coloratus (Chapman, 1923) NC Peru P.r.chrysogaster (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902) C Peru P.r.canipileus (d’Orbigny, 1840) N Bolivia P.r.tucumanus (Cabanis, 1883) C Bolivia to NW Argentina Piculus auricularis (Salvin & Godman, 1889) (Grey-crowned Woodpecker) W and NW Mexico Piculus rivolii (Crimson-mantled Woodpecker) P.r.quindiuna (Chapman, 1923) NC Colombia P.r.rivolii (Boissonneau, 1840)85 W Venezuela, EC Colombia P.r.meridae (Chapman, 1923) W Venezuela P.r.brevirostris (Taczanowski, 1875) SW Colombia to C Peru P.r.atriceps (Sclater & Salvin, 1876) SE Peru, Bolivia COLAPTES Vigors, 1826 M Colaptes atricollis (Black-necked Woodpecker) C.a.atricollis (Malherbe, 1850) W Peru C.a.peruvianus (Reichenbach, 1854) E Peru Colaptes punctigula (Spot-breasted Woodpecker) C.p.ujhelyii (Madarász, 1912) N Colombia C.p.striatigularis (Chapman, 1914) E Panama to WC Colombia C.p.punctipectus (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) E Colombia, Venezuela C.p.zuliae (Cory, 1915) NW Venezuela C.p.punctigula (Boddaert, 1783) Surinam, Cayenne C.p.guttatus (Spix, 1824) Upper Amazonia Colaptes melanochloros (Green-barred Woodpecker) C.m.nattereri (Malherbe, 1845) E Bolivia, S Brazil C.m.melanochloros (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) C Brazil C.m.melanolaimus (Malherbe, 1857) Bolivia, W Argentina C.m.nigroviridis (C.H.B. Grant, 1911) S Bolivia, Paraguay C.m.leucofrenatus Leybold, 1873 C and S Argentina Colaptes auratus (Northern Flicker)86 C.a.cafer (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) S Alaska to N California C.a.collaris Vigors, 1829 SE Brit. Columbia to NW Mexico †C.a.rufipileus Ridgway, 1876 Guadalupe I. (Mexico) C.a.nanus Griscom, 1934 NE Mexico C.a.mexicanus Swainson, 1827 C Mexico C.a.mexicanoides Lafresnaye, 1844 Highland S Mexico to N Nicaragua C.a.luteus Bangs, 1898 Canada, E, S and C USA C.a.auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) SE USA C.a.chrysocaulosus Gundlach, 1858 Cuba C.a.gundlachi Cory, 1886 Grand Cayman I. Colaptes chrysoides (Gilded Flicker)87 C.c.mearnsi Ridgway, 1911 SE California, NW Baja California C.c.tenebrosus van Rossem, 1930 NW Mexico C.c.brunnescens Anthony, 1895 C Baja California C.c.chrysoides (Malherbe, 1852) S and W Baja California Colaptes fernandinae Vigors, 1827 (Fernandina's Flicker) Cuba Colaptes pitius (Molina, 1782) (Chilean Flicker) C and S Chile, S Argentina Colaptes rupicola (Andean Flicker) C.r.cinereicapillus Reichenbach, 185488 N Peru C.r.puna Cabanis, 1883 S and C Peru C.r.rupicola d’Orbigny, 1840 Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina Colaptes campestris (Campo Flicker)89 C.c.campestris (Vieillot, 1818) E Bolivia, C and E Brazil C.c.campestroides (Malherbe, 1849) SC Sth. America CELEUS Boie, 1831 M Celeus brachyurus (Rufous Woodpecker)90 C.b.jerdonii (Malherbe, 1849)91 W and SW India, Sri Lanka C.b.humei (Kloss, 1918) WC Himalayas (N Uttar Pradesh to W Nepal) C.b.phaioceps (Blyth, 1845) C and E Himalayas and Assam hills to W and S Yunnan, Burma and N, E and SE Thailand C.b.annamensis (Delacour & Jabouille, 1924) Laos, Cambodia, C and S Vietnam C.b.fokiensis (Swinhoe, 1863) SE China, NE Vietnam C.b.holroydi (Swinhoe, 1870) Hainan I. C.b.williamsoni (Kloss, 1918)92 SW and C Thailand, N Malay Pen. C.b.squamigularis (Sundevall, 1866) S Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka, Belitung, Nias Is. C.b.brachyurus (Vieillot, 1818) Java C.b.badiosus (Bonaparte, 1850) Borneo, N Natuna Is. Celeus loricatus (Cinnamon Woodpecker) C.l.diversus Ridgway, 1914 SE Costa Rica, W Panama C.l.mentalis Cassin, 1860 E Panama, NW Colombia C.l.innotatus Todd, 1917 N and NC Colombia C.l.loricatus (Reichenbach, 1854) W Colombia, W Ecuador Celeus undatus (Waved Woodpecker) C.u.amarcurensis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1950 NE Venezuela (1848) C.u.undatus (Linnaeus, 1766) The Guianas, N Brazil C.u.multifasciatus (Natterer & Malherbe, 1845) NE Brazil Celeus grammicus (Scaly-breasted Woodpecker) C.g.verreauxii (Malherbe, 1858) SE Colombia, E Ecuador C.g.grammicus (Natterer & Malherbe, 1845) S Venezuela, NE Peru, W Brazil C.g.subcervinus Todd, 1937 NC Brazil C.g.latifasciatus Seilern, 193693 SE Peru, NE Bolivia Celeus castaneus (Wagler, 1829) (Chestnut-coloured Woodpecker) SE Mexico to C Panama Celeus elegans (Chestnut Woodpecker) C.e.hellmayri Berlepsch, 1908 E Venezuela, NE Brazil, Guyana, Surinam C.e.deltanus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1950 NE Venezuela (1848) C.e.leotaudi Hellmayr, 1906 Trinidad C.e.elegans (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) NE Brazil, Cayenne C.e.citreopygius Sclater & Salvin, 1867 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, Peru C.e.jumanus (Spix, 1824)94 E Colombia to N Bolivia Celeus lugubris (Pale-crested Woodpecker) ¶C.l.“castaneus” Olrog, 196395 NE Bolivia (1681) C.l.lugubris (Malherbe, 1851) WC Brazil, E Bolivia C.l.kerri Hargitt, 1891 N Argentina, Paraguay, S Brazil Celeus flavescens (Blond-crested Woodpecker) C.f.intercedens Hellmayr, 1908 NE Brazil C.f.ochraceus (Spix, 1824) E Brazil C.f.flavescens (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) S Brazil, SE Bolivia, E Paraguay Celeus flavus (Cream-coloured Woodpecker) C.f.flavus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) C Colombia to the Guianas, N Brazil C.f.peruvianus (Cory, 1919) W Brazil, E Peru C.f.tectricialis (Hellmayr, 1922) NE Brazil C.f.subflavus Sclater & Salvin, 1877 E Brazil Celeus spectabilis (Rufous-headed Woodpecker) C.s.spectabilis Sclater & Salvin, 1880 E Ecuador, NE Peru C.s.obrieni Short, 1973 Piauhy (Brazil) (2250) C.s.exsul Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1941 SE Peru, N Bolivia Celeus torquatus (Ringed Woodpecker)96 C.t.torquatus (Boddaert, 1783) E Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil C.t.occidentalis (Hargitt, 1889) W Amazonia C.t.tinnunculus (Wagler, 1829) E Brazil DRYOCOPUS Boie, 1826 M Dryocopus galeatus (Temminck, 1822) (Helmeted Woodpecker) SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Dryocopus schulzi (Cabanis, 1883) (Black-bodied Woodpecker) SC Bolivia, W Paraguay, N Argentina Dryocopus lineatus (Lineated Woodpecker) D.l.scapularis (Vigors, 1829) W Mexico D.l.similis (Lesson, 1847) NE Mexico to NW Costa Rica D.l.lineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) E Costa Rica to C Brazil D.l.fuscipennis P.L. Sclater, 1860 W Ecuador, NW Peru D.l.erythrops (Valenciennes, 1826) SE and S Brazil Dryocopus pileatus (Pileated Woodpecker) D.p.abieticola (Bangs, 1898) Canada, west to NE USA D.p.pileatus (Linnaeus, 1758) C and E USA Dryocopus javensis (White-bellied Woodpecker) D.j.hodgsonii (Jerdon, 1840) W, SW, and C India D.j.richardsi Tristram, 1879 C and S Korea D.j.forresti Rothschild, 1922 N Burma to S Sichuan and N Vietnam D.j.feddeni (Blyth, 1863) Burma, N, E and SW Thailand, S Indochina D.j.javensis (Horsfield, 1821) C and S Malay Pen., Gtr. Sundas, Bangka, Nias I. D.j.parvus (Richmond, 1902) Simeuluë I. D.j.hargitti (Sharpe, 1884) Palawan D.j.esthloterus Parkes, 1971 N Luzon (1763) D.j.confusus (Stresemann, 1913) C and S Luzon D.j.pectoralis (Tweeddale, 1878)97 Bohol, Leyte and Samar D.j.multilunatus (McGregor, 1907) Basilan, Dinagat and Mindanao D.j.suluensis (W.H. Blasius, 1890) Sulu Arch. D.j.philippinensis (Steere, 1890) Guimaras, Masbate, Negros and Panay †?D.j.cebuensis Kennedy, 1987 Cebu (1256) D.j.mindorensis (Steere, 1890) Mindoro Dryocopus hodgei (Blyth, 1860) (Andaman Woodpecker)98 Andaman Is. Dryocopus martius (Black Woodpecker) D.m.martius (Linnaeus, 1758) W Europe and Caucasus area east to Kamchatka and Japan D.m.khamensis (Buturlin, 1908) Fringe of SE and E Tibetan Plateau (W China) CAMPEPHILUS G.R. Gray, 1840 M Campephilus pollens (Powerful Woodpecker) C.p.pollens (Bonaparte, 1845) Andes of Colombia, Ecuador C.p.peruvianus (Cory, 1915) Andes of N and C Peru Campephilus haematogaster (Crimson-bellied Woodpecker) C.h.splendens (Hargitt, 1889) Panama to NW Ecuador C.h.haematogaster (Tschudi, 1844) N Colombia to C Peru Campephilus rubricollis (Red-necked Woodpecker) C.r.rubricollis (Boddaert, 1783) C Colombia to the Guianas, N Brazil C.r.trachelopyrus (Malherbe, 1857) E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil C.r.olallae (Gyldenstolpe, 1945) W Bolivia to C and E Brazil Campephilus robustus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1819) (Robust Woodpecker) SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Campephilus melanoleucos (Crimson-crested Woodpecker) C.m.malherbii G.R. Gray, 1845 E Panama to W Venezuela C.m.melanoleucos (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) C and W Amazonia C.m.cearae (Cory, 1915) NE Brazil Campephilus guatemalensis (Pale-billed Woodpecker) C.g.regius Reichenbach, 1854 E and C Mexico C.g.nelsoni (Ridgway, 1911) N and W Mexico C.g.guatemalensis (Hartlaub, 1844) S Mexico to W Panama Campephilus gayaquilensis (Lesson, 1845) (Guayaquil Woodpecker) W Ecuador, NW Peru Campephilus leucopogon (Valenciennes, 1826) (Cream-backed Woodpecker)99 C Bolivia to Uruguay, NE Argentina Campephilus magellanicus (P.P. King, 1828) (Magellanic Woodpecker) Chile, SW Argentina Campephilus principalis (Ivory-billed Woodpecker) †C.p.principalis (Linnaeus, 1758) SE USA †?C.p.bairdii Cassin, 1863 Cuba †?Campephilus imperialis (Gould, 1832) (Imperial Woodpecker) NW and W Mexico PICUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Picus miniaceus (Banded Woodpecker) P.m.perlutus (Kloss, 1918) S Burma, SW Thailand P.m.malaccensis Latham, 1790 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka, Belitung, Borneo P.m.niasensis (Büttikofer, 1897) Nias I. P.m.miniaceus Pennant, 1769 W and C Java Picus puniceus (Crimson-winged Woodpecker) P.p.observandus (E. Hartert, 1896) S Burma, Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo, Bangka P.p.soligae Meyer de Schauensee & Ripley, 1940 Nias I. P.p.puniceus Horsfield, 1821 Java Picus chlorolophus (Lesser Yellow-naped Woodpecker) P.c.simlae R. Meinertzhagen, 1924 NW Himalayas (Dharmsala to EC Nepal) P.c.chlorolophus Vieillot, 1818 E Himalayas and S Assam to SW Yunnan and W and N Thailand P.c.laotianus Delacour, 1926100 N Laos and NE Thailand (S Yunnan ?) P.c.chlorigaster Jerdon, 1844 C and S India P.c.wellsi R. Meinertzhagen, 1924 Sri Lanka P.c.citrinocristatus (Rickett, 1901) Fujian and N Vietnam P.c.longipennis (E. Hartert, 1910) Hainan I. P.c.annamensis R. Meinertzhagen, 1924 E and SE Thailand, S Laos, C and S Vietnam P.c.rodgeri (Hartert & Butler, 1898) Mts. of W Malaysia P.c.vanheysti (Robinson & Kloss, 1919) Mts. of Sumatra Picus mentalis (Chequer-throated Woodpecker) P.m.humii (Hargitt, 1889) S Burma, Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo, Bangka P.m.mentalis Temminck, 1826101 Java Picus flavinucha (Greater Yellow-naped Woodpecker) P.f.kumaonensis (Koelz, 1950) Central Himalayas (1280) P.f.flavinucha (Gould, 1834)102 E Himalayas and W Bengal to N and NE Burma P.f.ricketti (Styan, 1898) C Fujian P.f.styani (Ogilvie-Grant, 1899) S Guangxi, NE Vietnam, Hainan I. P.f.lylei (Kloss, 1918)103 W and N Thailand, E Burma, S Yunnan, N Laos, NW Vietnam P.f.pierrei Oustalet, 1889 S and E Thailand, S Indochina P.f.wrayi (Sharpe, 1888) Mts. of W Malaysia P.f.mystacalis (Salvadori, 1879) Mts. of N Sumatra P.f.korinchi (Chasen, 1940) Mts. of S Sumatra Picus viridanus (Streak-breasted Woodpecker)104 P.v.viridanus Blyth, 1843 Burma (except NW and E), forested SW Thailand105 P.v.weberi (A. Müller, 1882)106 N and C Malay Pen. Picus vittatus (Laced Woodpecker) P.v.eisenhoferi Gyldenstolpe, 1916 E Burma, SW Yunnan, W, N and EC Thailand, Laos, Vietnam P.v.eurous Deignan, 1955 SE Thailand, Cambodia (651) P.v.connectens (Robinson & Kloss, 1919) C and coastal SW Thailand; Langkawi I.107 P.v.vittatus Vieillot, 1818108 S Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java, Bali and Kangean Picus xanthopygaeus (J.E. & G.R. Gray, 1846)109 (Streak-throated Woodpecker) C Himalayas to Sri Lanka, Burma, W Yunnan and S Indochina Picus squamatus (Scaly-bellied Woodpecker) P.s.flavirostris (Menzbier, 1886) E Iran and S Turkmenistan to W Pakistan P.s.squamatus Vigors, 1831 W and C Himalayas (N Pakistan to Sikkim) Picus awokera Temminck, 1836110 (Japanese Woodpecker) P.a.awokera Temminck, 1835 Honshu P.a.horii Taka-Tsukasa, 1918 Kyushu, Shikoku P.a.takatsukasae N. Kuroda, Sr., 1921111 Tanegashima, Yakushima Picus viridis (Green Woodpecker) P.v.viridis Linnaeus, 1758 N and C Europe P.v.karelini J.F. Brandt, 1841112 Italy to Bulgaria, Turkey, N Iran and SW Turkmenistan P.v.sharpei (Saunders, 1872) Iberia P.v.innominatus (Zarudny & Loudon, 1905) SW and S Iran Picus vaillantii (Malherbe, 1847) (LeVaillant’s Woodpecker)113 Morocco to Tunisia Picus rabieri (Oustalet, 1898) (Red-collared Woodpecker) Laos and NW and C Vietnam Picus erythropygius (Black-headed Woodpecker) P.e.nigrigenis (Hume, 1874) SE Burma, SW Thailand P.e.erythropygius (Elliot, 1865) SE Thailand, S Indochina Picus canus (Grey-headed Woodpecker) P.c.canus J.F. Gmelin, 1788 N and C Europe to Turkey and C Siberia P.c.jessoensis Stejneger, 1886114 Tarbagatai and Altai Mts. and N Mongolia to Sakhalin, Hokkaido and NE China P.c.kogo (Bianchi, 1906) E Qinghai, Gansu, W Sichuan P.c.guerini (Malherbe, 1849)115 E China (C Sichuan and Shaanxi to Shandong and Zhejiang) P.c.sobrinus J.L. Peters, 1948 SE China, NE Vietnam P.c.tancolo (Gould, 1862) Taiwan, Hainan P.c.sordidior (Rippon, 1906) NE Burma and Yunnan to SW Sichuan P.c.sanguiniceps E.C.S. Baker, 1926 NW Himalayas P.c.hessei Gyldenstolpe, 1916 E Himalayas and Assam Hills to Burma and Indochina P.c.robinsoni (Ogilvie-Grant, 1906) Mts. of W Malaysia P.c.dedemi (van Oort, 1911) Sumatra DINOPIUM Rafinesque, 1814 N Dinopium rafflesii (Olive-backed Woodpecker) D.r.rafflesii (Vigors & Horsfield, 1830) S Burma, SW Thailand, Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka D.r.dulitense Delacour, 1946 Borneo Dinopium shorii (Himalayan Flame-backed Woodpecker) D.s.shorii (Vigors, 1832) Himalayas D.s.anguste Ripley, 1952 W and N Burma (NE Assam?) (2034) Dinopium javanense (Common Flame-backed Woodpecker) D.j.malabaricum Whistler & Kinnear, 1934 SW India D.j.intermedium (Blyth, 1845) NE India to E Qinghai, SW Gansu, Indochina and Thailand (except Pen.) D.j.javanense (Ljungh, 1797) Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java D.j.exsul (E. Hartert, 1901) Bali D.j.borneonense (A.J.C. Dubois, 1897)116 Borneo D.j.everetti (Tweeddale, 1878) Balabac, Palawan, Calamian Is. Dinopium benghalense (Black-rumped Woodpecker) D.b.benghalense (Linnaeus, 1758) N and C India to Assam D.b.dilutum (Blyth, 1849)117 Pakistan to W India D.b.tehminae (Whistler & Kinnear, 1934) SW India D.b.puncticolle (Malherbe, 1845) E India D.b.jaffnense (Whistler, 1944)118 N Sri Lanka D.b.psarodes (A.A.H. Lichtenstein, 1793) C and S Sri Lanka CHRYSOCOLAPTES Blyth, 1843 M Chrysocolaptes lucidus (Greater Flame-backed Woodpecker)119 C.l.sultaneus (Hodgson, 1837) NW Himalayas C.l.guttacristatus (Tickell, 1833) E Himalayas and SE India to Burma, W and S Yunnan, Thailand (except penin.) and S Indochina C.l.socialis Koelz, 1939120 SW India C.l.indomalayicus Hesse, 1911121 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka, W and C Java C.l.stricklandi (E.L. Layard, 1854) Sri Lanka C.l.strictus (Horsfield, 1821) E Java, Kangean and Bali C.l.kangeanensis Hoogerwerf, 1963122 Kangean I. (1144) C.l.andrewsi Amadon, 1943 NE Sabah (Borneo) C.l.erythrocephalus Sharpe, 1877 Palawan, Balabac, Busuanga Is. C.l.haematribon (Wagler, 1827)123 Catanduanes, Luzon, Marinduque C.l.grandis Hachisuka, 1930124 Polillo Is. C.l.rufopunctatus Hargitt, 1889 Samar, Leyte, Bohol C.l.montanus Ogilvie-Grant, 1905 Mindanao I. (except Zamboanga Pen.) C.l.lucidus (Scopoli, 1786) Mindanao (Zamboanga Pen.), Basilan I. C.l.xanthocephalus Walden & Layard, 1872 Guimaras, Masbate, Panay, Negros and Ticao. Chrysocolaptes festivus (White-naped Woodpecker) C.f.festivus (Boddaert, 1783) C and S India C.f.tantus Ripley, 1946 Sri Lanka GECINULUS Blyth, 1845 M Gecinulus grantia (Bamboo Woodpecker)125 G.g.grantia (McClelland, 1840)126 E Nepal and Assam to W Burma G.g.indochinensis Delacour, 1927 W and S Yunnan and NE Burma to N Vietnam G.g.viridanus Slater, 1897 SE China G.g.viridis Blyth, 1862 C and E Burma, SW, C, and E Thailand G.g.poilanei Deignan, 1950127 S Vietnam (644) G.g.robinsoni Kloss, 1918 Malay Pen. SAPHEOPIPO Hargitt, 1890 F Sapheopipo noguchii (Seebohm, 1887) (Okinawan Woodpecker) Okinawa I. BLYTHIPICUS Bonaparte, 1854 M Blythipicus rubiginosus (Swainson, 1837) (Maroon Woodpecker) Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo Blythipicus pyrrhotis (Bay Woodpecker) B.p.pyrrhotis (Hodgson, 1837)128 NE Himalayas and Assam to SW Sichuan and south to N and NE Thailand and N Indochina B.p.sinensis (Rickett, 1897) S and SE China B.p annamensis Kinnear, 1926 SW and S Yunnan to S Indochina B.p.hainanus (Ogilvie-Grant, 1899) Hainan I. B.p.cameroni Robinson, 1928 Mts. of W Malaysia REINWARDTIPICUS Bonaparte, 1854 M Reinwardtipicus validus (Orange-backed Woodpecker) R.v.xanthopygius (Finsch, 1905) Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka, Borneo, N Natuna I. R.v.validus (Temminck, 1825) W and C Java MEIGLYPTES Swainson, 1837 M Meiglyptes tristis (Buff-rumped Woodpecker) M.t.grammithorax (Malherbe, 1862) Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka, Nias, Borneo, N Natuna I. M.t.tristis (Horsfield, 1821) Java Meiglyptes jugularis (Blyth, 1845) (Black-and-buff Woodpecker) Burma through Thailand (not penin.) to S Indochina Meiglyptes tukki (Buff-necked Woodpecker) M.t.tukki (Lesson, 1839) Malay Pen., Sumatra, Belitung, Banyak Is, N Natuna I, Borneo M.t.pulonis Chasen & Kloss, 1929 Banggi I. (off N Sabah) M.t.percnerpes Oberholser, 1924 S Borneo M.t.infuscatus Salvadori, 1887 Nias I. M.t.batu Meyer de Schauensee & Ripley, 1940 Batu I. HEMICIRCUS Swainson, 1837 M Hemicircus concretus (Grey-and-buff Woodpecker) H.c.sordidus (Eyton, 1845) Malay Pen., Sumatra129, Bangka, Mentawai Is., Borneo H.c.concretus (Temminck, 1821) W and C Java Hemicircus canente (Lesson, 1830) (Heart-spotted Woodpecker) W India east to S Indochina and south to N Malay Pen. MULLERIPICUS Bonaparte, 1854 M Mulleripicus fulvus (Ashy Woodpecker) M.f.fulvus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) N Sulawesi, Togian Is. M.f.wallacei Tweeddale, 1877 C, E, S and SE Sulawesi Mulleripicus funebris (Sooty Woodpecker) M.f.funebris (Valenciennes, 1826)130 Catanduanes, Luzon, Marinduque and Polillo M.f.fuliginosus Tweeddale, 1877 Samar, Leyte, Mindanao Is. Mulleripicus pulverulentus (Great Slaty Woodpecker) M.p.mohun Ripley, 1950 C Himalayas to N Assam (2034) M.p.harterti Hesse, 1911131 S and E Assam east to C and S Indochina and south to N Malay Pen. (Trang) M.p.pulverulentus (Temminck, 1826) S Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo, N Natuna, Palawan, Balabac Is. 1 We took Short (1982) (2252) as our basis, but here we usually recognise more races of the Eurasian species. 2 In last Edition we included pectoralis Sharpe & Bouvier, 1878, based on Clancey (1987) (508). However, the name he referred to is preoccupied by pectoralis Vigors, 1831. Both are synonyms herein; so too are striaticula Clancey, 1952 (367), rougeoti Berlioz, 1953 (139), and diloloensis da Rosa Pinto, 1962 (604), see White (1965: 279) (2649). 3 This was separated from P. lafresnayi by Short (1982) (2252). 4 Includes nigropunctatus Zimmer & Phelps, 1950 (2726) see Short (1982) (2252); but see also Rodner at al. (2000) (2096), who believe salvini is a junior synonym of P. squamulatus obsoletus. Publication of details awaited, but nigropunctatus may be shown to be valid. 5 Includes distinctus Pinto & Camargo, 1961 (1899), which may need re-evaluation. 6 Thought to include saturatus Pinto & Camargo, 1961 (1899) see Short (1982: 91) (2252), but Short examined no specimens. Re-evaluation needed; possibly a synonym of P. fulvescens. 7 Recognised by Hilty & Brown (1986: 332) (1116). 8 A new name for perijanus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1953 (1853), preoccupied. 9 Thought to include ¶ larensis Aveledo, 1998 (63A). 10 Includes ferruginea Koelz, 1952 (1282), see Ripley (1982) (2055). 11 Includes brodkorbi and caurinus see Short (1982) (2252). 12 Includes phasma Oberholser, 1974 (1672), see Browning (1978) (246). 13 Includes morelensis R.T. Moore, 1951 (1620), from Central Mexico. 14 Recognised by Meyer de Schauensee & Phelps (1978: 178) (1577). 15 Recognised by Short (1982: 164) (2252). 16 Includes harpaceus Koelz, 1954 (1285) see Short (1982: 170) (2252). 17 In our last Edition we placed Watling I. (now San Salvador) in the range of the Bahamian form (bahamensis), but the reverse is necessary as the name nyaneus has priority. 18 The proposed races florentinoi Garrido, 1966 (915), and sanfelipensis Garrido, 1973 (920), await re-evaluation. 19 Includes appalachiensis Ganier, 1954 (909) see Short (1982: 176) (2252). 20 The proposed races gloriae Garrido, 1971 (918), monticola Garrido, 1971 (918), marthae Regalado Ruiz, 1977 (1998), and cocoensis Garrido, 1978 (921), were reviewed by Kirkconnell (2000) (1269A). 21 Includes buysi Winterbottom, 1966 (2681), fide R. Dowsett (in litt.). 22 Includes vincenti Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1953 (971), see White (1965: 282) (2649). As regards the place of scriptoricauda within this species see Dowsett & Dowsett-Lemaire (1993: 346) (761). 23 Includes vibrator Clancey, 1953 (371), see White (1965: 284) (2649). 24 Separated from C. abingoni by Short & Horne (1988) (2254). See also Clancey (1988) (512). 25 Includes relicta Clancey, 1958 (376), see White (1965: 284) (2649). 26 Includes fuelleborni see Clancey (1970) (425), but this name has been widely misapplied. 27 Includes quadrosi da Rosa Pinto, 1959 (603), see Clancey (1970) (425). 28 Thought to include poensis Eisentraut, 1968 (797), but preoccupied by C.n.poensis Alexander, 1903. 29 Includes maxima Traylor, 1970 (2429) see Short (1982: 204) (2252), who later considered it doubtfully distinct (Short, 1988: 530) (2253). 30 Includes canzelae Meise, 1958 (1553), see White (1965: 286) (2649). 31 Includes theresae R. Meinertzhagen, 1949 (1549), petrobates Clancey, 1952 (369) and prometheus Clancey, 1952, see Earlé (1986) (784A). 32 Includes xylobates Clancey, 1980 (481) see Short (1988: 540) (2253). 33 For an opinion on whether this should be treated as a separate species see Dowsett & Dowsett-Lemaire (1993: 347) (761). 34 This form and the next have been treated as a species D. spodocephalus by Prigogine & Louette (1983) (1946) and by Winkler et al. (1995) (2676). Their views were not accepted by Short (1992: 548) (2255) or Dowsett & Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) (761). 35 Tentatively includes aureovirens Clancey, 1975 (447); re-evaluation needed. 36 We follow Goodwin (1968) (960) in placing this species in Dendropicos. 37 Zusi & Marshall (1970) (2739) demonstrated that this species should not be placed in the genus Sphyrapicus; however, in the context of the separation of Dendrocopus from Picoides, the behaviour and morphology seem sufficiently different from Dendrocopos to justify retention of the genus Hypopicus. 38 Includes haemorrhous Koelz, 1952 (1282), and henoticus Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 235) (2055). 39 Includes igorotus Salomonsen, 1953 (2155) see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 40 This species is often split. Ripley (1982: 240) (2055) used the name nanus implying a split, but gave the global range for the species as named here. We retain one species following Short (1982) (2252), but see Wells (1999: 543) (2579). 41 For recognition see Ripley (1982: 240) (2055). 42 Based on O.S.J. (2000) (1727), but as regards the names to apply to the populations of Hokkaido and Honshu it is necessary to revert to the treatment of Peters (1948) (1827) see Dickinson et al. (2001) (750). 43 Includes ijimae see Dickinson et al. (2001) (750). 44 We follow the treatment of Cheng (1987) (333) for China. 45 Includes gigantiusculus Koelz, 1952 (1282) see Ripley (1982: 239) (2055). 46 For recognition see Stepanyan (1990: 320) (2326). 47 Includes kemaensis Won, 1962 (2688), see Stepanyan (1990) (2326). 48 Includes heinrichi von Jordans, 1940 (2539), see Vaurie (1965: 724) (2510). 49 Omitted in last Edition. 50 Includes humei Koelz, 1954 (1284) see Ripley (1982: 238) (2055). 51 For recognition see Ripley (1982: 238) (2055), who placed conoveri Rand & Fleming, 1956 (1974), in the synonymy of this. 52 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). Includes koelzi Biswas, 1951 (155) see Ripley (1982: 239) (2055), who synonymised pallescens but apparently recognised blanfordi of Burma. 53 Includes cruentipectus Koelz, 1954 (1284) see Ripley (1982: 237) (2055). 54 Includes fumidus Ripley, 1951 (2035), and diatropus Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 237) (2055). 55 Omitted in last Edition. For recognition see Vaurie (1965: 710) (2510). 56 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1985: 882) (591). 57 For this species we follow Vaurie (1965: 714) (2510). 58 Not 1835 as given by Peters (1948) (1827); see Sherborn (1894) (2241). 59 In last Edition we followed Short (1982) (2252) and treated this as monotypic, but we now follow Cramp et al. (1985: 874) (591). 60 Stepanyan (1990: 312) (2326) may advisedly treat this as polytypic. His synonymy includes spangenbergi Gladkov, 1951 (944). 61 Except as indicated and for one new taxon we follow Vaurie (1965: 699) (2510). 62 Cheng (1987: 393) (333) and Stepanyan (1990: 311) (2326) recognised tianshanicus and may be right to do so or it may be an unstable intergrade. In a broad genus Picoides this name may conflict with tianschanicus Buturlin, 1907, although Art. 58 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178) seems not to apply. 63 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1985: 856) (591). 64 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1985: 856) (591). 65 If treated in the genus Picoides this must be called kitsutsuki Hachisuka, 1952 (1042), as tenuirostris is preoccupied in Picoides. 66 Tentatively recognised. Multiple original spellings; we treat Cheng (1987) (333) as First Reviser under Art. 24.2 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178). 67 Omitted in last Edition. 68 Includes lambi A.R. Phillips, 1996 (1870) see Short (1982) (2252). 69 We follow Browning (1997) (257). 70 Includes parvirostris Burleigh, 1961 (275), see Browning (1990) (251). 71 For restoration of recognition to this species see A.O.U. (2000: 851) (4). Treated within P. stricklandi in last Edition. 72 Includes websteri A.R. Phillips, 1962 (1868), see Short (1982) (2252). 73 Includes aztecus R.T. Moore, 1946 (1614), see Short (1982) (2252). May deserve recognition. 74 Dated 1807 by Peters (1948: 211) (1827), but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). 75 Eurasian races now follow Vaurie (1965: 730) (2510). 76 Despite the doubts of Vaurie (1965) (2510) recognised by Orn. Soc. Japan (2000: 176) (1727). 77 Includes abdominalis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1956 (1857), see Short (1982: 345) (2252). 78 Implicitly includes exsul and tectricalis see Winkler et al. (1995) (2676). 79 Misdated 1783 in Peters (1948: 175) (1827), a lapsus. 80 Some recent authors treat as a species, but more detailed reasons awaited. 81 Includes caquetanus Meyer de Schauensee, 1949 (1565), see Short (1974) (2251). 82 For the separation of this and callopterus from P. leucolaemus see A.O.U. (1998: 324) (3). 83 Dated 1823 in Peters (1948: 114) (1827) contra Sherborn (1898) (2242); see also Dickinson (2001) (739). 84 Includes fortirostris Mees, 1974 (1526) and poliocephalus Mees, 1974 (1526), see Short (1982: 366) (2252). 85 Tentatively includes zuliensis Aveledo & Perez, 1989 (67), but requires evaluation. 86 We recognise races following Short (1982: 380) (2252). 87 For reasons to treat at specific level see A.O.U. (1998: 345) (3). 88 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 89 The two races herein treated as species in last Edition, but see Short (1982: 389) (2252). 90 For reasons to consider retaining the monotypic genus Micropternus, see Goodwin (1968) (960). 91 Includes kanarae Koelz, 1950 (1280), see Ripley (1982: 228) (2055). 92 For recognition see Wells (1999: 547) (2579). 93 The usual abbreviated form of von Seilern-Aspang. 94 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 95 Duly proposed as a new race of lugubris and apparently overlooked, see Short (1972) (2249); the oversight has no doubt been due to the fact that the name is preoccupied by Celeus castaneus (Wagler, 1829) and, if validated, this form will require a new name. 96 Includes pieteroyensi Oren, 1993 (1721), awaiting evaluation. 97 Includes samarensis Parkes, 1960 (1754), see Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 98 For reasons to separate this from D. javensis see Winkler et al. (1995) (2676). 99 Includes major Olrog, 1958 (1678), see Short (1982: 446) (2252). 100 We prefer to retain this race as did Deignan (1963) (663). 101 Dated 1825 in Peters (1948: 142) (1827) contra Sherborn (1898) (2242); see also Dickinson (2001) (739), although erroneously omitted from Appendix III therein. 102 Includes marianae Biswas, 1952 (156), see Ripley (1982: 230) (2055). 103 We prefer to recognise this race as did Deignan (1963) (663). 104 The separation of this species and the very similar next one remains a matter of opinion. Deignan (1955) (651) united the two, arguing “that habitat partitioning does not constitute true sympatry” (Rasmussen, 2000) (1989). However, since then the two have usually been treated as (allopatric) species. Most recently Wells (1999: 558) (2579) recognised both, but noted that Short (1982) (2252) admitted no subspecies of viridanus. See footnote associated with weberi. 105 A vagrant to S Bangladesh (Rasmussen, 2000) (1989). 106 This includes some birds Deignan (1963) (663) put in connectens. 107 Note range gap between Thai range and Langkawi; nominate vittatus is further south yet see map in Wells (1999: 558) (2579). 108 Includes limitans see Mees (1996) (1543). 109 Called P. myrmecophaoneus Stresemann, 1920, by Deignan (1963) (663) and Ripley (1982) (2055), but see Art. 11.6 (ICZN, 1999) (1178). 110 Dated 1826 in Peters (1948: 133) (1827) a lapsus. 111 Recognised by O.S.J. (2000: 170) (1727). 112 Recognised by Cramp et al. (1985: 824) (591); includes bampurensis. 113 Treated as a separate species by Voous (1973) (2547). 114 Includes biedermanni see Stepanyan (1990: 308) (2326). 115 Includes brunneatus Allison, 1946 (30), see Vaurie (1965: 694) (2510). 116 Includes raveni see Smythies (1981) (2288). 117 Includes girensis Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 231) (2055). 118 For recognition see Ripley (1982: 232) (2055). 119 See Mees (1986, 1996) (1539, 1543). His proposals included splitting the species in three and treating both socialis and indomalayicus as synonyms of guttacristatus. Although distinction may be difficult we feel it better illustrates the facts to list these forms. 120 Tentatively recognised. In his review Mees (1986) (1539) did not explore the distinctness of SW Indian birds but gave measurements for indomalayicus that are larger than those given by Abdulali (1975) (10). 121 We accept the view of Mees (1986) (1539) that this name antedates chersonesus Kloss, 1918. 122 Although Mees (1996) seemed to treat kangeanensis as a synonym of strictus he made no explicit statement on this, and earlier had not seen specimens from Kangean (Mees, 1986) (1539). 123 Includes ramosi Gilliard, 1949 (938), and montium Salomonsen, 1952 (2154), see Dickinson et al. (1991: 267) (745). 124 For recognition see Dickinson et al. (1991: 267) (745). 125 We prefer to follow Short (1982) (2252) and await further evidence before splitting this. 126 Includes aristus Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 233) (2055). 127 Accepted by Delacour (1951) (680), but perhaps not reviewed since. 128 Includes porphyreus Koelz, 1954, and pyrrhopipra Koelz, 1954 (1284), see Ripley (1982: 241) (2055). 129 Van Marle & Voous (1988: 142) (2468) recognised coccometopus for Sumatran birds. 130 Includes mayri Gilliard, 1949 (938), and parkesi Manuel, 1957 (1421), see Dickinson et al. (1991: 262) (745). 131 The name celadinus Deignan, 1955 (655), applies to intergrades with the nominate form (Wells, 1999). PICIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD GALBULIDAE (JACAMARS)1 (5:18) GALBALCYRHYNCHUS Des Murs, 1845 M Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis Des Murs, 1845 (White-eared Jacamar) N Upper Amazonia Galbalcyrhynchus purusianus Goeldi, 1904 (Chestnut Jacamar) E and S Peru, W Brazil, N Bolivia BRACHYGALBA Bonaparte, 1854 F Brachygalba salmoni Sclater & Salvin, 1879 (Dusky-backed Jacamar)2 E Panama and extreme NW Andes of Colombia Brachygalba goeringi Sclater & Salvin, 1869 (Pale-headed Jacamar) E Colombia, N Venezuela Brachygalba lugubris (Brown Jacamar) B.l.fulviventris P.L. Sclater, 1891 E Colombia B.l.caquetae Chapman, 1917 SE Colombia to E Peru B.l.lugubris (Swainson, 1838) E and S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil B.l.obscuriceps Zimmer & Phelps, 1947 S Venezuela, NW Brazil B.l.naumbergi Chapman, 1931 NE Brazil B.l.phaeonota Todd, 19433 WC Brazil (N bank Rio Solimoës) B.l.melanosterna P.L. Sclater, 1855 E Bolivia, C and SW Brazil Brachygalba albogularis (Spix, 1824) (White-throated Jacamar) E Peru JACAMARALCYON Lesson, 1830 F Jacamaralcyon tridactyla (Vieillot, 1817) (Three-toed Jacamar) SE Brazil GALBULA Brisson, 1760 F Galbula albirostris (Yellow-billed Jacamar) G.a.chalcocephala Deville, 1849 S Colombia, Ecuador, NW Peru, W Brazil G.a.albirostris Latham, 1790 E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil Galbula cyanicollis Cassin, 1851 (Blue-cheeked Jacamar) C Brazil Galbula ruficauda (Rufous-tailed Jacamar) G.r.melanogenia P.L. Sclater, 1852 S Mexico to W Ecuador G.r.ruficauda Cuvier, 18164 C Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil G.r.pallens Bangs, 1898 N Colombia G.r.brevirostris Cory, 1913 NW Venezuela G.r.rufoviridis Cabanis, 1851 S Brazil, N Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina G.r.heterogyna Todd, 1932 E Bolivia, SW Brazil Galbula galbula (Linnaeus, 1766) (Green-tailed Jacamar) E and S Venezuela, the Guianas, N and C Brazil Galbula pastazae Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885 (Coppery-chested Jacamar) E Ecuador Galbula tombacea (White-chinned Jacamar) G.t.tombacea Spix, 1824 S Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, E Brazil G.t.mentalis Todd, 1943 C and WC Brazil Galbula cyanescens Deville, 1849 (Bluish-fronted Jacamar) W Brazil, E Peru, N Bolivia Galbula chalcothorax P.L. Sclater, 1855 (Purplish Jacamar)5 W Brazil, E Ecuador, E Peru Galbula leucogastra (Bronzy Jacamar) G.l.leucogastra Vieillot, 1817 W Venezuela, the Guianas, W Brazil G.l.viridissima Griscom & Greenway, 1937 C Brazil Galbula dea (Paradise Jacamar) G.d.dea (Linnaeus, 1758) Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil G.d.amazonum (P.L. Sclater, 1855) N Bolivia, SW Brazil G.d.brunneiceps (Todd, 1943) E Colombia, E Peru, W Brazil G.d.phainopepla (Todd, 1943) W C Brazil JACAMEROPS Lesson, 1830 M6 Jacamerops aureus (Great Jacamar) J.a.penardi Bangs & Barbour, 1922 Costa Rica to W Colombia J.a.aureus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) E Colombia, the Guianas, Venezuela J.a.ridgwayi Todd, 1943 NE and C Brazil J.a.isidori Deville, 1849 E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil 1 For reasons to consider a level above that of a family for this group see Harshman (1994) (1078). 2 Includes carmenensis Haffer, 1962 (1052) see Haffer (1974) (1053). 3 Treated at specific level by Peters (1948: 4) (1827), but see Haffer (1974: 322) (1053). 4 Dated 1817 by Peters (1948: 7) (1827) but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258) and www.zoonomen.net (A.P. Peterson in litt.). 5 For the separation of this species from G. leucogastra see Parker & Remsen (1987: 98) (1748). 6 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614). GALBULIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD BUCCONIDAE (PUFFBIRDS) (10: 33) NOTHARCHUS Cabanis & Heine, 1863 M Notharchus macrorhynchos (White-necked Puffbird) N.m.cryptoleucus van Rossem, 1934 El Salvador, NW Nicaragua N.m.hyperrynchus (P.L. Sclater, 1856) S Mexico to NW Sth. America N.m.macrorhynchos (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) The Guianas, N Brazil N.m.paraensis Sassi, 1932 E Brazil N.m.swainsoni (G.R. Gray, 1846) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Notharchus pectoralis (G.R. Gray, 1846) (Black-breasted Puffbird) E Panama to NW Ecuador Notharchus ordii (Cassin, 1851) (Brown-banded Puffbird) S Venezuela, NW Brazil Notharchus tectus (Pied Puffbird) N.t.subtectus (P.L. Sclater, 1860) E Panama to C Colombia and SW Ecuador N.t.picatus (P.L. Sclater, 1856) E Ecuador, E Peru N.t.tectus (Boddaert, 1783) S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil BUCCO Brisson, 1760 M Bucco macrodactylus (Spix, 1824) (Chestnut-capped Puffbird) 1 N and W Amazonia Bucco tamatia (Spotted Puffbird) B.t.pulmentum P.L. Sclater, 1856 S Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil B.t.tamatia J.F. Gmelin, 17882 E Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil B.t.inexpectatus (Todd, 1943) NC Brazil B.t.punctuliger (Todd, 1943) C Brazil, E Bolivia B.t.hypneleus (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) EC Brazil B.t.interior (Cherrie & Reichenberger, 1921) SW Brazil Bucco noanamae Hellmayr, 1909 (Sooty-capped Puffbird) W Colombia Bucco capensis (Collared Puffbird) B.c.dugandi Gilliard, 1949 SE Colombia, Ecuador, C Peru (939) B.c.capensis Linnaeus, 1766 The Guianas, Brazil, E Peru NYSTALUS Cabanis & Heine, 1863 M Nystalus radiatus (P.L. Sclater, 1854) (Barred Puffbird) W Panama to W Ecuador Nystalus chacuru (White-eared Puffbird) N.c.uncirostris (Stolzmann, 1926) E Peru, E Bolivia N.c.chacuru (Vieillot, 1816) S Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Nystalus striolatus (Striolated Puffbird) N.s.striolatus (Pelzeln, 1856) W Amazonia N.s.torridus Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1940 S Brazil Nystalus maculatus (Spot-backed Puffbird) N.m.maculatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) E Brazil N.m.parvirostris (Hellmayr, 1908) C Brazil N.m.pallidigula Cherrie & Reichenberger, 1923 SW Brazil N.m.striatipectus (P.L. Sclater, 1854) E and S Bolivia, N Argentina HYPNELUS Cabanis & Heine, 1863 M Hypnelus ruficollis (Russet-throated Puffbird) H.r.ruficollis (Wagler, 1829) N Colombia, W Venezuela H.r.decolor Todd & Carriker, 1922 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela H.r.striaticollis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1958 NW Venezuela (1859) H.r.coloratus Ridgway, 1914 W Venezuela H.r.bicinctus (Gould, 1837) N Venezuela H.r.stoicus Wetmore, 1939 Margarita I. MALACOPTILA G.R. Gray, 1841 F Malacoptila striata (Crescent-chested Puffbird) M.s.minor Sassi, 1911 E Brazil M.s.striata (Spix, 1824) SE Brazil Malacoptila fusca (White-chested Puffbird) M.f.fusca (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) N and NW Amazonia M.f.venezuelae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1947 S Venezuela (1843) Malacoptila semicincta Todd, 1925 (Semicollared Puffbird) S Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil Malacoptila fulvogularis (Black-streaked Puffbird) M.f.substriata P.L. Sclater, 1854 Colombia M.f.huilae Meyer de Schauensee, 1946 N Colombia M.f.fulvogularis P.L. Sclater, 1854 E Ecuador to Bolivia Malacoptila rufa (Rufous-necked Puffbird) M.r.rufa (Spix, 1824) E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil, E Bolivia M.r.brunnescens J.T. Zimmer, 1931 C Brazil Malacoptila panamensis (White-whiskered Puffbird) M.p.inornata (Du Bus, 1847)3 S Mexico to N Nicaragua M.p.fuliginosa Richmond, 1893 SE Nicaragua to W Panama M.p.panamensis Lafresnaye, 1847 SW Costa Rica to NW Colombia M.p.chocoana Meyer de Schauensee, 1950 Pacific coast Choco (W Colombia) (1566) M.p.poliopis P.L. Sclater, 1862 SW Colombia, W Ecuador M.p.magdalenae Todd, 1943 N Colombia Malacoptila mystacalis (Lafresnaye, 1850) (Moustached Puffbird)4 Colombia, NW Venezuela MICROMONACHA P.L. Sclater, 1881 F Micromonacha lanceolata (Lanceolated Monklet) M.l.austinsmithi Dwight & Griscom, 1924 E Costa Rica, W Panama M.l.lanceolata (Deville, 1849) W Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil NONNULA P.L. Sclater, 1854 F Nonnula rubecula (Rusty-breasted Nunlet)5 N.r.tapanahoniensis Mees, 1968 Surinam, extreme NE Brazil (1519) N.r.duidae Chapman, 1914 Cerro Duida and C Yapacana (S Venezuela) N.r.interfluvialis Parkes, 1970 Watershed between the Orinoco and the R Negro (S Venezuela, N Brazil) (1761) N.r.simulatrix Parkes, 1970 Watershed between the R. Negro and R. Solimőes (Brazil N of the Amazon) (1761) N.r.cineracea P.L. Sclater, 1881 NE Peru, W Brazil N.r.simplex Todd, 1937 NE Brazil (south bank of the Amazon) N.r.rubecula (Spix, 1824) SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Nonnula sclateri Hellmayr, 1907 (Fulvous-chinned Nunlet) N Bolivia, W Brazil Nonnula brunnea P.L. Sclater, 1881 (Brown Nunlet) S Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru Nonnula frontalis (Grey-cheeked Nunlet) 6 N.f.frontalis (P.L. Sclater, 1854) Nthn. E Panama, NW Colombia N.f.stulta Wetmore, 1953 Sthn. E Panama, W Colombia (2596) N.f.pallescens Todd, 1919 NE Colombia Nonnula ruficapilla (Rufous-capped Nunlet) N.r.rufipectus Chapman, 1928 NE Peru N.r.ruficapilla (Tschudi, 1844) E Peru, W Brazil N.r.inundata Novaes, 1991 Rio Tocantins near Jacundá, Pará (E Brazil) (1663) N.r.nattereri Hellmayr, 1921 SW Brazil Nonnula amaurocephala Chapman, 1921 (Chestnut-headed Nunlet) W Brazil HAPALOPTILA P.L. Sclater, 1881 F Hapaloptila castanea (J. Verreaux, 1866) (White-faced Nunbird) W Colombia, W Ecuador, N Peru MONASA Vieillot, 1816 F Monasa atra (Boddaert, 1783) (Black Nunbird) S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil Monasa nigrifrons (Black-fronted Nunbird) M.n.nigrifrons (Spix, 1824) W and NW Amazonia M.n.canescens Todd, 1937 E Bolivia Monasa morphoeus (White-fronted Nunbird) M.m.grandior Sclater & Salvin, 1868 Nicaragua to NW Panama M.m.fidelis Nelson, 1912 E Panama M.m.pallescens Cassin, 1860 E Panama, NW Colombia M.m.sclateri Ridgway, 1912 N Colombia M.m.peruana P.L. Sclater, 1856 SE Colombia, E Peru, NW Brazil M.m.morphoeus (Hahn & Küster, 1823) S and E Brazil M.m.boliviana Carriker, 1935 NE Bolivia Monasa flavirostris Strickland, 1850 (Yellow-billed Nunbird) E Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil, NE Bolivia CHELIDOPTERA Gould, 1837 F Chelidoptera tenebrosa (Swallow-wing Puffbird) C.t.tenebrosa (Pallas, 1782)7 E Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru and N Bolivia east to the Guianas and south to C Brazil C.t.brasiliensis P.L. Sclater, 1862 E and SE Brazil 1 Includes caurensis see Peters (1948: 12) (1827); recognised by Meyer de Schauensee & Phelps (1978: 165) (1577) and in our last Edition, but needs re-evaluation. 2 Includes cuyunii Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 (1846) see Meyer de Schauensee & Phelps (1978: 165) (1577). 3 Du Bus is an abbreviation for Du Bus de Gisignies. 4 Includes pacifica Meyer de Schauensee, 1949 (1565), see Hilty & Brown (1986: 317) (1116). 5 Arranged according to Parkes (1970) (1761). 6 For treatment as a species see Hilty & Brown (1986: 318) (1116). 7 Probably includes pallida, recognised in last Edition contra Peters (1948: 23) (1827). BUCCONIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD PIPRIDAE (MANAKINS) (13: 48) NEOPELMA P.L. Sclater, 1860 N Neopelma pallescens (Lafresnaye, 1853) (Pale-bellied Tyrant-Manakin) S Brazil, extreme E Bolivia Neopelma chrysocephalum (Pelzeln, 1868) (Saffron-crested Tyrant-Manakin) S Venezuela, E Colombia, the Guianas, N Brazil Neopelma aurifrons (Wied, 1831) (Wied's Tyrant-Manakin) Coastal E Brazil Neopelma chrysolophum Pinto, 1944 (Sierra do Mar Tyrant-Manakin)1 SE Brazil Neopelma sulphureiventer (Hellmayr, 1903) (Sulphur-bellied Tyrant-Manakin) E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil TYRANNEUTES Sclater & Salvin, 1881 M Tyranneutes stolzmanni (Hellmayr, 1906) (Dwarf Tyrant Manakin) W and S Amazonia Tyranneutes virescens (Pelzeln, 1868) (Tiny Tyrant Manakin) E Venezuela, the Guaianas, NE Brazil ILICURA Reichenbach, 1850 F Ilicura militaris (Shaw & Nodder, 1808) (Pin-tailed Manakin) SE Brazil MASIUS Bonaparte, 1850 M Masius chrysopterus (Golden-winged Manakin) M.c.bellus Hartert & Hellmayr, 1903 W Colombia M.c.pax Meyer de Schauensee, 1952 SE Colombia M.c.coronulatus P.L. Sclater, 1860 SW Colombia, W Ecuador M.c.chrysopterus (Lafresnaye, 1843) E Colombia, NW Venezuela, E Ecuador M.c.peruvianus Carriker, 1934 N Peru CORAPIPO Bonaparte, 1854 F Corapipo altera (White-ruffed Manakin)2 C.l.altera Hellmayr, 1906 E Nicaragua, NW Costa Rica, Panama C.l.heteroleuca Hellmayr, 1910 SW Costa Rica, W Panama Corapipo leucorrhoa (P.L. Sclater, 1863) (White-bibbed Manakin) N Colombia, NW Venezuela Corapipo gutturalis (Linnaeus, 1766) (White-throated Manakin) E Venezuela, the Guinas, NE Brazil MACHAEROPTERUS Bonaparte, 1854 M Machaeropterus deliciosus (P.L. Sclater, 1860) (Club-winged Manakin) W Colombia, W Ecuador Machaeropterus regulus (Striped Manakin) M.r.antioquiae Chapman, 1924 W and C Colombia M.r.striolatus (Bonaparte, 1838) E Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru M.r.obscurostriatus Phelps & Gilliard, 1941 NW Venezuela M.r.zulianus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1952 W Venezuela M.r.aureopectus Phelps & Gilliard, 1941 SE Venezuela M.r.regulus (Hahn, 1819) SE Brazil Machaeropterus pyrocephalus (Fiery-capped Manakin) M.p.pallidiceps J.T. Zimmer, 1936 E Venezuela, ? N Brazil M.p.pyrocephalus (P.L. Sclater, 1852) Amazonian Brazil, E Peru, N Bolivia LEPIDOTHRIX Bonaparte, 18543 F Lepidothrix coronata (Blue-crowned Manakin) L.c.velutina (Berlepsch, 1883) SW Costa Rica, W Panama L.c.minuscula (Todd, 1919) E Panama to NW Ecuador L.c.caquetae (Meyer de Schauensee, 1953) C Colombia L.c.carbonata (Todd, 1925) SE Colombia, NE Ecuador, NW Brazil L.c.coronata (Spix, 1825) NW Brazil L.c.caelestipileata (Goeldi, 1905) W Brazil, SE Peru L.c.exquisita (Hellmayr, 1905) C Peru L.c.regalis (Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1940) N Bolivia Lepidothrix isidorei (Blue-rumped Manakin)4 L.i.isidorei (P.L. Sclater, 1852) Andes of E Colombia, E Ecuador L.i.leucopygia (Hellmayr, 1903) Andes of N Peru Lepidothrix coeruleocapilla (Tschudi, 1844) (Cerulean-capped Manakin) Andes of C and SE Peru Lepidothrix nattereri (P.L. Sclater, 1865) (Snow-capped Manakin) SW Brazil Lepidothrix vilasboasi (Sick, 1959) (Golden-crowned Manakin) SC Brazil Lepidothrix iris (Opal-crowned Manakin) L.i.eucephala (Todd, 1928) C Brazil L.i.iris (Schinz, 1851) EC Brazil Lepidothrix serena (Linnaeus, 1766) (White-fronted Manakin) The Guianas, NE Brazil Lepidothrix suavissima (Salvin & Godman, 1882) (Orange-bellied Manakin)5 SE Venezuela, NC Brazil, N Guyana MANACUS Brisson, 1760 M Manacus manacus (Bearded Manakin)6 M.m.candei (Parzudaki, 1841) SE Mexico to Costa Rica M.m.vitellinus (Gould, 1843) E Panama M.m.milleri Chapman, 1915 N Colombia M.m.viridiventris Griscom, 1929 W Colombia M.m.cerritus J.L. Peters, 1927 NW Panama M.m.aurantiacus (Salvin, 1870) SW Costa Rica, W Panama M.m.trinitatis (E. Hartert, 1912) Trinidad, NE Venezuela M.m.abditivus Bangs, 1899 N Colombia M.m.flaveolus Cassin, 1851 E Colombia M.m.bangsi Chapman, 1914 SW Colombia M.m.interior Chapman, 1914 S Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru, NW Brazil M.m.umbrosus Friedmann, 1944 S Venezuela M.m.manacus (Linnaeus, 1766) The Guianas, N Brazil M.m.leucochlamys Chapman, 1914 W Ecuador M.m.maximus Chapman, 1924 SW Ecuador M.m.expectatus Gyldenstolpe, 1941 W Brazil, NE Peru M.m.longibarbatus J.T. Zimmer, 1936 C Brazil M.m.purissimus Todd, 1928 E Brazil M.m.gutturosus (Desmarest, 1806) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina M.m.purus Bangs, 1899 N Brazil M.m.subpurus Cherrie & Reichenberger, 1923 C Brazil ANTILOPHIA Reichenbach, 1850 F Antilophia bokermanni Coelho & Silva, 1998 (Araripe Manakin) # NE Brazil (540) Antilophia galeata (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) (Helmeted Manakin) E and S Brazil, extreme E Bolivia, NE Paraguay CHIROXIPHIA Cabanis, 1847 F Chiroxiphia linearis (Long-tailed Manakin) C.l.linearis (Bonaparte, 1838) S Mexico, Guatemala C.l.fastuosa (Lesson, 1842) El Salvador, W Nicaragua, Costa Rica Chiroxiphia lanceolata (Wagler, 1830) (Lance-tailed Manakin) SW Costa Rica, Panama to NW Venezuela, N Colombia Chiroxiphia pareola (Blue-backed Manakin) C.p.atlantica Dalmas, 1900 Tobago I. C.p.pareola (Linnaeus, 1766) The Guianas, N and E Brazil C.p.regina P.L. Sclater, 1856 N Brazil C.p.napensis W. de W. Miller, 1908 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru Chiroxiphia boliviana J.A. Allen, 1889 (Yungas Manakin)7 SE Peru, N Bolivia Chiroxiphia caudata (Shaw & Nodder, 1793) (Blue Manakin) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina XENOPIPO Cabanis, 1847 F Xenopipo holochlora (Green Manakin)8 X.h.suffusa (Griscom, 1932) E Panama X.h.litae (Hellmayr, 1906) E Panama to NW Ecuador X.h.holochlora (P.L. Sclater, 1888) E Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru X.h.viridior (Chapman, 1924) S Peru Xenopipo flavicapilla (P.L. Sclater, 1852) (Yellow-headed Manakin) Andes of S Colombia, N Ecuador Xenopipo unicolor (Taczanowski, 1884) (Jet Manakin) Andes of Ecuador and Peru Xenopipo uniformis (Olive Manakin) X.u.duidae (Chapman, 1929) S Venezuela X.u.uniformis (Salvin & Godman, 1884) Guyana, N Brazil Xenopipo atronitens Cabanis, 1847 (Black Manakin) E Colombia, S Venezuela, The Guianas, NE and EC Brazil, E Bolivia, SE Peru HETEROCERCUS P.L. Sclater, 1862 M Heterocercus aurantiivertex Sclater & Salvin, 1880 (Orange-crowned Manakin) E Ecuador, ? NE Peru9 Heterocercus flavivertex Pelzeln, 1868 (Yellow-crowned Manakin) E Colombia, S Venezuela, N Brazil Heterocercus linteatus (Strickland, 1850) (Flame-crowned Manakin) NE Peru, WC Brazil PIPRA Linnaeus, 1764 F Pipra pipra (White-crowned Manakin)10 P.p.anthracina Ridgway, 1906 Costa Rica, W Panama P.p.bolivari Meyer de Schauensee, 1950 NW Colombia P.p.minima Chapman, 191711 W Colombia P.p.unica Meyer de Schauensee, 1945 NC Colombia P.p.pipra (Linnaeus, 1758) The Guianas, E Venezuela, N Brazil P.p.coracina P.L. Sclater, 1856 E Colombia, E Ecuador, NW Peru P.p.discolor J.T. Zimmer, 1936 Amazonian N Peru P.p.pygmaea J.T. Zimmer, 1936 Amazonian NC Peru P.p.occulta J.T. Zimmer, 1936 Andean slope NE Peru P.p.comata Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894 SC Peru P.p.microlopha J.T. Zimmer, 1929 Amazonian far E Peru, W Brazil P.p.separabilis J.T. Zimmer, 1936 C Brazil P.p.cephaleucos Thunberg, 1822 E Brazil Pipra aureola (Crimson-hooded Manakin) P.a.aureola (Linnaeus, 1758) The Guianas, NE Venezuela, NE Brazil P.a.borbae J.T. Zimmer, 1936 C Brazil (S of the Amazon) P.a.aurantiicollis Todd, 1925 EC Brazil (NW Para) P.a.flavicollis P.L. Sclater, 1851 EC Brazil (WC Para) Pipra filicauda (Wire-tailed Manakin) P.f.subpallida (Todd, 1928) E Colombia, NW Venezuela P.f.filicauda Spix, 1825 NE Peru to SC Venezuela, WC Brazil Pipra fasciicauda (Band-tailed Manakin) P.f.calamae Hellmayr, 1910 C and W Brazil P.f.saturata J.T. Zimmer, 1936 N Peru P.f.purusiana E. Snethlage, 1907 W Brazil, E Peru P.f.fasciicauda Hellmayr, 1906 E Bolivia, SE Peru P.f.scarlatina Hellmayr, 1915 E Paraguay, S Brazil Pipra cornuta Spix, 1825 (Scarlet-horned Manakin) S Venezuela, NC Brazil, W Guyana Pipra mentalis (Red-capped Manakin) P.m.mentalis P.L. Sclater, 1857 SE Mexico to E Costa Rica P.m.ignifera Bangs, 1901 W Costa Rica, W Panama P.m.minor E. Hartert, 1898 E Panama to W Ecuador Pipra chloromeros Tschudi, 1844 (Round-tailed Manakin) E Peru, N Bolivia Pipra erythrocephala (Golden-headed Manakin) P.e.erythrocephala (Linnaeus, 1758) E Panama, N Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil P.e.flammiceps Todd, 1919 E Colombia P.e.berlepschi Ridgway, 1906 W Amazonia Pipra rubrocapilla Temminck, 1821 (Red-headed Manakin) E Peru, W Brazil, N Bolivia 1 For reasons to treat this as a species separate from N. aurifrons see Whitney et al. (1995) (2658). 2 For reasons to separate this from C. leucorrhoa see Wetmore (1972) (2608) and A.O.U. (1998: 424) (3). 3 For recognition of this genus see Prum (1992) (1951). 4 In last Edition this and the next six species were attached to the genus Pipra, but see Prum (1992, 1994) (1951, 1953). 5 For separation from L. serena see Prum (1990, 1994) (1950, 1954). 6 Species limits highly uncertain; recent genetic data indicate that narrowly defined Manacus manacus is paraphyletic with respect to non-white-bellied taxa. We therefore return to a broadly defined M. manacus for now. See Brumfield & Braun (2001) (261) and Brumfield et al. (2001) (263) 7 For reasons to separate this from C. pareola see Parker & Remsen (1987: 103) (1748). 8 This species and the next three were treated in last Edition as comprising the genus Chloropipo which is here submerged, see Prum (1992) (1951). 9 See Bond (1951) (183) for a view that an intermediate form may link H. aurantiivertex and H. flavivertex. 10 May comprise more than one species, see A.O.U. (1998: 425) (3). 11 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). PIPRIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD COTINGIDAE (COTINGAS)1 (33: 96) TITYRINAE TITYRA Vieillot, 1816 F Tityra inquisitor (Black-crowned Tityra) T.i.fraserii (Kaup, 1852) SE Mexico to W Panama T.i.albitorques Du Bus, 18472 E Panama to Peru, N Brazil T.i.buckleyi Salvin & Godman, 1890 SE Colombia, E Ecuador T.i.erythrogenys (Selby, 1826) E Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas T.i.pelzelni Salvin & Godman, 1890 E Bolivia, W Brazil T.i.inquisitor (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) E Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina Tityra cayana (Black-tailed Tityra) T.c.cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) N Sth. America, Trinidad T.c.braziliensis (Swainson, 1837) E and S Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Tityra semifasciata (Masked Tityra) T.s.hannumi van Rossem & Hachisuka, 1937 NW Mexico T.s.griseiceps Ridgway, 1888 W Mexico T.s.personata Jardine & Selby, 1827 E Mexico to El Salvador T.s.costaricensis Ridgway, 1906 S Honduras to W Panama T.s.columbiana Ridgway, 1906 E Panama, Colombia, W Venezuela T.s.nigriceps J.A. Allen, 1888 SW Colombia, W Ecuador T.s.semifasciata (Spix, 1825) N and NW Amazonia T.s.fortis Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 C and SE Peru, N and E Bolivia, C Brazil Tityra leucura Pelzeln, 1868 (White-tailed Tityra) Rio Madeira, Amazonian Brazil (once)3 SCHIFFORNIS Bonaparte, 18544 F5 Schiffornis major (Varzea Schiffornis) S.m.major Des Murs, 1856 W Brazil, E Peru, E Ecuador S.m.duidae J.T. Zimmer, 1936 SE Venezuela Schiffornis turdina (Thrush-like Schiffornis) S.t.veraepacis (Sclater & Salvin, 1860) SE Mexico to Costa Rica S.t.dumicola (Bangs, 1903) W Panama S.t.panamensis Hellmayr, 1929 E Panama, NW Colombia S.t.acrolophites Wetmore, 1972 E of E Panama, N Choco (Colombia) S.t.rosenbergi (E. Hartert, 1898) WC Colombia south to W Ecuador S.t.stenorhyncha (Sclater & Salvin, 1869) NE Columbia, N Venezuela S.t.olivacea (Ridgway, 1906) E Venezuela, Guyana S.t.aenea J.T. Zimmer, 1936 E Andes of Ecuador to N Peru S.t.amazona (P.L. Sclater, 1860) S Venezuela to E Peru, W Brazil S.t.wallacii (Sclater & Salvin, 1867) N Brazil, French Guiana, Surinam S.t.steinbachi Todd, 1928 N Bolivia, SE Peru S.t.intermedia Pinto, 1954 E Brazil S.t.turdina (Wied, 1831) SE Brazil Schiffornis virescens (Lafresnaye, 1838) (Greenish Schiffornis) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina LANIOCERA Lesson, 1840 F Laniocera rufescens (Speckled Mourner) L.r.rufescens (P.L. Sclater, 1858) Guatemala to Panama, W Colombia L.r.tertia (E. Hartert, 1902) NW Ecuador, SW Colombia L.r.griseigula Meyer de Schauensee, 1950 NC Colombia Laniocera hypopyrra (Vieillot, 1817) (Cinereous Mourner) The Guianas, S Venezuela, E Colombia, Amazonia, SE Brazil IODOPLEURA Lesson, 1839 F Iodopleura pipra (Buff-throated Purpletuft) †?I.p.leucopygia Salvin, 1885 The Guianas (?) I.p.pipra (Lesson, 1831) SE Brazil Iodopleura fusca (Vieillot, 1817) (Dusky Purpletuft) E Venezuela, NC Brazil, the Guianas Iodopleura isabellae (White-browed Purpletuft) I.i.isabellae Parzudaki, 1847 S Venezuela, E Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, N and W Brazil, N Bolivia I.i.paraensis Todd, 1950 E Brazil LANIISOMA Swainson, 1832 N Laniisoma elegans (Shrike-like Cotinga) L.e.venezuelense Phelps & Gilliard, 19416 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela L.e.buckleyi (Sclater & Salvin, 1880) E Peru, E Ecuador L.e.cadwaladeri Carriker, 1935 Bolivia L.e.elegans (Thunberg, 1823) SE Brazil XENOPSARIS Ridgway, 1891 M Xenopsaris albinucha (White-naped Xenopsaris) X.a.minor Hellmayr, 1920 Venezuela, N Brazil X.a.albinucha (Burmeister, 1869) S Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina PACHYRAMPHUS G.R. Gray, 1840 M Pachyramphus viridis (Green-backed Becard)7 P.v.griseigularis Salvin & Godman, 1883 SE Venezuela, E Brazil P.v.viridis (Vieillot, 1816) E Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina to E and S Brazil P.v.xanthogenys Salvadori & Festa, 1898 E Ecuador P.v.peruanus Hartert & Goodson, 1917 C Peru Pachyramphus versicolor (Barred Becard) P.v.costaricensis Bangs, 1908 Costa Rica P.v.versicolor (Hartlaub, 1843) W Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru P.v.meridionalis Carriker, 1934 Peru, N Bolivia Pachyramphus spodiurus P.L. Sclater, 1860 (Slaty Becard) W Ecuador, NW Peru Pachyramphus rufus (Cinereous Becard) P.r.rufus (Boddaert, 1783) Panama, N Sth. America P.r.juruanus Gyldenstolpe, 1951 NE Peru, W Brazil Pachyramphus castaneus (Chestnut-crowned Becard) P.c.saturatus Chapman, 1914 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru, NW Brazil P.c.intermedius Berlepsch, 1879 N Venezuela P.c.parui Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 S Venezuela P.c.amazonus J.T. Zimmer, 1936 NE Brazil P.c.castaneus (Jardine & Selby, 1827) E Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Pachyramphus cinnamomeus (Cinnamon Becard) P.c.fulvidior Griscom, 1932 SE Mexico to W Panama P.c.cinnamomeus Lawrence, 1861 E Panama, W Colombia, W Ecuador P.c.magdalenae Chapman, 1914 N and E Colombia, W Venezuela P.c.badius Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1955 W Venezuela Pachyramphus polychopterus (White-winged Becard) P.p.similis Cherrie, 1891 Guatemala to Panama P.p.cinereiventris P.L. Sclater, 1862 N Colombia P.p.dorsalis P.L. Sclater, 1862 W Colombia, NW Ecuador P.p.tenebrosus J.T. Zimmer, 1936 S Colombia P.p.tristis (Kaup, 1852) N and NE Sth. America P.p.nigriventris P.L. Sclater, 1857 W Amazonia P.p.polychopterus (Vieillot, 1818) E Brazil P.p.spixii (Swainson, 1837) S Brazil, E Bolivia to N Argentina >> SW Amazonia Pachyramphus marginatus (Black-capped Becard) P.m.nanus Bangs & Penard, 1921 S Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonia P.m.marginatus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) E Brazil Pachyramphus albogriseus (Black-and-white Becard) P.a.ornatus Cherrie, 1891 W Nicaragua to W Panama P.a.coronatus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1953 N Colombia, NW Venezuela P.a.albogriseus P.L. Sclater, 1857 E Colombia, N Venezuela P.a.guayaquilensis J.T. Zimmer, 1936 E Ecuador P.a.salvini Richmond, 1899 C Peru, E Ecuador Pachyramphus major (Grey-collared Becard) P.m.uropygialis Nelson, 1899 W Mexico P.m.major (Cabanis, 1847) E Mexico P.m.matudai A.R. Phillips, 1966 S Mexico, N Guatemala P.m.itzensis Nelson, 1901 SE Mexico, Belize P.m.australis Miller & Griscom, 1925 Guatemala to E Nicaragua Pachyramphus surinamus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Glossy-backed Becard) Surinam, E Brazil, French Guiana Pachyramphus aglaiae (Rose-throated Becard) P.a.albiventris (Lawrence, 1867) S Arizona, W Mexico P.a.gravis (van Rossem, 1938) NE Mexico P.a.yucatanensis (Ridgway, 1906) E Mexico P.a.insularis (Ridgway, 1887) Tres Marias Is. P.s.aglaiae (Lafresnaye, 1839) NE Mexico P.a.sumichrasti (Nelson, 1897) SE Mexico to El Salvador P.a.hypophaeus (Ridgway, 1891) Honduras to NE Costa Rica P.a.latirostris Bonaparte, 1854 W Nicaragua, W Costa Rica Pachyramphus homochrous (One-coloured Becard) P.h.homochrous P.L. Sclater, 1859 E Panama to N Peru P.h.quimarinus (Meyer de Schauensee, 1950) NW Colombia P.h.canescens (Chapman, 1912) N Colombia, NW Venezuela Pachyramphus minor (Lesson, 1830) (Pink-throated Becard) S Venezuela, The Guianas, Amazonia Pachyramphus validus (Crested Becard) P.v.audax (Cabanis, 1873) S Peru, C Bolivia, NW Argentina P.v.validus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) E Bolivia to C Brazil, N Argentina Pachyramphus niger (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Jamaican Becard) Jamaica PHIBALURA Vieillot, 1816 F Phibalura flavirostris (Swallow-tailed Cotinga) P.f.flavirostris Vieillot, 1816 E Paraguay, SE Brazil, NE Argentina P.f.boliviana Chapman, 1930 N Bolivia (La Paz) PHYTOTOMINAE AMPELION Tschudi, 1845 M Ampelion rubrocristatus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) (Red-crested Cotinga)8 Andes from W Venezuela, Colombia to C Bolivia Ampelion rufaxilla (Chestnut-crested Cotinga) A.r.antioquiae (Chapman, 1924) W and C Andes of Colombia and Ecuador A.r.rufaxilla (Tschudi, 1844) Andes from N Peru to N Bolivia ZARATORNIS Koepcke, 19549 M Zaratornis stresemanni Koepcke, 1954 (White-cheeked Cotinga) W Peru DOLIORNIS Taczanowski, 187410 M Doliornis remseni Robbins, Rosenberg & Molina, 1994 (Chestnut-bellied Cotinga) # Andes of Ecuador to extreme N Peru (2084) Doliornis sclateri Taczanowski, 1874 (Bay-vented Cotinga) Andes of N and C Peru PHYTOTOMA Molina, 178211 F Phytotoma raimondii Taczanowski, 1883 (Peruvian Plantcutter) W Peru Phytotoma rutila (White-tipped Plantcutter) P.r.angustirostris d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 SE Bolivia, NW Argentina P.r.rutila Vieillot, 1818 N Argentina, W Uruguay, W Paraguay Phytotoma rara Molina, 1782 (Rufous-tailed Plantcutter) S Chile, S Argentina, Falkland Is. RUPICOLINAE CARPORNIS G.R. Gray, 1846 F12 Carpornis cucullata (Swainson, 1821) (Hooded Berryeater) SE Brazil Carpornis melanocephala (Wied, 1820) (Black-headed Berryeater) SE Brazil PIPREOLA Swainson, 1837 F Pipreola riefferii (Green-and-black Fruiteater) P.r.occidentalis (Chapman, 1914) W Colombia, W Ecuador P.r.riefferii (Boissonneau, 1840) E Colombia, E Ecuador P.r.melanolaema P.L. Sclater, 1856 NW Venezuela P.r.confusa J.T. Zimmer, 1936 Peru, N Bolivia P.r.chachapoyas (Hellmayr, 1915) N Peru P.r.tallmanorum O’Neill & Parker, 1981 C Peru (1716) Pipreola intermedia (Band-tailed Fruiteater) P.i.intermedia Taczanowski, 1884 N and C Peru P.i.signata (Hellmayr, 1917) S Peru, N Bolivia Pipreola arcuata (Barred Fruiteater) P.a.arcuata (Lafresnaye, 1843) Andes from N Colombia, W Venezuela to N Peru P.a.viridicauda Meyer de Schauensee, 1953 Andes from C Peru to N Bolivia Pipreola aureopectus (Golden-breasted Fruiteater)13 P.a.decora Bangs, 1899 N Colombia P.a.festiva (Todd, 1912) NW Venezuela P.a.aureopectus (Lafresnaye, 1843) E Colombia, W Venezuela Pipreola jucunda P.L. Sclater, 1860 (Orange-breasted Fruiteater) W Colombia, W Ecuador Pipreola lubomirskii Taczanowski, 1879 (Black-chested Fruiteater) Andes of S Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru Pipreola pulchra (Hellmayr, 1917) (Masked Fruiteater) Andes of N and C Peru Pipreola frontalis (Scarlet-breasted Fruiteater) P.f.squamipectus (Chapman, 1925) Andes of Ecuador to N Peru P.f.frontalis (P.L. Sclater, 1858) Andes of S Peru to N Bolivia Pipreola chlorolepidota Swainson, 1837 (Fiery-throated Fruiteater) Andes of Colombia to C Peru Pipreola formosa (Handsome Fruiteater) P.f.formosa (Hartlaub, 1849) N Venezuela P.f.rubidior (Chapman, 1925) NE Venezuela P.f.pariae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 NE Venezuela Pipreola whitelyi (Red-banded Fruiteater) P.w.kathleenae Zimmer & Phelps, 1944 SE Venezuela P.w.whitelyi Salvin & Godman, 1884 W Guyana OXYRUNCUS Temminck, 1820 M Oxyruncus cristatus (Sharpbill) O.c.frater (Sclater & Salvin, 1868) Costa Rica, W Panama O.c.brooksi Bangs & Barbour, 1922 E Panama O.c.hypoglaucus (Salvin & Godman, 1883) The Guianas, SE Venezuela, NE Brazil O.c.tocantinsi Chapman, 1939 C Brazil O.c.cristatus Swainson, 1821 SE Brazil, Paraguay O.c.subsp? E Peru, N Bolivia AMPELIOIDES J. Verreaux, 1867 M Ampelioides tschudii (G.R. Gray, 1846) (Scaled Fruiteater) Andes from NW Venezuela to N Bolivia RUPICOLA Brisson, 1760 M14 Rupicola rupicola (Linnaeus, 1766) (Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock) E Colombia to the Guianas, N Brazil Rupicola peruvianus (Andean Cock-of-the-Rock) R.p.sanguinolentus Gould, 1859 W Colombia, W Ecuador R.p.aequatorialis Taczanowski, 1889 W Venezuela, Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru R.p.peruvianus (Latham, 1790) C Peru R.p.saturatus Cabanis & Heine, 1859 S Peru, N Bolivia PHOENICIRCUS Swainson, 1832 M Phoenicircus carnifex (Linnaeus, 1758) (Guianan Red Cotinga) E Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil Phoenicircus nigricollis Swainson, 1832 (Black-necked Red Cotinga) SE Colombia, WC Brazil, E Ecuador, NE Peru COTINGINAE COTINGA Brisson, 1760 F Cotinga amabilis Gould, 1857 (Lovely Cotinga) SE Mexico to Costa Rica Cotinga ridgwayi Ridgway, 1887 (Turquoise Cotinga) SW Costa Rica, Panama Cotinga nattererii (Boissonneau, 1840) (Blue Cotinga) NW Venezuela, N and W Colombia, NW Ecuador Cotinga maynana (Linnaeus, 1766) (Plum-throated Cotinga) W Amazonia Cotinga cotinga (Linnaeus, 1766) (Purple-breasted Cotinga) E Colombia to the Guianas, N Brazil Cotinga maculata (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (Banded Cotinga) SE Brazil Cotinga cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) (Spangled Cotinga) S Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonia PROCNIAS Illiger, 1811 M15 Procnias tricarunculatus (J. & E. Verreaux, 1853) (Three-wattled Bellbird) Nicaragua to W Panama Procnias albus (White Bellbird) P.a.albus (Hermann, 1783) E Venezuela, the Guyanas, NE Brazil P.a.wallacei Oren & Novaes, 1985 Belem (Brazil) (1722) Procnias averano (Bearded Bellbird) P.a.carnobarba (Cuvier, 1816)16 N and E Venezuela, Trinidad, W Guyana, NC Brazil P.a.averano (Hermann, 1783) NE Brazil Procnias nudicollis (Vieillot, 1817) (Bare-throated Bellbird) E and SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina TIJUCA Férussac, 1829 F Tijuca atra Férussac, 1829 (Black-and-gold Cotinga) SE Brazil Tijuca condita Snow, 1980 (Grey-winged Cotinga) SE Brazil (2294) LIPAUGUS Boie, 182817 M Lipaugus weberi Cuervo, Salaman, Donegan & Ochoa, 2001 (Chestnut-capped Cotinga) # Central cordillera of the Andes of Colombia (600) Lipaugus fuscocinereus (Lafresnaye, 1843) (Dusky Piha) Andes from N Colombia to extreme N Peru Lipaugus uropygialis (Sclater & Salvin, 1876) (Scimitar-winged Piha)18 Extreme S Peru, N Bolivia Lipaugus unirufus (Rufous Piha) L.u.unirufus P.L. Sclater, 1859 SE Mexico to N Colombia L.u.castaneotinctus (E. Hartert, 1902) SW Colombia to NW Ecuador Lipaugus vociferans (Wied, 1820) (Screaming Piha) S Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonia and E Brazil Lipaugus lanioides (Lesson, 1844) (Cinnamon-vented Piha) SE Brazil Lipaugus streptophorus (Salvin & Godman, 1884) (Rose-collared Piha) W Guyana, SE Venezuela, NC Brazil CONIOPTILON Lowery & O’Neill, 1966 N Conioptilon mcilhennyi Lowery & O’Neill, 1966 (Black-faced Cotinga) SE Peru SNOWORNIS Prum, 2001 (1955) M Snowornis subalaris (P.L. Sclater, 1861) (Grey-tailed Piha) Andes from S Colombia to E C Peru Snowornis cryptolophus (Olivaceous Piha) S.c.mindoensis (Hellmayr & Seilern, 1914) Andes of W Ecuador, SW Colombia S.c.cryptolophus (Sclater & Salvin, 1877) Andes from SE Colombia to C Peru PORPHYROLAEMA Bonaparte, 1854 F Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema (Deville & Sclater, 1852) (Purple-throated Cotinga) W Amazonia XIPHOLENA Gloger, 1842 F Xipholena punicea (Pallas, 1764) (Pompadour Cotinga) S Venezuela, the Guianas, C Brazil, extreme E Bolivia Xipholena lamellipennis (Lafresnaye, 1839) (White-tailed Cotinga) E Brazil Xipholena atropurpurea (Wied, 1820) (White-winged Cotinga) SE Brazil CARPODECTES Salvin, 1865 M Carpodectes hopkei Berlepsch, 1897 (Black-tipped Cotinga) E Panama to NW Ecuador Carpodectes nitidus Salvin, 1865 (Snowy Cotinga) E Honduras to E Panama Carpodectes antoniae Ridgway, 1884 (Yellow-billed Cotinga) W Costa Rica, W Panama GYMNODERUS E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809 M Gymnoderus foetidus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bare-necked Fruitcrow) S Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonia QUERULA Vieillot, 1816 F Querula purpurata (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (Purple-throated Fruitcrow) Costa Rica, Panama, SE Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonia HAEMATODERUS Bonaparte, 1854 M Haematoderus militaris (Shaw, 1792) (Crimson Fruitcrow) The Guianas, NE Brazil PYRODERUS G.R. Gray, 1840 M Pyroderus scutatus (Red-ruffed Fruitcrow) P.s.occidentalis Chapman, 1914 W Colombia P.s.granadensis (Lafresnaye, 1846) E Colombia, W Venezuela P.s.orenocensis (Lafresnaye, 1846) NE Venezuela, W Guyana P.s.masoni Ridgway, 1886 E Peru P.s.scutatus (Shaw, 1792) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina PERISSOCEPHALUS Oberholser, 1899 M Perissocephalus tricolor (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (Capuchinbird) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil CEPHALOPTERUS E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809 M Cephalopterus glabricollis Gould, 1851 (Bare-necked Umbrellabird) Costa Rica, W Panama Cephalopterus ornatus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809 (Amazonian Umbrellabird) S Venezuela, SW Guyana, W and C Amazonia Cephalopterus penduliger P.L. Sclater, 1859 (Long-wattled Umbrellabird) Andes of SW Colombia, Ecuador GENERA INCERTAE SEDIS (2: 4) PIPRITES Cabanis, 184719 F20 Piprites griseiceps Salvin, 1865 (Grey-headed Piprites) Guatemala to Costa Rica Piprites chloris (Wing-barred Piprites) P.c.antioquiae Chapman, 1924 NC Colombia P.c.perijana Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 N Colombia, W Venezuela P.c.tschudii (Cabanis, 1874) S Colombia to C Peru, NW Brazil P.c.chlorion (Cabanis, 1847) The Guianas, N Brazil P.c.grisescens Novaes, 1964 Para (Brazil) P.c.boliviana Chapman, 1924 N Bolivia, C Brazil P.c.chloris (Temminck, 1822) SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Piprites pileata (Temminck, 1822) (Black-capped Piprites) SE Brazil, NE Argentina CALYPTURA Swainson, 1832 F Calyptura cristata (Vieillot, 1818) (Kinglet Calyptura) SE Brazil 1 Our generic sequence is based on the branching shown by Prum et al. (2000) (1957) and Prum (2001) (1955). 2 Du Bus is an abbreviation for Du Bus de Gisignies. 3 This enigmatic bird seems unlikely to represent a valid wild taxon (a color morph or hybrid seems likely). 4 A.O.U. (1998: 416) (3) preferred to treat this genus as Incertae Sedis, but see Prum (2001) (1955) for close association with Tityra. 5 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 6 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 7 We defer splitting this until more data are published. 8 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 9 Treated within the genus Ampelion in last Edition, but see Ridgely & Tudor (1994: 742) (2019). 10 For reasons to recognise this genus see Robbins et al. (1994) (2084). 11 For reasons to treat this genus in the Cotingidae see Lanyon & Lanyon (1989) (1324). 12 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 13 The species aureopectus in last Edition embodied jucunda, lubomirskii and pulchra, but see Ridgely & Tudor (1994: 747) (2019). 14 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 15 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 16 Given as 1817 by Snow (1979: 306) (2293) but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). 17 A.O.U. (1998: 416) (3) preferred to treat this genus as Incertae Sedis. Prum (2000) (1955) considered it a member of the subfamily Cotinginae. 18 Treated in a separate genus Chirocylla in last Edition, as in Snow (1979) (2293), but see Prum (2000) (1955) for the submergence of that genus. 19 It has been suggested that this genus be moved to the Tyrannidae (Prum & Lanyon, 1989) (1956), however A.O.U. (1998: 416) (3) preferred to treat the genus as Incertae Sedis following Prum (1990) (1950). Prum (2001) (1955) placed it outside the cluster of subfamilies of the Cotingidae in his phylogenetic tree. 20 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. COTINGIDAE AND POSSIBLE ALLIES CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD TYRANNIDAE (TYRANT-FLYCATCHERS) (98: 400) PHYLLOMYIAS Cabanis & Heine, 1859 M Phyllomyias fasciatus (Planalto Tyrannulet) P.f.cearae Hellmayr, 1927 NE Brazil P.f.fasciatus (Thunberg, 1822) C and E Brazil, E Bolivia P.f.brevirostris (Spix, 1825) S Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Phyllomyias burmeisteri (Rough-legged Tyrannulet) 1 P.b.burmeisteri Cabanis & Heine, 1859 SE Brazil, E Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina P.b.zeledoni (Lawrence, 1869) Costa Rica, W Panama P.b.viridiceps (Zimmer & Phelps, 1944) N Venezuela P.b.wetmorei (Aveledo & Pons, 1953) NW Venezuela P.b.bunites (Wetmore & Phelps, 1956) SC Venezuela P.b.leucogonys (Sclater & Salvin, 1871) Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Phyllomyias virescens (Temminck, 1824) (Greenish Tyrannulet)2 SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Phyllomyias reiseri Hellmayr, 1905 (Reiser’s Tyrannulet) E Brazil Phyllomyias urichi (Chapman, 1899) (Urich’s Tyrannulet)3 NE Venezuela Phyllomyias sclateri (Sclater's Tyrannulet) P.s.subtropicalis (Chapman, 1919) SE Peru P.s.sclateri Berlepsch, 1901 Bolivia, NW Argentina Phyllomyias griseocapilla P.L. Sclater, 1861 (Grey-capped Tyrannulet) SE Brazil Phyllomyias griseiceps (Sooty-headed Tyrannulet) P.g.cristatus Berlepsch, 1884 E Panama, N Colombia, N Venezuela P.g.caucae Chapman, 1915 WC Colombia P.g.griseiceps (Sclater & Salvin, 1871) Ecuador P.g.pallidiceps J.T. Zimmer, 1941 NE Brazil, Peru, SE Venezuela Phyllomyias plumbeiceps (Lawrence, 1869) (Plumbeous-crowned Tyrannulet) Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Phyllomyias nigrocapillus (Black-capped Tyrannulet) P.n.aureus (J.T. Zimmer, 1941) W Venezuela P.n.flavimentum (Chapman, 1912) N Colombia P.n.nigrocapillus (Lafresnaye, 1845) W Colombia, Ecuador, C Peru Phyllomyias cinereiceps (P.L. Sclater, 1860) (Ashy-headed Tyrannulet) Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Phyllomyias uropygialis (Lawrence, 1869) (Tawny-rumped Tyrannulet) Venezuela, Colombia to S Bolivia TYRANNULUS Vieillot, 1816 M Tyrannulus elatus (Latham, 1790) (Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet) Panama to N Bolivia and C Brazil MYIOPAGIS Salvin & Godman, 1888 F Myiopagis gaimardii (Forest Elaenia) M.g.macilvainii (Lawrence, 1871) E Panama, N Colombia M.g.trinitatis (Hartert & Goodson, 1917) Trinidad M.g.bogotensis (Berlepsch, 1907) E Colombia, N Venezuela M.g.guianensis (Berlepsch, 1907) The Guianas, N Brazil M.g.gaimardii (d’Orbigny, 1840) S Venezuela, Brazil, E Peru, N Bolivia M.g.subcinerea J.T. Zimmer, 19414 EC Brazil Myiopagis caniceps (Grey Elaenia) M.c.parambae (Hellmayr, 1904) W Colombia, NW Ecuador M.c.absita (Wetmore, 1963) Panama M.c.cinerea (Pelzeln, 1868) S Venezuela, E Colombia, E Ecuador, Peru, NW Brazil M.c.caniceps (Swainson, 1836) E and S Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina Myiopagis olallai Coopmans & Krabbe, 2000 (Foothill Elaenia) # Andean foothills of Ecuador and Peru (570) Myiopagis subplacens (P.L. Sclater, 1861) (Pacific Elaenia) SW Ecuador, NW Peru Myiopagis flavivertex (P.L. Sclater, 1887) (Yellow-crowned Elaenia) French Guiana, Surinam, S Venezuela, N Peru, N Brazil Myiopagis viridicata (Greenish Elaenia) M.v.jaliscensis Nelson, 1900 SW Mexico M.v.minima Nelson, 1898 Tres Marias Is. M.v.placens (P.L. Sclater, 1859) S Mexico to Honduras M.v.pacifica (Brodkorb, 1943) SE Chiapas (Mexico) M.v.accola Bangs, 1902 Nicaragua to Panama, NW Colombia M.v.pallens Bangs, 1902 NW Colombia, N Venezuela M.v.restricta Todd, 1952 N coast of Venezuela M.v.zuliae Zimmer & Phelps, 1955 N Venezuela M.v.implacens (P.L. Sclater, 1861) S Colombia, W Ecuador M.v.viridicata (Vieillot, 1817) SE Peru, E Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina Myiopagis cotta (Gosse, 1849) (Jamaican Elaenia) Jamaica ELAENIA Sundevall, 1836 F Elaenia flavogaster (Yellow-bellied Elaenia) E.f.subpagana P.L. Sclater, 1860 Pacific coast of S Mexico to Panama E.f.flavogaster (Thunberg, 1822) Trinidad, N Sth. America E.f.semipagana P.L. Sclater, 1861 W Ecuador, NW Peru E.f.pallididorsalis Aldrich, 1937 Panama, Pearl Is. Elaenia martinica (Caribbean Elaenia) E.m.martinica (Linnaeus, 1766) Lesser Antilles E.m.chinchorrensis Griscom, 1926 Great Key I., E Mexico E.m.barbadensis Cory, 1888 Barbados E.m.riisii P.L. Sclater, 1860 Virgin Is., Antigua, Curacao E.m.caymanensis Berlepsch, 1907 Cayman Is. E.m.cinerescens Ridgway, 1884 Isla Andrčs and Isla Providencia (W Caribbean) E.m.remota Berlepsch, 1907 Yucatán coast islands Elaenia spectabilis Pelzeln, 1868 (Large Elaenia) NE Peru, N and C Brazil, W Bolivia, N Argentina Elaenia ridleyana Sharpe, 1888 (Noronha Elaenia)5 Fernando de Noronha I. Elaenia albiceps (White-crested Elaenia) E.a.griseigularis P.L. Sclater, 1858 Ecuador E.a.diversa J.T. Zimmer, 1941 NC Peru E.a.urubambae J.T. Zimmer, 1941 SE Peru E.a.albiceps (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Bolivia, Brazil E.a.modesta Tschudi, 1844 Peru, NW Chile E.a.chilensis Hellmayr, 1927 S Chile, SW Argentina Elaenia parvirostris Pelzeln, 1868 (Small-billed Elaenia) SE Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina, S Brazil >> Amazonia Elaenia mesoleuca (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1830) (Olivaceous Elaenia) SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Elaenia strepera Cabanis, 1883 (Slaty Elaenia) C Bolivia, NW Argentina >> Venezuela Elaenia gigas P.L. Sclater, 1871 (Mottle-backed Elaenia) Andes from C Colombia to C Bolivia Elaenia pelzelni Berlepsch, 1907 (Brownish Elaenia) W Brazil, NE Peru, NE Bolivia Elaenia cristata (Plain-crested Elaenia) E.c.alticola Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 S Venezuela, N Brazil E.c.cristata Pelzeln, 1868 French Guiana and Venezuela to E Peru and E Bolivia Elaenia chiriquensis (Lesser Elaenia) E.c.chiriquensis Lawrence, 1865 SW Costa Rica, Panama E.c.brachyptera Berlepsch, 1907 SW Colombia, NW Ecuador E.c.albivertex Pelzeln, 1868 NW and NC South America, Trinidad Elaenia ruficeps Pelzeln, 1868 (Rufous-crowned Elaenia) The Guianas, N Brazil, S Venezuela Elaenia frantzii (Mountain Elaenia) E.f.ultima Griscom, 1935 Guatemala to Nicaragua E.f.frantzii Lawrence, 1865 Nicaragua to Panama E.f.browni Bangs, 1898 N Colombia, N Venezuela E.f.pudica P.L. Sclater, 1871 E Colombia, W Venezuela Elaenia obscura (Highland Elaenia) E.o.sordida J.T. Zimmer, 1941 SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina E.o.obscura (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) S Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina Elaenia dayi (Great Elaenia) E.d.dayi Chapman, 1929 Mt. Roraima (S Venezuela) E.d.auyantepui Zimmer & Phelps, 1952 SE Venezuela E.d.tyleri Chapman, 1929 S Venezuela Elaenia pallatangae (Sierran Elaenia) E.p.pallatangae P.L. Sclater, 1861 Andes of W Colombia, Ecuador E.p.davidwillardi Dickerman & Phelps, 1987 Tepuis of Venezuela (730) E.p.olivina Salvin & Godman, 1884 Tepuis of S Guyana, S Venezuela E.p.intensa J.T. Zimmer, 1941 Peruvian Andes E.p.exsul Todd, 1952 Bolivian Andes Elaenia fallax (Greater Antillean Elaenia) E.f.fallax P.L. Sclater, 1861 Jamaica E.f.cherriei Cory, 1895 Hispaniola ORNITHION Hartlaub, 1853 N Ornithion semiflavum (Sclater & Salvin, 1860) (Yellow-bellied Tyrannulet) S Mexico to Costa Rica Ornithion brunneicapillus (Brown-capped Tyrannulet)6 O.b.brunneicapillus (Lawrence, 1862) Costa Rica, Panama, W Colombia, NW Ecuador O.b.dilutum (Todd, 1913) NW Venezuela, N Colombia Ornithion inerme Hartlaub, 1853 (White-lored Tyrannulet) S Venezuela, the Guianas, E Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia, Amazonian and SE Brazil CAMPTOSTOMA P.L. Sclater, 1857 N Camptostoma imberbe (Northern Beardless Tyrannulet) C.i.imberbe P.L. Sclater, 1857 S USA, Mexico to NW Costa Rica C.i.ridgwayi (Brewster, 1882) SW USA, W Mexico C.i.thyellophilum Parkes & Phillips, 1999 Cozumel I. (1789) Camptostoma obsoletum (Southern Beardless Tyrannulet) C.o.flaviventre Sclater & Salvin, 1864 W Costa Rica, Panama C.o.orphnum Wetmore, 1957 Coiba I., Afuerita I. C.o.majus Griscom, 19327 Pearl Is. C.o.caucae Chapman, 1914 W Colombia C.o.bogotense J.T. Zimmer, 1941 C Colombia C.o.pusillum (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) N Colombia, NW Venezuela C.o.napaeum (Ridgway, 1888) N Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil C.o.venezuelae J.T. Zimmer, 1941 N and C Venezuela, Trinidad C.o.maranonicum Carriker, 1933 N Peru C.o.olivaceum (Berlepsch, 1889) S Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru, W Brazil C.o.sclateri (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1883) W Ecuador, W Peru C.o.griseum Carriker, 1933 W Peru C.o.bolivianum J.T. Zimmer, 1941 C Bolivia, NW Argentina C.o.cinerascens (Wied, 1831) E Bolivia, E and C Brazil C.o.obsoletum (Temminck, 1824) SE Brazil, Uruguay, N Argentina SUIRIRI d’Orbigny, 1840 F Suiriri suiriri (Suiriri Flycatcher) S.s.affinis (Burmeister, 1856) C Brazil, Surinam, NW Bolivia S.s.bahiae (Berlepsch, 1893)8 E Brazil S.s.suiriri (Vieillot, 1818) E Bolivia, S Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, N Argentina Suiriri islerorum Zimmer, Whittaker & Oren, 2001 (Chapada Flycatcher) # SC Brazil, E Bolivia (2734) MECOCERCULUS P.L. Sclater, 1862 M Mecocerculus leucophrys (White-throated Tyrannulet) M.l.montensis (Bangs, 1899) N Colombia M.l.chapmani Dickerman, 1985 S Venezuela (714) M.l.nigriceps Chapman, 1899 N Venezuela M.l.notatus Todd, 1919 W Colombia M.l.setophagoides (Bonaparte, 1845) E Colombia M.l.palliditergum Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1947 Coast of N Venezuela M.l.gularis (Madarász, 1903) E Venezuela M.l.parui Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1950 S Venezuela M.l.rufomarginatus (Lawrence, 1869) S Colombia, Ecuador, NW Peru M.l.roraimae Hellmayr, 1921 C Venezuela M.l.brunneomarginatus Chapman, 1924 C Peru M.l.pallidior Carriker, 1933 W Peru M.l.leucophrys (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) SE Peru, Bolivia, NW Argentina Mecocerculus poecilocercus (Sclater & Salvin, 1873) (White-tailed Tyrannulet) Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Mecocerculus hellmayri Berlepsch, 1907 (Buff-banded Tyrannulet)9 SE Peru, Bolivia, Argentina Mecocerculus calopterus (P.L. Sclater, 1859) (Rufous-winged Tyrannulet) W Ecuador, NW Peru Mecocerculus minor (Taczanowski, 1879) (Sulphur-bellied Tyrannulet) E Colombia, Venezuela, N Peru Mecocerculus stictopterus (White-banded Tyrannulet) M.s.albocaudatus Phelps & Gilliard, 1941 NW Venezuela M.s.stictopterus (P.L. Sclater, 1858) Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru M.s.taeniopterus Cabanis, 1874 SE Peru, N Bolivia ANAIRETES Reichenbach, 185010 M Anairetes nigrocristatus Taczanowski, 1884 (Black-crested Tit-Tyrant)11 S Ecuador, N Peru Anairetes reguloides (Pied-crested Tit-Tyrant) A.r.albiventris (Chapman, 1924) W Peru A.r.reguloides (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) SW Peru, NW Chile Anairetes alpinus (Ash-breasted Tit-Tyrant) A.a.alpinus (Carriker, 1933) C Peru A.a.bolivianus (Carriker, 1935) N Bolivia Anairetes flavirostris (Yellow-billed Tit-Tyrant) A.f.huancabambae (Chapman, 1924) NW Peru A.f.arequipae (Chapman, 1926) SW Peru, NW Chile A.f.cuzcoensis (Chapman, 1924) SE Peru A.f.flavirostris Sclater & Salvin, 1876 W Peru, Bolivia, N Chile, W Argentina Anairetes parulus (Tufted Tit-Tyrant) A.p.aequatorialis Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884 S Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia A.p.patagonicus (Hellmayr, 1920) C Argentina A.p.parulus (Kittlitz, 1830) S and C Chile, W Argentina Anairetes fernandezianus (Philippi, 1857) (Juan Fernandez Tit-Tyrant) Robinson Crusoe I. (Juan Fernandez Is.) Anairetes agilis (P.L. Sclater, 1856) (Agile Tit-Tyrant)12 E Colombia, NW Venezuela, N Ecuador Anairetes agraphia (Unstreaked Tit-Tyrant) A.a.agraphia Chapman, 1919 SE Peru A.a.plengei (Schulenberg & Graham, 1981) C Peru (2210) A.a.squamigera (O’Neill & Parker, 1976) E Peru SERPOPHAGA Gould, 1839 F Serpophaga cinerea (Torrent Tyrannulet) S.c.grisea Lawrence, 1871 Costa Rica, W Panama S.c.cinerea (Tschudi, 1844) Andes from Colombia and Venezuela to C Bolivia Serpophaga hypoleuca (River Tyrannulet) S.h.venezuelana J.T. Zimmer, 1940 NE Venezuela S.h.hypoleuca Sclater & Salvin, 1866 SE Colombia, NW Venezuela, E Peru, NE Bolivia S.h.pallida E. Snethlage, 1907 EC Brazil Serpophaga nigricans (Vieillot, 1817) (Sooty Tyrannulet) SE Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, N Argentina, S Bolivia Serpophaga subcristata (White-crested Tyrannulet) S.s.straminea (Temminck, 1822) SC Brazil, Uruguay S.s.subcristata (Vieillot, 1817) Bolivia to E Brazil, Argentina Serpophaga munda Berlepsch, 1893 (White-bellied Tyrannulet)13 E Bolivia, N Argentina PHAEOMYIAS Berlepsch, 190214 F Phaeomyias murina (Mouse-coloured Tyrannulet) P.m.eremonoma Wetmore, 1953 Panama P.m.incomta (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) Trinidad, the Guianas, Colombia, Venezuela, N Brazil P.m.tumbezana (Taczanowski, 1877) SW Ecuador, N Peru P.m.inflava Chapman, 1924 W Peru P.m.maranonica J.T. Zimmer, 1941 NC Peru P.m.wagae (Taczanowski, 1884) E Peru, W Bolivia P.m.ignobilis Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1941 S Bolivia, Paraguay, NW Argentina P.m.murina (Spix, 1825) S Brazil CAPSIEMPIS Cabanis & Heine, 186915 F Capsiempis flaveola (Yellow Tyrannulet) C.f.semiflava (Lawrence, 1865) Nicaragua to Panama C.f.cerulua Wetmore, 1939 Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador C.f.amazona J.T. Zimmer, 1955 French Guiana, N Brazil C.f.leucophrys Berlepsch, 1907 Colombia, W Venezuela C.f.magnirostris E. Hartert, 1898 SW Ecuador C.f.flaveola (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) S Colombia, SE Brazil, E Bolivia, Paraguay POLYSTICTUS Reichenbach, 1850 M Polystictus pectoralis (Bearded Tachuri) P.p.bogotensis (Chapman, 1915) Colombia P.p.brevipennis (Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902) Guyana, S Venezuela, N Brazil P.p.pectoralis (Vieillot, 1817) E Bolivia, SW Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, N Argentina Polystictus superciliaris (Wied, 1831) (Grey-backed Tachuri) SE Brazil NESOTRICCUS C.H. Townsend, 1895 M Nesotriccus ridgwayi C.H. Townsend, 1895 (Cocos Island Flycatcher)16 Cocos I. (off Costa Rica) PSEUDOCOLOPTERYX Lillo, 1905 F Pseudocolopteryx dinelliana Lillo, 1905 (Dinelli's Doradito)17 NW Argentina >> SE Bolivia, W Paraguay Pseudocolopteryx sclateri (Oustalet, 1892) (Crested Doradito) Trinidad, Guyana, S Brazil, E Bolivia, Paraguay, E Argentina Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis (Sclater & Salvin, 1873) (Subtropical Doradito) Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, W Argentina Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) (Warbling Doradito) Uruguay, C Chile, N Argentina, S Brazil >> Paraguay PSEUDOTRICCUS Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885 M Pseudotriccus pelzelni (Bronze-olive Pygmy Tyrant) P.p.berlepschi Nelson, 1913 E Panama P.p.annectens (Salvadori & Festa, 1899) W Colombia, W Ecuador P.p.pelzelni Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885 E Colombia, E Ecuador P.p.peruvianus Bond, 1947 E Peru Pseudotriccus simplex (Berlepsch, 1901) (Hazel-fronted Pygmy Tyrant) Bolivia, SE Peru Pseudotriccus ruficeps (Lafresnaye, 1843) (Rufous-headed Pygmy Tyrant) Colombia to NW Bolivia CORYTHOPIS Sundevall, 1836 M18 Corythopis torquata (Ringed Antpipit) C.t.sarayacuensis Chubb, 1918 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru C.t.anthoides (Pucheran, 1855) S Venezuela, the Guianas, N and E Brazil C.t.torquatus Tschudi, 1844 C Peru, W Brazil C.t.subtorquatus Todd, 1927 NE Bolivia Corythopis delalandi (Lesson, 1830-31) (Southern Antpipit) E Bolivia, S Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina EUSCARTHMUS Wied, 1831 M Euscarthmus meloryphus (Tawny-crowned Pygmy Tyrant) E.m.paulus (Bangs, 1899) N Venezuela, N Colombia E.m.fulviceps P.L. Sclater, 1871 W Ecuador, W Peru E.m.meloryphus Wied, 1831 Brazil, E Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina Euscarthmus rufomarginatus (Rufous-sided Pygmy Tyrant) E.r.rufomarginatus (Pelzeln, 1868) SE Brazil, E Bolivia E.r.savannophilus Mees, 1968 Surinam PSEUDELAENIA W.E. Lanyon, 1988 (1330) F Pseudelaenia leucospodia (Grey-and-white Tyrannulet) P.l.cinereifrons (Salvadori & Festa, 1899) SW Ecuador P.l.leucospodia (Taczanowski, 1877) NW Peru STIGMATURA Sclater & Salvin, 1866 F Stigmatura napensis (Lesser Wagtail-Tyrant) S.n.napensis Chapman, 1926 SE Colombia, NE Peru, W Brazil S.n.bahiae Chapman, 1926 NE Brazil Stigmatura budytoides (Greater Wagtail-Tyrant) S.b.budytoides (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) NC Bolivia S.b.inzonata Wetmore & Peters, 1923 SE Bolivia, N Argentina S.b.flavocinerea (Burmeister, 1861) C Argentina S.b.gracilis J.T. Zimmer, 1955 Brazil ZIMMERIUS Traylor, 1977 M Zimmerius vilissimus (Paltry Tyrannulet)19 Z.v.vilissimus (Sclater & Salvin, 1859) S Mexico to Honduras Z.v.parvus (Lawrence, 1862) Nicaragua to Panama Z.v.tamae (Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1954) N Colombia Z.v.improbus (Sclater & Salvin, 1871) N Colombia, W Venezuela Z.v.petersi (Berlepsch, 1907) N Venezuela Zimmerius bolivianus (Bolivian Tyrannulet) Z.b.viridissimus (P.L. Sclater, 1874) SE Peru Z.b.bolivianus (d’Orbigny, 1840) N Bolivia Zimmerius cinereicapilla (Cabanis, 1873) (Red-billed Tyrannulet)20 Ecuador to S Peru Zimmerius villarejoi Alvarez & Whitney, 2001 (Mishima Tyrannulet) # S part of Rio Nanay drainage, Depto. Loreto, Peru (38) Zimmerius gracilipes (Slender-footed Tyrannulet) Z.g.acer (Salvin & Godman, 1883) S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil Z.g.gracilipes (Sclater & Salvin, 1867) S Venezuela, S Guyana, N Brazil, N Bolivia, E Peru Z.g.gilvus (J.T. Zimmer, 1941) W Brazil, NW Bolivia Zimmerius chrysops (Golden-faced Tyrannulet) Z.c.minimus (Chapman, 1912) N Colombia Z.c.cumanensis (J.T. Zimmer, 1941) NE Venezuela Z.c.albigularis (Chapman, 1924) W Ecuador, SW Colombia Z.c.flavidifrons (P.L. Sclater, 1860) SW Ecuador Z.c.chrysops (P.L. Sclater, 1859) N Peru, Ecuador, S Colombia, W Venezuela Zimmerius viridiflavus (Tschudi, 1844) (Peruvian Tyrannulet)21 C Peru PHYLLOSCARTES Cabanis & Heine, 1859 M Phylloscartes poecilotis (Variegated Bristle Tyrant) P.p.pifanoi (Aveledo & Pons, 1952) NE Colombia, NW Venezuela P.p.poecilotis (P.L. Sclater, 1862) N Colombia to S Peru Phylloscartes chapmani (Chapman's Bristle Tyrant) P.c.chapmani Gilliard, 1940 S Venezuela P.c.duidae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1951 SE Venezuela Phylloscartes ophthalmicus (Marble-faced Bristle Tyrant) P.o.purus (Todd, 1952) Coast of Venezuela P.o.ophthalmicus (Taczanowski, 1874) NW Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador to C Peru P.o.ottonis (Berlepsch, 1901) S Peru, N Bolivia Phylloscartes orbitalis (Cabanis, 1873) (Spectacled Bristle Tyrant) Andes from C Colombia to C Bolivia Phylloscartes venezuelanus (Berlepsch, 1907) (Venezuelan Bristle Tyrant) N Venezuela Phylloscartes lanyoni Graves, 1988 (Antioquia Bristle Tyrant) N Colombia (984) Phylloscartes eximius (Temminck, 1822) (Southern Bristle Tyrant) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, N Argentina Phylloscartes ventralis (Mottle-cheeked Tyrannulet) P.v.angustirostris (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Peru, Bolivia, NW Argentina P.v.tucumanus J.T. Zimmer, 1940 NW Argentina P.v.ventralis (Temminck, 1824) SE Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, NE Argentina Phylloscartes ceciliae Teixeira, 1987 (Alagoas Tyrannulet) # NE Brazil (2388) Phylloscartes kronei Willis & Oniki, 1992 (Restinga Tyrannulet) # SE Brazil (2671) Phylloscartes beckeri Gonzaga & Pacheco, 1995 (Bahia Tyrannulet) # S Bahia (Brazil) (952) Phylloscartes flavovirens (Lawrence, 1862) (Yellow-green Tyrannulet) Panama Phylloscartes virescens Todd, 1925 (Olive-green Tyrannulet) The Guianas Phylloscartes gualaquizae (P.L. Sclater, 1887) (Ecuadorean Tyrannulet) E Ecuador, N Peru Phylloscartes nigrifrons (Salvin & Godman, 1884) (Black-fronted Tyrannulet) S Venezuela, NC Brazil Phylloscartes superciliaris (Rufous-browed Tyrannulet) P.s.superciliaris (Sclater & Salvin, 1868) Costa Rica to W Panama P.s.palloris (Griscom, 1935) E Panama P.s.griseocapillus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1952 NW Venezuela Phylloscartes flaviventris (E. Hartert, 1897) (Rufous-lored Tyrannulet) NW Venezuela Phylloscartes parkeri Fitzpatrick & Stotz, 1997 (Cinnamon-faced Tyrannulet) # SE Peru, N Bolivia (837) Phylloscartes roquettei E. Snethlage, 192822 (Minas Gerais Tyrannulet) Minas Gerais (Brazil) Phylloscartes paulistus H. & R. von Ihering, 1907 (Săo Paulo Tyrannulet) SE Brazil, Paraguay Phylloscartes oustaleti (P.L. Sclater, 1887) (Oustalet's Tyrannulet) SE Brazil Phylloscartes difficilis (H. & R. von Ihering, 1907) (Sierra do Mar Tyrannulet) SE Brazil Phylloscartes sylviolus (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) (Bay-ringed Tyrannulet) SE Brazil, Paraguay MIONECTES Cabanis, 1844 M Mionectes striaticollis (Streak-necked Flycatcher) M.s.columbianus Chapman, 1919 Colombia, E Ecuador M.s.selvae Meyer de Schauensee, 1952 WC Colombia M.s.viridiceps Chapman, 1924 W Ecuador M.s.palamblae Chapman, 1927 N Peru M.s.poliocephalus Tschudi, 1844 N and C Peru M.s.striaticollis (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) S Peru to C Bolivia Mionectes olivaceus (Olive-striped Flycatcher) M.o.olivaceus Lawrence, 1868 Costa Rica, W Panama M.o.hederaceus Bangs, 1910 E Panama, W Colombia, W Ecuador M.o.galbinus Bangs, 1902 N Colombia M.o.pallidus Chapman, 1914 E Colombia M.o.venezuelanus Ridgway, 1906 N Venezuela, Trinidad M.o.fasciaticollis Chapman, 1923 E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia M.o.meridae J.T. Zimmer, 1941 NW Venezuela, NE Colombia Mionectes oleagineus (Ochre-bellied Flycatcher) M.o.assimilis P.L. Sclater, 1859 S Mexico to Costa Rica M.o.obscurus (Dickey & van Rossem, 1925) El Salvador M.o.dyscolus Bangs, 1901 W Costa Rica, W Panama M.o.lutescens (Griscom, 1927) W Panama M.o.parcus Bangs, 1900 E Panama, N Colombia, NW Venezuela M.o.chloronotus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) W Amazonia M.o.abdominalis (Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1955) N Venezuela M.o.pallidiventris Hellmayr, 1906 NE Venezuela, Trinidad M.o.intensus (Zimmer & Phelps, 1946) E Venezuela, Guyana M.o.dorsalis (Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1952) SE Venezuela M.o.pacificus (Todd, 1921) W Colombia, W Ecuador M.o.hauxwelli (Chubb, 1919) E Ecuador, NE Peru M.o.wallacei (Chubb, 1919) N Brazil, the Guianas M.o.maynanus (Stolzmann, 1926)23 E Peru M.o.oleagineus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) SE Brazil Mionectes macconnelli (McConnell's Flycatcher) M.m.mercedesfosterae Dickerman & Phelps, 1987 Venezuela (730) M.m.macconnelli (Chubb, 1919) Guyana, French Guiana, N Brazil, E Venezuela M.m.roraimae (Chubb, 1919) S Guyana, S Venezuela M.m.peruanus (Carriker, 1930) C Peru M.m.amazonus (Todd, 1921) C Brazil, E Bolivia Mionectes rufiventris Cabanis, 1846 (Grey-hooded Flycatcher) SE Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina LEPTOPOGON Cabanis, 184424 M Leptogogon amaurocephalus (Sepia-capped Flycatcher) L.a.pileatus Cabanis, 1865 S Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras L.a.faustus Bangs, 1907 Costa Rica, Panama L.a.idius Wetmore, 1957 Coiba I. L.a.diversus Todd, 1913 N Colombia L.a.orinocensis Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 W and SW Venezuela L.a.obscuritergum Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 S Venezuela L.a.peruvianus Sclater & Salvin, 1867 N and W Amazonia L.a.amaurocephalus Tschudi, 1846 SE Brazil, E Bolivia, N Argentina, Paraguay Leptopogon superciliaris (Slaty-capped Flycatcher) L.s.superciliaris Tschudi, 1844 SE Colombia, N Peru L.s.poliocephalus Cabanis & Heine, 1859 N and C Colombia L.s.hellmayri Griscom, 1929 Costa Rica to W Panama L.s.venezuelensis Hartert & Goodson, 1917 N Venezuela, N Brazil L.s.pariae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 NE Venezuela, Trinidad L.s.transandinus Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1883 SW Colombia, W Ecuador L.s.albidiventer Hellmayr, 1918 Bolivia, SE Peru Leptopogon rufipectus (Rufous-breasted Flycatcher) L.r.venezuelanus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1957 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela L.r.rufipectus (Lafresnaye, 1846) E Ecuador, E Colombia, N Peru Leptopogon taczanowskii Hellmayr, 1917 (Inca Flycatcher) E Peru SUBLEGATUS Sclater & Salvin, 1868 M Sublegatus arenarum (Northern Scrub Flycatcher)25 S.a.arenarum (Salvin, 1863) SW Costa Rica S.a.atrirostris (Lawrence, 1871) Panama to NE Colombia S.a.glaber Sclater & Salvin, 1868 N Venezuela, Trinidad S.a.tortugensis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1946 Tortuga S.a.pallens J.T. Zimmer, 1941 Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire S.a.orinocensis J.T. Zimmer, 1941 C Venezuela Sublegatus obscurior Todd, 1920 (Amazonian Scrub Flycatcher) W Amazonia Sublegatus modestus (Southern Scrub Flycatcher) S.m.modestus (Wied, 1831) E Peru to S Brazil S.m.brevirostris (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) E Bolivia to W Argentina INEZIA Cherrie, 1909 F Inezia tenuirostris (Cory, 1913) (Slender-billed Tyrannulet) N Colombia, NW Venezuela Inezia inornata (Salvadori, 1897) (Plain Tyrannulet) SW Brazil, E Bolivia, W Paraguay, S Peru Inezia subflava (Amazonian Tyrannulet) I.s.obscura J.T. Zimmer, 1939 S Venezuela, NW Brazil I.s.subflava (Sclater & Salvin, 1873) NC Brazil Inezia caudata (Pale-tipped Tyrannulet)26 I.c.intermedia Cory, 1913 NW and NC Venezuela, N Colombia I.c.caudata (Salvin, 1897) C and NE Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil MYIOPHOBUS Reichenbach, 185027 M Myiophobus flavicans (Flavescent Flycatcher) M.f.flavicans (P.L. Sclater, 1860) Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru M.f.perijanus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1957 NW Venezuela M.f.venezuelanus (Hellmayr, 1920) N Venezuela M.f.caripensis Zimmer & Phelps, 1954 NE Venezuela M.f.superciliosus (Taczanowski, 1874) Peru Myiophobus phoenicomitra (Orange-crested Flycatcher) M.p.litae (E. Hartert, 1900) NW Ecuador, W Colombia M.p.phoenicomitra (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885) E Ecuador, N Peru Myiophobus inornatus Carriker, 1932 (Unadorned Flycatcher S Peru, N Bolivia Myiophobus roraimae (Roraiman Flycatcher) M.r.sadiecoatsae (Dickerman & Phelps, 1987) Venezuela (730) M.r.roraimae (Salvin & Godman, 1883) S Venezuela, SE Colombia, W Guyana M.r.rufipennis Carriker, 1932 SE Peru Myiophobus pulcher (Handsome Flycatcher) M.p.pulcher (P.L. Sclater, 1860) W Colombia, W Ecuador M.p.bellus (P.L. Sclater, 1862) E Colombia, E Ecuador M.p.oblitus Bond, 1943 SE Peru Myiophobus lintoni Meyer de Schauensee, 1951 (Orange-banded Flycatcher) S Ecuador, N Peru Myiophobus ochraceiventris (Cabanis, 1873) (Ochraceous-breasted Flycatcher) N Peru to N Bolivia Myiophobus cryptoxanthus (P.L. Sclater, 1860) (Olive-chested Flycatcher) S Ecuador, N Peru Myiophobus fasciatus (Bran-coloured Flycatcher) M.f.furfurosus (Thayer & Bangs, 1905) SW Costa Rica, Panama M.f.fasciatus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) The Guianas, Trinidad, N Venezuela, Colombia M.f.crypterythrus (P.L. Sclater, 1860) S Colombia, W Ecuador, N Peru M.f.saturatus (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1906) E Peru M.f.rufescens (Salvadori, 1864) W Peru, N Chile M.f.auriceps (Gould, 1839) SE Peru, N and E Bolivia, N Argentina, W Paraguay M.f.flammiceps (Temminck, 1822) Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay, N Argentina MYIOTRICCUS Ridgway, 1905 M Myiotriccus ornatus (Ornate Flycatcher) M.o.ornatus (Lafresnaye, 1853) C Colombia M.o.stellatus (Cabanis, 1873) W Colombia, W Ecuador M.o.phoenicurus (P.L. Sclater, 1855) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru M.o.aureiventris (P.L. Sclater, 1874) S Peru TACHURIS Lafresnaye, 1836 F Tachuris rubrigastra (Many-coloured Rush Tyrant) T.r.libertatis Hellmayr, 1920 W Peru T.r.alticola (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896) Peru, W Bolivia, NW Argentina T.r.rubrigastra (Vieillot, 1817) SE Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, N Argentina T.r.loaensis Philippi & Johnson, 1946 N Chile CULICIVORA Swainson, 1827 F Culicivora caudacuta (Vieillot, 1818) (Sharp-tailed Tyrant) S Brazil, E Bolivia, Paraguay, NE Argentina HEMITRICCUS Cabanis & Heine, 1859 M Hemitriccus diops (Temminck, 1822) (Drab-breasted Pygmy Tyrant) SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Hemitriccus obsoletus (Brown-breasted Pygmy Tyrant) H.o.obsoletus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1906) SE Brazil H.o.zimmeri Traylor, 1979 Southernmost Brazil Hemitriccus flammulatus (Flammulated Pygmy Tyrant) H.f.flammulatus Berlepsch, 1901 Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil H.f.olivascens (Todd, 1915) E Bolivia Hemitriccus minor (Snethlage's Tody-Tyrant) H.m.minor (E. Snethlage, 1907) SE Amazonian Brazil H.m.snethlageae (E.H. Snethlage, 1937)28 SC Amazonian Brazil H.m.pallens (Todd, 1925) C Amazonian Brazil, E Bolivia Hemitriccus spodiops (Berlepsch, 1901) (Yungas Tody-Tyrant)29 NW Bolivia30 Hemitriccus josephinae (Chubb, 1914) (Boat-billed Tody-Tyrant) Guyana, W Surinam, NE Brazil Hemitriccus zosterops (White-eyed Tody-Tyrant) H.z.zosterops (Pelzeln, 1868) S Venezuela, S Colombia, the Guianas, NW Brazil H.z.flaviviridis (J.T. Zimmer, 1940) N Peru Hemitriccus griseipectus (White-bellied Tody-Tyrant)31 H.g.griseipectus (E. Snethlage, 1907) SE Peru, N Bolivia, C Brazil H.g.naumburgae (J.T. Zimmer, 1945) E Brazil Hemitriccus minimus Todd, 1925 (Zimmer's Tody-Tyrant)32 C Brazil, E Bolivia Hemitriccus orbitatus (Wied, 1831) (Eye-ringed Tody-Tyrant) SE Brazil Hemitriccus iohannis (E. Snethlage, 1907) (Johannes's Tody-Tyrant) SW Amazonia Hemitriccus striaticollis (Stripe-necked Tody-Tyrant) H.s.griseiceps (Todd, 1925) WC Brazil H.s.striaticollis (Lafresnaye, 1853) C Brazil to N Bolivia, E Peru, E Colombia Hemitriccus nidipendulus (Hangnest Tody-Tyrant) H.n.nidipendulus (Wied, 1831) E Brazil H.n.paulistus (Hellmayr, 1914) SE Brazil Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer (Pearly-vented Tody-Tyrant) H.m.impiger (Sclater & Salvin, 1868) NE Colombia, N Venezuela H.m.septentrionalis (Chapman, 1914) S Colombia H.m.chiribiquetensis Stiles, 1996 S Colombia (Sierra Chiribiquete) (2342) H.m.duidae (Chapman, 1929) S Venezuela H.m.auyantepui (Gilliard, 1941) SE Venezuela H.m.breweri (W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1977) C Venezuela H.m.rufipes (Tschudi, 1844) C Peru, E Bolivia H.m.margaritaceiventer (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) WC Brazil to N Argentina H.m.wuchereri (Sclater & Salvin, 1873) E Brazil Hemitriccus inornatus (Pelzeln, 1868) (Pelzeln's Tody-Tyrant) NW Brazil Hemitriccus granadensis (Black-throated Tody-Tyrant) H.g.lehmanni (Meyer de Schauensee, 1945) N Colombia H.g.intensus (Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1952) NW Venezuela H.g.federalis (Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1950) N Venezuela H.g.andinus (Todd, 1952) E Colombia, W Venezuela H.g.granadensis (Hartlaub, 1843) Colombia, NE Ecuador H.g.pyrrhops (Cabanis, 1874) S Ecuador, N Peru H.g.caesius (Carriker, 1932) C Peru, ?N Bolivia Hemitriccus mirandae (E. Snethlage, 1925) (Buff-breasted Tody-Tyrant) NE Brazil Hemitriccus cinnamomeipectus Fitzpatrick & O’Neill, 1979 (Cinnamon-breasted Tody-Tyrant) S Ecuador, N Peru (835) Hemitriccus kaempferi (J.T. Zimmer, 1953) (Kaempfer's Tody-Tyrant) SE Brazil Hemitriccus rufigularis (Cabanis, 1873) (Buff-throated Tody-Tyrant) Ecuador, Peru, N Bolivia Hemitriccus furcatus (Lafresnaye, 1846) (Fork-tailed Pygmy Tyrant) SE Brazil MYIORNIS A. de W. Bertoni, 1901 M Myiornis auricularis (Vieillot, 1818) (Eared Pygmy Tyrant) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, N Argentina Myiornis albiventris (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894) (White-bellied Pygmy Tyrant) C Peru to C Bolivia Myiornis atricapillus (Lawrence, 1875) (Black-capped Pygmy Tyrant) E Costa Rica to NW Ecuador Myiornis ecaudatus (Short-tailed Pygmy Tyrant) M.e.miserabilis (Chubb, 1919) C Colombia, Trinidad, Guyana, Venezuela, Surinam, ?N Brazil M.e.ecaudatus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) E Peru, E Bolivia, ?W Brazil ONCOSTOMA P.L. Sclater, 1862 N Oncostoma cinereigulare (P.L. Sclater, 1857) (Northern Bentbill) S Mexico to W Panama Oncostoma olivaceum (Lawrence, 1862) (Southern Bentbill) E Panama, N Colombia LOPHOTRICCUS Berlepsch, 1883 M Lophotriccus pileatus (Scale-crested Pygmy Tyrant) L.p.luteiventris Taczanowski, 1884 Costa Rica, W Panama L.p.sanctaeluciae Todd, 1952 NE Colombia, N coast of Venezuela L.p.squamaecrista (Lafresnaye, 1846) S and C Colombia, W Ecuador, W Venezuela L.p.pileatus (Tschudi, 1844) E Ecuador, N and C Peru L.p.hypochlorus Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1906 SE Peru Lophotriccus eulophotes Todd, 1925 (Long-crested Pygmy Tyrant) W Brazil, SE Peru, N Bolivia Lophotriccus vitiosus (Double-banded Pygmy Tyrant) L.v.affinis J.T. Zimmer, 1940 SW Colombia to NE Peru, NW Brazil L.v.guianensis J.T. Zimmer, 1940 SC Colombia, the Guianas, NE Brazil L.v.vitiosus (Bangs & Penard, 1921) E Peru L.v.congener Todd, 1925 NW Brazil Lophotriccus galeatus (Boddaert, 1783) (Helmeted Pygmy Tyrant) The Guianas, N Brazil, Venezuela ATALOTRICCUS Ridgway, 190533 M Atalotriccus pilaris (Pale-eyed Pygmy Tyrant) A.p.wilcoxi Griscom, 1924 W Panama A.p.pilaris (Cabanis, 1847) W Venezuela, N and E Colombia A.p.venezuelensis Ridgway, 1906 N Venezuela A.p.griseiceps (Hellmayr, 1911) S Venezuela, W Guyana POECILOTRICCUS Berlepsch, 188434 M Poecilotriccus ruficeps (Rufous-crowned Tody-Tyrant)35 P.r.melanomystax Hellmayr, 1927 Andes of C and E Colombia and NW Venezuela P.r.ruficeps (Kaup, 1852) E Ecuador, S Colombia, SW Venezuela P.r.rufigenis (Sclater & Salvin, 1877) W Ecuador, W Colombia P.r.peruvianus Chapman, 1924 NW Peru Poecilotriccus luluae Johnson & Jones, 2001 (Lulu’s Tody-Tyrant) # NE Andes of Peru (Dept. Amazonas) (1214) Poecilotriccus albifacies (Blake, 1959) (White-cheeked Tody-Tyrant) SE Peru Poecilotriccus capitalis (P.L. Sclater, 1857) (Black-and-white Tody-Tyrant)36 37 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru, SC Brazil Poecilotriccus senex (Pelzeln, 1868) (Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher) C Brazil Poecilotriccus russatus (Salvin & Godman, 1884) (Ruddy Tody-Flycatcher) SE Venezuela, NE Brazil Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps (Ochre-faced Tody-Flycatcher) P.p.obscurus (J.T. Zimmer, 1940) SE Peru, N Bolivia P.p.viridiceps (Salvadori, 1897) C Bolivia, NW Argentina P.p.plumbeiceps (Lafresnaye, 1846) SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina P.p.cinereipectus (Novaes, 1953)38 SC Brazil Poecilotriccus fumifrons (Smoky-fronted Tody-Flycatcher) P.f.fumifrons (Hartlaub, 1853) NE Brazil P.f.penardi (Hellmayr, 1905) French Guiana, Surinam Poecilotriccus latirostris (Rusty-fronted Tody-Flycatcher) P.l.mituensis (Olivares, 1965) Colombia P.l.caniceps (Chapman, 1924) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru P.l.latirostris (Pelzeln, 1868) C Brazil P.l.mixtus (J.T. Zimmer, 1940) SE Peru P.l.ochropterus (J.A. Allen, 1889) S Brazil, SE Bolivia P.l.austroriparius (Todd, 1952) Santarem (Brazil) P.l.senectus (Griscom & Greenway, 1937) Lower Amazon (Brazil) Poecilotriccus sylvia (Slate-headed Tody-Tyrant) P.s.schistaceiceps (P.L. Sclater, 1859) S Mexico to Panama P.s.superciliaris (Lawrence, 1871) N Colombia P.s.griseolus (Todd, 1913) N Venezuela P.s.sylvia (Desmarest, 1806) Guyana, French Guiana, N Brazil P.s.schulzi (Berlepsch, 1907) NE Brazil Poecilotriccus calopterus (Golden-winged Tody-Flycatcher) 39 P.c.calopterus (P.L. Sclater, 1857) S Colombia, E Ecuador P.c.pulchellus (P.L. Sclater, 1874) SE Peru TAENIOTRICCUS Berlepsch & Hartert, 190240 M Taeniotriccus andrei (Black-chested Tyrant) T.a.andrei Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 SE Venezuela, NW Brazil T.a.klagesi Todd, 1925 Rio Tapajos (C Brazil) TODIROSTRUM Lesson, 1831 N Todirostrum maculatum (Spotted Tody-Flycatcher) T.m.amacurense Eisenmann & Phelps, 1971 NE Venezuela, Guyana, Trinidad T.m.maculatum (Desmarest, 1806) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil T.m.signatum Sclater & Salvin, 1881 E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil T.m.diversum J.T. Zimmer, 1940 WC Brazil T.m.annectens J.T. Zimmer, 1940 C Brazil Todirostrum poliocephalum (Wied, 1831) (Grey-headed Tody-Flycatcher) SE Brazil Todirostrum cinereum (Common Tody-Flycatcher) T.c.virididorsale Parkes, 1976 SC Mexico T.c.finitimum Bangs, 1904 S Mexico to Panama T.c.wetmorei Parkes, 1976 C and E Costa Rica, Panama T.c.sclateri (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) SW Colombia, W Ecuador, NW Peru T.c.cinereum (Linnaeus, 1766) The Guianas, N Brazil, S Venezuela, S Colombia T.c.peruanum J.T. Zimmer, 1930 E Ecuador, N and E Peru T.c.coloreum Ridgway, 1906 C Brazil, E Bolivia T.c.cearae Cory, 1916 E Brazil Todirostrum viridanum Hellmayr, 1927 (Maracaibo Tody-Flycatcher) NW Venezuela Todirostrum pictum Salvin, 1897 (Painted Tody-Flycatcher) The Guianas, N Brazil Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum (Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher) T.c.guttatum Pelzeln, 1868 SW Venezuela, Colombia, NW Brazil, N Peru T.c.neglectum Carriker, 1932 NE Peru, N Bolivia, SW Brazil T.c.chrysocrotaphum Strickland, 1850 SE Peru, W Amazonia T.c.simile J.T. Zimmer, 194041 E Brazil (W Para) T.c.illigeri (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) E Brazil (E Para, Maranhăo) Todirostrum nigriceps P.L. Sclater, 1855 (Black-headed Tody-Flycatcher) Costa Rica, Panama, N Colombia, W Ecuador CNIPODECTES Sclater & Salvin, 1873 M Cnipodectes subbrunneus (Brownish Flycatcher) C.s.subbrunneus (P.L. Sclater, 1860) W Ecuador, W Colombia C.s.panamensis J.T. Zimmer, 1939 E Panama, N Colombia C.s.minor P.L. Sclater, 1884 SE Colombia, E Peru, W Brazil, NW Bolivia RHYNCHOCYCLUS Cabanis & Heine, 1859 M Rhynchocyclus brevirostris (Eye-ringed Flatbill) R.b.brevirostris (Cabanis, 1847) S Mexico to W Panama R.b.pallidus Binford, 1965 S Mexico R.b.hellmayri Griscom, 1932 E Panama, NW Colombia Rhynchocyclus olivaceus (Olivaceous Flatbill) R.o.bardus (Bangs & Barbour, 1922) E Panama, N Colombia R.o.mirus Meyer de Schauensee, 1950 NW Colombia R.o.tamborensis Todd, 1952 Colombia R.o.jelambianus Aveledo & Perez, 1994 N Venezuela (69) R.o.flavus (Chapman, 1914) NE Colombia, NW Venezuela R.o.aequinoctialis (P.L. Sclater, 1858) S Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, NC Bolivia R.o.guianensis McConnell, 1911 N and NW Amazonia R.o.sordidus Todd, 1952 C Brazil R.o.olivaceus (Temminck, 1820) SE Brazil Rhynchocyclus pacificus (Chapman, 1914) (Pacific Flatbill)42 NW Ecuador, W Colombia Rhynchocyclus fulvipectus (P.L. Sclater, 1860) (Fulvous-breasted Flatbill) Colombia, E Ecuador, SE Peru TOLMOMYIAS Hellmayr, 1927 M Tolmomyias sulphurescens (Yellow-olive Flycatcher) T.s.cinereiceps (P.L. Sclater, 1859) S Mexico to Costa Rica T.s.flavoolivaceus (Lawrence, 1863) Panama T.s.berlepschi (Hartert & Goodson, 1917) Trinidad T.s.exortivus (Bangs, 1908) N Venezuela, N Colombia T.s.asemus (Bangs, 1910) Colombia T.s.confusus J.T. Zimmer, 1939 C Colombia, SW Venezuela, NE Ecuador T.s.duidae J.T. Zimmer, 1939 SE Venezuela, NW Brazil T.s.aequatorialis (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1883) W Ecuador, NW Peru T.s.cherriei (Hartert & Goodson, 1917) E Colombia to the Guianas, N Brazil T.s.peruvianus (Taczanowski, 1874) SE Ecuador, N Peru T.s.insignis J.T. Zimmer, 1939 NE Peru, W Brazil T.s.mixtus J.T. Zimmer, 1939 NE Brazil T.s.inornatus J.T. Zimmer, 1939 SE Peru T.s.pallescens (Hartert & Goodson, 1917) C Brazil to N Argentina T.s.grisecens (Chubb, 1910) C Paraguay, N Argentina T.s.sulphurescens (Spix, 1825) S Brazil, N Argentina Tolmomyias traylori Schulenberg & Parker, 1997 (Orange-eyed Flycatcher) # SE Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru (2211) Tolmomyias assimilis (Yellow-margined Flycatcher) T.a.flavotectus (E. Hartert, 1902) Costa Rica, to NW Ecuador T.a.neglectus J.T. Zimmer, 1939 E Colombia, S Venezuela, NE Brazil T.a.obscuriceps J.T. Zimmer, 1939 S Colombia to NE Peru T.a.examinatus (Chubb, 1920) SE Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil T.a.assimilis (Pelzeln, 1868) C Brazil T.a.clarus J.T. Zimmer, 1939 C Peru T.a.paraensis J.T. Zimmer, 1939 N Brazil T.a.calamae J.T. Zimmer, 1939 N Bolivia, SW Brazil Tolmomyias poliocephalus (Grey-crowned Flycatcher) T.p.poliocephalus (Taczanowski, 1884) W Amazonia T.p.klagesi (Ridgway, 1906) S Venezuela T.p.sclateri (Hellmayr, 1903) The Guianas, N Brazil Tolmomyias flaviventris (Yellow-breasted Flycatcher) T.f.aurulentus (Todd, 1913) N Colombia, N Venezuela T.f.collingwoodi (Chubb, 1920) C and E Colombia to Guyana, N Brazil, Trinidad T.f.dissors J.T. Zimmer, 1939 NE Brazil, SE Venezuela T.f.viridiceps (Sclater & Salvin, 1873) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil T.f.zimmeri Bond, 1947 NC Peru T.f.subsimilis Carriker, 1935 SE Peru, NW Bolivia, SW Brazil T.f.flaviventris (Wied, 1831) E Bolivia to E Brazil PLATYRINCHUS Desmarest, 1805 M Platyrinchus saturatus (Cinnamon-crested Spadebill) P.s.saturatus Salvin & Godman, 1882 S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil P.s.pallidiventris Novaes, 1968 C Brazil Platyrinchus cancrominus (Stub-tailed Spadebill) P.c.cancrominus Sclater & Salvin, 1860 S Mexico to E Nicaragua P.c.timothei Paynter, 1954 SE Mexico to N Guatemala P.c.dilutus (Miller & Griscom, 1925) El Salvador to NW Costa Rica Platyrinchus mystaceus (White-throated Spadebill) P.m.neglectus (Todd, 1919) E Costa Rica to E Colombia P.m.perijanus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1954 NW Venezuela P.m.insularis J.A. Allen, 1889 Trinidad, N Venezuela P.m.imatacae Zimmer & Phelps, 1945 E Venezuela P.m.ventralis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1955 S Venezuela P.m.duidae J.T. Zimmer, 1939 SE Venezuela, N Brazil P.m.ptaritepui Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 SE Venezuela P.m.albogularis P.L. Sclater, 1860 W Ecuador, W Colombia P.m.zamorae (Chapman, 1924) E Ecuador, N Peru P.m.partridgei Short, 1969 S Peru, N Bolivia P.m.mystaceus Vieillot, 1818 E Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina P.m.bifasciatus J.A. Allen, 1889 SW Brazil P.m.cancromus Temminck, 1820 E Brazil P.m.niveigularis Pinto, 1954 NE Brazil Platyrinchus coronatus (Golden-crowned Spadebill) P.c.superciliaris Lawrence, 1863 Nicaragua to W Ecuador P.c.gumia (Bangs & Penard, 1918) The Guianas, N Brazil P.c.coronatus P.L. Sclater, 1858 W Amazonia Platyrinchus flavigularis (Yellow-throated Spadebill) P.f.flavigularis P.L. Sclater, 1862 Colombia to Peru P.f.vividus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1952 W Venezuela Platyrinchus platyrhynchos (White-crested Spadebill) P.p.platyrhynchos (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil P.p.senex Sclater & Salvin, 1880 E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia P.p.nattereri Hartert & Hellmayr, 1902 W Brazil P.p.amazonicus Berlepsch, 1912 E Brazil Platyrinchus leucoryphus Wied, 1831 (Russet-winged Spadebill) SE Brazil, E Paraguay ONYCHORHYNCHUS J.G. Fischer43, 181044 M Onychorhynchus coronatus (Royal Flycatcher) O.c.mexicanus (P.L. Sclater, 1857) SE Mexico to E Panama O.c.fraterculus Bangs, 1902 NE Colombia, E Venezuela O.c.castelnaui Deville, 1849 W Amazonia O.c.coronatus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil O.c.occidentalis (P.L. Sclater, 1860) W Ecuador O.c.swainsoni (Pelzeln, 1858) SE Brazil MYIOBIUS Darwin, 183945 M Myiobius villosus (Tawny-breasted Flycatcher) M.v.villosus P.L. Sclater, 1860 E Panama, Colombia, W Ecuador M.v.schaeferi Aveledo & Pons, 1952 NW Venezuela, NE Colombia M.v.clarus J.T. Zimmer, 1939 E Ecuador M.v.peruvianus Todd, 1922 Peru, N Bolivia Myiobius barbatus (Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher)46 M.b.sulphureipygius (P.L. Sclater, 1857) S Mexico to Honduras M.b.aureatus Bangs, 1908 S Honduras to W Ecuador M.b.semiflavus Todd, 1919 EC Colombia M.b.barbatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) SE Colombia to the Guianas, N Brazil, N Peru M.b.amazonicus Todd, 1925 E Peru M.b.insignis J.T. Zimmer, 1939 NE Brazil M.b.mastacalis (Wied, 1821) SE Brazil Myiobius atricaudus (Black-tailed Flycatcher) M.a.atricaudus Lawrence, 1863 SW Costa Rica, Panama, W Colombia M.a.portovelae Chapman, 1924 W Ecuador, N Peru M.a.modestus Todd, 1912 E Venezuela M.a.adjacens J.T. Zimmer, 1939 S Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil M.a.connectens J.T. Zimmer, 1939 Inland NE Brazil M.a.snethlagei Hellmayr, 1927 Coastal NE Brazil M.a.ridgwayi Berlepsch, 1888 SE Brazil TERENOTRICCUS Ridgway, 1905 M Terenotriccus erythrurus (Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher) T.e.fulvigularis (Salvin & Godman, 1889) Guatemala to Panama, Colombia, Venezuela T.e.signatus J.T. Zimmer, 1939 C and S Colombia to NE Peru and W Brazil T.e.hellmayri (E. Snethlage, 1907) Para and Maranhăo (NE Brazil) T.e.venezuelensis J.T. Zimmer, 1939 E Colombia, W Venezuela, NW Brazil T.e.erythrurus (Cabanis, 1847) The Guianas, S Venezuela, N Brazil T.e.brunneifrons Hellmayr, 1927 SW Brazil, E Peru, N Bolivia T.e.purusianus (Parkes & Panza, 1993) Rio Purus (C Brazil) (1787) T.e.amazonus J.T. Zimmer, 1939 Rio Purus to R. Tapajos (C Brazil) NEOPIPO Sclater & Salvin, 186947 F Neopipo cinnamomea (Cinnamon Tyrant) N.c.helenae McConnell, 1911 Guyana, French Guiana, N Brazil N.c.cinnamomea (Lawrence, 1869) E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil PYRRHOMYIAS Cabanis & Heine, 1859 M48 Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus (Cinnamon Flycatcher) P.c.assimilis (J.A. Allen, 1900) NW Colombia P.c.pyrrhopterus (Hartlaub, 1843) Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, N Peru P.c.vieillotioides (Lafresnaye, 1848) Coastal ranges NW Venezuela P.c.spadix Wetmore, 1939 Coastal ranges NE Venezuela P.c.pariae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 Paria penin. (NE Venezuela) P.c.cinnamomeus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Bolivia, Peru, NW Argentina HIRUNDINEA d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 F Hirundinea ferruginea (Cliff Flycatcher) H.f.ferruginea (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Guyana, French Guiana, N Brazil H.f.sclateri Reinhardt, 1870 E Colombia, Peru H.f.bellicosa (Vieillot, 1819) S Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina H.f.pallidior Hartert & Goodson, 1917 Bolivia, NW Argentina LATHROTRICCUS W.E. & S.M. Lanyon, 1986 (1334) M Lathrotriccus euleri (Euler's Flycatcher)49 †?L.e.flaviventris Lawrence, 188750 Grenada L.e.lawrencei (J.A. Allen, 1889) Trinidad, N Venezuela, Surinam L.e.bolivianus (J.A. Allen, 1889) N and W Amazonia L.e.argentinus (Cabanis, 1868) SW to SE Amazonia >> E Peru, E Brazil L.e.euleri (Cabanis, 1868) SE Brazil, NE Argentina >> Peru, Bolivia Lathrotriccus griseipectus (Lawrence, 1870) (Grey-breasted Flycatcher)51 SW Ecuador, NW Peru APHANOTRICCUS Ridgway, 1905 M Aphanotriccus capitalis (Salvin, 1865) (Tawny-chested Flycatcher) Nicaragua, Costa Rica Aphanotriccus audax (Nelson, 1912) (Black-billed Flycatcher) Panama, NW Colombia CNEMOTRICCUS Hellmayr, 1927 M Cnemotriccus fuscatus (Fuscous Flycatcher) C.f.cabanisi (Léotaud, 1866) Trinidad, Tobago I., Venezuela, Colombia C.f.fuscatior (Chapman, 1926) SW Venezuela, N Brazil, E Peru C.f.duidae J.T. Zimmer, 1938 SE Venezuela C.f.fumosus (Berlepsch, 1908) The Guianas, N Brazil C.f.bimaculatus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) W and C Brazil, E Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina C.f.beniensis Gyldenstolpe, 1941 N Bolivia C.f.fuscatus (Wied, 1831) SE Brazil, N Argentina XENOTRICCUS Dwight & Griscom, 1927 M Xenotriccus callizonus Dwight & Griscom, 1927 (Belted Flycatcher) Mexico Xenotriccus mexicanus (J.T. Zimmer, 1938) (Pileated Flycatcher) S Mexico SAYORNIS Bonaparte, 1854 M52 Sayornis phoebe (Latham, 1790) (Eastern Phoebe) C and SE Canada, E USA >> E Mexico Sayornis nigricans (Black Phoebe) S.n.nigricans (Swainson, 1827) SW USA, Mexico S.n.semiater (Vigors, 1839) W Mexico, W USA S.n.aquaticus Sclater & Salvin, 1859 Guatemala, Nicaragua S.n.amnicola Bangs, 1902 Costa Rica, W Panama S.n.angustirostris Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 C and N Colombia, E Panama, W Venezuela to Peru S.n.latirostris (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) Bolivia, NW Argentina Sayornis saya (Say's Phoebe) S.s.pallidus (Swainson, 1827) S Mexico S.s.saya (Bonaparte, 1825) WC Canada, W USA, N Mexico S.s.quiescens Grinnell, 1926 NW Baja California MITREPHANES Coues, 1882 M Mitrephanes phaeocercus (Tufted Flycatcher) M.p.tenuirostris Brewster, 1888 W Mexico M.p.phaeocercus (P.L. Sclater, 1859) S and E Mexico to Honduras M.p.burleighi A.R. Phillips, 1966 Guerrero, SW Oaxaca M.p.nicaraguae Miller & Griscom, 1925 S Mexico to Nicaragua M.p.aurantiiventris (Lawrence, 1865) Costa Rica, W Panama M.p.vividus Griscom, 1927 C Panama M.p.eminulus Nelson, 1912 E Panama, W Colombia M.p.berlepschi E. Hartert, 1902 S Colombia, NE Ecuador Mitrephanes olivaceus Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894 (Olive Flycatcher) Peru, N Bolivia CONTOPUS Cabanis, 1855 M Contopus cooperi (Nuttall, 1831) (Olive-sided Flycatcher)53 W Canada, N and W USA >> C America, N and W Sth. America Contopus pertinax (Greater Pewee)54 C.p.pallidiventris Chapman, 1897 S Arizona, N Mexico >> Belize C.p.pertinax Cabanis & Heine, 1859 C and S Mexico, Guatemala C.p.minor (Miller & Griscom, 1925) Honduras, Belize, N Nicaragua Contopus lugubris Lawrence, 1865 (Dark Pewee) Costa Rica, W Panama Contopus fumigatus (Smoke-coloured Pewee) C.f.cineraceus (Lafresnaye, 1848) N Venezuela C.f.duidae (Chapman, 1929) SE Venezuela C.f.ardosiacus (Lafresnaye, 1844) NE Peru, E Ecuador, Colombia, NW Venezuela C.f.zarumae (Chapman, 1924) W Ecuador, NE Peru C.f.fumigatus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) SE Peru, Bolivia C.f.brachyrhynchus Cabanis, 1883 NW Argentina Contopus ochraceus Sclater & Salvin, 1869 (Ochraceous Pewee) Costa Rica, W Panama Contopus sordidulus (Western Wood Pewee) C.s.sordidulus P.L. Sclater, 1859 S Mexico >> Colombia, Ecuador C.s.veliei Coues, 186655 W and WC USA, W Mexico, >> Panama, N Sth. America C.s.saturatus Bishop, 1900 W Nth. America >> N Sth. America C.s.peninsulae Brewster, 1891 S Baja California, SE Mexico >> Sth. America C.s.griscomi Webster, 1957 Mexico Contopus virens (Linnaeus, 1766) (Eastern Wood Pewee) E Canada, E USA >> N Sth. America Contopus cinereus (Tropical Pewee) C.c.cinereus (Spix, 1825) SE Brazil, N Argentina, Paraguay C.c.pallescens (Hellmayr, 1927) S Brazil, N Paraguay C.c.surinamensis Penard & Penard, 1910 The Guianas, S Venezuela, N Brazil C.c.bogotensis (Bonaparte, 1850) Trinidad, N Venezuela, N Colombia C.c.punensis Lawrence, 1869 SW Ecuador, Peru, E Bolivia C.c.rhizophorus (Dwight & Griscom, 1924) W Costa Rica C.c.brachytarsus (P.L. Sclater, 1859) SE Mexico to Panama C.c.aithalodes Wetmore, 1957 Coiba I. (Panama) Contopus albogularis (Berlioz, 1962) (White-throated Pewee) French Guiana, NE Brazil Contopus nigrescens (Blackish Pewee)56 C.n.nigrescens (Sclater & Salvin, 1880) E Ecuador C.n.canescens (Chapman, 1926) NE Peru Contopus caribaeus (Cuban Pewee)57 C.c.caribaeus (d’Orbigny, 1839) Cuba C.c.morenoi Burleigh & Duvall, 1948 S Cuba C.c.nerlyi Garrido, 1978 Islands off SC Cuba C.c.bahamensis (H. Bryant, 1859) Bahamas Contopus hispaniolensis (Hispaniolan Pewee) C.h.hispaniolensis (H. Bryant, 1867) Hispaniola C.h.tacitus (Wetmore, 1928) Gonave I. Contopus pallidus (Gosse, 1847) (Jamaican Pewee) Jamaica Contopus latirostris (Lesser Antillean Pewee) C.l.latirostris (J. Verreaux, 1866) St. Lucia I. C.l.brunneicapillus (Lawrence, 1878) Dominica, Guadelupe, Martinique C.l.blancoi (Cabanis, 1875) Puerto Rico EMPIDONAX Cabanis, 185558 M Empidonax flaviventris (W.M. & S.F. Baird, 1843) (Yellow-bellied Flycatcher) S Canada, N USA >> S Mexico, C America Empidonax virescens (Vieillot, 1818) (Acadian Flycatcher) E USA, E Mexico >> C America, Colombia, W Ecuador Empidonax traillii (Willow Flycatcher) E.t.brewstrei Oberholser, 1918 S British Columbia to Sierra Nevada E.t.adastus Oberholser, 1932 C Rocky Mts. and Great Basin to Utah and Colorado E.t.extimus A.R. Phillips, 1948 S California to New Mexico E.t.traillii (Audubon, 1828) SE Canada and NE USA to Great Plains >> C America to NW Sth. America Empidonax alnorum Brewster, 1895 (Alder Flycatcher) E Canada, E USA >> C America and Sth. America Empidonax albigularis (White-throated Flycatcher) E.a.timidus Nelson, 1900 NW Mexico E.a.albigularis Sclater & Salvin, 1859 C and S Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras E.a.australis Miller & Griscom, 1925 Nicaragua to Panama Empidonax minimus (W.M. & S.F. Baird, 1843) (Least Flycatcher) E Canada, E USA >> S Mexico, C America, NW Sth. America Empidonax hammondii (Xántus de Vesey, 1858) (Hammond's Flycatcher) W Canada, W USA >> Mexico, Guatemala Empidonax oberholseri A.R. Phillips, 1939 (Dusky Flycatcher)59 W USA, Mexico Empidonax wrightii S.F. Baird, 1858 (Grey Flycatcher) W USA, California >> Mexico Empidonax affinis (Pine Flycatcher) E.a.pulverius Brewster, 1889 NW Mexico E.a.trepidus Nelson, 1901 NE Mexico, Guatemala E.a.affinis (Swainson, 1827) C Mexico E.a.bairdi P.L. Sclater, 1858 C and S Mexico E.a.vigensis A.R. Phillips, 1942 E Mexico Empidonax difficilis (Pacific-slope Flycatcher) E.d.difficilis S.F. Baird, 1858 W Canada, W USA, NW Mexico >> Mexico E.d.cineritius Brewster, 1888 Baja California >> ? E.d.insulicola Oberholser, 1897 Channel Is. (off S California) >> ? Empidonax occidentalis (Cordilleran Flycatcher)60 E.o.hellmayri Brodkorb, 1935 N Mexico E.o.occidentalis Nelson, 1897 S and C Mexico Empidonax flavescens (Yellowish Flycatcher) E.f.imperturbatus Wetmore, 1942 S Mexico E.f.salvini Ridgway, 1886 SE Mexico to Nicaragua E.f.flavescens Lawrence, 1865 Costa Rica, W Panama Empidonax fulvifrons (Buff-breasted Flycatcher) E.f.pygmaeus Coues, 1865 SW USA, W Mexico E.f.fulvifrons (Giraud, 1841) NE Mexico E.f.rubicundus Cabanis & Heine, 1859 C and S Mexico E.f.brodkorbi A.R. Phillips, 1966 S Oaxaca (Mexico) E.f.fusciceps Nelson, 1904 SE Mexico, Guatemala E.f.inexpectatus Griscom, 1932 SC Honduras Empidonax atriceps Salvin, 1870 (Black-capped Flycatcher) Costa Rica, W Panama PYROCEPHALUS Gould, 1839 M Pyrocephalus rubinus (Vermilion Flycatcher) P.r.mexicanus P.L. Sclater, 1859 SW USA, Mexico P.r.flammeus van Rossem, 1934 N Mexico P.r.blatteus Bangs, 1911 S Mexico to Honduras P.r.pinicola T.R. Howell, 1965 Nicaragua P.r.piurae J.T. Zimmer, 1941 W Colombia to NW Peru P.r.saturatus Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 N Colombia to Surinam, N Brazil P.r.ardens J.T. Zimmer, 1941 NC Peru P.r.cocachacrae J.T. Zimmer, 1941 SW Peru, N Chile P.r.obscurus Gould, 1839 W Peru P.r.rubinus (Boddaert, 1783) W and C Amazonia P.r.major Pelzeln, 1868 SE Peru P.r.nanus Gould, 1839 Galapagos Is. P.r.dubius Gould, 1839 Chatham I. (Galapagos) LESSONIA Swainson, 1832 F Lessonia rufa (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Austral Negrito) Chile, Argentina >> Bolivia, S Brazil Lessonia oreas (Sclater & Salvin, 1869) (Andean Negrito) S Peru, Chile, W Bolivia, NW Argentina KNIPOLEGUS Boie, 1826 M Knipolegus striaticeps (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) (Cinereous Tyrant) SE Bolivia, SC Brazil, W Paraguay, N Argentina Knipolegus hudsoni (P.L. Sclater, 1872) (Hudson's Black Tyrant) S Argentina >> Bolivia, S Brazil Knipolegus poecilocercus (Pelzeln, 1868) (Amazonian Black Tyrant) S Venezuela and Guyana to NE Peru, C Brazil Knipolegus signatus (Andean Tyrant) K.s.signatus (Taczanowski, 1874) N Peru K.s.cabanisi Schulz, 1882 SE Peru, Bolivia, N Argentina Knipolegus cyanirostris (Vieillot, 1818) (Blue-billed Black Tyrant) SE Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, E Argentina Knipolegus poecilurus (Rufous-tailed Tyrant) K.p.poecilurus (P.L. Sclater, 1862) Colombia K.p.peruanus (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896) Peru, C Bolivia K.p.venezuelanus (Hellmayr, 1927) Trinidad, Venezuela, NW Brazil K.p.salvini (P.L. Sclater, 1888) Guyana K.p.paraquensis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 S Venezuela Knipolegus orenocensis (Riverside Tyrant) K.o.orenocensis Berlepsch, 1884 Venezuela K.o.xinguensis Berlepsch, 1912 N Brazil K.o.sclateri Hellmayr, 1906 N Peru, C Brazil Knipolegus aterrimus (White-winged Black Tyrant)61 K.a.heterogyna Berlepsch, 1907 N Peru K.a.anthracinus Heine, 1859 S Peru, W Bolivia K.a.aterrimus Kaup, 1853 E Bolivia, W Argentina K.a.franciscanus E. Snethlage, 192862 EC Brazil Knipolegus lophotes Boie, 1828 (Crested Black Tyrant) S Brazil, NE Paraguay, Uruguay Knipolegus nigerrimus (Velvety Black Tyrant) K.n.hoflingi Lenciono Neto, 1996 Bahia (Brazil) (1352) K.n.nigerrimus (Vieillot, 1818) SE Brazil HYMENOPS Lesson, 1828 M63 Hymenops perspicillatus (Spectacled Tyrant) H.p.perspicillatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay H.p.andinus (Ridgway, 1879) C Chile, NW Argentina >> E Bolivia OCHTHORNIS P.L. Sclater, 1888 M Ochthornis littoralis (Pelzeln, 1868) (Drab Water Tyrant)64 E Colombia, S Venezuela, Guyana, W and C Brazil, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia SATRAPA Strickland, 1844 M Satrapa icterophrys (Vieillot, 1818) (Yellow-browed Tyrant) E Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, N Argentina, N Venezuela MUSCISAXICOLA d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 M65 Muscisaxicola fluviatilis Sclater & Salvin, 1866 (Little Ground Tyrant) E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil Muscisaxicola maculirostris (Spot-billed Ground Tyrant) M.m.niceforoi J.T. Zimmer, 1947 Andes of C Colombia M.m.rufescens Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 Andes of Ecuador M.m.maculirostris d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 Andes of Peru, Bolivia, Chile, W Argentina Muscisaxicola griseus Taczanowski, 1884 (Taczanowski’s Ground Tyrant)66 W Peru, W Bolivia Muscisaxicola juninensis Taczanowski, 1884 (Puna Ground Tyrant) S Peru, W Bolivia N Chile, N Argentina Muscisaxicola cinereus (Cinereous Ground Tyrant) M.c.cinereus Philippi & Landbeck, 1864 N and C Chile >> C Peru? M.c.argentina Hellmayr, 1932 NW Argentina >> C Peru? Muscisaxicola albifrons (Tschudi, 1844) (White-fronted Ground Tyrant) C Peru, W Bolivia, N Chile Muscisaxicola flavinucha (Ochre-naped Ground Tyrant) M.f.flavinucha Lafresnaye, 1855 N Argentina, N Chile >> Bolivia, Peru M.f.brevirostris Olrog, 1949 S Argentina, S Chile >> Bolivia, Peru Muscisaxicola rufivertex (Rufous-naped Ground Tyrant) M.r.occipitalis Ridgway, 1887 Peru, NW Bolivia M.r.pallidiceps Hellmayr, 1927 67 SW Bolivia, NW Argentina, N Chile M.r.rufivertex d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 S Chile, SW Argentina Muscisaxicola maclovianus (Dark-faced Ground Tyrant) M.m.mentalis d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 S Chile, S Argentina >> Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, N and C and lowland Argentina, N and C Chile M.m.maclovianus (Garnot, 1829) Falkland Is. >> ? Muscisaxicola albilora Lafresnaye, 1855 (White-browed Ground Tyrant) Argentina, Chile >> Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia Muscisaxicola alpinus (Plain-capped Ground Tyrant) M.a.columbianus Chapman, 1912 WC Colombia M.a.quesadae Meyer de Schauensee, 1942 C Colombia M.a.alpinus (Jardine, 1849) N Ecuador Muscisaxicola capistratus (Burmeister, 1860) (Cinnamon-bellied Ground Tyrant) S Argentina, S Chile >> W Bolivia, S Peru, N and C Argentina, N and C Chile Muscisaxicola frontalis (Burmeister, 1860) (Black-fronted Ground Tyrant) Argentina, Chile >> W Bolivia, S Peru AGRIORNIS Gould, 1839 M68 Agriornis montanus (Black-billed Shrike-Tyrant) A.m.solitarius P.L. Sclater, 1858 Ecuador, Colombia A.m.insolens Sclater & Salvin, 1869 Peru A.m.intermedius Hellmayr, 1927 W Bolivia, N Chile A.m.montanus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) 69 E Bolivia, NW Argentina A.m.maritimus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) NC Chile A.m.leucurus Gould, 1839 C Chile, C Argentina Agriornis albicauda (White-tailed Shrike-Tyrant) A.a.pollens P.L. Sclater, 186970 Ecuador A.a.albicauda (Philippi & Landbeck, 1863) Peru, W Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina Agriornis lividus (Great Shrike-Tyrant) A.l.lividus (Kittlitz, 1835) SC Chile A.l.fortis Berlepsch, 1907 S Chile, S Argentina Agriornis micropterus (Grey-bellied Shrike-Tyrant) A.m.andecola (d’Orbigny, 1840) Bolivia, S Peru, N Chile, NW Argentina >> Uruguay, Paraguay A.m.micropterus Gould, 1839 Argentina >> Uruguay, Paraguay Agriornis murinus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) (Lesser Shrike-Tyrant) E Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina (migrant from S to N of range) XOLMIS Boie, 1826 M71 Xolmis pyrope (Fire-eyed Diucon) X.p.pyrope (Kittlitz, 1830) S Chile, S Argentina >> N Chile X.p.fortis Philippi & Johnson, 1946 Chiloe I. Xolmis cinereus (Grey Monjita) X.c.cinereus (Vieillot, 1816) S Brazil, Uruguay, N Argentina X.c.pepoaza (Vieillot, 1823) E Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina Xolmis coronatus (Vieillot, 1823) (Black-crowned Monjita) Argentina >> E Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay Xolmis velatus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) (White-rumped Monjita) E Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay Xolmis irupero (White Monjita) X.i.niveus (Spix, 1825) E Brazil X.i.irupero (Vieillot, 1823) E Bolivia, S Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, N Argentina Xolmis rubetra (Rusty-backed Monjita)72 X.r.salinarum Nores & Yzurieta, 1979 NC Argentina (1658) X.r.rubetra (Burmeister, 1860) C Argentina >> N Argentina HETEROXOLMIS W.E. Lanyon, 1986 (1329) F Heteroxolmis dominicana (Vieillot, 1823) (Black-and-white Monjita)73 S Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, E Argentina MYIOTHERETES Reichenbach, 1850 M Myiotheretes striaticollis (Streak-throated Bush Tyrant) M.s.striaticollis (P.L. Sclater, 1853) Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, W Bolivia M.s.pallidus Berlepsch, 1906 NW Argentina, E Peru, Bolivia Myiotheretes pernix (Bangs, 1899) (Santa Marta Bush Tyrant) NE Colombia Myiotheretes fumigatus (Smoky Bush Tyrant) M.f olivaceus (Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1953) N Colombia, W Venezuela M.f.fumigatus (Boissonneau, 1840) Colombia, Ecuador, Peru M.f.lugubris (Berlepsch, 1883) W Venezuela M.f.cajamarcae (Chapman, 1927) S Ecuador to S Peru Myiotheretes fuscorufus (Sclater & Salvin, 1876) (Rufous-bellied Bush Tyrant) C Peru to N Bolivia CNEMARCHUS Ridgway, 190574 M Cnemarchus erythropygius (Red-rumped Bush Tyrant) C.e.orinomus Wetmore, 1946 N Colombia C.e.erythropygius (P.L. Sclater, 1853) C Colombia to Ecuador, Peru, N Bolivia POLIOXOLMIS W.E. Lanyon, 1986 (1329) F Polioxolmis rufipennis (Rufous-webbed Tyrant) P.r.rufipennis (Taczanowski, 1874) SE Peru, N Bolivia P.r.bolivianus Fjeldsĺ, 1990 C Bolivia (846) NEOXOLMIS Hellmayr, 1927 M Neoxolmis rufiventris (Vieillot, 1823) (Chocolate-vented Tyrant) S Chile, S Argentina >> Uruguay, S Brazil GUBERNETES Such, 1825 M Gubernetes yetapa (Vieillot, 1818) (Streamer-tailed Tyrant) S Brazil, Paraguay, E Bolivia, N Argentina MUSCIPIPRA Lesson, 1831 F Muscipipra vetula (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) (Shear-tailed Grey Tyrant) SE Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina FLUVICOLA Swainson, 1827 M Fluvicola pica (Pied Water Tyrant) F.p.pica (Boddaert, 1783) Trinidad, Venezuela, the Guianas, Colombia, N Brazil F.p.albiventer (Spix, 1825) E Brazil, SE Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina >> W Amazonia Fluvicola nengeta (Masked Water Tyrant) F.n.atripennis P.L. Sclater, 1860 SW Ecuador, NW Peru F.n.nengeta (Linnaeus, 1766) E Brazil ARUNDINICOLA d’Orbigny, 184075 F Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764) (White-headed Marsh Tyrant) NE Sth. America ALECTRURUS Vieillot, 1816 M Alectrurus tricolor (Vieillot, 1816) (Cock-tailed Tyrant) S Brazil, Paraguay, E Bolivia, N Argentina Alectrurus risora (Vieillot, 1824) (Strange-tailed Tyrant) N Argentina, S Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay TUMBEZIA Chapman, 192576 F Tumbezia salvini (Taczanowski, 1877) (Tumbes Tyrant) NW Peru OCHTHOECA Cabanis, 184777 F Ochthoeca frontalis (Crowned Chat-Tyrant)78 O.f.albidiadema (Lafresnaye, 1848) E Colombia O.f.frontalis (Lafresnaye, 1847) W Ecuador, W Colombia O.f.spodionota Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 C and SE Peru Ochthoeca pulchella (Golden-browed Chat-Tyrant) O.p.similis Carriker, 1933 C Peru O.p.pulchella Sclater & Salvin, 1876 W Bolivia, SE Peru Ochthoeca diadema (Yellow-bellied Chat-Tyrant) O.d.rubellula Wetmore, 1946 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela O.d.jesupi J.A. Allen, 1900 N Colombia O.d.tovarensis Gilliard, 1940 N Venezuela O.d.diadema (Hartlaub, 1843) Colombia, W Venezuela O.d.meridana Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1950 NW Venezuela O.d.gratiosa (P.L. Sclater, 1862) NW Peru, W Ecuador, W Colombia O.d.cajamarcae Carriker, 1934 Cajamarca (Peru) Ochthoeca jelskii Taczanowski, 1883 (Jelski's Chat-Tyrant) NW Peru, SW Ecuador Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris (Slaty-backed Chat-Tyrant) 79 O.c.nigrita Sclater & Salvin, 1871 W Venezuela O.c.cinnamomeiventris (Lafresnaye, 1843) Colombia, E Ecuador O.c.angustifasciata Chapman, 1926 N Peru O.c.thoracica Taczanowski, 1874 Peru, Bolivia Ochthoeca rufipectoralis (Rufous-breasted Chat-Tyrant) O.r.poliogastra Salvin & Godman, 1880 N Colombia O.r.rubicundulus Wetmore, 1946 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela O.r.obfuscata J.T. Zimmer, 1942 SW and W Colombia to Peru O.r.rufopectus (Lesson, 1844) C Colombia, Ecuador, NW Peru O.r.centralis Hellmayr, 1927 N Peru O.r.tectricialis Chapman, 1921 S Peru O.r.rufipectoralis (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Bolivia, SE Peru Ochthoeca fumicolor (Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant) O.f.superciliosa Sclater & Salvin, 1871 W Venezuela O.f.ferruginea J.T. Zimmer, 1937 C Colombia O.f.fumicolor P.L. Sclater, 1856 E Colombia, W Venezuela O.f.brunneifrons Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 Peru, Ecuador, W Colombia O.f.berlepschi Hellmayr, 1914 SE Peru, W Bolivia Ochthoeca oenanthoides (D'Orbigny's Chat-Tyrant) O.o.polionota Sclater & Salvin, 1870 Peru O.o.oenanthoides (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina Ochthoeca leucophrys (White-browed Chat-Tyrant) O.l.dissors J.T. Zimmer, 1937 N Peru O.l.interior J.T. Zimmer, 1930 C Peru O.l.urubambae J.T. Zimmer, 1937 C and S Peru O.l.leucometopa Sclater & Salvin, 1877 W Peru, NW Chile O.l.leucophrys (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Bolivia O.l.tucumana Berlepsch, 1906 W Argentina Ochthoeca piurae Chapman, 1924 (Piura Chat-Tyrant) NW Peru COLORHAMPHUS Sundevall, 187280 M Colorhamphus parvirostris (Darwin, 1839) (Patagonian Tyrant) S Chile, S Argentina COLONIA J.E. Gray, 1827 F81 Colonia colonus (Long-tailed Tyrant) C.c.leuconota (Lafresnaye, 1842) S Honduras to Panama, W Colombia, Ecuador C.c.fuscicapillus (P.L. Sclater, 1861) Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil, Bolivia C.c.poecilonota (Cabanis, 1848) The Guianas, SE Venezuela C.c.niveiceps J.T. Zimmer, 1930 S Peru, N Bolivia C.c.colonus (Vieillot, 1818) S Brazil, E Paraguay, N Argentina MUSCIGRALLA d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 F Muscigralla brevicauda d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 (Short-tailed Field Tyrant) SW Ecuador, W Peru, NW Chile MACHETORNIS G.R. Gray, 1841 F82 Machetornis rixosa (Cattle Tyrant) M.r.flavigularis Todd, 1912 N Colombia, N Venezuela M.r.obscurodorsalis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1948 SW Venezuela, E Colombia M.r.rixosa (Vieillot, 1819) E Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, N Argentina LEGATUS P.L. Sclater, 1859 M Legatus leucophaius (Piratic Flycatcher) L.l.variegatus (P.L. Sclater, 1857) SE Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras >> ? Sth. America L.l.leucophaius (Vieillot, 1818) Nicaragua to Panama, Trinidad, N and C Sth. America PHELPSIA W.E. Lanyon, 1984 (1326) F Phelpsia inornata (Lawrence, 1869) (White-bearded Flycatcher) N Venezuela MYIOZETETES P.L. Sclater, 1859 M Myiozetetes cayanensis (Rusty-margined Flycatcher) M.c.rufipennis Lawrence, 1869 N Venezuela, E Colombia, E Panama M.c.hellmayri Hartert & Goodson, 1917 Colombia, E Ecuador, NW Venezuela M.c.cayanensis (Linnaeus, 1766) The Guianas, N Brazil, E Bolivia, S Venezuela M.c.erythropterus (Lafresnaye, 1853) SE Brazil Myiozetetes similis (Social Flycatcher) M.s.primulus van Rossem, 1930 N Mexico M.s.hesperis A.R. Phillips, 1966 W Mexico M.s.texensis (Giraud, 1841) S Mexico to N Costa Rica M.s.columbianus Cabanis & Heine, 1859 SW Costa Rica, Panama, N Colombia, N Venezuela M.s.similis (Spix, 1825)83 E Colombia, S Venezuela and W Amazonia to N Bolivia M.s.grandis Lawrence, 1871 W Ecuador to NW Peru M.s.pallidiventris Pinto, 1935 E Brazil south to E Paraguay, NE Argentina Myiozetetes granadensis (Grey-capped Flycatcher) M.g.granadensis Lawrence, 1862 E Honduras to EC Panama M.g.occidentalis J.T. Zimmer, 1937 E Panama to NW Peru M.g.obscurior Todd, 1925 S Venezuela, E Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil Myiozetetes luteiventris (Dusky-chested Flycatcher) M.l.luteiventris (P.L. Sclater, 1858) E Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, NW Bolivia, C Brazil M.l.septentrionalis Blake, 1961 Surinam PITANGUS Swainson, 1826 M Pitangus sulphuratus (Great Kiskadee) P.s.texanus van Rossem, 1940 S Texas to SE Mexico P.s.derbianus (Kaup, 1852) W Mexico P.s.guatimalensis (Lafresnaye, 1852) SE Mexico, Guatemala to Costa Rica P.s.rufipennis (Lafresnaye, 1851) Coastal Colombia, N Venezuela P.s.caucensis Chapman, 1914 W Colombia P.s.trinitatis Hellmayr, 1906 Colombia, NW Brazil, Venezuela and Trinidad P.s.sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766) S Colombia, the Guianas, N Brazil, NE Peru, E Ecuador P.s.maximiliani (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) E and C Brazil, E Bolivia P.s.bolivianus (Lafresnaye, 1852) E Bolivia P.s.argentinus Todd, 1952 Paraguay, Bolivia, N Argentina Pitangus lictor (Lesser Kiskadee)84 P.l.panamensis Bangs & Penard, 1918 E Panama to N Colombia P.l.lictor (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) E Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil to E Bolivia CONOPIAS Cabanis & Heine, 1859 M85 Conopias albovittatus (White-ringed Flycatcher)86 C.a.distinctus (Ridgway, 1908) E Costa Rica C.a.albovittatus (Lawrence, 1862) E Panama, W Colombia, NW Ecuador C.a.parvus (Pelzeln, 1868) S Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil Conopias trivirgatus (Three-striped Flycatcher) C.t.berlepschi E. Snethlage, 1914 Amazonia C.t.trivirgatus (Wied, 1831) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Conopias cinchoneti (Lemon-browed Flycatcher) C.c.icterophrys (Lafresnaye, 1845) C Colombia, W Venezuela C.c.cinchoneti (Tschudi, 1844) Ecuador to C Peru MYIODYNASTES Bonaparte, 1857 M Myiodynastes hemichrysus (Cabanis, 1861) (Golden-bellied Flycatcher) Costa Rica, W Panama Myiodynastes chrysocephalus (Golden-crowned Flycatcher) M.c.cinerascens Todd, 1912 NW Venezuela, N Colombia M.c.minor Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885 Colombia, Ecuador M.c.chrysocephalus (Tschudi, 1844) Peru, Bolivia Myiodynastes bairdii (Gambel, 1847) (Baird's Flycatcher)87 SW Ecuador, W Peru Myiodynastes luteiventris P.L. Sclater, 1859 (Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher) S USA to Costa Rica >> NW Sth. America Myiodynastes maculatus (Streaked Flycatcher) M.m.insolens Ridgway, 1887 SE Mexico to Honduras >> N Sth. America M.m.nobilis P.L. Sclater, 1859 NE Colombia M.m.difficilis J.T. Zimmer, 1937 W Costa Rica to Venezuela M.m.chapmani J.T. Zimmer, 1937 SW Colombia to W Peru M.m.maculatus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) N Peru, Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil M.m.tobagensis J.T. Zimmer, 1937 Guyana, Trinidad, Tobago I. M.m.solitarius (Vieillot, 1819) S Peru to Uruguay, N Argentina >> ? Brazil MEGARYNCHUS 88 Thunberg, 1824 M Megarynchus pitangua (Boat-billed Flycatcher) M.p.tardiusculus R.T. Moore, 1941 NW Mexico M.p.caniceps Ridgway, 1906 W Mexico M.p.deserticola Griscom, 1930 C Guatemala M.p.mexicanus (Lafresnaye, 1851) SE Mexico to NW Colombia M.p.chrysogaster P.L. Sclater, 1860 W Ecuador, NW Peru M.p.pitangua (Linnaeus, 1766) Trinidad, N and C Sth. America TYRANNOPSIS Ridgway, 1905 F Tyrannopsis sulphurea (Spix, 1825) (Sulphury Flycatcher) Trinidad, the Guianas, Venezuela, Amazonian Brazil, NE Peru, E Ecuador, N Bolivia EMPIDONOMUS Cabanis & Heine, 1859 M Empidonomus varius (Variegated Flycatcher) E.v.varius (Vieillot, 1818) E Bolivia, SE Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina >> W Amazonia E.v.rufinus (Spix, 1825) N and E Brazil, E Peru, E Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Colombia Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus (Crowned Slaty Flycatcher)89 E.a.pallidiventris (Hellmayr, 1929) NE Brazil E.a.aurantioatrocristatus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) E Bolivia, N Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and S Brazil >> W Amazonia TYRANNUS Lacépčde, 1799 M Tyrannus niveigularis P.L. Sclater, 1860 (Snowy-throated Kingbird) SW Colombia, W Ecuador, NW Peru Tyrannus albogularis Burmeister, 1856 (White-throated Kingbird) S Venezuela and the Guianas to E Bolivia and Amazonia (an intratropical migrant) Tyrannus melancholicus (Tropical Kingbird)90 T.m.satrapa (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) S USA to N Colombia, N Venezuela T.m.despotes (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) NE Brazil T.m.melancholicus Vieillot, 1819 Tropical Sth. America >> C Argentina Tyrannus couchii S.F. Baird, 1858 (Couch's Kingbird) S USA, E Mexico >> Guatemala Tyrannus vociferans (Cassin's Kingbird) T.v.vociferans Swainson, 1826 SW USA and C Mexico >> Honduras T.v.xenopterus Griscom, 1934 SW Mexico Tyrannus crassirostris (Thick-billed Kingbird) T.c.pompalis Bangs & Peters, 1928 SE Arizona, coastal W Mexico T.c.crassirostris Swainson, 1826 S Mexico, W Guatemala Tyrannus verticalis Say, 1823 (Western Kingbird) SW Canada, W USA >> S Mexico, Guatemala Tyrannus forficatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Scissor-tailed Flycatcher) SC USA >> C America Tyrannus savana (Fork-tailed Flycatcher) T.s.monachus Hartlaub, 1844 S Mexico to NC Brazil T.s.sanctaemartae (J.T. Zimmer, 1937) N Colombia, NW Venezuela T.s.circumdatus (J.T. Zimmer, 1937) Amazon basin (EC Brazil) T.s.savana Vieillot, 1808 C and S Sth. America >> N Sth. America, W Indies Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Eastern Kingbird) S Canada, C and E USA >> Sth. America Tyrannus dominicensis (Grey Kingbird) T.d.dominicensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) SE USA to Colombia >> NC Sth. America T.d.vorax Vieillot, 1819 Lesser Antilles, Trinidad Tyrannus cubensis Richmond, 1898 (Giant Kingbird) Cuba, Gtr. Antilles Tyrannus caudifasciatus (Loggerhead Kingbird) T.c.bahamensis (H. Bryant, 1864) Bahamas T.c.caudifasciatus d’Orbigny, 1839 Cuba T.c.flavescens Parkes, 1963 Isla de la Juventud, Gtr. Antilles T.c.caymanensis (Nicoll, 1904) Cayman Is. T.c.jamaicensis (Chapman, 1892) Jamaica T.c.taylori (P.L. Sclater, 1864) Puerto Rico T.c.gabbii (Lawrence, 1876) Haiti RHYTIPTERNA Reichenbach, 185091 F Rhytipterna simplex (Greyish Mourner) R.s.frederici (Bangs & Penard, 1918) Amazonia, S Venezuela and The Guianas R.s.simplex (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) SE Brazil Rhytipterna immunda (Sclater & Salvin, 1873) (Pale-bellied Mourner) Surinam, French Guiana, E Colombia, N Brazil Rhytipterna holerythra (Rufous Mourner) R.h.holerythra (Sclater & Salvin, 1860) Guatemala to Panama, N Colombia R.h.rosenbergi (E. Hartert, 1905) W Colombia, NW Ecuador SIRYSTES Cabanis & Heine, 1859 M Sirystes sibilator (Sirystes) 92 S.s.albogriseus (Lawrence, 1863) E Panama, NW Colombia S.s.albocinereus Sclater & Salvin, 1880 S Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil S.s.subcanescens Todd, 1920 NE Brazil, S Surinam S.s.sibilator (Vieillot, 1818) E Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina S.s.atimastus Oberholser, 1902 SW Brazil CASIORNIS Des Murs, 1856 M93 Casiornis rufus (Vieillot, 1816) (Rufous Casiornis) SE Peru to E Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina and Amazonian and E Brazil Casiornis fuscus Sclater & Salvin, 1873 (Ash-throated Casiornis) NE Brazil MYIARCHUS Cabanis, 1844 M Myiarchus semirufus Sclater & Salvin, 1878 (Rufous Flycatcher) Peru Myiarchus yucatanensis (Yucatán Flycatcher) M.y.yucatanensis Lawrence, 1871 Yucatán Pen. (Mexico), Guatemala, Belize M.y.navai Parkes, 198294 S Mexico (1774) M.y.lanyoni Parkes & Phillips, 1967 Cozumel I. Myiarchus barbirostris (Swainson, 1827) (Sad Flycatcher) Jamaica Myiarchus tuberculifer (Dusky-capped Flycatcher) M.t.olivascens Ridgway, 1884 SW USA, W Mexico M.t.lawrenceii (Giraud, 1841) E and S Mexico M.t.querulus Nelson, 1904 SW Mexico M.t.platyrhynchus Ridgway, 1885 SE Mexico M.t.manens Parkes, 1982 S Yucatán (1774) M.t.connectens Miller & Griscom, 1925 Guatemala to N Nicaragua M.t.littoralis J.T. Zimmer, 1953 Pacific coast from SE Honduras to Costa Rica M.t.nigricapillus Cabanis, 1861 SE Nicaragua, Costa Rica, W Panama M.t.brunneiceps Lawrence, 1861 E Panama, W Colombia M.t.pallidus Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 N Colombia, W Venezuela M.t.tuberculifer (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Colombia and Surinam to Bolivia and S Brazil M.t.nigriceps P.L. Sclater, 1860 W Ecuador, W Colombia M.t.atriceps Cabanis, 1883 Andes of Peru, Bolivia, NW Argentina Myiarchus swainsoni (Swainson's Flycatcher) M.s.swainsoni Cabanis & Heine, 1859 E Paraguay, NE Argentina >> E Colombia, N Venezuela and Surinam M.s.albimarginatus Mees, 1985 N savanna of Surinam (1536) M.s.phaeonotus Salvin & Godman, 1883 S Guyana, S Venezuela M.s.pelzelni Berlepsch, 1883 E Peru, SE Brazil, N Bolivia M.s.ferocior Cabanis, 1883 SE Bolivia, N Argentina >> SE Colombia Myiarchus venezuelensis Lawrence, 1865 (Venezuelan Flycatcher) NE Colombia, NE Venezuela, Tobago I. Myiarchus panamensis (Panama Flycatcher) M.p.actiosus Ridgway, 1906 Costa Rica M.p.panamensis Lawrence, 1860 Panama, N Colombia, NW Venezuela Myiarchus ferox (Short-crested Flycatcher) M.f.brunnescens Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 Venezuela M.f.ferox (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) S Colombia to Peru, N Brazil, the Guianas M.f.australis Hellmayr, 1927 E Bolivia to S Brazil, N Argentina Myiarchus apicalis Sclater & Salvin, 1881 (Apical Flycatcher) W Colombia Myiarchus cephalotes (Pale-edged Flycatcher) M.c.caribbaeus Hellmayr, 1925 Venezuela M.c.cephalotes Taczanowski, 1879 Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, C Bolivia Myiarchus phaeocephalus (Sooty-crowned Flycatcher) M.p.phaeocephalus P.L. Sclater, 1860 W Ecuador, NW Peru M.p.interior J.T. Zimmer, 1938 NW Peru Myiarchus cinerascens (Ash-throated Flycatcher) M.c.cinerascens (Lawrence, 1851) W USA, W Mexico >> Guatemala, NW Costa Rica M.c.pertinax S.F. Baird, 1859 Baja California Myiarchus nuttingi (Nutting’s Flycatcher) M.n.inquietus Salvin & Godman, 1889 W and C Mexico M.n.nuttingi Ridgway, 1882 Mts. of C America M.n.flavidior van Rossem, 1936 Pacific coast of C America Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Great Crested Flycatcher) E Canada, E USA >> Mexico, C America, NW Sth. America Myiarchus tyrannulus (Brown-crested Flycatcher) M.t.magister Ridgway, 1884 SW USA, W Mexico, Tres Marias Is. >> S Mexico M.t.cooperi S.F. Baird, 1858 SC USA, E Mexico to Honduras M.t.cozumelae Parkes, 1982 Cozumel I. (1774) M.t.tyrannulus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) Trinidad, Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil, N Colombia to N Argentina M.t.brachyurus Ridgway, 1887 El Salvador to NW Costa Rica M.t.insularum Bond, 1936 Honduras coastal islands M.t.bahiae Berlepsch & Leverkühn, 1890 N and E Brazil Myiarchus magnirostris (Gould, 1838) (Galapagos Flycatcher) Galapagos Is. Myiarchus nugator Riley, 1904 (Grenada Flycatcher) Lesser Antilles Myiarchus validus Cabanis, 1847 (Rufous-tailed Flycatcher) Jamaica Myiarchus sagrae (La Sagra's Flycatcher) M.s.sagrae (Gundlach, 1852) Cuba, Grand Cayman I. M.s.lucaysiensis (H. Bryant, 1867) Bahamas Myiarchus stolidus (Stolid Flycatcher) M.s.dominicensis (H. Bryant, 1867) Hispaniola M.s.stolidus (Gosse, 1847) Jamaica Myiarchus antillarum (H. Bryant, 1866) (Puerto Rican Flycatcher) Puerto Rico Myiarchus oberi (Lesser Antillean Flycatcher) M.o.oberi Lawrence, 1877 Dominica, Guadeloupe Is. M.o.sanctaeluciae Hellmayr & Seilern, 1915 St Lucia I. M.o.berlepschii Cory, 1888 Nevis, St Kitts Is. M.o.sclateri Lawrence, 1879 Martinique DELTARHYNCHUS Ridgway, 1893 M Deltarhynchus flammulatus (Lawrence, 1875) (Flammulated Flycatcher) SW and S Mexico RAMPHOTRIGON G.R. Gray, 185595 N96 Ramphotrigon megacephalum (Large-headed Flatbill) R.m.pectorale Zimmer & Phelps, 1947 S Colombia, S Venezuela R.m.venezuelense Phelps & Gilliard, 1941 W Venezuela R.m.bolivianum J.T. Zimmer, 1939 SE Peru, W Brazil, N Bolivia R.m.megacephalum (Swainson, 1836) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Ramphotrigon ruficauda (Spix, 1825) (Rufous-tailed Flatbill) Amazonia Ramphotrigon fuscicauda Chapman, 1925 (Dusky-tailed Flatbill) W Amazonia ATTILA Lesson, 1830 M Attila phoenicurus Pelzeln, 1868 (Rufous-tailed Attila) Amazonian and S Brazil to NE Argentina Attila cinnamomeus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Cinnamon Attila) Amazonia, S Venezuela, and The Guianas Attila torridus P.L. Sclater, 1860 (Ochraceous Attila) SW Colombia, W Ecuador, NW Peru Attila citriniventris P.L. Sclater, 1859 (Citron-bellied Attila) Venezuela, Ecuador, N Peru, NW Brazil Attila bolivianus (Dull-capped Attila) A.b.nattereri Hellmayr, 1902 N Brazil A.b.bolivianus Lafresnaye, 1848 SW Brazil, E Bolivia, E Peru Attila rufus (Grey-hooded Attila) A.r.hellmayri Pinto, 1935 E Brazil A.r.rufus (Vieillot, 1819) SE Brazil Attila spadiceus (Bright-rumped Attila) A.s.pacificus Hellmayr, 1929 NW Mexico A.s.cozumelae Ridgway, 1885 Cozumel I. A.s.gaumeri Salvin & Godman, 1891 SE Mexico A.s.flammulatus Lafresnaye, 1848 SE Mexico to El Salvador A.s.salvadorensis Dickey & van Rossem, 1929 El Salvador to NW Nicaragua A.s.citreopyga (Bonaparte, 1854)97 Nicaragua to W Panama A.s.sclateri Lawrence, 1862 E Panama, NW Colombia A.s.caniceps Todd, 1917 N Colombia A.s.parvirostris J.A. Allen, 1900 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela A.s.parambae E. Hartert, 1900 W Ecuador, W Colombia A.s.spadiceus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) The Guianas, Trinidad, N Venezuela, N Brazil, NE Peru, N Bolivia A.s.uropygiatus (Wied, 1831) SE Brazil 1 We follow A.O.U. (1998: 380) (3) in retaining a single species here. 2 For reasons to separate this and the next species see Stotz (1990) (2354). 3 Treated as a separate species following Cardoso da Silva (1996) (294). 4 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 5 For separation of this see Sick (1985) (2270). 6 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 7 The name major is rendered as majus in the neuter form. 8 Hayes (2001) (1090A) suspected this form may be of hybrid origin. 9 Including ¶ argentinus Olrog, 1972 (1682), which may need re-evaluation. 10 Including Uromyias as per Roy et al. (1999) (2119). 11 We follow Fjeldsĺ & Krabbe (1990) (850) in treating this as a species distinct from A. reguloides. 12 Type species of the genus Uromyias. 13 For reasons to keep this separate from S. subcristata see Herzog (2001) (1110). 14 Spelled Phaiomyias in last Edition, but see Traylor (1979) (2431) 15 Treated within Phylloscartes in last Edition, but the genus Casiempis was recognised by A.O.U. (1998: 375) (3). 16 See Lanyon (1984) (1327). 17 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 18 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 19 See comments on potential for separation of a species parvus in A.O.U. (1998: 380) (3). 20 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 21 This species separated from Z. chrysops by Zimmer (1941) (2708). 22 Probably 1927 see J.f. Orn. (1930: 134). 23 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 24 For species sequencing we drew on Bates & Zink (1994) (105). 25 This species was treated as part of S. modestus in last Edition, but see Traylor (1982) (2434), and A.O.U. (1998: 381) (3). 26 Separated from I. subflava by Zimmer & Whittaker, 2000 (2733). 27 We expect to split this genus when better data are available. 28 Replaces minimus Todd, 1925 (see Stotz, 1992) (2356). 29 For placement next to H. minor see Cohn-Haft (1996) (541). 30 Erroneously given a Brazilian range in last Edition. 31 Separated from H. zosterops by Cohn-Haft et al. (1997) (543). 32 Previously called H. aenigma but see Stotz (1992) (2356) 33 For recognition of this genus see Ridgely & Tudor (1994: 513) (2019). 34 Includes several species from the genus Todirostrum, see Lanyon (1988) (1332). 35 For a review see Johnson (2002) (1213). 36 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 37 In last Edition we listed a species P. tricolor, but this is at best a weakly differentiated subspecies of capitalis, see Parker et al. (1997) (1751). 38 For spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 39 We prefer to await detailed publication before splitting this. 40 Treated in the genus Poecilotriccus in last Edition, but see Ridgely & Tudor (1994: 539) (2019). 41 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 42 Treated as a race of brevirostris in last Edition, but see A.O.U. (1998: 384) (3). 43 Fischer is an abbreviation of Fischer von Waldheim. 44 For reasons to treat the mexicanus group as conspecific with coronatus see Ridgely & Tudor (1994: 556-7) (2019). 45 See Lanyon (1988) (1331). 46 For reasons to treat the sulphureipygius group as conspecific with barbatus see Ridgely & Tudor (1994: 558-9) (2019). 47 Previously treated (e.g. in last Edition) in the family Pipridae, but see Mobley & Prum (1997) (1596). 48 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 49 See Lanyon & Lanyon (1986) (1334). 50 See Banks (1997) (90) for use of this name in place of johnstonei. 51 In last Edition we treated this in the genus Empidonax but we should have moved this with euleri into the newly erected genus Lathrotriccus. 52 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 53 Previously C. borealis but see Banks & Browning (1995: 636) (91). 54 In last Edition this species and C. lugubris were attached to the species C. fumigatus, but see A.O.U. (1998: 391) (3). 55 Includes amplus Burleigh, 1960 (273), and siccicola Burleigh, 1960 (273), see Browning (1990) (249). 56 Records from Guyana and E Brazil not identified to subspecies. 57 Separated into three species by Reynard et al. (1993) (2013). The status and exact date of the name florentinoi Regalado Ruiz, 1977, is unclear and we give no reference (but see Olsen & Buden, 1989) (1707). 58 See Lanyon (1986) (1329) and Johnson & Marten (1988) (1215). 59 Includes spodius Oberholser, 1974 (1673), see Browning (1978) (246). 60 For reasons to treat this as distinct see A.O.U. (1998: 398) (3). 61 The proposed “separation” of franciscanus seems to have been as a phylogenetic species. 62 Probably 1927 see J.f. Orn. (1930: 134). 63 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 64 Mistakenly placed in the genus Ochthoeca in last Edition. 65 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 66 For recognition of this at specific level, rather than treatment as a race of alpinus, see Chesser (2000) (346). 67 The proposed race ¶ achalensis Nores & Yzurieta, 1983 (1660), awaits evaluation. 68 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 69 The proposed race ¶ fumosus Nores & Yzurieta, 1983 (1660), awaits evaluation. 70 Traylor (1979: 166) (2432) used the name andicola stating that it was not a homonym for andecola. That may have been so at the time as the 1961 version of the Code applied. Under the present Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) Art. 58.12. does consider it a homonym and it may not be used. 71 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 72 Treated in Neoxolmis in last Edition, but see Lanyon (1986) (1329). 73 Treated in the genus Xolmis in last Edition; but Lanyon (1986) (1329) now more often followed. 74 Treated in Myiotheretes in last Edition, but see Lanyon (1986) (1329). 75 Treated in the genus Fluvicola in last Edition, but we now follow Lanyon (1986) (1329). 76 For reasons to retain this genus see Garcia-Moreno et al. (1998) (912). 77 Includes Silvicultrix see Garcia-Moreno et al. (1998) (912). 78 We defer the split of spodionota proposed by Garcia-Moreno et al. (1998) (912) awaiting further evidence. 79 We are aware that Garcia-Moreno et al. (1998) (912) recommended that thoracica be separated but we prefer to await further evidence. 80 Treated in Ochthoeca in last Edition, but see Lanyon (1986) (1329). 81 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 82 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 83 Includes connivens see Traylor (1979: 212) (2433). 84 Treated in the genus Philohydor in last Edition; here submerged following A.O.U. (1998: 407) (3). 85 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 86 This species was called C. parva in last Edition, but see Mees (1985) (1536) and A.O.U. (1998: 409) (3), where the taxon parva is retained in this species. 87 Spelled bairdi in last Edition, but see Traylor (1979) (2433). 88 Spelling not verified. 89 Treated in the monotypic genus Griseotyrannus in last Edition, but a sister species of E. varius see Traylor (1979: 220) (2433) and better kept with that (J.V. Remsen, in litt.). 90 Includes chubbii Davis, 1979 (618), see Vuilleumier & Mayr (1987) (2551). 91 Our sequence from this genus to Ramphotrigon is based on Lanyon (1985) (1328). 92 See Lanyon & Fitzpatrick (1983) (1333). 93 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 94 Misspelled navae in last Edition. 95 See Lanyon (1988) (1332). 96 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 97 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). TYRANNIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD THAMNOPHILIDAE1 (ANTBIRDS) (46: 206) CYMBILAIMUS G.R. Gray, 1840 M Cymbilaimus lineatus (Fasciated2 Antshrike) C.l.fasciatus (Ridgway, 1884) Nicaragua to NW Ecuador C.l.intermedius (Hartert & Goodson, 1917) Upper Amazonia C.l.lineatus (Leach, 1814) 3 SE Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae Gyldenstolpe, 1941 (Bamboo Antshrike)4 SE Peru, NE Bolivia, W Brazil HYPOEDALEUS Cabanis & Heine, 1859 M Hypoedaleus guttatus (Spot-backed Antshrike) H.g.leucogaster Pinto, 1932 E Brazil H.g.guttatus (Vieillot, 1816) S Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina BATARA Lesson, 1831 F Batara cinerea (Giant Antshrike) B.c.excubitor Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1940 E Bolivia B.c.argentina Shipton, 1918 S Bolivia, NW Argentina B.c.cinerea (Vieillot, 1819) SE Brazil, NE Argentina MACKENZIAENA Chubb, 1918 F Mackenziaena leachii (Such, 1825) (Large-tailed Antshrike) SE Brazil, NE Argentina Mackenziaena severa (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) (Tufted Antshrike) SE Brazil, NE Argentina FREDERICKENA Chubb, 1918 F Frederickena viridis (Vieillot, 1816) (Black-throated Antshrike) E Venezuela, Guyana Frederickena unduligera (Undulated Antshrike) F.u.fulva J.T. Zimmer, 1944 SE Colombia, E Ecuador F.u.diversa J.T. Zimmer, 1944 E and SE Peru F.u.unduligera (Pelzeln, 1869) NW Brazil F.u.pallida J.T. Zimmer, 1944 Brazil TARABA Lesson, 1831 M Taraba major (Great Antshrike) T.m.melanocrissus (P.L. Sclater, 1860) SE Mexico to W Panama T.m.obscurus J.T. Zimmer, 1933 SW Costa Rica to NW Colombia T.m.transandeanus (P.L. Sclater, 1855) SW Colombia, W Ecuador, NW Peru T.m.granadensis (Cabanis, 1872) E Colombia, Venezuela T.m.semifasciatus (Cabanis, 1872) E Colombia to the Guianas, N and E Brazil T.m.duidae Chapman, 1929 SE Venezuela T.m.melanurus (P.L. Sclater, 1855) Upper Amazonia T.m.borbae (Pelzeln, 1869) C Brazil T.m.stagurus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) E and NE Brazil T.m.major (Vieillot, 1816) E Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina SAKESPHORUS Chubb, 1918 M Sakesphorus canadensis (Black-crested Antshrike) S.c.pulchellus (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) N Colombia, W Venezuela S.c.paraguanae Gilliard, 1940 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela S.c.intermedius (Cherrie, 1916) S Venezuela, N Brazil S.c.fumosus J.T. Zimmer, 1933 S Venezuela S.c.trinitatis (Ridgway, 1892) NE Venezuela, Guyana, Trinidad S.c.canadensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Surinam, French Guiana S.c.loretoyacuensis (E. Bartlett, 1882) SE Colombia, NW Brazil Sakesphorus cristatus (Wied, 1831) (Silvery-cheeked Antshrike) E Brazil Sakesphorus bernardi (Collared Antshrike) S.b.bernardi (Lesson, 1844) W Ecuador S.b.piurae (Chapman, 1923) SW Ecuador, N Peru S.b.cajamarcae (Hellmayr, 1917) W Peru S.b.shumbae Carriker, 1934 N Peru Sakesphorus melanonotus (P.L. Sclater, 1855) (Black-backed Antshrike) NE Colombia, W Venezuela Sakesphorus melanothorax (P.L. Sclater, 1857) (Band-tailed Antshrike) Surinam, French Guiana, NE Brazil Sakesphorus luctuosus (Glossy Antshrike) S.l.luctuosus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) NE Brazil S.l.araguayae (Hellmayr, 1908) C Brazil BIATAS Cabanis & Heine, 1859 M Biatas nigropectus (Lafresnaye, 1850) (White-bearded Antshrike) SE Brazil THAMNOPHILUS Vieillot, 1816 M Thamnophilus doliatus (Barred Antshrike) T.d.intermedius Ridgway, 1888 E Mexico to E Costa Rica T.d.yucatanensis Ridgway, 1908 S Mexico, N Guatemala T.d.pacificus Ridgway, 1908 Pacific slope of W Honduras to W Panama T.d.nesiotes Wetmore, 1970 Pearl Islands (Panama) (2607) T.d.eremnus Wetmore, 1957 Coibŕ I. (Panama) (2598) T.d.nigricristatus Lawrence, 1865 E Panama, N Colombia T.d.albicans Lafresnaye, 1844 N Colombia T.d.nigrescens Lawrence, 1867 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela T.d.tobagensis Hartert & Goodson, 1917 Tobago I. T.d.fraterculus Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 E Colombia, N Venezuela, Trinidad T.d.doliatus (Linnaeus, 1764) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil T.d.zarumae Chapman, 1921 SW Ecuador, NW Peru T.d.palamblae J.T. Zimmer, 1933 NW Peru T.d.subradiatus Berlepsch, 1887 E Peru, W Brazil T.d.signatus J.T. Zimmer, 1933 NE Bolivia, SW Brazil T.d.difficilis Hellmayr, 1903 E Brazil T.d.capistratus Lesson, 1840 E Brazil T.d.radiatus Vieillot, 1816 E Bolivia, S Brazil, N Argentina T.d.cadwaladeri Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1940 S Bolivia Thamnophilus multistriatus (Bar-crested Antshrike) T.m.brachyurus Todd, 1927 W Colombia T.m.selvae Meyer de Schauensee, 1950 W Colombia T.m.multistriatus Lafresnaye, 1844 C Colombia T.m.oecotonophilus Borrero & Hernández, 1958 NE Colombia, W Venezuela (199) Thamnophilus tenuepunctatus (Lined Antshrike)5 T.t.tenuepunctatus Lafresnaye, 1853 E Colombia T.t.tenuifasciatus Lawrence, 1867 SE Colombia, E Ecuador T.t.berlepschi Taczanowski, 1884 SE Ecuador, N Peru Thamnophilus palliatus (Chestnut-backed Antshrike) T.p.similis J.T. Zimmer, 1933 C Peru T.p.puncticeps P.L. Sclater, 1890 SE Peru, Bolivia, W Brazil T.p.palliatus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) C and E Brazil Thamnophilus bridgesi P.L. Sclater, 1856 (Black-hooded Antshrike) SW Costa Rica, W Panama Thamnophilus nigriceps (Black Antshrike) T.n.nigriceps P.L. Sclater, 1869 E Panama, NW Colombia T.n.magdalenae Todd, 1927 N Colombia Thamnophilus praecox J.T. Zimmer, 1937 (Cocha Antshrike) S Ecuador Thamnophilus nigrocinereus (Blackish-grey Antshrike) T.n.cinereoniger Pelzeln, 1869 Colombia, Venezuela, NW Brazil T.n.kulczynskii (Domaniewski & Stolzmann, 1922)6 French Guiana T.n.nigrocinereus P.L. Sclater, 1855 NE Brazil T.n.tschudii Pelzeln, 1869 W Brazil T.n.huberi E. Snethlage, 1907 N Brazil Thamnophilus cryptoleucus (Ménégaux & Hellmayr, 1906) (Castelnau's Antshrike) NE Peru, W Brazil Thamnophilus aethiops (White-shouldered Antshrike) T.a.aethiops P.L. Sclater, 1858 E Ecuador, NE Peru T.a.wetmorei Meyer de Schauensee, 1945 SE Colombia T.a.polionotus Pelzeln, 1869 S and E Venezuela, NW Brazil T.a.kapouni Seilern, 19137 E and SE Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil T.a.juruanus H. von Ihering, 1905 W Brazil T.a.injunctus J.T. Zimmer, 1933 NE Brazil T.a.punctuliger Pelzeln, 1869 C Brazil T.a.atriceps Todd, 1927 C Brazil T.a.incertus Pelzeln, 1869 NE Brazil Thamnophilus unicolor (Uniform Antshrike) T.u.unicolor (P.L. Sclater, 1859) E Ecuador T.u.grandior Hellmayr, 1924 Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru T.u.caudatus Carriker, 1933 N Peru Thamnophilus schistaceus (Plain-winged Antshrike) T.s.capitalis P.L. Sclater, 1858 Upper Amazonia T.s.dubius (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894) S Ecuador, N Peru T.s.schistaceus d’Orbigny, 1837 SE Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil T.s.heterogynus (Hellmayr, 1907) W Brazil T.s.inornatus Ridgway, 1888 C Brazil Thamnophilus murinus (Mouse-coloured Antshrike) T.m.murinus Sclater & Salvin, 1867 E Ecuador, E Colombia to Surinam T.m.cayennensis Todd, 1927 French Guiana, N Brazil T.m.canipennis Todd, 1927 NE Peru, W Brazil Thamnophilus aroyae (Hellmayr, 1904) (Upland Antshrike) SE Peru, NW Bolivia Thamnophilus atrinucha (Western Slaty Antshrike) T.a.atrinucha Salvin & Godman, 18928 SE Guatemala to NW Venezuela T.a.gorgonae Thayer & Bangs, 1905 Gorgona I. Thamnophilus punctatus (Northern Slaty Antshrike)9 T.p.interpositus Hartert & Goodson, 1917 E Colombia, W Venezuela T.p.punctatus (Shaw, 1809) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil T.p.leucogaster Hellmayr, 1924 Marańón Valley, Peru T.p.huallagae Carriker, 1934 Huallaga Valley, Peru Thamnophilus stictocephalus (Natterer’s Slaty Antshrike) T.s.stictocephalus Pelzeln, 186910 C Brazil T.s.parkeri Isler, Isler & Whitney, 1997 E Bolivia (1197) Thamnophilus sticturus Pelzeln, 1869 (Bolivian Slaty Antshrike) C Bolivia, SW Brazil Thamnophilus pelzelni Hellmayr, 1924 (Planalto Slaty Antshrike) C and E Brazil Thamnophilus ambiguus Swainson, 1825 (Sooretama Slaty Antshrike) Coastal SE Brazil Thamnophilus amazonicus (Amazonian Antshrike) T.a.cinereiceps Pelzeln, 1869 E Colombia, SC Venezuela, NC Brazil (west of the Rio Branco T.a.divaricatus Mees, 1974 SE Venezuela, the Guianas, NC Brazil (east of the Rio Branco) (1526) T.a.amazonicus P.L. Sclater, 1858 S Colombia to N Bolivia T.a.obscurus J.T. Zimmer, 1933 C Brazil (S of the Amazon) T.a.paraensis Todd, 1927 C Brazil (E of Rio Tocantins) Thamnophilus insignis (Streak-backed Antshrike) T.i.insignis Salvin & Godman, 1884 S Venezuela T.i.nigrofrontalis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1947 S Venezuela Thamnophilus caerulescens (Variable Antshrike) T.c.subandinus Taczanowski, 1882 N Peru T.c.melanochrous Sclater & Salvin, 1876 C and S Peru T.c.aspersiventer d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 N Bolivia T.c.connectens Berlepsch, 1907 E Bolivia T.c.dinellii Berlepsch, 1906 C and S Bolivia, NW Argentina T.c.paraguayensis Hellmayr, 1904 S Brazil, N Paraguay T.c.gilvigaster Pelzeln, 1869 SE Brazil, NE Argentina T.c.caerulescens Vieillot, 1816 S Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina T.c.albonotatus Spix, 1825 EC Brazil T.c.ochraceiventer E. Snethlage, 1928 SC Brazil T.c.pernambucensis Naumburg, 1937 E Brazil T.c.cearensis (Cory, 1919) E Brazil Thamnophilus torquatus Swainson, 1825 (Rufous-winged Antshrike) Brazil, E Bolivia Thamnophilus ruficapillus (Rufous-capped Antshrike) T.r.jaczewskii Domaniewski, 1925 N Peru T.r.marcapatae Hellmayr, 1912 SE Peru T.r.subfasciatus Sclater & Salvin, 1876 W Bolivia T.r.cochabambae (Chapman, 1921) W Bolivia, NW Argentina T.r.ruficapillus Vieillot, 1816 S and E Brazil, NE Argentina MEGASTICTUS Ridgway, 1909 M Megastictus margaritatus (P.L. Sclater, 1855) (Pearly Antshrike) N Upper Amazonia NEOCTANTES P.L. Sclater, 1869 M Neoctantes niger (Pelzeln, 1859) (Black Bushbird) E Ecuador, N Peru, W Brazil CLYTOCTANTES Elliot, 1870 M Clytoctantes alixii Elliot, 1870 (Recurve-billed Bushbird) Colombia Clytoctantes atrogularis Lanyon, Stotz & Willard, 1991 (Rondonia Bushbird) SW Brazil (1325) XENORNIS Chapman, 1924 M Xenornis setifrons Chapman, 1924 (Spiny-faced Antshrike) E Panama, NW Colombia THAMNISTES Sclater & Salvin, 1860 M Thamnistes anabatinus (Russet Antshrike) T.a.anabatinus Sclater & Salvin, 1860 SE Mexico to Honduras T.a.saturatus Ridgway, 1908 Nicaragua to W Panama T.a.coronatus Nelson, 1912 C and E Panama T.a.intermedius Chapman, 1914 W Colombia, W Ecuador T.a.gularis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1956 C Colombia (1858) T.a.aequatorialis P.L. Sclater, 1862 SE Colombia, E Ecuador T.a.rufescens Cabanis, 1873 C and SE Peru, N Bolivia DYSITHAMNUS Cabanis, 1847 M Dysithamnus stictothorax (Temminck, 1823) (Spot-breasted Antvireo) SE Brazil Dysithamnus mentalis (Plain Antvireo) D.m.septentrionalis Ridgway, 1908 S Mexico to W Panama D.m.suffusus Nelson, 1912 E Panama, NW Colombia D.m.extremus Todd, 1916 C Colombia D.m.semicinereus P.L. Sclater, 1855 NE Colombia D.m.viridis Aveledo & Pons, 1952 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela (70) D.m.cumbreanus Hellmayr & Seilern, 1915 N Venezuela D.m.andrei Hellmayr, 1906 E Venezuela, Trinidad D.m.oberi Ridgway, 1908 Tobago I. D.m.ptaritepui Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 S Venezuela D.m.spodionotus Salvin & Godman, 1883 S and E Venezuela D.m.aequatorialis Todd, 1916 W Ecuador, NW Peru D.m.napensis Chapman, 1925 E Ecuador D.m.tambillanus Taczanowski, 1884 N Peru D.m.olivaceus (Tschudi, 1844) C Peru D.m.tavarae J.T. Zimmer, 1932 SE Peru, Bolivia D.m.emiliae Hellmayr, 1912 E Brazil D.m.affinis Pelzeln, 1869 C Brazil D.m.mentalis (Temminck, 1823) S and SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Dysithamnus striaticeps Lawrence, 1865 (Streak-crowned Antvireo) E Nicaragua, E Costa Rica Dysithamnus puncticeps (Spot-crowned Antvireo) D.p.puncticeps Salvin, 1866 E Costa Rica, Panama, N Colombia D.p.intensus Griscom, 1932 S Panama, W Colombia D.p.flemmingi E. Hartert, 1900 SW Colombia, W Ecuador Dysithamnus xanthopterus (Burmeister, 1856) (Rufous-backed Antvireo) SE Brazil Dysithamnus occidentalis (Bicolored Antvireo) D.o.occidentalis (Chapman, 1923) S Colombia D.o.punctitectus Chapman, 1924 S Ecuador Dysithamnus plumbeus (Plumbeous Antvireo)11 D.p.tucuyensis E. Hartert, 1894 Monagas to Lara (N Venezuela) D.p.leucostictus P.L. Sclater, 1858 E Colombia, E Ecuador D.p.plumbeus Wied, 1831) SE Brazil THAMNOMANES Cabanis, 1847 M Thamnomanes ardesiacus (Dusky-throated Antshrike)12 T.a.ardesiacus (Sclater & Salvin, 1868) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, N and C Peru T.a.obidensis (E. Snethlage, 1914) S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil Thamnomanes saturninus (Saturnine Antshrike) T.s.huallagae (Cory, 1916) E Peru, W Brazil T.s.saturninus (Pelzeln, 1869) WC Brazil Thamnomanes caesius (Cinereous Antshrike) T.c.glaucus Cabanis, 1847 N and W Amazonia T.c.intermedius Carriker, 1935 C Peru T.c.persimilis Hellmayr, 190713 C Brazil T.c.hoffmannsi Hellmayr, 1906 SC Brazil, E Bolivia T.c.caesius (Temminck, 1820) E Brazil Thamnomanes schistogynus Hellmayr, 1911 (Bluish-slate Antshrike) SE Peru, W Brazil PYGIPTILA P.L. Sclater, 1858 F Pygiptila stellaris (Spot-winged Antshrike) P.s.maculipennis (P.L. Sclater, 1855) SE Colombia to NE Peru P.s.occipitalis J.T. Zimmer, 1932 S Colombia to the Guianas, N Brazil P.s.purusiana Todd, 1927 W Brazil P.s.stellaris (Spix, 1825) C Brazil MYRMOTHERULA P.L. Sclater, 1858 F Myrmotherula brachyura (Pygmy Antwren) M.b.ignota Griscom, 192914 C and E Panama, NW Colombia M.b.brachyura (Hermann, 1783) N and W Amazonia Myrmotherula obscura J.T. Zimmer, 1932 (Short-billed Antwren) SE Colombia, NE Peru, W Brazil Myrmotherula surinamensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Guianan Streaked Antwren)15 S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil Myrmotherula multostriata P.L. Sclater, 1858 (Amazonian Streaked Antwren) W Amazonia Myrmotherula pacifica Hellmayr, 1911 (Pacific Antwren) E Panama to E Ecuador Myrmotherula cherriei Belepsch & Hartert, 1902 (Cherrie's Antwren) E Colombia, W Venezuela, N Brazil Myrmotherula klagesi Todd, 1927 (Klages's Antwren) NE Brazil Myrmotherula longicauda (Stripe-chested Antwren) M.l.soderstromi Gyldenstolpe, 1930 E Ecuador M.l.pseudoaustralis Gyldenstolpe, 1930 E Ecuador, N Peru M.l.longicauda Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894 E Peru M.l.australis Chapman, 1923 SE Peru, N Bolivia Myrmotherula ambigua J.T. Zimmer, 1932 (Yellow-throated Antwren) E Colombia, S Venezuela, NW Brazil Myrmotherula sclateri E. Snethlage, 1912 (Sclater's Antwren) C Brazil Myrmotherula hauxwelli (Plain-throated Antwren) M.h.suffusa J.T. Zimmer, 1932 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru M.h.hauxwelli (P.L. Sclater, 1857) E Peru, W Brazil M.h.clarior J.T. Zimmer, 1932 C Brazil M.h.hellmayri E. Snethlage, 1906 NE Brazil Myrmotherula guttata (Vieillot, 1825) (Rufous-bellied Antwren) N Amazonia Myrmotherula gularis (Spix, 1825) (Star-throated Antwren) SE Brazil Myrmotherula fulviventris (Chequer-throated Antwren) M.f.costaricensis Todd, 1927 S Honduras to W Panama M.f.fulviventris Lawrence, 1862 E Panama to W Ecuador M.f.salmoni (Chubb, 1918) C Colombia Myrmotherula gutturalis Sclater & Salvin, 1881 (Brown-bellied Antwren) The Guianas, Venezuela, N Brazil Myrmotherula leucophthalma (White-eyed Antwren) M.l.dissita Bond, 1950 SE Peru, N Bolivia M.l.leucophthalma (Pelzeln, 1869) WC Brazil M.l.phaeonota Todd, 1927 NC Brazil M.l.sordida Todd, 1927 NE Brazil Myrmotherula haematonota (Stipple-throated Antwren) M.h.pyrrhonota Sclater & Salvin, 1873 SE Colombia, S Venezuela, NW Brazil M.h.haematonota (P.L. Sclater, 1857) NE Peru M.h.amazonica H. von Ihering, 1905 W Brazil Myrmotherula fjeldsaai Krabbe et al., 1999 (Brown-backed Antwren)16 # E Ecuador, N Peru (1301) Myrmotherula spodionota (Foothill Antwren)17 M.s.spodionota Sclater & Salvin, 1880 E Ecuador M.s.sororia Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894 N and C Peru Myrmotherula ornata (Ornate Antwren) M.o.ornata (P.L. Sclater, 1853) E Colombia M.o.saturata (Chapman, 1923) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru M.o.atrogularis Taczanowski, 1874 N and C Peru M.o.meridionalis J.T. Zimmer, 1932 SE Peru, N Bolivia M.o.hoffmannsi Hellmayr, 1906 C Brazil Myrmotherula erythrura (Rufous-tailed Antwren) M.e.erythrura P.L. Sclater, 1890 NW Amazonia M.e.septentrionalis J.T. Zimmer, 1932 E Peru, W Brazil Myrmotherula axillaris (White-flanked Antwren) M.a.albigula Lawrence, 1865 C America, W Colombia, Ecuador M.a.melaena (P.L. Sclater, 1857) NW Amazonia M.a.heterozyga J.T. Zimmer, 1932 E Peru, W Brazil M.a.axillaris (Vieillot, 1817) Trinidad, Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil M.a.fresnayana (d’Orbigny, 1835) SE Peru, Bolivia M.a.luctuosa Pelzeln, 1869 E Brazil Myrmotherula schisticolor (Slaty Antwren) M.s.schisticolor (Lawrence, 1865) Mexico to W Ecuador M.s.sanctaemartae J.A. Allen, 1900 N Colombia, N Venezuela M.s.interior (Chapman, 1914) E Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru Myrmotherula sunensis (Rio Suno Antwren) M.s.sunensis Chapman, 1925 E Ecuador, NE Peru M.s.yessupi Bond, 1950 W Peru Myrmotherula minor Salvadori, 1864 (Salvadori's Antwren) SE Brazil Myrmotherula longipennis (Long-winged Antwren) M.l.longipennis Pelzeln, 1869 N and W Amazonia M.l.zimmeri Chapman, 1925 E Ecuador, NE Peru M.l.garbei H. von Ihering, 1905 NE Peru, W Brazil M.l.transitiva Hellmayr, 1929 WC Brazil M.l.ochrogyna Todd, 1927 C Brazil M.l.paraensis (Todd, 1920) EC Brazil Myrmotherula urosticta (P.L. Sclater, 1857) (Band-tailed Antwren) SE Brazil Myrmotherula iheringi (Ihering's Antwren) M.i.heteroptera Todd, 1927 SC Brazil M.i.iheringi E. Snethlage, 1914 C Brazil Myrmotherula fluminensis Gonzaga, 1988 (Rio de Janeiro Antwren) # Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) (949) Myrmotherula grisea Carriker, 1935 (Ashy Antwren) C Bolivia Myrmotherula unicolor (Ménétričs, 1835) (Unicoloured Antwren)18 SE Brazil Myrmotherula snowi Teixeira & Gonzaga, 1985 (Alagoas Antwren) NE Brazil (2392) Myrmotherula behni (Plain-winged Antwren) M.b.behni Berlepsch & Leverkühn, 1890 E Colombia M.b.yavii Zimmer & Phelps, 1948 S Venezuela M.b.inornata P.L. Sclater, 1890 SE Venezuela, Guyana M.b.camanii Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1952 S Venezuela (1850) Myrmotherula menetriesii (Grey Antwren) M.m.pallida Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 NW and W Amazonia M.m.cinereiventris Sclater & Salvin, 1867 E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil M.m.menetriesii (d’Orbigny, 1837) E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil M.m.berlepschi Hellmayr, 1903 WC Brazil M.m.omissa Todd, 1927 NE Brazil Myrmotherula assimilis (Leaden Antwren) M. a. assimilis Pelzeln, 1869 NE Peru, W Brazil, N Bolivia (?) M.a.transamazonica Gyldenstolpe, 1951 E Brazil (1031) DICHROZONA Ridgway, 1888 F Dichrozona cincta (Banded Antbird) D.c.cincta (Pelzeln, 1868) E Colombia, S Venezuela, NW Brazil D.c.stellata (Sclater & Salvin, 1880) E Ecuador, W Brazil D.c.zononota Ridgway, 1888 C Brazil, N Bolivia MYRMORCHILUS Ridgway, 1909 M Myrmorchilus strigilatus (Stripe-backed Antbird) M.s.strigilatus (Wied, 1831) E Brazil M.s.suspicax Wetmore, 1922 S Bolivia, S Brazil, W Paraguay, N Argentina HERPSILOCHMUS Cabanis, 1847 M Herpsilochmus pileatus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) (Pileated Antwren)19 E Brazil Herpsilochmus sellowi Whitney, Pacheco, Buzzetti & Parrini, 2000 (Caatinga Antwren) # NE Brazil (2659) Herpsilochmus atricapillus Pelzeln, 1869 (Black-capped Antwren) C and S Brazil, SE Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina Herpsilochmus motacilloides Taczanowski, 1874 (Creamy-bellied Antwren) C Peru Herpsilochmus parkeri Davis & O'Neill, 1986 (Ash-throated Antwren)20 N Peru (619) Herpsilochmus sticturus Salvin, 1885 (Spot-tailed Antwren)21 E Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil Herpsilochmus dugandi Meyer de Schauensee, 1945 (Dugand’s Antwren) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru Herpsilochmus stictocephalus Todd, 1927 (Todd's Antwren) E Venezuela, the Guianas Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus Pelzeln, 1869 (Spot-backed Antwren) S Venezuela, E Colombia, NW Brazil Herpsilochmus roraimae (Roraiman Antwren) H.r.kathleenae Phelps & Dickerman, 1980 S Venezuela (1841) H.r.roraimae Hellmayr, 1903 SE Venezuela, SW Guyana, N Brazil Herpsilochmus pectoralis P.L. Sclater, 1857 (Pectoral Antwren) E Brazil Herpsilochmus longirostris Pelzeln, 1869 (Large-billed Antwren) SC Brazil, E Bolivia Herpsilochmus gentryi Whitney & Alvarez-Alonso, 1998 (Ancient Antwren) # SE Ecuador, N Peru (2654) Herpsilochmus axillaris (Yellow-breasted Antwren) H.a.senex Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1940 SW Colombia H.a.aequatorialis Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885 E Ecuador H.a.puncticeps Taczanowski, 1882 N Peru H.a.axillaris (Tschudi, 1844) S Peru Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus (Rufous-winged Antwren) H.r.exiguus Nelson, 1912 E Panama H.r.frater Sclater & Salvin, 1880 N and W Amazonia H.r.scapularis (Wied, 1831) E Brazil H.r.rufimarginatus (Temminck, 1822) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina MICRORHOPIAS P.L. Sclater, 1862 M22 Microrhopias quixensis (Dot-winged Antwren) M.q.boucardi (P.L. Sclater, 1858) S Mexico to SW Honduras M.q.virgatus (Lawrence, 1863) Nicaragua to W Panama M.q.consobrinus (P.L. Sclater, 1860) E Panama to W Ecuador M.q.quixensis (Cornalia, 1849) E Ecuador, NE Peru M.q.intercedens J.T. Zimmer, 1932 N Peru M.q.nigriventris Carriker, 1930 C Peru M.q.albicauda Carriker, 1932 SE Peru M.q.microstictus (Berlepsch, 1908) French Guiana M.q.bicolor (Pelzeln, 1869) N Bolivia, C Brazil M.q.emiliae Chapman, 1921 C Brazil FORMICIVORA Swainson, 1824 F Formicivora iheringi Hellmayr, 1909 (Narrow-billed Antwren) E Brazil †?Formicivora erythronotos Hartlaub, 1852 (Black-hooded Antwren) SE Brazil Formicivora grisea (White-fringed Antwren) F.g.alticincta Bangs, 1902 Pearl I. (Panama) F.g.hondae (Chapman, 1914) N Colombia F.g.fumosa (Cory, 1913) E Colombia, W Venezuela F.g.intermedia Cabanis, 1847 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela, Margarita I. F.g.tobagensis Dalmas, 1900 Tobago I. F.g.orenocensis Hellmayr, 1904 S Venezuela F.g.rufiventris Carriker, 1936 E Colombia, S Venezuela F.g.grisea (Boddaert, 1783) The Guianas, NE Brazil F.g.deluzae Ménétričs, 1835 SE Brazil Formicivora serrana (Serra Antwren)23 F.s.serrana (Hellmayr, 1929) E Brazil F.s.interposita Gonzaga & Pacheco, 1990 SE Brazil (951) Formicivora littoralis Gonzaga & Pacheco, 1990 (Restinga Antwren) Rio de Janeiro (951) Formicivora melanogaster (Black-bellied Antwren) F.m.melanogaster Pelzeln, 1869 E Bolivia, W and C Brazil F.m.bahiae Hellmayr, 1909 E Brazil Formicivora rufa (Rusty-backed Antwren) F.r.urubambae J.T. Zimmer, 1932 E Peru F.r.chapmani Cherrie, 1916 E Brazil F.r.rufa (Wied, 1831) E Bolivia, E Paraguay, C and S Brazil STYMPHALORNIS Bornschein, Reinert & Teixeira, 1995 (195) M Stymphalornis acutirostris Bornschein, Reinert & Teixeira, 1995 (Parana Antwren) # S Brazil (195) DRYMOPHILA Swainson, 1824 F Drymophila ferruginea (Temminck, 1822 (Ferruginous Antbird) SE Brazil to NE Argentina Drymophila rubricollis (A. Bertoni, 1901) (Bertoni's Antwren) SE Brazil (146) Drymophila genei (de Filippi, 1847) (Rufous-tailed Antbird) SE Brazil Drymophila ochropyga (Hellmayr, 1906) (Ochre-rumped Antbird) SE Brazil Drymophila malura (Temminck, 1825) (Dusky-tailed Antbird) SE Brazil, N Argentina Drymophila squamata (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) (Scaled Antbird) C and SE Brazil Drymophila devillei (Striated Antbird) D.d.devillei (Ménégaux & Hellmayr, 1906) E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia D.d.subochracea Chapman, 1921 C Brazil Drymophila caudata (Long-tailed Antbird) D.c.hellmayri Todd, 1915 NE Colombia D.c.klagesi Hellmayr & Seilern, 1912 N Venezuela D.c.aristeguietana Aveledo & Perez, 1994 Sierra de Perijá (Colombian/ Venezuelan border) (69) D.c.caudata (P.L. Sclater, 1855) Colombia to N Bolivia TERENURA Cabanis & Heine, 1859 F Terenura maculata (Wied, 1831) (Streak-capped Antwren) SE Brazil, NE Argentina, E Paraguay Terenura sicki Teixeira & Gonzaga, 1983 (Orange-bellied Antwren) NE Brazil (2390) Terenura callinota (Rufous-rumped Antwren) T.c.callinota (P.L. Sclater, 1855) Panama to N Peru T.c.peruviana Meyer de Schauensee, 1945 C Peru T.c.venezuelana Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1954 NW Venezuela (1854) T.c.guianensis Blake, 194924 Guyana Terenura humeralis (Chestnut-shouldered Antwren) T.h.humeralis Sclater & Salvin, 1880 E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil, N Bolivia T.h.transfluvialis Todd, 1927 C Brazil Terenura sharpei Berlepsch, 1901 (Yellow-rumped Antwren) SE Peru, N Bolivia Terenura spodioptila (Ash-winged Antwren) T.s.signata J.T. Zimmer, 1932 SE Colombia, NW Brazil T.s.spodioptila Sclater & Salvin, 1881 S Venezuela, Guyana, NW Brazil T.s.elaopteryx Leverkühn, 1889 French Guiana, NE Brazil T.s.meridionalis E. Snethlage, 1925 C Brazil CERCOMACRA P.L. Sclater, 1858 F Cercomacra cinerascens (Grey Antbird) C.c.cinerascens (P.L. Sclater, 1857) Upper Amazonia C.c.immaculata Chubb, 1918 E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil C.c.sclateri Hellmayr, 1905 SW Amazonia C.c.iterata J.T. Zimmer, 1932 C Brazil Cercomacra brasiliana Hellmayr, 1905 (Rio de Janeiro Antbird) SE Brazil Cercomacra tyrannina (Dusky Antbird)25 C.t.crepera Bangs, 1901 S Mexico to W Panama C.t.rufiventris (Lawrence, 1865) E Panama to W Ecuador C.t.tyrannina (P.L. Sclater, 1855) E Colombia, S Venezuela, NW Brazil C.t.vicina Todd, 1927 NE Colombia, W Venezuela C.t.saturatior Chubb, 1918 E Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam Cercomacra laeta (Willis’s Antbird) C.l.waimiri Bierregaard, Cohn-Haft & Stotz, 1997 N Brazil (148) C.l.laeta Todd, 1920 C Brazil C.l.sabinoi Pinto, 1939 NE Brazil Cercomacra parkeri Graves, 1997 (Parker’s Antbird) # W Colombia (989) Cercomacra nigrescens (Blackish Antbird) C.n.nigrescens (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) Surinam, French Guiana C.n.aequatorialis J.T. Zimmer, 1931 E Ecuador, N Peru C.n.notata J.T. Zimmer, 1931 C Peru C.n.fuscicauda J.T. Zimmer, 1931 E Peru, W Brazil, N Bolivia C.n.approximans Pelzeln, 1869 C Brazil C.n.ochrogyna E. Snethlage, 192826 C Brazil Cercomacra serva (Black Antbird) C.s.serva (P.L. Sclater, 1858) E Ecuador, NE Peru C.s.hypomelaena P.L. Sclater, 1890 E and SE Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil Cercomacra nigricans (Jet Antbird) C.n.nigricans P.L. Sclater, 1858 E Panama to N Brazil C.n.atrata Todd, 1927 NW Colombia Cercomacra carbonaria Sclater & Salvin, 1873 (Rio Branco Antbird) Rio Branco (N Brazil) Cercomacra melanaria (Ménétričs, 1835) (Mato Grosso Antbird) E Bolivia, SW Brazil Cercomacra manu Fitzpatrick & Willard, 1990 (Manu Antbird) SE Peru, NW Bolivia (838) Cercomacra ferdinandi E. Snethlage, 192827 (Bananal Antbird) C Brazil PYRIGLENA Cabanis, 1847 F Pyriglena leuconota (White-backed Fire-eye) P.l.pacifica Chapman, 1923 W Ecuador P.l.castanoptera Chubb, 1916 E Ecuador, N Peru P.l.picea Cabanis, 1847 N and C Peru P.l.similis J.T. Zimmer, 1931 C Brazil P.l.marcapatensis Stolzmann28 & Domaniewski, 1918 SE Peru P.l.hellmayri Stolzmann & Domaniewski, 1918 W Bolivia P.l.maura (Ménétričs, 1835) SE Bolivia, SE Brazil P.l.interposita Pinto, 1947 EC Brazil P.l.leuconota (Spix, 1824) S Brazil P.l.pernambucensis J.T. Zimmer, 1931 E Brazil Pyriglena atra (Swainson, 1825) (Fringe-backed Fire-eye) E Brazil Pyriglena leucoptera (Vieillot, 1818) (White-shouldered Fire-eye) E Paraguay, NE Argentina, SE Brazil RHOPORNIS Richmond, 1891 M Rhopornis ardesiacus (Wied, 1831) (Slender Antbird)29 SE Brazil MYRMOBORUS Cabanis & Heine, 1859 M Myrmoborus leucophrys (White-browed Antbird) M.l.erythrophrys (P.L. Sclater, 1855) E Colombia M.l.leucophrys (Tschudi, 1844) N and W Amazonia M.l.angustirostris (Cabanis, 1848) N Amazonia M.l.koenigorum O’Neill & Parker, 1997 C Peru (1717) M.l.griseigula J.T. Zimmer, 1932 C Brazil, N Bolivia Myrmoborus lugubris (Ash-breasted Antbird) M.l.berlepschi (Hellmayr, 1910) NE Peru, W Brazil M.l.stictopterus Todd, 1927 C Brazil M.l.femininus (Hellmayr, 1910) C Brazil M.l.lugubris (Cabanis, 1847) C Brazil Myrmoborus myotherinus (Black-faced Antbird) M.m.elegans (P.L. Sclater, 1857) E Colombia, S Venezuela, NW Brazil M.m.napensis J.T. Zimmer, 1932 E Ecuador, NE Peru M.m.myotherinus (Spix, 1825) S Peru, NE Bolivia, S and W Brazil M.m.incanus Hellmayr, 1929 WC Brazil M.m.ardesiacus Todd, 1927 W Brazil M.m.proximus Todd, 1927 W Brazil M.m.ochrolaema (Hellmayr, 1906) C Brazil M.m.sororius (Hellmayr, 1910) C and S Brazil Myrmoborus melanurus (Sclater & Salvin, 1866) (Black-tailed Antbird) NE Peru HYPOCNEMIS Cabanis, 1847 F Hypocnemis cantator (Warbling Antbird) H.c.flavescens P.L. Sclater, 1865 S Venezuela, E Colombia, NW Brazil H.c.notaea Hellmayr, 1920 SE Venezuela, Guyana, N Brazil H.c.cantator (Boddaert, 1783) Surinam, French Guiana, N Brazil H.c.saturata Carriker, 1930 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru H.c.peruviana Taczanowski, 1884 E Peru, W Brazil H.c.implicata J.T. Zimmer, 1932 C Brazil H.c.striata (Spix, 1825) EC Brazil H.c.affinis J.T. Zimmer, 1932 EC Brazil H.c.subflava Cabanis, 1873 C Peru H.c.collinsi Cherrie, 1916 SE Peru, N Bolivia H.c.ochrogyna J.T. Zimmer, 1932 NE Bolivia, S Brazil Hypocnemis hypoxantha (Yellow-browed Antbird) H.h.hypoxantha P.L. Sclater, 1869 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru H.h.ochraceiventris Chapman, 1921 E Brazil HYPOCNEMOIDES Bangs & Penard, 1918 M Hypocnemoides melanopogon (Black-chinned Antbird) H.m.occidentalis J.T. Zimmer, 1932 E and S Colombia, Venezuela, NW Brazil H.m.melanopogon (P.L. Sclater, 1857) The Guianas, N Brazil H.m.minor Gyldenstolpe, 1941 C Brazil Hypocnemoides maculicauda (Band-tailed Antbird) H.m.maculicauda (Pelzeln, 1869) Peru, N Bolivia, N Paraguay, W and S Brazil H.m.orientalis Gyldenstolpe, 1941 C and SE Brazil MYRMOCHANES J.A. Allen, 1889 M Myrmochanes hemileucus (Sclater & Salvin, 1866) (Black-and-white Antbird) Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil GYMNOCICHLA P.L. Sclater, 1858 F Gymnocichla nudiceps (Bare-crowned Antbird) G.n.chiroleuca Sclater & Salvin, 1869 E Guatemala to Costa Rica G.n.erratilis Bangs, 1907 SW Costa Rica, W Panama G.n.nudiceps (Cassin, 1850) E Panama, NW Colombia G.n.sanctamartae Ridgway, 1908 N Colombia SCLATERIA Oberholser, 1899 F Sclateria naevia (Silvered Antbird) S.n.naevia (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) NE Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil, Trinidad S.n.diaphora Todd, 1913 Venezuela S.n.argentata (Des Murs, 1856) Upper Amazonia S.n.toddi Hellmayr, 1924 C Brazil PERCNOSTOLA Cabanis & Heine, 1859 F Percnostola rufifrons (Black-headed Antbird) P.r.rufifrons (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) The Guianas, NE Brazil P.r.subcristata Hellmayr, 1908 N Brazil Percnostola minor (Amazonas Antbird)30 P.m.minor Pelzeln, 1869 NW Amazonia P.m.jensoni Capparella, Rosenberg & Cardiff, 1997 NE Peru (290) Percnostola arenarum Isler et al., 200231 (Allpahuayo Antbird) # Amazonian Peru (W of R Napo) (1199A) Percnostola lophotes Hellmayr & Seilern, 1914 (White-lined Antbird)32 SE Peru SCHISTOCICHLA Todd, 192733 F Schistocichla schistacea (P.L. Sclater, 1858) (Slate-coloured Antbird) SE Colombia, NE Peru, W Brazil Schistocichla leucostigma (Spot-winged Antbird) S.l.subplumbea (Sclater & Salvin, 1880) E Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru S.l.obscura Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 C Venezuela S.l.saturata (Salvin, 1885) SE Venezuela S.l.leucostigma (Pelzeln, 1869) S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil S.l.intensa (J.T. Zimmer, 1927) C Peru S.l.brunneiceps J.T. Zimmer, 1931 SE Peru S.l.infuscata Todd, 1927 S Venezuela, N and W Brazil S.l.humaythae (Hellmayr, 1907) C Brazil S.l.rufifacies Hellmayr, 1929 C Brazil Schistocichla caurensis (Hellmayr, 1906) (Caura Antbird)34 C and S Venezuela, N Brazil MYRMECIZA G.R. Gray, 184135 F Myrmeciza disjuncta Friedmann, 1945 (Yapacana Antbird) S Venezuela, N Brazil Myrmeciza longipes (White-bellied Antbird) M.l.panamensis Ridgway, 1908 E Panama, N Colombia M.l.longipes (Swainson, 1825) E Colombia, N Venezuela, Trinidad M.l.boucardi Berlepsch, 1888 NC Colombia M.l.griseipectus Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 SE Colombia, S Venezuela, Guyana, NE Brazil Myrmeciza exsul (Chestnut-backed Antbird) M.e.exsul P.L. Sclater, 1859 E Nicaragua to W Panama M.e.occidentalis Cherrie, 1891 W Costa Rica, S Panama M.e.cassini (Ridgway, 1908) E Panama, N Colombia M.e.niglarus Wetmore, 1962 NW Colombia (2600) M.e.maculifer (Hellmayr, 1906) W Colombia, W Ecuador Myrmeciza ferruginea (Ferruginous-backed Antbird) M.f.ferruginea (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) E Venezuela, The Guianas, N Brazil M.f.eluta (Todd, 1927) C Brazil Myrmeciza ruficauda (Scalloped Antbird) M.r.soror Pinto, 1940 E Brazil M.r.ruficauda (Wied, 1831) SE Brazil Myrmeciza loricata (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) (White-bibbed Antbird) SE Brazil Myrmeciza squamosa Pelzeln, 1869 (Squamate Antbird) SE Brazil Myrmeciza laemosticta (Dull-mantled Antbird)36 M.l.laemosticta Salvin, 1865 E Costa Rica, E Panama M.l.palliata Todd, 1917 NW and C Colombia, W Venezuela Myrmeciza nigricauda Salvin & Godman, 1892 (Esmeraldas Antbird) 37 W Colombia, W Ecuador Myrmeciza berlepschi (E. Hartert, 1898) (Stub-tailed Antwren) W Colombia, NW Ecuador Myrmeciza pelzelni P.L. Sclater, 1890 (Grey-bellied Antbird) E Colombia, Venezuela, N Brazil Myrmeciza castanea (Northern Chestnut-tailed Antbird)38 M.c.castanea Zimmer, 1932 E Andean foothills of S Colombia to N Peru (2707A) M.c.centunculorum Isler et al., 2002 Amazonian lowlands of E Ecuador and N Peru (1199B) Myrmeciza hemimelaena (Southern Chestnut-tailed Antbird) M.h.hemimelaena P.L. Sclater, 1857 Amazonian lowlands of E Peru, NW Bolivia and SW Brazil (W of R Madeira) M.h.pallens Berlepsch & Hellmayr, 1905 Amazonian lowlands of NE Bolivia and SC Brazil (E of R Madeira) Myrmeciza atrothorax (Black-throated Antbird) M.a.metae Meyer de Schauensee, 1947 E Colombia M.a.atrothorax (Boddaert, 1783)39 S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil M.a.tenebrosa J.T. Zimmer, 1932 NE Peru, W Brazil M.a.maynana Taczanowski, 1882 N Peru M.a.obscurata J.T. Zimmer, 1932 E Peru, W Brazil M.a.griseiventris Carriker, 1935 W Bolivia M.a.melanura (Ménétričs, 1835) E Bolivia, SW Brazil Myrmeciza melanoceps (Spix, 1825) (White-shouldered Antbird)40 W Amazonia Myrmeciza goeldii (E. Snethlage, 1908) (Goeldi's Antbird) SW Brazil, SE Peru, NW Bolivia Myrmeciza hyperythra (P.L. Sclater, 1855) (Plumbeous Antbird) W Amazonia Myrmeciza fortis (Sooty Antbird) M.f.fortis (Sclater & Salvin, 1868) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil, NW Bolivia M.f.incanescens (Todd, 1927) C Brazil Myrmeciza immaculata (Immaculate Antbird) M.i.zeledoni Ridgway, 1909 E Costa Rica, W Panama M.i.macrorhyncha Robbins & Ridgely, 199341 E Panama to W Ecuador (2083) M.i.immaculata (Lafresnaye, 1845) E Colombia, W Venezuela M.i.brunnea Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1955 NW Venezuela (1855) Myrmeciza griseiceps (Chapman, 1923) (Grey-headed Antbird) SW Ecuador, NW Peru MYRMORNIS Hermann, 178342 F Myrmornis torquata (Wing-banded Antbird) M.t.stictoptera (Salvin, 1893) SE Nicaragua, Panama, NW Colombia M.t.torquata (Boddaert, 1783) N and E Amazonia PITHYS Vieillot, 1818 M43 Pithys albifrons (White-faced Antbird) P.a.albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766) S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil P.a.brevibarba Chapman, 1928 NW Amazonia P.a.peruvianus Taczanowski, 1884 N and E Peru Pithys castaneus Berlioz, 1938 (White-masked Antbird) N Peru GYMNOPITHYS Bonaparte, 185744 M45 Gymnopithys leucaspis (Bicoloured Antbird) G.l.olivascens (Ridgway, 1891) Honduras to W Panama G.l.bicolor (Lawrence, 1863) E Panama, NW Colombia G.l.daguae Hellmayr, 1906 W Colombia G.l.aequatorialis (Hellmayr, 1902) SW Colombia, W Ecuador G.l.ruficeps Salvin & Godman, 1892 C Colombia G.l.leucaspis (P.L. Sclater, 1855) E Colombia G.l.castaneus J.T. Zimmer, 1937 E Ecuador, NE Peru G.l.peruanus J.T. Zimmer, 1937 N Peru G.l.lateralis Todd, 1927 W Brazil Gymnopithys rufigula (Rufous-throated Antbird) G.r.pallidus (Cherrie, 1909) S Venezuela G.r.pallidigula Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1947 S Venezuela G.r.rufigula (Boddaert, 1783) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil Gymnopithys salvini (White-throated Antbird) G.s.maculatus J.T. Zimmer, 1937 E Peru, W Brazil G.s.salvini (Berlepsch, 1901) Bolivia, SW Brazil Gymnopithys lunulatus (Sclater & Salvin, 1873) (Lunulated Antbird) E Peru RHEGMATORHINA Ridgway, 1888 F Rhegmatorhina gymnops Ridgway, 1888 (Bare-eyed Antbird) E Brazil Rhegmatorhina berlepschi (E. Snethlage, 1907) (Harlequin Antbird) C Brazil Rhegmatorhina hoffmannsi (Hellmayr, 1907) (White-breasted Antbird) SW Brazil Rhegmatorhina cristata (Pelzeln, 1869) (Chestnut-crested Antbird) NW Brazil, SE Colombia Rhegmatorhina melanosticta (Hairy-crested Antbird) R.m.melanosticta (Sclater & Salvin, 1880) E Ecuador R.m.brunneiceps Chapman, 1928 N Peru R.m.purusiana (E. Snethlage, 1908) E Peru, W Brazil R.m.badia J.T. Zimmer, 1932 SE Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil HYLOPHYLAX Ridgway, 1909 M46 Hylophylax naevioides (Spotted Antbird) H.n.capnitis (Bangs, 1906) E Nicaragua to W Panama H.n.naevioides (Lafresnaye, 1847) E Panama to W Ecuador H.n.subsimilis Todd, 1917 WC Colombia Hylophylax naevius (Spot-backed Antbird) H.n.theresae (Des Murs, 1856) W Amazonia H.n.peruvianus Carriker, 1932 N Peru H.n.consobrinus Todd, 1913 S Venezuela, NW Brazil H.n.naevius (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) S Venezuela, the Guianas H.n.obscurus Todd, 1927 N Brazil H.n.ochraceus (Berlepsch, 1912) N Brazil Hylophylax punctulatus (Dot-backed Antbird) H.p.punctulatus (Des Murs, 1856) S and E Venezuela, NE Peru, Brazil H.p.subochraceus J.T. Zimmer, 1934 C Brazil Hylophylax poecilinotus (Scale-backed Antbird) H.p.poecilinotus (Cabanis, 1847)47 SE Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil H.p.duidae Chapman, 1923 E Colombia, S Venezuela, NW Brazil H.p.lepidonota (Sclater & Salvin, 1880) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru H.p.griseiventris (Pelzeln, 1869) SE Peru, N Bolivia, SW Brazil H.p.gutturalis Todd, 1927 W Brazil H.p.nigrigula (E. Snethlage, 1914) C Brazil H.p.vidua (Hellmayr, 1905) EC Brazil PHLEGOPSIS Reichenbach, 185048 F Phlegopsis nigromaculata (Black-spotted Bare-eye) P.n.nigromaculata (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) E Peru, N Bolivia, W and SW Brazil P.n.bowmani Ridgway, 1888 N Brazil P.n.confinis J.T. Zimmer, 1932 N Brazil P.n.paraensis Hellmayr, 1904 N Brazil Phlegopsis erythroptera (Reddish-winged Bare-eye) P.e.erythroptera (Gould, 1855) N and W Amazonia P.e.ustulata Todd, 1927 E Peru, W Brazil SKUTCHIA Willis, 1968 F Skutchia borbae (Hellmayr, 1907) (Pale-faced Bare-eye) C Brazil PHAENOSTICTUS Ridgway, 1909 M Phaenostictus mcleannani (Ocellated Antbird) P.m.saturatus (Richmond, 1896) SE Nicaragua to W Panama P.m.mcleannani (Lawrence, 1860) EC Panama P.m.chocoanus Bangs & Barbour, 1922 E Panama, NW Colombia P.m.pacificus Hellmayr, 1924 SW Colombia, NW Ecuador CONOPOPHAGIDAE (GNATEATERS) (1: 8) CONOPOPHAGA Vieillot, 1816 F Conopophaga lineata (Rufous Gnateater) C.l.lineata (Wied, 1831) E and SE Brazil C.l.vulgaris Ménétričs, 1835 SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina C.l.cearae Cory, 1916 E Brazil Conopophaga aurita (Chestnut-belted Gnateater) C.a.inexpectata J.T. Zimmer, 1931 SE Colombia, NW Brazil C.a.aurita (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) The Guianas, N Brazil C.a.occidentalis Chubb, 1917 E Ecuador, NE Peru C.a.australis Todd, 1927 E Peru, W Brazil C.a.snethlageae Berlepsch, 1912 C Brazil C.a.pallida E. Snethlage, 1914 Brazil Conopophaga roberti Hellmayr, 1905 (Hooded Gnateater) NE Brazil Conopophaga peruviana Des Murs, 1856 (Ash-throated Gnateater) E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil Conopophaga ardesiaca (Slaty Gnateater) C.a.saturata Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1906 SE Peru C.a.ardesiaca d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 Bolivia Conopophaga castaneiceps (Chestnut-crowned Gnateater) C.c.chocoensis Chapman, 1915 W Colombia C.c.castaneiceps P.L. Sclater, 1857 E Colombia, NE Ecuador C.c.chapmani Carriker, 1933 SE Ecuador, NE Peru C.c.brunneinucha Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 C Peru Conopophaga melanops (Black-cheeked Gnateater) C.m.perspicillata (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) E Brazil C.m.melanops (Vieillot, 1818) SE Brazil ¶C.m.nigrifrons Pinto, 1954 Alagaos, Brazil (1890) Conopophaga melanogaster Ménétričs, 1835 (Black-bellied Gnateater) N Bolivia, Brazil 1 For recognition of this family see A.O.U. (1998: 361) (3). 2 As fasciatus just means striped perhaps this name could be simplified! 3 Tentatively includes ¶Cymbilaimus l. brangeri Aveledo & Perez, 1991 (68). See Rodner et al. (2000) (2096). 4 For separation from C. lineatus see Pierpont & Fitzpatrick (1983) (1885). 5 Split from T. palliatus based on Ridgely & Tudor (1994: 230) (2019) reverting to the treatment of Cory & Hellmayr (1924) (573). 6 Spelled Sztolcman when he published in Polish journals. 7 The usual abbreviated form of von Seilern-Aspang. 8 Includes subcinereus see Isler et al. (1997) (1197). 9 The split of the broad species T. punctatus of last Edition, effected here, is based on Isler et al. (1997, 2001) (1197, 1199). 10 Includes saturatus and zimmeri see Isler et al. (1997) (1197). 11 Split proposed by Ridgely & Tudor (1994) (2019) noted, but more evidence awaited. 12 In moving this species to this genus we note that associated proposals to lump it with the next species are not usually followed. 13 Thought to include ¶simillimus Gyldenstolpe, 1951 (1031). 14 Might be better treated conspecifically with M. obscura, see Meyer de Schauensee (1966) (1573), that then being the senior name, or, perhaps, as a separate species (M. Isler in litt.). 15 The split here is based on Isler et al. (1999) (1198). 16 We give all authors’ names only when five or less are involved. 17 The race sororia is associated here following Ridgely & Tudor (1994: 274) (2019). 18 The elevation of M. snowi to specific status follows Whitney & Pacheco (1997) (2655). 19 In last Edition treated as a species taking in atricapillus and motacilloides but all are here elevated to specific status following Davis & O’Neill (1986) (619). 20 Of the suggestions offered by Vuilleumier et al. (1992) (2552) we prefer treatment as part of a superspecies pileatus. 21 The separation of dugandi, based on Ridgely & Tudor (1994: 257) (2019), is tentatively accepted. 22 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 23 Although Gonzaga & Pacheco placed littoralis in serrana we tentatively accept the separation proposed in Ridgely & Tudor (1994: 301) (2019). 24 Includes Hylophilus puellus Mees, 1974 (1526), see Mayr & Vuilleumier (1983) (1496). 25 The treatment of a species laeta follows Bierregaard et al. (1997) (148). 26 Perhaps 1927 see J. f. Orn. (1930: 134). 27 Perhaps 1927 see J. f. Orn. (1930: 134). 28 He spelled his name Sztolcman when publishing in Poland. 29 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 30 Treated as a race of P. rufifrons in last Edition, but we tentatively follow Capparella et al. (1997) (290) who treated this as a species. 31 We give all authors’ names only when five or less are involved. 32 Thought to include Percnostola macrolopha Berlioz, 1966 (141), see Mayr & Vuilleumier (1983) (1496). 33 Submerged in Percnostola in last Edition. Recognition of this genus follows Ridgely & Tudor (1994: 327) (2019). 34 Includes australis see Zimmer (1999) (2731). 35 Includes Sipia see Robbins & Ridgely (1991) (2081). 36 Revised following Robbins & Ridgely (1991) (2081). 37 Called Sipia rosenbergi in last Edition, but see Robbins & Ridgely (1991) (2081). 38 For recognition of this as a species wrongly placed in synonymy see Isler et al. (2002) (1199B). 39 Including stictothorax following Schulenberg & Stotz (1991) (2212). 40 Includes Akletos peruvianus Dunajewski, 1948 (769), a name given to the female of this species. 41 A new name for M.i.berlepschi Ridgway, 1909, now preoccupied by M. berlepschi (Hartert, 1898). 42 In last Edition treated between the Formicariid genera Chamaeza and Pittasoma; however this is a Thamnophilid see A.O.U. (1998: 368) (3). 43 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 44 Species sequence based on Hackett (1993) (1047). 45 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 46 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 47 The emended name used here is judged to be in prevailing usage; see Art. 33.2 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) (1178) and p. 000 herein. 48 Phlegopsis barringeri Meyer de Schauensee, 1951 (1569), included in last Edition, was considered a hybrid by Graves (1992) (986); but see also Rodner et al. (2000) (2096). THAMNOPHILIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD RHINOCRYPTIDAE (TAPACULOS) (12: 55) PTEROPTOCHOS Kittlitz, 1830 M Pteroptochos castaneus Philippi & Landbeck, 1864 (Chestnut-throated Huet-huet) C Chile, W Argentina Pteroptochos tarnii (P.P. King, 1831) (Black-throated Huet-huet) S Chile, W Argentina Pteroptochos megapodius (Moustached Turca) P.m.atacamae Philippi, 1946 N Chile P.m.megapodius Kittlitz, 1830 C Chile SCELORCHILUS Oberholser, 1923 M Scelorchilus albicollis (White-throated Tapaculo) S.a.atacamae Hellmayr, 1924 N Chile S.a.albicollis (Kittlitz, 1830) C Chile Scelorchilus rubecula (Chucao Tapaculo) S.r.rubecula (Kittlitz, 1830) Chile, W Argentina S.r.mochae Chapman, 1934 Mocha I. RHINOCRYPTA G.R. Gray, 1840 F Rhinocrypta lanceolata (Crested Gallito) R.l.saturata Brodkorb, 1939 Paraguay, S Bolivia R.l.lanceolata (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832) Argentina TELEDROMAS Wetmore & Peters, 1922 M Teledromas fuscus (Sclater & Salvin, 1873) (Sandy Gallito) Argentina LIOSCELES P.L. Sclater, 1865 M Liosceles thoracicus (Rusty-belted Tapaculo) L.t.dugandi Meyer de Schauensee, 1950 SE Colombia, W Brazil L.t.erithacus P.L. Sclater, 1890 E Ecuador, E Peru L.t.thoracicus (P.L. Sclater, 1865) SE Peru, SW Brazil MELANOPAREIA Reichenbach, 1853 F Melanopareia torquata (Collared Crescent-chest) M.t.torquata (Wied, 1831) E Brazil M.t.rufescens Hellmayr, 1924 C Brazil Melanopareia maximiliani (Olive-crowned Crescent-chest) M.m.maximiliani (d’Orbigny, 1835) W Bolivia M.m.bitorquata (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)1 E Bolivia M.m.argentina (Hellmayr, 1907) Andes of S Bolivia, N Argentina M.m.pallida Nores & Yzurieta, 1980 W Paraguay, N Argentina (1659) Melanopareia maranonica 2 Chapman, 1924 (Marańon Crescent-chest) N Peru Melanopareia elegans (Elegant Crescent-chest) M.e.elegans (Lesson, 1844) W Ecuador M.e.paucalensis (Taczanowski, 1884) E Peru PSILORHAMPHUS P.L. Sclater, 18553 M Psilorhamphus guttatus (Ménétričs, 1835) (Spotted Bamboo-wren) SE Brazil, NE Argentina MERULAXIS Lesson, 1831 M Merulaxis ater Lesson, 1831 (Slaty Bristlefront) SE Brazil †?Merulaxis stresemanni Sick, 1960 (Stresemann's Bristlefront) Coastal Bahia (E Brazil) (2268) EUGRALLA Lesson, 1842 F Eugralla paradoxa (Kittlitz, 1830) (Ochre-flanked Tapaculo) Chile, S Argentina MYORNIS Chapman, 1915 M Myornis senilis (Lafresnaye, 1840) (Ash-coloured Tapaculo) Colombia to Ecuador and C Peru SCYTALOPUS Gould, 18374 M Scytalopus latrans (Blackish Tapaculo)5 S.l.latrans Hellmayr, 1924 Colombia, W Venezuela, E Ecuador, N Peru S.l.subcinereus J.T. Zimmer, 1939 SW Ecuador, NW Peru S.l.intermedius J.T. Zimmer, 1939 NC Peru Scytalopus unicolor Salvin, 1895 (Unicoloured Tapaculo) NW Peru Scytalopus parvirostris J.T. Zimmer, 1939 (Trilling Tapaculo)6 C and S Peru, N Bolivia Scytalopus speluncae (Ménétričs, 1835) (Mouse-coloured Tapaculo) SE Brazil, NE Argentina Scytalopus iraiensis Bornschien, Reinert & Pichorim, 1998 (Marsh Tapaculo) # S Brazil (196) Scytalopus macropus Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 (Large-footed Tapaculo) Peru Scytalopus sanctaemartae Chapman, 1915 (Santa Marta Tapaculo) Santa Marta Mts. (NE Colombia) Scytalopus micropterus (P.L. Sclater, 1858) (Long-tailed Tapaculo) E Ecuador, N Peru Scytalopus femoralis (Tschudi, 1844) (Rufous-vented Tapaculo) C Peru Scytalopus atratus (White-crowned Tapaculo) S.a.nigricans Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 19537 NW Venezuela (Perijá Mts.) (1853) S.a.atratus Hellmayr, 1922 E Colombia, N Peru S.a.confusus J.T. Zimmer, 1939 E Colombia Scytalopus bolivianus J.A. Allen, 1889 (Bolivian Tapaculo) SE Peru, N Bolivia Scytalopus argentifrons (Silvery-fronted Tapaculo) S.a.argentifrons Ridgway, 1891 Costa Rica, W Panama S.a.chiriquensis Griscom, 1924 W Panama Scytalopus panamensis Chapman, 1915 (Pale-throated Tapaculo) NW Colombia (Cerro Tarcuna) Scytalopus chocoensis Krabbe & Schulenberg, 1997 (Chocó Tapaculo) # E Panama, W Colombia, NW Ecuador (1302) Scytalopus robbinsi Krabbe & Schulenberg, 1997 (Ecuadorian Tapaculo) # SW Ecuador (1302) Scytalopus vicinior J.T. Zimmer, 1939 (Narińo Tapaculo) W Colombia, NW Ecuador Scytalopus latebricola Bangs, 1899 (Brown-rumped Tapaculo)8 Santa Marta Mts. (NE Colombia) Scytalopus fuscicauda Hellmayr, 1922 (Lara Tapaculo)9 NW Venezuela Scytalopus meridanus Hellmayr, 1922 (Mérida Tapaculo) W Venezuela10 Scytalopus caracae Hellmayr, 1922 (Caracas Tapaculo) N Venezuela Scytalopus spillmanni Stresemann, 1937 (Spillmann’s Tapaculo) W Ecuador, W Colombia Scytalopus parkeri Krabbe & Schulenberg, 1997 (Chusquea Tapaculo) # SE Ecuador (1302) Scytalopus novacapitalis Sick, 1958 (Brasilia Tapaculo)11 SE Brazil (2266) Scytalopus indigoticus (Wied, 1831) (White-breasted Tapaculo) SE Brazil Scytalopus psychopompus Teixeira & Carnevalli, 1989 (Bahia Tapaculo)12 NE Brazil (2389) Scytalopus magellanicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Magellanic Tapaculo) S Chile, S Argentina Scytalopus griseicollis (Lafresnaye, 1840) (Mattoral Tapaculo) E Colombia Scytalopus altirostris J.T. Zimmer, 1939 (Neblina Tapaculo N Peru Scytalopus affinis J.T. Zimmer, 1939 (Ancash Tapaculo) W Peru Scytalopus acutirostris (Tschudi, 1844) (Tschudi's Tapaculo) C and SE Peru Scytalopus urubambae J.T. Zimmer, 1939 (Vilcabamba Tapaculo) S Peru Scytalopus simonsi Chubb, 1917 (Puna Tapaculo) S Peru, N Bolivia Scytalopus zimmeri Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1940 (Zimmer's Tapaculo) S Bolivia Scytalopus superciliaris (White-browed Tapaculo) S.s.superciliaris Cabanis, 1883 NW Argentina S.s.santabarbarae Nores, 1986 Argentina (1657) Scytalopus fuscus Gould, 1837 (Dusky Tapaculo) N Chile, W Argentina Scytalopus canus (Paramo Tapaculo) S.c.canus Chapman, 1915 W Colombia S.c.opacus J.T. Zimmer, 1939 E Ecuador Scytalopus schulenbergi Whitney, 1994 (Diademed Tapaculo) # SE Peru, EC Bolivia (2653) ACROPTERNIS Cabanis & Heine, 1859 M Acropternis orthonyx (Ocellated Tapaculo) A.o.orthonyx (Lafresnaye, 1843) E Colombia, W Venezuela A.o.infuscatus Salvadori & Festa, 189913 Ecuador, N Peru 1 This taxon accidentally omitted from last Edition. 2 Corrected to agree in gender as advised by N. David (in litt.). 3 This genus appears in “Peters” X on p. 456; this addendum is easily overlooked. 4 Since the last Edition this genus has been reviewed by Krabbe & Schulenberg (1997) (1302) who we follow here. 5 For this split see Coopmans, Krabbe & Schulenberg (2001) (571). 6 For the separation of parvirostris from S. unicolor see Krabbe & Schulenberg (1997) (1302). 7 Described as a race of a very broad species femoralis since split. Has also been listed as a race of the next species. No adequate evidence known to us for treatment as a species (but this may prove right). 8 For the treatment of meridanus, caracae and spillmanni as species see Krabbe & Schulenberg (1997) (1302). 9 “Distinction from meridanus far from clear” (N. Krabbe and T. Schulenberg, in litt.). In last Edition we treated this as a form of S. magellanicus. Colombian infasciatus Chapman, 1915 (315) may require review. 10 The attribution of birds referred here but from the C Andes of Colombia is uncertain. 11 Elevated to specific rank by Sick (1960) (2268). 12 Accepted tentatively; see reservations expressed by Vuilleumier et al. (1992) (2552). 13 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). RHINOCRYPTIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD FORMICARIIDAE (ANT-THRUSHES AND ANTPITTAS) (7: 62) FORMICARIUS Boddaert, 1783 M Formicarius colma (Rufous-capped Ant-thrush) F.c.colma Boddaert, 1783 E Colombia, S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil F.c.nigrifrons Gould, 1855 E Ecuador, E Peru, NW Brazil F.c.amazonicus Hellmayr, 1902 C Brazil F.c.ruficeps (Spix, 1824) E and SE Brazil Formicarius analis (Black-faced Ant-thrush)1 F.a.moniliger P.L. Sclater, 1857 S Mexico, E Guatamela F.a.pallidus (Lawrence, 1882) SE Mexico F.a.intermedius Ridgway, 1908 Belize, Honduras F.a.umbrosus Ridgway, 1893 E Honduras to W Panama F.a.hoffmanni (Cabanis, 1861) S Costa Rica, SW Panama F.a.panamensis Ridgway, 1908 E Panama, NW Colombia F.a.virescens Todd, 1915 N Colombia F.a.saturatus Ridgway, 1893 NC Colombia, NW Venezuela, Trinidad F.a.griseoventris Aveledo & Ginés, 1950 NE Colombia (64) F.a.connectens Chapman, 1914 E Colombia F.a.zamorae Chapman, 1923 E Ecuador, NE Peru, W Brazil F.a.olivaceus J.T. Zimmer, 1931 N Peru F.a.crissalis (Cabanis, 1861) SE Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil F.a.analis (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Peru, W Brazil, E Bolivia F.a.paraensis Novaes, 1957 E Amazonia, Brazil, south of the Amazon (1662) Formicarius rufifrons Blake, 1957 (Rufous-fronted Ant-thrush) SE Peru (158) Formicarius nigricapillus (Black-headed Ant-thrush) F.n.nigricapillus Ridgway, 1893 E Costa Rica, W Panama F.n.destructus E. Hartert, 1898 W Colombia, W Ecuador Formicarius rufipectus (Rufous-breasted Ant-thrush) F.r.rufipectus Salvin, 1866 E Costa Rica, Panama F.r.carrikeri Chapman, 1912 W Colombia, W Ecuador F.r.lasallei Aveledo & Ginés, 1952 NW Venezuela (65) F.r.thoracicus Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885 E Ecuador, E Peru CHAMAEZA Vigors, 1825 F Chamaeza campanisona (Short-tailed Ant-thrush) C.c.colombiana Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 E Colombia C.c.punctigula Chapman, 1924 E Ecuador, N Peru C.c.olivacea Tschudi, 1844 C Peru C.c.huachamacarii Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1951 C Peru (1849) C.c.berlepschi Stolzmann, 1926 SE Peru C.c.venezuelana Ménégaux & Hellmayr, 1906 N Venezuela C.c.yavii Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1947 SC Venezuela C.c.obscura Zimmer & Phelps, 1944 E Venezuela C.c.fulvescens Salvin & Godman, 1882 SE Venezuela, Guyana C.c.boliviana Hellmayr & Seilern, 1912 W Bolivia C.c.campanisona (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) SE Brazil, E Paraguay Chamaeza nobilis (Striated Ant-thrush) C.n.rubida J.T. Zimmer, 1932 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru C.n.nobilis Gould, 1855 NE Peru, W Brazil C.n.fulvipectus Todd, 1927 C Brazil Chamaeza meruloides Vigors, 1825 (Cryptic Ant-thrush)2 SE Brazil Chamaeza ruficauda (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) (Rufous-tailed Ant-thrush)3 SE Brazil Chamaeza turdina (Scalloped Ant-thrush) C.t.turdina (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) C Colombia C.t.chionogaster Hellmayr, 1906 N Venezuela Chamaeza mollissima (Barred Ant-thrush) C.m.mollissima P.L. Sclater, 1855 Colombia, Ecuador C.m.yungae Carriker, 1935 S Peru, N Bolivia PITTASOMA Cassin, 1860 N Pittasoma michleri (Black-crowned Antpitta) P.m.zeledoni Ridgway, 1884 Costa Rica, W Panama P.m.michleri Cassin, 1860 E Panama, NW Colombia Pittasoma rufopileatum (Rufous-crowned Antpitta) P.r.rosenbergi Hellmayr, 1911 W Colombia P.r.harterti Chapman, 1917 SW Colombia P.r.rufopileatum E. Hartert, 1901 NW Ecuador GRALLARIA Vieillot, 1816 F Grallaria squamigera (Undulated Antpitta) G.s.squamigera Prévost & Des Murs, 1846 Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador C.s.canicauda Chapman, 1926 Peru, NW Bolivia Grallaria gigantea (Giant Antpitta) G.g.lehmanni Wetmore, 1945 C Colombia G.g.hylodroma Wetmore, 1945 W Ecuador G.g.gigantea Lawrence, 1866 E Ecuador Grallaria excelsa (Great Antpitta) G.e.excelsa Berlepsch, 1893 W Venezuela G.e.phelpsi Gilliard, 1939 N Venezuela Grallaria varia (Variegated Antpitta) G.v.cinereiceps Hellmayr, 1903 S Venezuela, NW Brazil G.v.varia (Boddaert, 1783) The Guianas, NW Brazil G.v.distincta Todd, 1927 NC Brazil G.v.intercedens Berlepsch & Leverkühn, 1890 E Brazil G.v.imperator Lafresnaye, 1842 SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Grallaria alleni (Moustached Antpitta) G.a.alleni Chapman, 1912 C Colombia ¶G.a.andaquiensis Hernández & Rodríguez, 19794 S Colombia, N Ecuador (1106) Grallaria guatimalensis (Scaled Antpitta) C.g.binfordi Dickerman, 1990 C Mexico (722) G.g.ochraceiventris Nelson, 1898 SW Mexico G.g.guatimalensis Prévost & Des Murs, 1846 S Mexico to N Nicaragua G.g.princeps Sclater & Salvin, 1869 Costa Rica, W Panama G.g.chocoensis Chapman, 1917 Mts. of E Panama, NW Colombia G.g.regulus P.L. Sclater, 1860 Ecuador, Peru G.g.carmelitae Todd, 1915 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela G.g.aripoensis Hellmayr & Seilern, 1912 N Trinidad G.g.roraimae Chubb, 1921 S Venezuela, N Brazil Grallaria chthonia Wetmore & Phelps, 1956 (Tachira Antpitta) W Venezuela (2614) Grallaria haplonota (Plain-backed Antpitta) G.h.haplonota P.L. Sclater, 1877 N Venezuela G.h.pariae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 NE Venezuela G.h.parambae Rothschild, 1900 NW Ecuador G.h.chaplinae Robbins & Ridgely, 1986 W Ecuador (2080) Grallaria dignissima Sclater & Salvin, 1880 (Ochre-striped Antpitta) E Ecuador, NE Peru Grallaria eludens Lowery & O'Neill, 1969 (Elusive Antpitta) SE Peru (1395) Grallaria ruficapilla (Chestnut-crowned Antpitta) G.r.ruficapilla Lafresnaye, 1842 C Colombia, N Ecuador G.r.perijana Phelps & Gilliard, 1940 NW Venezuela G.r.avilae Hellmayr & Seilern, 1914 N Venezuela G.r.nigrolineata P.L. Sclater, 1890 W Venezuela G.r.connectens Chapman, 1923 SW Ecuador G.r.albiloris Taczanowski, 1880 S Ecuador, NW Peru G.r.interior J.T. Zimmer, 1934 N Peru Grallaria watkinsi Chapman, 1919 (Watkins's Antpitta) SW Ecuador, NW Peru Grallaria bangsi J.A. Allen, 1900 (Santa Marta Antpitta) NE Colombia Grallaria kaestneri Stiles, 1992 (Cundinamarca Antpitta) # E Colombia (2339) Grallaria andicolus (Stripe-headed Antpitta)5 6 G.a.andicolus (Cabanis, 1873) C Peru G.a.punensis Chubb, 1918 SE Peru Grallaria griseonucha (Grey-naped Antpitta) G.g.tachirae Zimmer & Phelps, 1945 Venezuela G.g.griseonucha Sclater & Salvin, 1871 W Venezuela Grallaria rufocinerea (Bicoloured Antpitta) G.r.rufocinerea Sclater & Salvin, 1879 W slope of C Andes of Colombia ¶G.r.romeroana Hernández & Rodriguez, 19797 W slope of S Andes of Colombia (1106) Grallaria ridgelyi Krabbe et al., 19998 (Jocotoco Antpitta) # S Ecuador (1300) Grallaria nuchalis (Chestnut-naped Antpitta) G.n.ruficeps P.L. Sclater, 1874 C Colombia G.n.obsoleta Chubb, 1916 NW Ecuador G.n.nuchalis P.L. Sclater, 1859 E Ecuador Grallaria carrikeri Schulenberg & Williams, 1982 (Pale-billed Antpitta) N Peru (2213) Grallaria albigula (White-throated Antpitta) G.a.albigula Chapman, 1923 SE Peru, Bolivia ¶cinereiventris Olrog & Contino, 1970 NW Argentina (1687) Grallaria flavotincta P.L. Sclater, 1877 (Yellow-breasted Antpitta)9 W Colombia, NW Ecuador Grallaria hypoleuca (White-bellied Antpitta) G.h.castanea Chapman, 1923 C Colombia, E Ecuador G.h.hypoleuca P.L. Sclater, 1855 W Colombia Grallaria przewalskii Taczanowski, 1882 (Rusty-tinged Antpitta) N Peru Grallaria capitalis Chapman, 1926 (Bay Antpitta) C Peru Grallaria erythroleuca P.L. Sclater, 1874 (Red-and-white Antpitta) S Peru Grallaria rufula (Rufous Antpitta) G.r.spatiator Bangs, 1898 NE Colombia G.r.saltuensis Wetmore, 1946 NE Colombia G.r.rufula Lafresnaye, 1843 Colombia, W Venezuela, Ecuador G.r.cajamarcae (Chapman, 1927) N Peru G.r.obscura Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 C Peru G.r.occabambae (Chapman, 1923) SE Peru G.r.cochabambae Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1940 N Bolivia Grallaria blakei Graves, 1987 (Chestnut Antpitta) Andes of Peru (983) Grallaria quitensis (Tawny Antpitta) G.q.quitensis Lesson, 1844 C Colombia, Ecuador G.q.alticola Todd, 1919 E Colombia G.q.atuensis Carriker, 1933 N Peru Grallaria milleri Chapman, 1912 (Brown-banded Antpitta) C Colombia Grallaria erythrotis Sclater & Salvin, 1876 (Rufous-faced Antpitta) Yungas of N Bolivia HYLOPEZUS Ridgway, 1909 M Hylopezus perspicillatus (Streak-chested Antpitta) H.p.intermedius (Ridgway, 1884) Caribbean slope from E Costa Rica to W Panama H.p.lizanoi (Cherrie, 1891) W Costa Rica, W Panama H.p.perspicillatus (Lawrence, 1861) E Panama, NW Colombia H.p.periophthalmicus (Salvadori & Festa, 1898) Pacific coast of W Colombia, W Ecuador H.p.pallidior Todd, 1919 C Colombia Hylopezus macularius (Spotted Antpitta) H.m.diversus J.T. Zimmer, 1934 SE Colombia, NE Peru, S Venezuela H.m.macularius (Temminck, 1830) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil H.m.paraensis (E. Snethlage, 1910) Brazil Hylopezus auricularis (Gyldenstolpe, 1941) (Masked Antpitta)10 N Bolivia Hylopezus dives (Thicket Antpitta)11 H.d.dives (Salvin, 1865) Caribbean slope of Nicaragua, Costa Rica H.d.flammulatus Griscom, 1928 Caribbean slope of W Panama H.d.barbacoae Chapman, 1914 E Panama, W Colombia Hylopezus fulviventris (White-lored Antpitta) H.f.caquetae Chapman, 1923 Colombia H.f.fulviventris (P.L. Sclater, 1858) E Ecuador Hylopezus berlepschi (Amazonian Antpitta) H.b.yessupi (Carriker, 1930) SE Peru H.b.berlepschi (Hellmayr, 1903) N Bolivia, C and S Brazil Hylopezus ochroleucus (Wied, 1831) (White-browed Antpitta) E Brazil Hylopezus nattereri (Pinto, 1937) (Speckle-breasted Antpitta)12 SE Brazil, SE Paraguay, NE Argentina MYRMOTHERA Vieillot, 1816 F Myrmothera campanisona (Thrush-like Antpitta) M.c.modesta (P.L. Sclater, 1855) SE Colombia M.c.dissors J.T. Zimmer, 1934 E Colombia, S Venezuela, NW Brazil M.c.campanisona (Hermann, 1783) SE Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil M.c.signata J.T. Zimmer, 1934 E Ecuador, NE Peru M.c.minor (Taczanowski, 1882) E Peru, W Brazil M.c.subcanescens Todd, 1927 N and NC Brazil Myrmothera simplex (Tepui Antpitta) ¶M.s.pacaraimae Phelps & Dickerman, 1980 Tepui of SW Bolivar (SE Venezuela) (1841) M.s.guaiquinimae Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 Tepuis of C and SC Bolivar (SE Venezuela) M.s.simplex (Salvin & Godman, 1884) Tepuis of E Bolivar (SE Venezuela) M.s.duidae Chapman, 1929 Tepuis of Amazonas (S Venezuela) GRALLARICULA P.L. Sclater, 1858 F Grallaricula flavirostris (Ochre-breasted Antpitta) G.f.costaricensis Lawrence, 1866 Costa Rica, Panama G.f.brevis Nelson, 1912 Mt. Pirri (E Panama) G.f.ochraceiventris Chapman, 1922 W Colombia G.f.mindoensis Chapman, 1925 N Ecuador G.f.zarumae Chapman, 1922 SW Ecuador G.f.flavirostris (P.L. Sclater, 1858) E Colombia, E Ecuador G.f.similis Carriker, 1933 N Peru G.f.boliviana Chapman, 1919 N Bolivia Grallaricula loricata (P.L. Sclater, 1857) (Scallop-breasted Antpitta) N Venezuela Grallaricula cucullata (Hooded Antpitta) G.c.cucullata (P.L. Sclater, 1856) W Colombia G.c.venezuelana Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1956 NW Venezuela (1857) Grallaricula peruviana Chapman, 1923 (Peruvian Antpitta) NW Peru Grallaricula ochraceifrons Graves, O’Neill & Parker, 1983 (Ochre-fronted Antpitta) N Peru (995) Grallaricula ferrugineipectus (Rusty-breasted Antpitta) G.f.rara Hellmayr & Madarász, 1914 E Colombia, NW Venezuela G.f.ferrugineipectus (P.L. Sclater, 1857) NE Colombia, N Venezuela G.f.leymebambae Carriker, 1933 Andes of N Peru and W Bolivia Grallaricula nana (Slate-crowned Antpitta) G.n.occidentalis Todd, 1927 W Colombia G.n.nana (Lafresnaye, 1842) E Colombia, W Venezuela G.n.olivascens Hellmayr, 1917 N Venezuela G.n.cumanensis E. Hartert, 1900 N Venezuela G.n.pariae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 NE Venezuela G.n.kukenamensis Chubb, 1918 SE Venezuela Grallaricula lineifrons (Chapman, 1924) (Crescent-faced Antpitta) S Colombia, Ecuador 1 The separation of the northern populations has been proposed, but A.O.U. (1998) (3) did not accept it. 2 For elevation to species status see Willis (1992) (2670). 3 Treated in last Edition as conspecific with the next species, but see Willis (1992) (2670) and Ridgely & Tudor (1994: 360) (2019). 4 This race seems to await review and to have been omitted in last Edition. 5 The basis for treating this as two species in last edition cannot now be traced. 6 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 7 This race awaits review and seems to have been omitted in last Edition. 8 We give all authors’ names when five or less are involved. 9 The arrangement of this species and the next four is tentative and follows Ridgely & Tudor (1994: 376) (2019). 10 See Maijer (1998) (1413) for reasons for elevation to species level. 11 For the separation of this see Ridgely & Gwynne (1989) (2017). See A.O.U. (1998: 371) (3). 12 For elevation to species level see Whitney et al. (1995) (2657). FORMICARIIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD FURNARIIDAE (OVENBIRDS)1 (55: 236) GEOSITTA Swainson, 1837 F Geositta cunicularia (Common Miner) G.c.juninensis Taczanowski, 1884 Andes of C Peru G.c.titicacae J.T. Zimmer, 1935 Andes of S Peru to N Chile, NW Argentina G.c.frobeni (Philippi & Landbeck, 1864) Inland S Peru and N Chile G.c.georgei Koepcke, 1965 Coastal S Peru and N Chile (1291) G.c.deserticolor Hellmayr, 1924 SW Peru, N Chile G.c.fissirostris (Kittlitz, 1835) C Chile ¶G.c.contrerasi Nores & Yzurieta, 19802 C Argentina (Córdoba) (1659) G.c.hellmayri J.L. Peters, 1925 W Argentina >> lower elevations G.c.cunicularia (Vieillot, 1816) S Argentina, S Chile >> S Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay Geositta poeciloptera (Wied, 1830) (Campo Miner)3 SC Brazil, E Bolivia Geositta antarctica Landbeck, 1880 (Short-billed Miner) S Chile, S Argentina >> C Chile, C Argentina Geositta tenuirostris (Slender-billed Miner) G.t.kalimayae Krabbe, 1992 Andes of N Ecuador (1299) G.t.tenuirostris (Lafresnaye, 1836) Andes of S Peru to NW Argentina Geositta maritima (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) (Greyish Miner) W Peru, N Chile Geositta peruviana (Coastal Miner) G.p.paytae Ménégaux & Hellmayr, 1906 N Peru G.p.peruviana Lafresnaye, 1847 C Peru G.p.rostrata Stolzmann, 1926 S Peru Geositta saxicolina Taczanowski, 1875 (Dark-winged Miner) C Peru Geositta punensis Dabbene, 1917 (Puna Miner) W Bolivia, SW Peru, N Chile, NW Argentina Geositta rufipennis (Rufous-banded Miner) G.r.fasciata (Philippi & Landbeck, 1864)4 W Bolivia, N and C Chile >> lower elevations G.r.harrisoni Marin, Kiff & Pena, 1989 N Chile (SW Antofagasta) (1433) G.r.rufipennis (Burmeister, 1860) NW Argentina G.r.giaii Contreras, 1976 WC Argentina (San Juan, Mendoza) (565) G.r.ottowi Hoy, 1968 C Argentina (Sierra de Córdoba) (1154) G.r.fragai Nores, 1986 WC Argentina (La Rioja) (1657) G.r.hoyi Contreras, 1980 SW Argentine and S Chile (568) Geositta isabellina (Philippi & Landbeck, 1864) (Creamy-rumped Miner) C Chile, W Argentina Geositta crassirostris (Thick-billed Miner) G.c.fortis von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1901 SW Peru (2537) G.c.crassirostris P.L. Sclater, 1866 Coastal W Peru UPUCERTHIA I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 18325 F Upucerthia jelskii (Plain-breasted Earthcreeper) U.j.saturata Carriker, 1933 NW Peru U.j.jelskii (Cabanis, 1874) WC Peru U.j.pallida Taczanowski, 1883 SW Peru, Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina Upucerthia validirostris (Buff-breasted Earthcreeper) U.v.validirostris (Burmeister, 1861) S Bolivia, NW Argentina U.v.rufescens Nores, 1986 C Argentina (1657) Upucerthia albigula Hellmayr, 1932 (White-throated Earthcreeper) SW Peru, N Chile Upucerthia dumetaria (Scale-throated Earthcreeper) U.d.peruana J.T. Zimmer, 1954 SE Peru, W Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina (2721) U.d.saturatior W.E.D. Scott, 1900 C Chile, SW Argentina U.d.hypoleuca Reichenbach, 18536 SW Bolivia, N Chile, W Argentina U.d.dumetaria I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832 S Chile and S and C Argentina >> N Argentina Upucerthia serrana (Striated Earthcreeper) U.s.serrana Taczanowski, 1875 WC Peru U.s.huancavelicae Morrison, 1938 SW Peru Upucerthia ruficaudus (Straight-billed Earthcreeper)7 U.r.montana d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838 S Peru U.r.ruficaudus (Meyen, 1834) W Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina U.r.famatinae Nores, 1986 N Argentina (1657) Upucerthia andaecola d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838 (Rock Earthcreeper) W Bolivia, NW Argentina, Chile Upucerthia harterti Berlepsch, 1892 (Bolivian Earthcreeper) Andes of C Bolivia Upucerthia certhioides (Chaco Earthcreeper) U.c.luscinia Burmeister, 1860 W Argentina U.c.estebani Wetmore & Peters, 1949 S Paraguay, N Argentina U.c.certhioides (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) N and C Argentina CHILIA Salvadori, 1908 F Chilia melanura (Crag Chilia) C.m.atacamae Hellmayr, 1925 N Chile C.m.melanura (G.R. Gray, 1846) C Chile CINCLODES G.R. Gray, 1840 M Cinclodes excelsior (Stout-billed Cinclodes) C.e.colombianus (Chapman, 1912)8 Colombia (C Andes) C.e.excelsior P.L. Sclater, 1860 SW Colombia, Ecuador Cinclodes aricomae (Carriker, 1932) (Royal Cinclodes)9 S Peru, N Bolivia Cinclodes fuscus (Bar-winged Cinclodes) C.f.heterurus Madarász, 1903 W Venezuela C.f.oreobates W.E.D. Scott, 1900 N Colombia C.f.paramo Meyer de Schauensee, 1945 S Colombia, N Ecuador C.f.albidiventris P.L. Sclater, 1860 Ecuador C.f.longipennis (Swainson, 1838) N Peru C.f.rivularis (Cabanis, 1873) C and S Peru C.f.albiventris (Philippi & Landbeck, 1861) S Peru, Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina C.f.riojanus Nores, 1986 N Argentina (La Rioja) (1657) C.f.rufus Nores, 1986 C Argentina (Catamarca) (1657) C.f.yzurietae Nores, 1986 S Argentina (SE Catamarca) (1657) C.f.fuscus (Vieillot, 1818) C and S Chile, C and S Argentina >> S Brazil, Uruguay, NW Argentina Cinclodes comechingonus Zotta & Gavio, 1944 (Cordoba Cinclodes) C Argentina (Córdoba) >> N Argentina Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Long-tailed Cinclodes) SE Brazil (2269) Cinclodes olrogi Nores & Yzurieta, 1979 (Olrog's Cinclodes) C Argentina (1658) Cinclodes oustaleti (Grey-flanked Cinclodes) C.o.oustaleti W.E.D. Scott, 1900 Chile C.o.hornensis Dabbene, 1917 Cape Horn Is., Tierra del Fuego C.o.baeckstroemii Lönnberg, 1921 Juan Fernandez I. Cinclodes patagonicus (Dark-bellied Cinclodes) C.p.chilensis (Lesson, 1828) C Chile, W Argentina C.p.patagonicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) S Chile, S Argentina Cinclodes antarcticus (Blackish Cinclodes) C.a.maculirostris Dabbene, 1917 Cape Horn Is. C.a.antarcticus (Garnot, 1826) Falkland Is. Cinclodes taczanowskii Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1892 (Surf Cinclodes) Coast of C and S Peru Cinclodes nigrofumosus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) (Seaside Cinclodes) Coast of N and C Chile Cinclodes atacamensis (White-winged Cinclodes) C.a.atacamensis (Philippi, 1857) Andes of C Peru, Bolivia, N Chile, NW Argentina C.a.schocolatinus Reichenow, 1920 C Argentina (Córdoba) Cinclodes palliatus (Tschudi, 1844) (White-bellied Cinclodes) Andes of C Peru FURNARIUS Vieillot, 1816 M Furnarius minor Pelzeln, 1858 (Lesser Hornero) Amazonian islands in NE Peru, E Ecuador, S Colombia, W Brazil Furnarius figulus (Band-tailed Hornero) F.f.pileatus Sclater & Salvin, 1878 C Brazil F.f.figulus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) E Brazil Furnarius leucopus (Pale-legged Hornero) F.l.cinnamomeus (Lesson, 1844) SW Ecuador, NW Peru F.l.longirostris Pelzeln, 1856 N Colombia, NW Venezuela F.l.endoecus Cory, 1919 C Colombia, W Venezuela F.l.leucopus Swainson, 1838 Guyana, N Brazil F.l.tricolor Giebel, 186810 E Peru, W Brazil, N Bolivia F.l.assimilis Cabanis & Heine, 1859 E and S Brazil, SE Bolivia Furnarius torridus Sclater & Salvin, 1866 (Pale-billed Hornero) Amazonian islands in NE Peru, E Ecuador, S Colombia, W Brazil Furnarius rufus (Rufous Hornero) F.r.commersoni Pelzeln, 1868 E Bolivia, W Brazil F.r.schuhmacheri Laubmann, 1933 S Bolivia F.r.paraguayae Cherrie & Reichenberger, 1921 Paraguay, NW Argentina F.r.rufus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) S Brazil, Uruguay, C and E Argentina F.r.albogularis (Spix, 1824) SE Brazil Furnarius cristatus Burmeister, 1888 (Crested Hornero) SC Bolivia, W Paraguay, N Argentina SYLVIORTHORHYNCHUS Des Murs, 1847 M Sylviorthorhynchus desmursii Des Murs, 1847 (Des Murs's Wiretail) S Chile, W Argentina APHRASTURA Oberholser, 1899 F Aphrastura spinicauda (Thorn-tailed Rayadito) A.s.spinicauda (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Tierra del Fuego, S Chile, W Argentina A.s.bullocki Chapman, 1934 Moncha I. (Chile) A.s.fulva Angelini, 1905 Chiloe I. (Chile) Aphrastura masafuerae (Philippi & Landbeck, 1866) (Masafuera Rayadito) Alejandro Selkirk I. (Juan Fernandez Is.). LEPTASTHENURA Reichenbach, 1853 F Leptasthenura fuliginiceps (Brown-capped Tit-Spinetail) L.f.fuliginiceps d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 W Bolivia L.f.paranensis P.L. Sclater, 1862 W Argentina >> lower elevations Leptasthenura yanacensis Carriker, 1933 (Tawny Tit-Spinetail) Andes of W Peru, W Bolivia Leptasthenura platensis Reichenbach, 1853 (Tufted Tit-Spinetail) SE Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, W Parauguay Leptasthenura aegithaloides (Plain-mantled Tit-Spinetail) L.a.grisescens Hellmayr, 1925 S Peru, N Chile L.a.berlepschi E. Hartert, 1909 S Peru, W Bolivia, N Chile, W Argentina L.a.aegithaloides (Kittlitz, 1830) C Chile L.a.pallida Dabbene, 1920 S Chile, W and S Argentina Leptasthenura striolata (Pelzeln, 1856) (Striolated Tit-Spinetail) SE Brazil Leptasthenura pileata (Rusty-crowned Tit-Spinetail) L.p.cajabambae Chapman, 1921 NC Peru L.p.pileata P.L. Sclater, 1881 WC Peru L.p.latistriata Koepcke, 1965 SC Peru (1291) Leptasthenura xenothorax Chapman, 1921 (White-browed Tit-Spinetail) S Peru (Cuzco) Leptasthenura striata (Streaked Tit-Spinetail) L.s.superciliaris Hellmayr, 1932 WC Peru L.s.albigularis Morrison, 1938 C Peru L.s.striata (Philippi & Landbeck, 1863) SW Peru, N Chile Leptasthenura andicola (Andean Tit-Spinetail) L.a.certhia (Madarász, 1903) W Venezuela L.a.extima Todd, 1916 N Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.) L.a.exterior Todd, 1919 C Colombia (E Andes) L.a.andicola P.L. Sclater, 1870 Colombia (C Andes), Ecuador L.a.peruviana Chapman, 1919 C Peru, N Bolivia Leptasthenura setaria (Temminck, 1824) (Araucaria Tit-Spinetail) SE Brazil, NE Argentina SCHIZOEACA Cabanis, 1873 F Schizoeaca perijana W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1977 (Perija Thistletail) NE Colombia, NW Venezuela (1836) Schizoeaca fuliginosa (White-chinned Thistletail) S.f.fuliginosa (Lafresnaye, 1843) W Venezuela, E Colombia S.f.fumigata Borrero, 1960 C Andes of Colombia and NW Ecuador (197) S.f.peruviana Cory, 1916 N Peru S.f.plengei O’Neill & Parker, 1976 C Peru (1714) Schizoeaca vilcabambae (Vilcabamba Thistletail)11 S.v.ayacuchensis Vaurie, Weske & Terborgh, 1972 S Peru (N Ayacucho) (2518) S.v.vilcabambae Vaurie, Weske & Terborgh, 1972 S Peru (Vilcabamba Mts.) (2518) Schizoeaca coryi (Berlepsch, 1888) (Ochre-browed Thistletail) NW Venezuela Schizoeaca griseomurina (P.L. Sclater, 1882) (Mouse-coloured Thistletail) S Ecuador, N Peru Schizoeaca palpebralis Cabanis, 1873 (Eye-ringed Thistletail) C Peru (Junin) Schizoeaca helleri Chapman, 1923 (Puna Thistletail)12 SE Peru Schizoeaca harterti (Black-throated Thistletail)13 S.h.harterti Berlepsch, 1901 N Bolivia S.h.bejaranoi Remsen, 1981 C Bolivia (2004) OREOPHYLAX Hellmayr, 192514 M Oreophylax moreirae (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1906) (Itatiaia Spinetail) SE Brazil ASTHENES Reichenbach, 185315 F Asthenes pyrrholeuca (Sharp-billed Canastero) A.p.pyrrholeuca (Vieillot, 1817)16 C and S Argentina >> N Argentina, S Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay A.p.sordida (Lesson, 1839) Chile, W Argentina Asthenes baeri (Short-billed Canastero) A.b.chacoensis Brodkorb, 1938 Extreme SC Bolivia, NW Paraguay A.b.baeri (Berlepsch, 1906) S Bolivia, W Paraguay, extreme SE Brazil, Uruguay, N and C Argentina A.b.neiffi (Contreras, 1980) W Argentina (567) Asthenes humicola (Dusky-tailed Canastero) A.h.goodalli Marin, Kiff & Pena, 1989 N Chile (1433) A.h.humicola (Kittlitz, 1830) N and C Chile, W Argentina A.h.polysticta Hellmayr, 1925 S Chile Asthenes patagonica (d’Orbigny, 1839) (Patagonian Canastero) S Argentina Asthenes pudibunda (Canyon Canastero) A.p.neglecta (Cory, 1916) W Andes of NW Peru A.p.pudibunda (P.L. Sclater, 1874) W Andes of W Peru A.p.grisior Koepcke, 1961 Andes of SW Peru (1288) Asthenes ottonis (Berlepsch, 1901) (Rusty-fronted Canastero) Andes of SW Peru Asthenes heterura (Berlepsch, 1901) (Maquis Canastero) Andes of N Bolivia Asthenes modesta (Cordilleran Canastero) A.m.proxima (Chapman, 1921) Andes of C and S Peru A.m.modesta (Eyton, 1851) Andes of SW Peru and W Bolivia to N Chile and NW Argentina A.m.hilereti (Dabenne, 1914) 17 NW Argentina (Tucumán) (608A) A.m.rostrata (Berlepsch, 1901) Andes of N Bolivia A.m.serrana Nores, 1986 C Argentina (La Rioja) (1657) A.m.cordobae Nores & Yzurieta, 1980 C Argentina (Córdoba) (1659) A.m.australis Hellmayr, 1925 Andes of C Chile A.m.navasi (Contreras, 1979) S Chile, S Argentina (566) Asthenes cactorum (Cactus Canastero) A.c.cactorum Koepcke, 1959 Coastal hills of W Peru (1287) A.c.monticola Koepcke, 1965 W slope of W Andes of W Peru (1291) A.c.lachayensis Koepcke, 1965 Coastal hills of SW Peru (1291) Asthenes humilis (Streak-throated Canastero) A.h.cajamarcae J.T. Zimmer, 1936 Andes of NW Peru A.h.humilis (Cabanis, 1873) Andes of C Peru A.h.robusta (Berlepsch, 1901) Andes of S Peru and N Bolivia Asthenes dorbignyi (Creamy-breasted Canastero) A.d.arequipae (Sclater & Salvin, 1869) Andes of SW Peru, N Chile, W Bolivia A.d.usheri Morrison, 194718 Andes of SC Peru (Apurímac) A.d.huancavelicae Morrison, 1938 Andes of SC Peru (Huancavelico, Ayacucho) A.d.consobrina Hellmayr, 1925 Andes of N Bolivia A.d.dorbignyi (Reichenbach, 1853) Andes of C Bolivia and NW Argentina Asthenes berlepschi (Hellmayr, 1917) (Berlepsch's Canastero) N Bolivia Asthenes steinbachi (E. Hartert, 1909) (Steinbach’s Canastero) Andes of W Argentina Asthenes luizae Vielliard, 1990 (Cipo Canastero) # Minas Gerais (Brazil) (2528) Asthenes wyatti (Streak-backed Canastero) A.w.wyatti (Sclater & Salvin, 1871) Eastern Andes of N Colombia A.w.sanctaemartae Todd, 1950 N Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.) A.w.perijana W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1977 NE Colombia and NW Venezuela (Perijá Mts.) (1836) A.w.mucuchiesi Phelps & Gilliard, 1941 Andes of W Venezuela (Mérida, Trujillo) A.w.aequatorialis (Chapman, 1921) W Andes of C Ecuador A.w.azuay (Chapman, 1923) Andes of S Ecuador A.w.graminicola (P.L. Sclater, 1874) Andes of C and S Peru Asthenes sclateri (Puna Canastero)19 A.s.punensis (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1901) Andes of extreme S Peru and N Bolivia A.s.cuchacanchae (Chapman, 1921) Andes of C Bolivia A.s.lilloi (Oustalet, 1904) Andes of NW Argentina A.s.sclateri (Cabanis, 1878) C Argentina (Sierra de Córdoba) ¶A.s.brunnescens Nores & Yzurieta, 1983 C Argentina (Sierra de San Luis) (1660) Asthenes anthoides (P.P. King, 1831) (Austral Canastero) S Chile and SW Argentina S to Tierra del Fuego >> NC Chile (Aconcagua) Asthenes hudsoni (P.L. Sclater, 1874) (Hudson's Canastero) Uruguay, E and S Argentina Asthenes urubambensis (Line-fronted Canastero) A.u.huallagae (J.T. Zimmer, 1924) Andes of C Peru A.u.urubambensis (Chapman, 1919) Andes of S Peru and N Bolivia Asthenes flammulata (Many-striped Canastero) A.f.multostriata (P.L. Sclater, 1858) E Andes of Colombia A.f.quindiana (Chapman, 1915) C Andes of Colombia A.f.flammulata (Jardine, 1850) W Andes of S Colombia and Andes of Ecuador to extreme N Peru A.f.pallida Carriker, 1933 Andes of NW Peru A.f.taczanowskii (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894) Andes of N and C Peru Asthenes virgata (P.L. Sclater, 1874) (Junin Canastero) Andes of C Peru Asthenes maculicauda (Berlepsch, 1901) (Scribble-tailed Canastero) Andes of S Peru, Bolivia and NW Argentina SCHOENIOPHYLAX Ridgway, 1909 M Schoeniophylax phryganophilus (Chotoy Spinetail) S.p.phryganophilus (Vieillot, 1817)20 E Bolivia, S Brazil, N Argentina S.p.petersi Pinto, 1949 E Brazil SYNALLAXIS Vieillot, 1818 F Synallaxis candei (White-whiskered Spinetail) S.c.candei d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838 N Colombia, W Venezuela S.c.atrigularis (Todd, 1917) NC Colombia S.c.venezuelensis Cory, 1913 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela Synallaxis kollari Pelzeln, 1856 (Hoary-throated Spinetail) N Brazil Synallaxis scutatus (Ochre-cheeked Spinetail) S.s.scutatus P.L. Sclater, 1859 E and C Brazil S.s.whitii P.L. Sclater, 1881 E Bolivia, S Brazil, NW Argentina S.s.teretiala (Oren, 1985) Para (Brazil) (1720) Synallaxis unirufa (Rufous Spinetail) S.u.munoztebari Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1953 NE Colombia and NW Venezuela (Perija Mts.) (1853) S.u.meridana Hartert & Goodson, 1917 Extreme NW eastern Andes of Colombia and Andes of W Venezuela (Tachira, Merida, and Trujillo) S.u.unirufa Lafresnaye, 1843 Andes of N Colombia, Ecuador (on W slope only to Cotopaxi) and N Peru (Cajamarca) S.u.ochrogaster J.T. Zimmer, 1935 Andes of Peru (Amazonas to N Cuzco in Cordillera Vilcabamba) Synallaxis castanea P.L. Sclater, 1856 (Black-throated Spinetail) N Venezuela (Coastal Range) Synallaxis fuscorufa P.L. Sclater, 1882 (Rusty-headed Spinetail) N Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.) Synallaxis ruficapilla Vieillot, 1819 (Rufous-capped Spinetail) SE Brazil, E Paraguay to N Argentina Synallaxis cinerea Wied, 1831 (Bahia Spinetail)21 NE Brazil Synallaxis infuscata Pinto, 1950 (Pinto’s Spinetail)22 Extreme E Brazil (1888) Synallaxis cinnamomea (Stripe-breasted Spinetail) S.c.carri Chapman, 1895 Trinidad S.c.terrestris Jardine, 1847 Tobago I. S.c.cinnamomea Lafresnaye, 1843 Andes of E Colombia, NW Venezuela (Perija Mts.) S.c.aveledoi Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1946 Andes of extreme NE Colombia, W Venezuela S.c.bolivari E. Hartert, 1917 Coastal range N Venezuela S.c.striatipectus Chapman, 1899 Coastal range NE Venezuela S.c.pariae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 Paria Pen. (Venezuela) Synallaxis cinerascens Temminck, 1823 (Grey-bellied Spinetail) SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Synallaxis subpudica P.L. Sclater, 1874 (Silvery-throated Spinetail) NE Colombia (E Andes) Synallaxis frontalis (Sooty-fronted Spinetail)23 S.f.fuscipennis Berlepsch, 1907 E Bolivia, NW Argentina S.f.frontalis Pelzeln, 1859 S Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, N Argentina Synallaxis azarae (Azara's Spinetail)24 S.a.elegantior P.L. Sclater, 1862 E Colombia, W Venezuela S.a.media Chapman, 1914 W Colombia, N Ecuador S.a.ochracea J.T. Zimmer, 1936 E Ecuador, NW Peru S.a.fruticicola Taczanowski, 1880 N Peru S.a.infumata J.T. Zimmer, 1925 NC Peru S.a.azarae d’Orbigny, 183525 C Peru to N Bolivia S.a.samaipatae Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1941 S Bolivia S.a.superciliosa Cabanis, 1883 NW Argentina Synallaxis courseni Blake, 1971 (Apurimac Spinetail) S Peru (Apurimac) (163) Synallaxis albescens (Pale-breasted Spinetail) S.a.latitabunda Bangs, 190726 SW Costa Rica, SW Panama, NW Colombia S.a.insignis J.T. Zimmer, 1935 C Colombia S.a.occipitalis Madarász, 1903 E Colombia, NW Venezuela S.a.littoralis Todd, 1948 Coast of N Colombia S.a.perpallida Todd, 1916 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela, S.a.nesiotis Clark, 1902 N Colombia, N Venezuela, Margarita I. S.a.trinitatis J.T. Zimmer, 1935 C Venezuela, Trinidad S.a.josephinae Chubb, 1919 S Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, N Brazil S.a.inaequalis J.T. Zimmer, 1935 French Guiana, NE Brazil ¶S.a.pullata Ripley, 1955 W Brazil (Rio Solimőes) (2038) S.a.griseonota Todd, 1948 C Brazil S.a.albescens Temminck, 1823 E Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina S.a.australis J.T. Zimmer, 1935 E Bolivia, W Paraguay, NW Argentina Synallaxis albigularis (Dark-breasted Spinetail) S.a.rodolphei Bond, 1956 S Colombia (Meta to Putumayo?) and E Ecuador (186) S.a.albigularis P.L. Sclater, 1858 SE Colombia (extreme S Amazonas), E Peru and W Brazil Synallaxis hypospodia P.L. Sclater, 1874 (Cinereous-breasted Spinetail) SE Peru, N Bolivia, C Brazil Synallaxis spixi P.L. Sclater, 1856 (Spix’s Spinetail) S Brazil, E Paraguay to N Argentina Synallaxis rutilans (Ruddy Spinetail) S.r.caquetensis Chapman, 1914 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru S.r.confinis J.T. Zimmer, 1935 NW Brazil S.r.dissors J.T. Zimmer, 1935 E Colombia to the Guianas, S Venezuela, N Brazil S.r.amazonica Hellmayr, 1907 E Peru, N Bolivia, W and C Brazil S.r.rutilans Temminck, 1823 C and S Brazil S.r.omissa E. Hartert, 1901 EC Brazil S.r.tertia Hellmayr, 1907 NE Bolivia, SW Brazil Synallaxis cherriei (Chestnut-throated Spinetail) S.c.napoensis Gyldenstolpe, 1930 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, S.c.saturata Carriker, 1934 27 E Peru S.c.cherriei Gyldenstolpe, 1916 C Amazonian Brazil Synallaxis erythrothorax (Rufous-breasted Spinetail) S.e.furtiva Bangs & Peters, 1927 SE Mexico S.e.erythrothorax P.L. Sclater, 1855 SE Mexico to NW Honduras S.e.pacifica Griscom, 1930 S Mexico to El Salvador Synallaxis brachyura (Slaty Spinetail)28 S.b.nigrofumosa Lawrence, 186529 NC Honduras to Panama and NW Colombia south to NW Ecuador S.b.griseonucha Chapman, 192330 SW Ecuador to extreme NW Peru S.b.brachyura Lafresnaye, 1843 N Colombia (Magdalena Valley) S.b.caucae Chapman, 1914 C Colombia (Cauca Valley) Synallaxis tithys Taczanowski, 1877 (Blackish-headed Spinetail) SW Ecuador, NW Peru Synallaxis propinqua Pelzeln, 1859 (White-bellied Spinetail) Islands in Amazonia Synallaxis macconnelli (McConnell's Spinetail) S.m.macconnelli Chubb, 191931 Venezuela (Tepui region of Bolivar State and Cerro Yaví) S.m.obscurior Todd, 194832 Extreme SE Venezuela; French Guiana; Surinam; extreme NE Brazil Synallaxis moesta (Dusky Spinetail) S.m.moesta P.L. Sclater, 1856 E Colombia S.m.obscura Chapman, 1914 SE Colombia S.m.brunneicaudalis P.L. Sclater, 1858 Extreme SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru Synallaxis cabanisi (Cabanis’s Spinetail)33 S.c.cabanisi Berlepsch & Leverkühn, 1890 C and S Peru S.c.fulviventris Chapman, 1924 N Bolivia Synallaxis gujanensis (Plain-crowned Spinetail) S.g.colombiana Chapman, 1914 E Colombia S.g.gujanensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) E and S Venezuela, the Guianas, N and E Brazil S.g.huallagae Cory, 1919 E Ecuador, NE Peru and N Bolivia S.g.canipileus Chapman, 1923 SE Peru S.g.inornata Pelzeln, 1856 NE Bolivia, W and C Brazil S.g.certhiola Todd, 1916 E Bolivia Synallaxis maranonica Taczanowski, 1879 (Marańon Spinetail) N Peru Synallaxis albilora (White-lored Spinetail) S.a.simoni Hellmayr, 190734 C Brazil S.a.albilora Pelzeln, 1856 SE Brazil, N Paraguay Synallaxis zimmeri Koepcke, 1957 (Russet-bellied Spinetail) C Peru (Ancash) (1286) Synallaxis stictothorax (Necklaced Spinetail) S.s.stictothorax P.L. Sclater, 1859 W Ecuador, Puna Is. S.s.maculata Lawrence, 1874 NW Peru S.s.chinchipensis Chapman, 1925 Upper Marańon Valley (NW Peru) SIPTORNOPSIS Cory, 191935 F Siptornopsis hypochondriaca (Salvin, 1895) (Great Spinetail)36 N Peru GYALOPHYLAX J.L. Peters, 195037 M Gyalophylax hellmayri (Reiser, 1905) (Red-shouldered Spinetail) NE Brazil HELLMAYREA Stolzmann, 192638 F Hellmayrea gularis (White-browed Spinetail) H.g.gularis (Lafresnaye, 1843) Andes of Colombia (all three ranges), Ecuador, and N Peru (Cajamarca) H.g.brunneidorsalis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1953 NE Colombia and NW Venezuela (1853) H.g.cinereiventris (Chapman, 1912) Andes of W Venezuela (Tachira, Merida, and Trujillo) H.g.rufiventris (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896) N and C Peru CRANIOLEUCA Reichenbach, 185339 40 F Cranioleuca marcapatae (Marcapata Spinetail) C.m.weskei Remsen, 1984 Vilcabamba Mts., Cuzco (SE Peru) (2005) C.m.marcapatae J.T. Zimmer, 1935 Marcapata, Cuzco (SE Peru) Cranioleuca albiceps (Light-crowned Spinetail) C.a.albiceps (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) La Paz (Bolivia) C.a.discolor J.T. Zimmer, 1935 Cochabamba (Bolivia) Cranioleuca vulpina (Rusty-backed Spinetail) C.v.dissita (Wetmore, 1957) Coiba I. (Panama) (2598) C.v.apurensis Zimmer & Phelps, 1948 SW Venezuela C.v.alopecias (Pelzeln, 1859) E Colombia, W Venezuela, N Brazil C.v.vulpina (Pelzeln, 1856) W and C Brazil C.v.foxi Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1940 W Bolivia C.v.reiseri (Reichenberger, 1922) NE Brazil Cranioleuca vulpecula (Sclater & Salvin, 1866) (Parker’s Spinetail)41 NE Peru, W Brazil, NE Bolivia Cranioleuca sulphurifera (Burmeister, 1869) (Sulphur-throated Spinetail) E Argentina, Uruguay, S Brazil Cranioleuca subcristata (Crested Spinetail) C.s.subcristata (P.L. Sclater, 1874) NE Colombia, N Venezuela C.s.fuscivertex Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1955 W Venezuela (1855) Cranioleuca pyrrhophia (Stripe-crowned Spinetail) C.p.rufipennis (Sclater & Salvin, 1879) Andes of N Bolivia C.p.striaticeps (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Andes of C Bolivia C.p.pyrrhophia (Vieillot, 1818) S Bolivia to Uruguay, extreme S Brazil, N Argentina Cranioleuca henricae Maijer & Fjeldsĺ, 1997 (Bolivian Spinetail) # C Bolivia (1414) Cranioleuca obsoleta (Reichenbach, 1853) (Olive Spinetail) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Cranioleuca pallida (Wied, 1831) (Pallid Spinetail) SE Brazil Cranioleuca semicinerea (Grey-headed Spinetail) C.s.semicinerea (Reichenbach, 1853) Ceará, Bahia (E Brazil) C.s.goyana Pinto, 1936 Goias (E Brazil) Cranioleuca albicapilla (Creamy-crested Spinetail) C.a.albicapilla (Cabanis, 1873) C Peru C.a.albigula J.T. Zimmer, 1924 S Peru Cranioleuca erythrops (Red-faced Spinetail) C.e.rufigenis (Lawrence, 1868) Mts. of Costa Rica, W Panama C.e.griseigularis (Ridgway, 1909) E Panama (Darien), W and C Andes of Colombia C.e.erythrops (P.L. Sclater, 1860) Andes of W Ecuador Cranioleuca demissa (Tepui Spinetail)42 ¶C.d.cardonai Phelps & Dickerman, 1980 Mts. of Amazonas and W Bolivar (S Venezuela) (1841) C.d.demissa (Salvin & Godman, 1884) Tepuis of SE Bolivar (SE Venezuela) Cranioleuca hellmayri (Bangs, 1907) (Streak-capped Spinetail) N Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.) Cranioleuca curtata (Ash-browed Spinetail) C.c.curtata (P.L. Sclater, 1870) Eastern Andes of Colombia C.c.cisandina (Taczanowski, 1882) E Andes of S Colombia, E Ecuador and N Peru C.c.debilis (Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1906) Andes of C Peru to C Bolivia Cranioleuca antisiensis (Line-cheeked Spinetail)43 C.a.antisiensis (P.L. Sclater, 1859) S Ecuador C.a.palamblae (Chapman, 1923) N Peru Cranioleuca baroni (Baron’s Spinetail)44 C.b.baroni (Salvin, 1895) Amazonas and Cajamarca (Andes of Peru) C.b.capitalis J.T. Zimmer, 1924 Huánuco (Andes of Peru) C.b.zaratensis Koepcke, 1961 Pasco and Lima (Andes of S Peru) (1289) Cranioleuca gutturata (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) (Speckled Spinetail)45 S Venezuela, Surinam, French Guiana and NE Brazil south through Amazonian E Colombia, E Ecuador, and E Peru to E Bolivia and C Brazil Cranioleuca muelleri (Hellmayr, 1911) (Scaled Spinetail) N Brazil CERTHIAXIS Lesson, 1844 M46 Certhiaxis cinnamomeus (Yellow-chinned Spinetail) C.c.fuscifrons (Madarász, 1913) N Colombia C.c.marabinus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1946 NW Venezuela C.c.valencianus Zimmer & Phelps, 1944 WC Venezuela C.c.orenocensis J.T. Zimmer, 1935 Orinoco valley (Venezuela) C.c.cinnamomeus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Trinidad, NE Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil C.c.pallidus J.T. Zimmer, 193547 C Brazil C.c.cearensis (Cory, 1916) E Brazil C.c.russeolus (Vieillot, 1817) E Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay, NW Argentina Certhiaxis mustelinus (P.L. Sclater, 1874) (Red-and-white Spinetail) Amazon River of Peru, Colombia, Brazil THRIPOPHAGA Cabanis, 1847 F Thripophaga cherriei Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 (Orinoco Soft-tail) S Venezuela Thripophaga macroura (Wied, 1821) (Striated Soft-tail) E Brazil Thripophaga fusciceps (Plain Soft-tail)48 T.f.dimorpha Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1941 E Ecuador, SE Peru T.f.obidensis Todd, 1925 C Brazil T.f.fusciceps P.L. Sclater, 1889 N Bolivia Thripophaga berlepschi Hellmayr, 1905 (Russet-mantled Soft-tail) Andes of N Peru PHACELLODOMUS Reichenbach, 1853 M Phacellodomus rufifrons (Rufous-fronted Thornbird) P.r.inornatus Ridgway, 1888 NC Venezuela P.r.castilloi Phelps & Aveledo, 1987 NE Colombia, W and C Venezuela (1839) P.r.peruvianus Hellmayr, 1925 Extreme S Ecuador, N Peru P.r.specularis Hellmayr, 1925 NE Brazil P.r.rufifrons (Wied, 1821) E Brazil P.r.sincipitalis Cabanis, 1883 49 E Bolivia, S Brazil, NC Paraguay and NW Argentina Phacellodomus sibilatrix P.L. Sclater, 1879 (Little Thornbird) S Bolivia, W Paraguay, N Argentina Phacellodomus striaticeps (Streak-fronted Thornbird) P.s.griseipectus Chapman, 1919 Dry Andean valleys of S Peru P.s.striaticeps (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) Andes of Bolivia, N Argentina Phacellodomus striaticollis (Freckle-breasted Thornbird) P.s.maculipectus Cabanis, 1883 Andes from C Bolivia to NW Argentina P.s.striaticollis (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) SE Brazil, Uruguay, NE Argentina Phacellodomus dorsalis Salvin, 1895 (Chestnut-backed Thornbird) Upper Marańon Valley in NW Peru Phacellodomus ruber (Vieillot, 1817) (Greater Thornbird) NE and E Bolivia, interior S Brazil. Paraguay, N Argentina Phacellodomus erythrophthalmus (Red-eyed Thornbird) P.e.erythrophthalmus (Wied, 1821) SE Brazil (S Bahia to NE Săo Paulo) P.e.ferrugineigula (Pelzeln, 1858) SE Brazil (S Săo Paulo and S Rio Grande do Sul) CLIBANORNIS Sclater & Salvin, 187350 M Clibanornis dendrocolaptoides (Pelzeln, 1859) (Canebrake Groundcreeper) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina SPARTONOICA J.L. Peters, 1950 F Spartonoica maluroides (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) (Bay-capped Wren-Spinetail) S Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina PHLEOCRYPTES Cabanis & Heine, 1859 M Phleocryptes melanops (Wren-like Rushbird) P.m.brunnescens J.T. Zimmer, 1935 S Peru P.m.juninensis Carriker, 1932 C Peru P.m.schoenobaenus Cabanis & Heine, 1859 S Peru, W Bolivia, NW Argentina P.m.loaensis Philippi & Goodall, 1946 N Chile P.m.melanops (Vieillot, 1817) S Brazil to C Chile, C Argentina LIMNORNIS Gould, 1839 M Limnornis curvirostris Gould, 1839 (Curve-billed Reedhaunter) SE Brazil, S Uruguay, E Argentina Limnornis rectirostris Gould, 1839 (Straight-billed Reedhaunter)51 SE Brazil, S Uruguay, E Argentina ANUMBIUS d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838 M Anumbius annumbi (Vieillot, 1817) (Firewood-gatherer)52 SE Brazil, C and E Paraguay, Uruguay, N and C Argentina CORYPHISTERA Burmeister, 1860 F Coryphistera alaudina (Lark-like Brushrunner) C.a.campicola Todd, 1915 SE Bolivia, W Paraguay C.a.alaudina Burmeister, 1860 S Bolivia, extreme SE Brazil and N Argentina EREMOBIUS Gould, 1839 M Eremobius phoenicurus Gould, 1839 (Band-tailed Earthcreeper) S Argentina SIPTORNIS Reichenbach, 1853 F Siptornis striaticollis (Spectacled Prickletail) S.s.striaticollis (Lafresnaye, 1843) E Andes bordering Magdalena Valley of Colombia S.s.nortoni Graves & Robbins, 1987 E slopes Andes of Ecuador and extreme N Peru (993) METOPOTHRIX Sclater & Salvin, 1866 F53 Metopothrix aurantiaca Sclater & Salvin, 1866 (Orange-fronted Plushcrown) W Amazonia (SE Colombia, E Peru, E Ecuador, W Brazil and NE Bolivia) XENERPESTES Berlepsch, 1886 M Xenerpestes minlosi (Double-banded Greytail) X.m.minlosi Berlepsch, 1886 Caribbean slope E Panama to Magdalena Valley (N Colombia) X.m.umbraticus Wetmore, 1951 E Panama (Darién), NW Colombia (lowlands), NW Ecuador (2594) Xenerpestes singularis (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885) (Equatorial Greytail) Andes of Ecuador south to N Peru PREMNORNIS Ridgway, 190954 M Premnornis guttuligera (Rusty-winged Barbtail) P.g.venezuelana Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1956 Perijá Mts. (NW Venezuela) (1857) P.g.guttuligera (P.L. Sclater, 1864) Andes of W Venezuela, Colombia (not Pacific slope) and Peru PREMNOPLEX Cherrie, 189155 M Premnoplex brunnescens (Spotted Barbtail) P.b.brunneicauda (Lawrence, 1865)56 Mts. of Costa Rica, W Panama P.b.albescens Griscom, 1927 E Panama P.b.coloratus Bangs, 1902 Santa Marta Mts. (N Colombia) P.b.rostratus Hellmayr & Seilern, 1912 Coastal range N Venezuela P.b.brunnescens (P.L. Sclater, 1856) Cerros Tacarcuna, Pirre, and Mali (E Panama), Andes from Colombia and NW Venezuela to S Peru (Cuzco) P.b.stictonotus (Berlepsch, 1901) Andes from S Peru (Puno) to N Bolivia Premnoplex tatei (White-throated Barbtail) P.t.tatei Chapman, 1925 Mts. of NE Venezuela P.t.pariae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 Paria Peninsula (NE Venezuela) RORAIMIA Chapman, 192957 F Roraimia adusta (Roraiman Barbtail) R.a.obscurodorsalis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1948 SE Venezuela R.a.mayri (W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1977)58 Tepuis of Jaua (Bolivar State, Venezuela) (1835) R.a.duidae Chapman, 1939 Tepuis of C Amazonas (S Venezuela) R.a.adusta (Salvin & Godman, 1884) Tepuis of E Bolivar (E Venezuela) and W Guyana ACROBATORNIS Pacheco, Whitney & Gonzaga, 1996 (1738) M Acrobatornis fonsecai Pacheco, Whitney & Gonzaga, 1996 (Pink-legged Graveteiro)# SE Bahia (Brazil) (1738) MARGARORNIS Reichenbach, 1853 M Margarornis rubiginosus (Ruddy Treerunner) M.r.rubiginosus Lawrence, 1865 Mts. of Costa Rica, W Panama M.r.boultoni Griscom, 1924 Mts. of C Panama Margarornis stellatus Sclater & Salvin, 1873 (Fulvous-dotted Treerunner) W and C Andes of Colombia, NW Ecuador Margarornis bellulus Nelson, 1912 (Beautiful Treerunner)59 Cerro Tacarcuna, Cerro Mali, Cerro Pirre, Altos de Quía, and Serranía de Majé (extreme E Panama) Margarornis squamiger (Pearled Treerunner) M.s.perlatus (Lesson, 1844) Perijá Mtns. and Andes of W Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru M.s.peruvianus Cory, 1913 Andes of N and C Peru M.s.squamiger (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) Andes of S Peru, N Bolivia PSEUDOSEISURA Reichenbach, 1853 F Pseudoseisura cristata (Spix, 1824) (Caatinga Cachalote) E Brazil (E Maranhăo, Paraíba and Pernambuco south to C Minas Gerais) Pseudoseisura unirufa (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) (Rufous Cachalote)60 E Bolivia, SW Brazil, N Paraguay Pseudoseisura lophotes (Brown Cachalote) P.l.lophotes (Reichenbach, 1853) S Bolivia, W Paraguay P.l.argentina Parkes, 1960 Uruguay, N and C Argentina, extreme SE Brazil (1753) Pseudoseisura gutturalis (White-throated Cachalote) P.g.ochroleuca Olrog, 1959 Andean foothills N and C Argentina (1679) P.g.gutturalis (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) Lowlands of C Argentina PSEUDOCOLAPTES Reichenbach, 1853 M Pseudocolaptes lawrencii (Buffy Tuftedcheek) P.l.lawrencii Ridgway, 187861 Mts. of Costa Rica to C Panama P.l.johnsoni Lönnberg & Rendahl, 1922 W Andes of Colombia, W Ecuador Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii (Streaked Tuftedcheek) P.b.striaticeps Hellmayr & Seilern, 1912 Coastal range N Venezuela P.b.meridae Hartert & Goodson, 1917 Mts. of W Venezuela P.b.boissonneautii (Lafresnaye, 1840)62 Andes of Colombia, W Ecuador P.b.orientalis J.T. Zimmer, 1935 Andes of Ecuador P.b.intermedianus Chapman, 1923 Andes of NW Peru (temperate zone) P.b.pallidus J.T. Zimmer, 1935 Andes of NW Peru (subtropical zone) P.b.medianus Hellmayr, 1919 Andes of N Peru south of the Marańon River P.b.auritus (Tschudi, 1844) Andes of C Peru P.b.carabayae J.T. Zimmer, 1936 Andes of S Peru to C Bolivia BERLEPSCHIA Ridgway, 1887 F Berlepschia rikeri (Ridgway, 1886) (Point-tailed Palmcreeper) S Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonia to E Brazil ANABACERTHIA Lafresnaye, 184263 F Anabacerthia variegaticeps (Scaly-throated Foliage-gleaner) A.v.schaldachi Winker, 1997 Mts. of Guerrero (SW Mexico) (2674) A.v.variegaticeps (P.L. Sclater, 1857) Mts. of S Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica and W Panama A.v.temporalis (P.L. Sclater, 1859)64 W Andes of Colombia and Ecuador Anabacerthia striaticollis (Montane Foliage-gleaner) A.s.anxia (Bangs, 1902) Santa Marta Mts. (N Colombia) A.s.perijana Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1952 Perijá Mts. (NW Venezuela) (1851) A.s.venezuelana (Hellmayr, 1911) Coastal range of N Venezuela A.s.striaticollis Lafresnaye, 1842 Andes of Colombia, W Venezuela A.s.montana (Tschudi, 1844) Andes SE Colombia, E Ecuador to C Peru A.s.yungae (Chapman, 1923) Andes of S Peru, N Bolivia Anabacerthia amaurotis (Temminck, 1823) (White-browed Foliage-gleaner) SE Brazil, NE Argentina SYNDACTYLA Reichenbach, 185365 F Syndactyla guttulata (Guttulated66 Foliage-gleaner) 67 S.g.guttulata (P.L. Sclater, 1858) Coastal range N Venezuela S.g.pallida Zimmer & Phelps, 1944 Mts. of NE Venezuela Syndactyla subalaris (Lineated Foliage-gleaner) S.s.lineata (Lawrence, 1865) Mts. Costa Rica, W Panama S.s.tacarcunae (Chapman, 1923) Mts. of E Panama, NW Colombia S.s.subalaris (P.L. Sclater, 1859) Andes of W Colombia, W Ecuador S.s.striolata (Todd, 1913) E Andes of Colombia, Andes W Venezuela (Lara and Barinas) S.s.olivacea Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1956 Andes of W Venezuela (S Tachira) (1857) S.s.mentalis (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885) E slope Andes of E Ecuador S.s.colligata J.T. Zimmer, 1935 E slope Andes of N Peru S.s.ruficrissa (Carriker, 1930) E slope Andes of C Peru Syndactyla rufosuperciliata (Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner) S.r.similis (Chapman, 1927) W Andes of NW Peru S.r.cabanisi (Taczanowski, 1875) Andes of S Ecuador, N Peru to C Bolivia S.r.oleaginea (P.L. Sclater, 1884) Andes of C Bolivia, NW Argentina S.r.rufosuperciliata (Lafresnaye, 1832) SE Brazil S.r.acrita (Oberholser, 1901) S Brazil, NC Paraguay, Uruguay, NE Argentina Syndactyla ruficollis (Taczanowski, 1884) (Rufous-necked Foliage-gleaner)68 69 Coastal hills and W slope Andes of SW Ecuador and NW Peru SIMOXENOPS Chapman, 192870 M Simoxenops ucayalae (Chapman, 1928) (Peruvian Recurvebill)71 SE Peru, N Bolivia, S Amazonian Brazil Simoxenops striatus (Carriker, 1935) (Bolivian Recurvebill) Andean foothills N and C Bolivia ANCISTROPS P.L. Sclater, 186272 M Ancistrops strigilatus (Spix, 1825) (Chestnut-winged Hookbill)73 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil (mostly south of the Amazon) HYLOCTISTES Ridgway, 190974 M Hyloctistes subulatus (Striped Woodhaunter) H.s.nicaraguae Miller & Griscom, 1925 E Nicaragua H.s.virgatus (Lawrence, 1867) Costa Rica, W Panama H.s.assimilis (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884)75 E Panama, W and N Colombia, W Ecuador H.s.lemae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1960 SE Venezuela (1862) H.s.subulatus (Spix, 1824) S Venezuela, W Amazonia PHILYDOR Spix, 1824 N76 Philydor ruficaudatum (Rufous-tailed Foliage-gleaner) P.r.ruficaudatum (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) Amazonia, the Guianas P.r.flavipectus Phelps & Gilliard, 1941 Tepui region of S Venezuela, N Brazil Philydor fuscipenne (Slaty-winged Foliage-gleaner)77 P.f.fuscipenne (Salvin, 1886) C Panama P.f.erythronotum Sclater & Salvin, 187378 E Panama, N Colombia and W Ecuador Philydor erythrocercum (Rufous-rumped Foliage-gleaner) P.e.subfulvum P.L. Sclater, 1862 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru P.e.ochrogaster Hellmayr, 1917 Andes from C Peru to N Bolivia P.e.lyra Cherrie, 1916 E Peru, NE Bolivia, Amazonian Brazil P.e.suboles Todd, 1948 C Brazil P.e.erythrocercum (Pelzeln, 1859) The Guianas, N Brazil Philydor erythropterum (Chestnut-winged Foliage-gleaner) P.e.erythropterum (P.L. Sclater, 1856) Extreme S Venezuela, W and S Amazonia P.e.diluviale Griscom & Greenway, 1937 E Brazil (N Pará, Maranhăo) Philydor lichtensteini Cabanis & Heine, 1859 (Ochre-breasted Foliage-gleaner) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Philydor novaesi Teixeira & Gonzaga, 1983 (Alagoas Foliage-gleaner) # NE Brazil (Alagoas) (2391) Philydor atricapillus (Wied, 1821) (Black-capped Foliage-gleaner) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Philydor rufum (Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner) P.r.panerythrum P.L. Sclater, 1862 Mts. Costa Rica to W Panama, W slope of E Andes and C Andes of Colombia P.r.riveti Ménégaux & Hellmayr, 1906 W Andes of Colombia and N Ecuador P.r.colombianum Cabanis & Heine, 1859 Coastal range of N Venezuela P.r.cuchiverus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 Tepui region of S Venezuela P.r.bolivianum Berlepsch, 1907 Andean foothills from E Ecuador to C Bolivia P.r.chapadense J.T. Zimmer, 1935 SW Brazil P.r.rufum (Vieillot, 1818) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Philydor pyrrhodes (Cabanis, 1848) (Cinnamon-rumped Foliage-gleaner) N Amazonia, the Guianas Philydor dimidiatum (Russet-mantled Foliage-gleaner) P.d.dimidiatum (Pelzeln, 1859) SC Brazil P.d.baeri Hellmayr, 1911 SE Brazil, NC Paraguay ANABAZENOPS Lafresnaye, 184279 M Anabazenops dorsalis Sclater & Salvin, 1880 (Dusky-cheeked Foliage-gleaner)80 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia, SW Brazil Anabazenops fuscus (Vieillot, 1816) (White-collared Foliage-gleaner) SE Brazil CICHLOCOLAPTES Reichenbach, 1853 M Cichlocolaptes leucophrus (Jardine & Selby, 1830) (Pale-browed Treehunter) SE Brazil THRIPADECTES P.L. Sclater, 1862 M Thripadectes ignobilis (Sclater & Salvin, 1879) (Uniform Treehunter) W Andes of Colombia and Ecuador Thripadectes rufobrunneus (Lawrence, 1865) (Streak-breasted Treehunter) Mts. of Costa Rica and W Panama Thripadectes melanorhynchus (Black-billed Treehunter) T.m.striaticeps (Sclater & Salvin, 1875) E Andes of Colombia T.m.melanorhynchus (Tschudi, 1844) E Andes of Ecuador and Peru Thripadectes holostictus (Striped Treehunter) T.h.striatidorsus (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884) W Andes of SW Colombia and W Ecuador T.h.holostictus (Sclater & Salvin, 1876) Andes from SW Venezuela and N Colombia to E Ecuador and N Peru T.h.moderatus J.T. Zimmer, 1935 Andes from C Peru to N Bolivia Thripadectes virgaticeps (Streak-capped Treehunter) T.v.klagesi (Hellmayr & Seilern, 1912) Coastal range of N Venezuela T.v.tachirensis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1958 Andes of W Venezuela (1859) T.v.magdalenae Meyer de Schauensee, 1945 W Andes of NW Colombia and Andes of C Columbia T.v.sclateri Berlepsch, 1907 W Andes of SW Colombia T.v.virgaticeps Lawrence, 1874 W Andes of N Ecuador T.v.sumaco Chapman, 1925 E Andes of N Ecuador Thripadectes flammulatus (Flammulated Treehunter) T.f.bricenoi Berlepsch, 1907 Andes of Mérida, W Venezuela T.f.flammulatus (Eyton, 1849) Santa Marta Mts. and Andes of SW Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru Thripadectes scrutator Taczanowski, 1874 (Buff-throated Treehunter) Andes of C Peru and C Bolivia AUTOMOLUS Reichenbach, 1853 M Automolus ochrolaemus (Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner) A.o.cervinigularis (P.L. Sclater, 1857) S Mexico to Nicaragua and Guatemala (except SE) A.o.hypophaeus Ridgway, 190981 Honduras to NW Panama A.o.exsertus Bangs, 1901 SW Costa Rica, W Panama A.o.pallidigularis Lawrence, 1862 E Panama, N and W Colombia, NW Ecuador A.o.turdinus (Pelzeln, 1859) SE Colombia, S Venezuela, the Guianas, N and W Amazonia A.o.ochrolaemus (Tschudi, 1844) E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil A.o.auricularis J.T. Zimmer, 1935 E Bolivia, SC Brazil Automolus infuscatus (Olive-backed Foliage-gleaner) A.i.infuscatus (P.L. Sclater, 1856) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia A.i.badius J.T. Zimmer, 1935 S Venezuela, E Colombia, NW Brazil A.i.cervicalis (P.L. Sclater, 1889) SE Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil A.i.purusianus Todd, 1948 W Brazil A.i.paraensis E. Hartert, 1902 C Brazil Automolus leucophthalmus (White-eyed Foliage-gleaner) A.l.lammi J.T. Zimmer, 1947 NE Brazil A.l.leucophthalmus (Wied, 1821) E Brazil A.l.sulphurascens (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) S Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Automolus melanopezus (P.L. Sclater, 1858) (Brown-rumped Foliage-gleaner) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil Automolus roraimae (White-throated Foliage-gleaner) ¶A.r.paraquensis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 194782 Mt. Paraque (SC Venezuela) A.r.duidae Chapman, 1939 Mt. Duida (SC Venezuela and extreme N Brazil) A.r.roraimae Hellmayr, 191783 Mt. Roraima (SE Venezuela) A.r.urutani Phelps & Dickerman, 1980 SE Venezuela and extreme N Brazil (1841) Automolus rubiginosus (Ruddy Foliage-gleaner) A.r.guerrerensis Salvin & Godman, 1891 Mts. of SW Mexico A.r.rubiginosus (P.L. Sclater, 1857) Mts. of E Mexico A.r.veraepacis Salvin & Godman, 189184 Mts. of S Mexico to N Guatemala A.r.fumosus Salvin & Godman, 1891 Mts. of SW Costa Rica and W Panama A.r.saturatus Chapman, 1915 Mts. of E Panama, NW Colombia A.r.sasaimae Meyer de Schauensee, 1947 W slope E Andes of C Colombia A.r.nigricauda E. Hartert, 1898 Andean foothills W Colombia, W Ecuador A.r.rufipectus Bangs, 1898 N Colombia (Sta. Marta Mts.) A.r.venezuelanus Zimmer & Phelps, 1947 Tepuis of S Venezuela A.r.cinnamomeigula Hellmayr, 1905 E Andean foothills in C Colombia A.r.caquetae Meyer de Schauensee, 1947 Andean foothills in SE Colombia, NE Ecuador A.r.brunnescens Berlioz, 1927 Andean foothills in E Ecuador A.r.moderatus J.T. Zimmer, 1935 Andean foothills in N Peru A.r.watkinsi Hellmayr, 1912 Andean foothills in SE Peru, N Bolivia A.r.obscurus (Pelzeln, 1859) The Guianas, NE Brazil Automolus rufipileatus (Chestnut-crowned Foliage-gleaner) A.r.consobrinus (P.L. Sclater, 1870) N and W Amazonia A.r.rufipileatus (Pelzeln, 1859) Brazil S of the Amazon HYLOCRYPTUS Chapman, 191985 M Hylocryptus erythrocephalus (Henna-hooded Foliage-gleaner) H.e.erythrocephalus Chapman, 1919 SW Ecuador, N Peru H.e.palamblae J.T. Zimmer, 1935 NW Peru Hylocryptus rectirostris (Wied, 1831) (Chestnut-capped Foliage-gleaner) SC Brazil, NE Paraguay SCLERURUS Swainson, 1827 M Sclerurus mexicanus (Tawny-throated Leaftosser) S.m.mexicanus P.L. Sclater, 1857 SE Mexico to Honduras S.m.pullus Bangs, 1902 Mts. of Costa Rica to W Panama S.m.andinus Chapman, 1914 E Panama, Colombia to Guyana S.m.obscurior E. Hartert, 1901 W Colombia, W Ecuador S.m.peruvianus Chubb, 1919 W Amazonia (mainly foothills) S.m.macconnelli Chubb, 1919 E Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil S.m.bahiae Chubb, 1919 E Brazil Sclerurus rufigularis (Short-billed Leaftosser) S.r.fulvigularis Todd, 1920 E and S Venezuela to French Guiana, NE Brazil S.r.furfurosus Todd, 194886 C Brazil (N of the Amazon) S.r.brunnescens Todd, 1948 NW Brazil, SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru S.r.rufigularis Pelzeln, 1869 E Peru, E Bolivia, W Brazil Sclerurus albigularis (Grey-throated Leaftosser) S.a.canigularis Ridgway, 1889 Foothills of Costa Rica, W Panama S.a.propinquus Bangs, 1899 N Colombia (Sta. Marta Mts.) S.a.albigularis Sclater & Salvin, 186987 E Colombia, N Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago I. S.a.zamorae Chapman, 1923 Andean foothills E Ecuador and C Peru S.a.albicollis Carriker, 1935 Andean foothills N Bolivia and SE Peru S.a.kempffi Kratter, 1997 E Bolivia and SW Brazil (1303) Sclerurus caudacutus (Black-tailed Leaftosser) S.c.caudacutus (Vieillot, 1816) The Guianas S.c.insignis J.T. Zimmer, 1934 S Venezuela, N Brazil S.c.brunneus P.L. Sclater, 1857 W Amazonia S.c.olivascens Cabanis, 1873 Peru, Bolivia S.c.pallidus J.T. Zimmer, 1934 C Brazil (S of the Amazon) S.c.umbretta (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) Coast of E Brazil Sclerurus scansor (Rufous-breasted Leaftosser) S.s.cearensis E. Snethlage, 1924 NE Brazil S.s.scansor (Ménétričs, 1835) C and SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Sclerurus guatemalensis (Scaly-throated Leaftosser) S.g.guatemalensis (Hartlaub, 1844) S Mexico to C Panama S.g.salvini Salvadori & Festa, 1899 E Panama, W Colombia, W Ecuador S.g.ennosiphyllus Wetmore, 1951 C Colombia (2594) LOCHMIAS Swainson, 1827 M Lochmias nematura (Sharp-tailed Streamcreeper) L.n.nelsoni Aldrich, 1945 E Panama L.n.chimantae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1947 Tepui region of SE Venezuela L.n.castanonotus Chubb, 1918 Tepui region of E Venezuela L.n.sororius Sclater & Salvin, 1873 Coastal range of N Venezuela, Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru L.n.obscuratus Cabanis, 1873 Andes from C Peru to NW Argentina L.n.nematura (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823)88 SE Brazil, E Paraguay, Uruguay, NE Argentina HELIOBLETUS Reichenbach, 185389 M Heliobletus contaminatus (Sharp-billed Treehunter) H.c.contaminatus Berlepsch, 1885 SE Brazil H.c.camargoi Cardoso da Silva & Stotz, 1992 SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina (298) XENOPS Illiger, 1811 M Xenops milleri (Chapman, 1914) (Rufous-tailed Xenops) Amazonia, S Venezuela, the Guianas Xenops tenuirostris (Slender-billed Xenops) X.t.acutirostris Chapman, 1923 SE Colombia, S Venezuela, E Ecuador, NE Peru X.t.hellmayri Todd, 1925 French Guiana, Surinam X.t.tenuirostris Pelzeln, 1859 SE Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil (south of the Amazon) Xenops minutus (Plain Xenops) X.m.mexicanus P.L. Sclater, 1857 S Mexico to Honduras X.m.ridgwayi Hartert & Goodson, 1917 Nicaragua to C Panama X.m.littoralis P.L. Sclater, 1862 E Panama to NW Colombia, W Ecuador and NW Peru X.m.neglectus Todd, 1913 NE Colombia, N Venezuela X.m.remoratus J.T. Zimmer, 1935 E Colombia, S Venezuela, NW Brazil X.m.ruficaudus (Vieillot, 1816) E Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil X.m.olivaceus Aveledo & Pons, 1952 NE Colombia (70) X.m.obsoletus J.T. Zimmer, 1924 E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil X.m.genibarbis Illiger, 1811 C Brazil (south of the Amazon) X.m.minutus (Sparrman, 1788) E and SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Xenops rutilans (Streaked Xenops) X.r.septentrionalis J.T. Zimmer, 1929 Costa Rica, W Panama X.r.incomptus Wetmore, 1970 Cerro Pirre (E Panama) (2607) X.r.heterurus Cabanis & Heine, 1859 Colombia, NE Ecuador, N Venezuela, Trinidad X.r.perijanus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1954 Perijá Mtns (NE Colombia and NW Venezuela) (1854) X.r.phelpsi Meyer de Schauensee, 1959 N Colombia (1571) X.r.guayae Hellmayr, 1920 Lowland W Ecuador, NW Peru X.r.peruvianus J.T. Zimmer, 1935 Andean foothills E Ecuador to S Peru X.r.connectens Chapman, 1919 Andean foothills N Bolivia to NW Argentina X.r.purusianus Todd, 1925 S Amazonian Brazil X.r.chapadensis J.T. Zimmer, 1935 E Bolivia, SW Brazil X.r.rutilans Temminck, 1821 SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina MEGAXENOPS Reiser, 1905 M Megaxenops parnaguae Reiser, 1905 (Great Xenops) E Brazil PYGARRHICHAS Burmeister, 1837 M Pygarrhichas albogularis (P.P. King, 1831) (White-throated Treerunner) C and S Chile, SW Argentina 1 Following Ridgely & Tudor (1994) (2019) and others we now, compared with last Edition, largely reverse the significant lumping of genera by Vaurie (1980) (2516). 2 Tentatively accepted; requires evaluation. 3 Historically treated in a monotypic genus Geobates, but see Vaurie (1980) (2516). 4 Includes ¶hellmayri Esteban, 1949 (820A); this name is preoccupied by G.c.hellmayri. 5 Includes the genus Ochetorhynchus see Meyer de Schauensee (1970) (1575) and Vaurie (1980) (2516). 6 Includes hallinani see Fjeldsĺ & Krabbe (1990) (850). 7 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 8 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 9 In separating this species from C. excelsior we follow Ridgely & Tudor (1994) (2019) and Fjeldsĺ & Krabbe (1990) (850). 10 Treated as a separate species in last Edition, but evidence for this not now traced and we return it to F. leucopus. Presumably includes ¶araguaiae Pinto & Camargo, 1952 (1896). 11 For reasons to separate this from S. fuliginosa see Braun & Parker (1985) (210). 12 For reasons to separate this from S. palpebralis see Braun & Parker (1985) (210). 13 For reasons to separate this from S. palpebralis see Braun & Parker (1985) (210). 14 Included in Schizoeaca in last Edition. 15 Most species are here restored to this genus having been treated in Thripophaga in last Edition 16 Provisionally includes flavogularis and affinis see Fjeldsĺ & Krabbe (1990) (850); however leptasthenuroides Lillo, 1905, which is a senior synonym of affinis, requires revisiting (Olrog, 1958) (1678). See also Peters (1951: 110) (1828). 17 For recognition see Fjeldsĺ & Krabbe (1990) (850). 18 In last Edition listed here, but also treated as a separate species! Separation has yet to be formally justified. 19 Treated as one species in last Edition, but with a note suggesting that a split should be expected following Vaurie (1980) (2516); however Navas & Bo (1982) (1639) argued against this and were followed by Ridgely & Tudor (1994) (2019). 20 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 21 Synallaxis whitneyi Pacheco & Gonzaga, 1995 (1736), is a synonym (Whitney in litt.). 22 For recognition as a species see Vaurie (1980: 99) (2516). 23 The name poliophrys, still in last Edition, is a synonym of S. frontalis (2515). 24 Treated as three species (S. superciliosa, S. azarae and S. elegantior) in last Edition but see Ridgely & Tudor (1994) (2019). 25 Includes urubambae and carabayae see Remsen et al. (1990) (2010) 26 Includes hypoleuca see Wetmore (1972) (2608). 27 For recognition see Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) (2016A). 28 In last Edition we listed a subspecies jaraguana; Sibley & Monroe (1990: 398) (2262) considered this a misidentification as to species, the specimens being S. hypospodia. 29 Includes chapmani see Slud (1964) (2278A). 30 For recognition see Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) (2016A). 31 Includes yavii see Vaurie (1980: 102) (2516). 32 This race was erroneously listed under S. moesta in last Edition (as was yavii – now in synonymy). Includes griseipectus see Vaurie (1980: 101) (2516) and Mees (1987) (1539A). 33 For split from moesta see Vaurie (1980: 99) (2516). 34 This subspecies is moved here from the species S. gujanensis see Ridgely & Tudor (1994) (2019). 35 Included in the genus Thripophaga in last Edition. 36 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 37 Included in the genus Synallaxis in the last Edition having been lumped by Vaurie (1980). We prefer the treatment of Peters (1951: 94) (1828). 38 For recognition of this genus see Braun & Parker (1985) (210) and Garcia-Moreno et al. (1999) (913). 39 Lumped in Certhiaxis in last Edition following Vaurie (1980) (2516). 40 Sequence of species adapted from Garcia-Moreno et al. (1999) (913). 41 For reasons to separate this from C. vulpina see Zimmer (1997) (2730). 42 For validation of this species see Vaurie (1971) (2515). 43 In last Edition we listed a race furcata; this name was based on immature C. curtata. 44 Species omitted in last Edition. 45 In last Edition we “recognised” peruviana Cory, 1919 (572) and hyposticta Pelzeln, 1859 (2543) but we now prefer monotypic treatment as in Peters (1951) (1828). 46 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 47 If the genus Cranioleuca is lumped with Certhiaxis this name is preoccupied. In last Edition we missed this and used pallida as a species and again as a subspecies here. 48 This species and the next were treated in the genus Phacellodromus in last Edition. 49 Includes fargoi see Gyldenstolpe (1945) (1030A). 50 Submerged in Phacellodomus in last Edition. 51 Once treated in a monotypic genus Limnoctites. 52 Includes machrisi Stager, 1959 (2302) see Straube (1994) (2357A). 53 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 54 Submerged in Margarornis in last Edition. 55 Submerged in Margarornis in last Edition. 56 Includes distinctus and mnionophilus Wetmore, 1951 (2594) see Wetmore (1972) (2608). 57 Submerged in Margarornis in last Edition, but see Rudge & Raikow (1992) (2126). 58 Tentatively accepted; not known to have been evaluated. 59 “Reluctantly” maintained as a species by the A.O.U. (1998: 350) (3). 60 For reasons to separate this from P. cristata see Zimmer & Whittaker (2000) (2732). 61 Includes panamensis see Wetmore (1972) (2608). 62 Includes oberholseri Cory, 1919 (572) see Deignan (1961) (662). 63 Submerged in Philydor in last Edition. 64 Winker (1997) (2674) considered that this is probably a separate species. 65 Submerged in Philydor in last Edition. 66 The term guttulata means spotted and simplification of the English name seems possible. 67 The name mirandae, included in last edition, was shown to be a synonym of Philydor dimidiatus see Novaes (1953) (1661A). 68 For reasons to transfer this species from Automolus to Syndactyla see Parker et al. (1985) (1749). 69 Includes celicae see Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) (2016A). 70 Submerged in Philydor in last Edition. 71 Includes Megaxenops ferrugineus Berlioz, 1966 (141); see Mayr & Vuilleumier, 1983(1496). 72 Submerged in Philydor in last Edition. 73 Includes cognitus -- JVR based on Gyldenstolpe, 1945 (1030) and 1951 (1031). 74 Submerged in Philydor in last Edition. 75 Includes cordobae Meyer de Schauensee, 1960 (1572), see Ridgely & Tudor (1994) (2019). 76 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 77 Treated as part of the species P. erythrocercus in last Edition but see A.O.U. (1998: 352) (3). 78 Includes Philydor fulvescens Todd, 1950 (2413) see Mayr (1957) (1479). The full adult plumage. 79 Submerged in Philydor in last Edition. 80 For reasons to move this from the genus Automolus see Kratter & Parker (1997) (1305). 81 Includes amusos see Monroe (1968) (1604). 82 Considered a synonym of duidae by Vaurie (1980) (2516), but he only examined the type. 83 Includes Philydor hylobius Wetmore & Phelps, Jr., 1956 (2614); an erythristic specimen of this species (Vuilleumier et al., 1992) (2552). 84 Includes umbrinus see Monroe (1968) (1604). 85 Submerged in Automolus in last Edition. 86 Requires confirmation. 87 Includes kunanensis Aveledo & Ginés, 1950 (64), see Kratter (1997) (1303). 88 The name nematura is invariable as it is a noun phrase (N. David in litt.). 89 Submerged in Xenops in last Edition. CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (WOODCREEPERS)1 (13: 50) DENDROCINCLA G.R. Gray, 1840 F Dendrocincla tyrannina (Tyrannine Woodcreeper) D.t.tyrannina (Lafresnaye, 1851) Colombia D.t.hellmayri Cory, 1913 E Colombia, W Venezuela Dendrocincla fuliginosa (Plain-brown Woodcreeper) 2 D.f.ridgwayi Oberholser, 1904 E Central America, W Colombia, W Ecuador D.f.lafresnayei Ridgway, 1888 N and E Colombia, NW Venezuela D.f.meruloides (Lafresnaye, 1851) Coast of N Venezuela, Trinidad D.f.deltana Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1950 Orinoco delta (1848) D.f.barinensis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 C Venezuela D.f.phaeochroa Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 S Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru D.f.neglecta Todd, 1948 W Brazil D.f.atrirostris (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) NE Bolivia, SW Brazil D.f.fuliginosa (Vieillot, 1818) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil D.f.rufoolivacea Ridgway, 1888 EC Brazil D.f.taunayi Pinto, 1939 NE Brazil D.f.trumaii Sick, 1950 C Brazil (2265) D.f.turdina (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1820) E and S Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Dendrocincla anabatina (Tawny-winged Woodcreeper) D.a.anabatina P.L. Sclater, 1859 S Mexico to Costa Rica D.a.typhla Oberholser, 1904 SE Mexico Dendrocincla merula (White-chinned Woodcreeper) D.m.bartletti Chubb, 1919 S Venezuela, W Brazil, NE Paraguay D.m.merula (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1820) The Guianas, N Brazil D.m.obidensis Todd, 1948 Brazil D.m.remota Todd, 1925 EC Bolivia D.m.olivascens J.T. Zimmer, 1934 Brazil D.m.castanoptera Ridgway, 1888 C Brazil D.m.badia J.T. Zimmer, 1934 C Brazil Dendrocincla homochroa (Ruddy Woodcreeper) D.h.homochroa (P.L. Sclater, 1859) S Mexico to Honduras D.h.acedesta Oberholser, 1904 SW Nicaragua, W Costa Rica D.h.ruficeps Sclater & Salvin, 1868 Panama, W Venezuela D.h.meridionalis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1953 NW Venezuela, NE Colombia (1852) DECONYCHURA Cherrie, 1891 F Deconychura longicauda (Long-tailed Woodcreeper) D.l.typica Cherrie, 1891 SW Costa Rica, W Panama D.l.darienensis Griscom, 1929 E Panama D.l.minor Todd, 1917 N Colombia D.l.longicauda (Pelzeln, 1868) The Guianas, N Brazil D.l.connectens J.T. Zimmer, 1929 NW Amazonia D.l.pallida J.T. Zimmer, 1929 SE Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil D.l.zimmeri Pinto, 1974 E Para, Brazil (1894) Deconychura stictolaema (Spot-throated Woodcreeper) D.s.clarior J.T. Zimmer, 1929 French Guiana, NE Brazil D.s.secunda Hellmayr, 1904 E Ecuador, NE Peru, W Brazil, S Venezuela D.s.stictolaema (Pelzeln, 1868) C Brazil SITTASOMUS Swainson, 1827 M Sittasomus griseicapillus (Olivaceous Woodcreeper) S.g.harrisoni Sutton, 1955 SW Tamaulipas and E San Luis Potosí to Puebla (NE Mexico) (2377) S.g.jaliscensis Nelson, 1900 Jalisco (SW Mexico) S.g.sylvioides Lafresnaye, 1850 Veracruz and Chiapas (SE Mexico) to Costa Rica S.g.gracileus Bangs & Peters, 1928 Yucatán Pen. (E Mexico) and Belize S.g.levis Bangs, 1902 W Panama, N Colombia S.g.veraguensis Aldrich, 1937 E Panama S.g.aequatorialis Ridgway, 1891 W Ecuador, NW Peru S.g.perijanus Phelps & Gilliard, 1940 NW Venezuela S.g.tachirensis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1956 W Venezuela (1858) S.g.griseus Jardine, 1847 Coast of N Venezuela, Tobago I. S.g.enochrus Wetmore, 1970 Colombia (2607) S.g.amazonus Lafresnaye, 1850 SE Colombia, S Venezuela, E Ecuador, W Brazil S.g.axillaris J.T. Zimmer, 1934 E Venezuela, N Brazil S.g.viridis Carriker, 1935 N and E Bolivia S.g.viridior Todd, 1948 E Bolivia S.g.transitivus Pinto & Camargo, 1948 C Brazil S.g.griseicapillus (Vieillot, 1818) S Bolivia, W Brazil, W Paraguay, NW Argentina S.g.reiseri Hellmayr, 1917 NE Brazil S.g.olivaceus Wied, 1831 E Brazil S.g.sylviellus (Temminck, 1821) SE Brazil, NE Argentina GLYPHORYNCHUS 3 Wied, 1831 M Glyphorynchus spirurus (Wedge-billed Woodcreeper) G.s.pectoralis Sclater & Salvin, 1860 S Mexico to Nicaragua G.s.sublestus J.L. Peters, 1929 Costa Rica to W Ecuador, W Venezuela G.s.subrufescens Todd, 1948 W Colombia G.s.integratus J.T. Zimmer, 1946 NE Colombia G.s.rufigularis J.T. Zimmer, 1934 E Colombia, S Venezuela, N Ecuador G.s.amacurensis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1952 NE Venezuela (1850) G.s.coronobscurus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1955 S Venezuela (1856) G.s.spirurus (Vieillot, 1819) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil G.s.pallidulus Wetmore, 1970 Panama (2607) G.s.castelnaudii Des Murs, 1856 E Ecuador, N Peru G.s.albigularis Chapman, 1923 SE Peru, N Bolivia G.s.inornatus J.T. Zimmer, 1934 C Brazil G.s.cuneatus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1820) EC Brazil G.s.paraensis Pinto, 1974 Belem (Brazil) (1894) DRYMORNIS Eyton, 1853 M Drymornis bridgesii (Eyton, 1849) (Scimitar-billed Woodhewer) Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina NASICA Lesson, 1830 M Nasica longirostris (Vieillot, 1818) (Long-billed Woodcreeper) W Amazonia to French Guiana DENDREXETASTES Eyton, 1851 M Dendrexetastes rufigula (Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper) D.r.devillei (Lafresnaye, 1850) W Amazonia D.r.rufigula (Lesson, 1844) The Guianas, N Brazil D.r.moniliger J.T. Zimmer, 1934 W Brazil D.r.paraensis Lorenz, 1895 NE Brazil HYLEXETASTES P.L. Sclater, 1889 M Hylexetastes perrotii (Red-billed Woodcreeper) 4 H.p.perrotii (Lafresnaye, 1844) E Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, N Brazil H.p.uniformis Hellmayr, 1909 N Brazil H.p.brigidai (Cardoso da Silva, Novaes & Oren, 1995) N Brazil (295) Hylexetastes stresemanni (Bar-bellied Woodcreeper) H.s.insignis J.T. Zimmer, 1934 NW Brazil H.s.stresemanni E. Snethlage, 1925 NW Brazil H.s.undulatus Todd, 1925 E Peru, W Brazil XIPHOCOLAPTES Lesson, 1840 M Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus (Strong-billed Woodcreeper) X.p.omiltemensis Nelson, 1903 SW Mexico X.p.sclateri Ridgway, 1890 S Mexico X.p.emigrans Sclater & Salvin, 1859 S Mexico to N Nicaragua X.p.costaricensis Ridgway, 1889 Costa Rica X.p.panamensis Griscom, 1927 S Panama X.p.rostratus Todd, 1917 N Colombia X.p.sanctaemartae Hellmayr, 1925 N Colombia, W Venezuela X.p.virgatus Ridgway, 1890 C Colombia X.p.macarenae Blake, 1959 WC Colombia (160) X.p.promeropirhynchus (Lesson, 1840) EC Colombia, W Venezuela X.p.procerus Cabanis & Heine, 1859 N Venezuela X.p.tenebrosus Zimmer & Phelps, 1948 E Venezuela X.p.neblinae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1955 S Venezuela (1856) X.p.ignotus Ridgway, 1890 W Ecuador X.p.crassirostris Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885 SW Ecuador, NW Peru X.p.compressirostris Taczanowski, 1882 N Peru X.p.phaeopygus Belepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 E Peru X.p.solivagus Bond, 1950 E Peru X.p.lineatocephalus (G.R. Gray, 1847) SE Peru, N and W Bolivia X.p.orenocensis Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 Venezuela, E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil X.p.berlepschi E. Snethlage, 1908 E Peru, W Brazil X.p.paraensis Pinto, 1945 C Brazil X.p.obsoletus Todd, 1917 N and E Bolivia Xiphocolaptes albicollis (White-throated Woodcreeper) 5 X.a.bahiae Cory, 1919 NE Brazil X.a.villanovae Lima, 19206 E Brazil (1362) X.a.albicollis (Vieillot, 1818) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Xiphocolaptes falcirostris (Moustached Woodcreeper) 7 X.f.falcirostris (Spix, 1824) NE Brazil X.f.franciscanus E. Snethlage, 1927 C Brazil Xiphocolaptes major (Great Rufous Woodcreeper) X.m.remoratus Pinto, 1945 C Brazil X.m.castaneus Ridgway, 1890 S Brazil, E and S Bolivia, NW Argentina X.m.estebani Cardoso da Silva & Oren, 1991 NW Argentina (296) X.m.major (Vieillot, 1818) Paraguay, N Argentina DENDROCOLAPTES Hermann, 1804 M Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae (Northern Barred Woodcreeper) 8 D.s.sheffleri Binford, 1965 SW Mexico (149) D.s.sanctithomae (Lafresnaye, 1852) 9 Pacific Oaxaca and Guerrero (Mexico) along Pacific coast to NW Colombia D.s.hesperius Bangs, 1907 SW Costa Rica and NW Panama D.s.punctipectus Phelps & Gilliard, 194010 NE Colombia to NW Venezuela Dendrocolaptes certhia (Amazonian Barred Woodcreeper) D.c.certhia (Boddaert, 1783) S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil D.c.radiolatus Sclater & Salvin, 1868 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru, NW Brazil D.c.juruanus H. von Ihering, 1905 E Peru, E Bolivia, W Brazil D.c.polyzonus Todd, 1913 N Bolivia, SE Peru D.c.medius Todd, 1920 NE Brazil D.c.concolor Pelzeln, 1868 11 NE Bolivia and SC Brazil12 Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi Hellmayr, 1909 (Hoffmanns's Woodcreeper) SC Brazil (S of the Amazon between Rio Madeira and Rio Xingu) Dendrocolaptes picumnus (Black-banded Woodcreeper) D.p.puncticollis Sclater & Salvin, 1868 Mts. of S Mexico to Honduras D.p.costaricensis Ridgway, 190913 Mts. of Costa Rica, W Panama D.p.multistrigatus Eyton, 1851 Andes of E Colombia, W Venezuela D.p.seilerni Hartert & Goodson, 1917 N Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.), N Venezuela (coastal ranges) D.p.picumnus M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1820 E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil D.p.validus Tschudi, 1844 W Amazonia D.p.transfasciatus Todd, 1925 SC Brazil D.p.olivaceus J.T. Zimmer, 1934 Andean foothills of C Bolivia D.p.pallescens Pelzeln, 186814 SW Brazil, S Bolivia, Paraguay D.p.casaresi Steullet & Deautier, 1950 NW Argentina Dendrocolaptes platyrostris (Planalto Woodcreeper) D.p.intermedius Berlepsch, 1883 C and NE Brazil, NE Paraguay D.p.platyrostris Spix, 1824 SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina XIPHORHYNCHUS Swainson, 1827 M Xiphorhynchus picus (Straight-billed Woodcreeper) X.p.extimus (Griscom, 1927) S Panama X.p.dugandi (Wetmore & Phelps, 1946) N Colombia X.p.picirostris (Lafresnaye, 1847) NW Colombia, W Venezuela X.p.saturatior (Hellmayr, 1925) E Colombia, W Venezuela X.p.borreroi Meyer de Schauensee, 1959 SW Colombia (1571) X.p.choicus (Wetmore & Phelps, 1946) N Venezuela X.p.paraguanae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1962 NW Venezuela (1864) X.p.longirostris (Richmond, 1896) Margarita I. X.p.altirostris (Léotaud, 1866) Trinidad X.p.phalara (Wetmore, 1939) S Venezuela X.p.deltanus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1952 NE Venezuela (1850) X.p.picus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) E Colombia to the Guianas, N Brazil X.p.duidae (J.T. Zimmer, 1934) S Venezuela, NW Brazil X.p.peruvianus (J.T. Zimmer, 1934) E Peru, W Brazil, N Bolivia X.p.kienerii (Des Murs, 1856) W Brazil X.p.rufescens (Todd, 1948) C Brazil X.p.bahiae (Bangs & Penard, 1921) NE Brazil Xiphorhynchus necopinus (J.T. Zimmer, 1934) (Zimmer's Woodcreeper) C and NE Brazil Xiphorhynchus obsoletus (Striped Woodcreeper) X.o.palliatus (Des Murs, 1856) W Amazonia, Bolivia X.o.notatus (Eyton, 1853) E Colombia, SW Venezuela, NW Brazil X.o.obsoletus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1820) E Venezuela to French Guiana, N Brazil X.o.caicarae Zimmer & Phelps, 1955 NE Venezuela (2729) Xiphorhynchus fuscus (Lesser Woodcreeper)15 X.f.atlanticus (Cory, 1916) E Brazil X.f.brevirostris (Pinto, 1938) NE Brazil X.f.tenuirostris (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1820) E Brazil X.f.fuscus (Vieillot, 1818) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Xiphorhynchus ocellatus (Ocellated Woodcreeper) X.o.napensis Chapman, 1924 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru X.o.lineatocapilla (Berlepsch & Leverkühn, 1890)16 E Venezuela X.o.ocellatus (Spix, 1824) E Colombia, S Venezuela, NE Peru, NW Brazil X.o.perplexus J.T. Zimmer, 1934 NE Peru, W Brazil X.o.chunchotambo (Tschudi, 1844) E Peru X.o.brevirostris J.T. Zimmer, 1934 SE Peru, NE Bolivia Xiphorhynchus elegans (Elegant Woodcreeper) 17 X.e.buenavistae J.T. Zimmer, 1948 E Colombia X.e.ornatus J.T. Zimmer, 1934 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru, W Brazil X.e.insignis (Hellmayr, 1905) EC Peru X.e.juruanus (H. von Ihering, 1905) SE Peru, NE Bolivia, W Brazil X.e.elegans (Pelzeln, 1868) SW Brazil Xiphorhynchus spixii (Lesson, 1830) (Spix's Woodcreeper) SC Brazil Xiphorhynchus pardalotus (Chestnut-rumped Woodcreeper) X.p.caurensis Todd, 1948 SE Venezuela, W Guyana X.p.pardalotus (Vieillot, 1818) The Guianas, N Brazil Xiphorhynchus guttatus (Buff-throated Woodcreeper) 18 X.g.polystictus (Salvin & Godman, 1883) E Columbia to NE Brazil (outside the Amazon drainage) X.g.connectens Todd, 1948 NE Brazil (Amazon drainage) X.g.guttatoides (Lafresnaye, 1850) W Amazonia X.g.vicinalis Todd, 1948 Western SC Amazonian Brazil X.g.eytoni (P.L. Sclater, 1854) Eastern SC Amazonian Brazil X.g.gracilirostris Pinto & Camargo, 1957 E Brazil (Ceará) (1898) X.g.dorbignyanus (Lafresnaye, 1850) NE Bolivia, SW Brazil X.g.guttatus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1820) Atlantic forest of EC Brazil Xiphorhynchus susurrans (Cocoa Woodcreeper) X.s.confinis (Bangs, 1903) E Guatemala, N Honduras X.s.costaricensis (Ridgway, 1888) SW Honduras to Panama X.s.marginatus Griscom, 1927 E Panama X.s.nanus (Lawrence, 1863)19 E Panama, N and E Colombia, W Venezuela X.s.rosenbergi Bangs, 1910 W Colombia X.s.susurrans (Jardine, 1847) NE Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago I. X.s.jardinei (Dalmas, 1900) NE Venezuela X.s.margaritae Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 Margarita I. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster (Ivory-billed Woodcreeper) X.f.tardus Bangs & Peters, 1928 NW Mexico X.f.mentalis (Lawrence, 1867) W Mexico X.f.flavigaster Swainson, 1827 SW Mexico X.f.saltuarius Wetmore, 194220 NE Mexico X.f.yucatanensis Ridgway, 1909 Yucatán Pen., Meco I. X.f.ascensor Wetmore & Parkes, 1962 S Mexico (2610) X.f.eburneirostris (Des Murs, 1847) SE Mexico to NW Costa Rica X.f.ultimus Bangs & Griscom, 1932 NW Costa Rica Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus (Black-striped Woodcreeper) X.l.lachrymosus (Lawrence, 1862) E Nicaragua to W Ecuador X.l.alarum Chapman, 1915 N Colombia Xiphorhynchus erythropygius (Spotted Woodcreeper) X.e.erythropygius (P.L. Sclater, 1859) S Mexico X.e.parvus Griscom, 1937 S Mexico to N Nicaragua X.e.punctigula (Ridgway, 1889) S Nicaragua to W Panama X.e.insolitus Ridgway, 1909 E Panama, NW Colombia X.e.aequatorialis (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884) W Colombia, E Ecuador Xiphorhynchus triangularis (Olive-backed Woodcreeper) X.t.triangularis (Lafresnaye, 1842) Colombia, W Venezuela, E Ecuador, N Peru X.t.hylodromus Wetmore, 1939 N Venezuela X.t.intermedius Carriker, 1935 C and S Peru X.t.bangsi Chapman, 1919 Bolivia LEPIDOCOLAPTES Reichenbach, 1853 M Lepidocolaptes leucogaster (White-striped Woodcreeper) L.l.umbrosus R.T. Moore, 1934 NW Mexico L.l.leucogaster (Swainson, 1827) C and S Mexico Lepidocolaptes souleyetii (Streak-headed Woodcreeper) L.s.guerrerensis van Rossem, 1939 W Mexico L.s.insignis (Nelson, 1897) SE Mexico to N Honduras L.s.compressus (Cabanis, 1861) S Mexico to W Panama L.s.lineaticeps (Lafresnaye, 1850) E Panama, N Colombia, W Venezuela L.s.littoralis (Hartert & Goodson, 1917) N Colombia to Guyana, Trinidad, N Brazil L.s.uaireni Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1950 SE Venezuela L.s.esmeraldae Chapman, 1923 SW Colombia, W Ecuador L.s.souleyetii (Des Murs, 1849) SW Ecuador, NW Peru Lepidocolaptes angustirostris (Narrow-billed Woodcreeper) L.a.griseiceps Mees, 1974 Sipaliwini (Surinam) (1526) L.a.coronatus (Lesson, 1830) N Brazil L.a.bahiae (Hellmayr, 1903) NE Brazil L.a.bivittatus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1822) E Bolivia, C and E Brazil L.a.hellmayri Naumburg, 1925 WC Bolivia L.a.certhiolus (Todd, 1913) C Bolivia to Paraguay, NW Argentina L.a.dabbenei Esteban, 1948 SW Paraguay, N Argentina L.a.angustirostris (Vieillot, 1818) E Paraguay, SW Brazil, N Argentina L.a.praedatus (Cherrie, 1916) W Uruguay, E and S Argentina Lepidocolaptes affinis (Spot-crowned Woodcreeper) 21 L.a.lignicida (Bangs & Penard, 1919) NE Mexico L.a.affinis (Lafresnaye, 1839) S Mexico to N Nicaragua L.a.neglectus (Ridgway, 1909) Costa Rica, W Panama Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger (Montane Woodcreeper) L.l.sanctaemartae (Chapman, 1912) N Colombia L.l.sneiderni Meyer de Schauensee, 1945 W Colombia L.l.lacrymiger (Des Murs, 1849) E Colombia, W Venezuela L.l.lafresnayi (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) N Venezuela L.l.aequatorialis (Ménégaux, 1912) SW Colombia, Ecuador L.l.frigidus Meyer de Schauensee, 1951 SW Colombia (1568) L.l.warscewiczi (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) N and C Peru L.l.carabayae Hellmayr, 1920 SE Peru L.l.bolivianus (Chapman, 1919) Bolivia Lepidocolaptes squamatus (Scaled Woodcreeper) L.s.wagleri (Spix, 1824) NE Brazil L.s.squamatus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1822) E Brazil Lepidocolaptes falcinellus (Cabanis & Heine, 1859) (Scalloped Woodcreeper)22 SE Brazil, Paraguay Lepidocolaptes albolineatus (Lineated Woodcreeper) L.a.albolineatus (Lafresnaye, 1846) E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil L.a.duidae J.T. Zimmer, 1934 S Venezuela, NW Brazil L.a.fuscicapillus (Pelzeln, 1868) SW Amazonia L.a.madeirae (Chapman, 1919) C Brazil L.a.layardi (P.L. Sclater, 1873) C Brazil CAMPYLORHAMPHUS Bertoni, 1901 M Campylorhamphus pucherani (Des Murs, 1849) (Greater Scythebill) S Colombia, E Ecuador Campylorhamphus trochilirostris (Red-billed Scythebill) C.t.brevipennis Griscom, 1932 E Panama, W Colombia C.t.venezuelensis (Chapman, 1889) N Colombia, N Venezuela C.t.thoracicus (P.L. Sclater, 1860) SW Colombia, W Ecuador C.t.zarumillanus Stolzmann, 1926 NW Peru C.t.napensis Chapman, 1925 E Ecuador, E Peru C.t.notabilis J.T. Zimmer, 1934 W Brazil C.t.snethlageae J.T. Zimmer, 1934 C Brazil C.t.major Ridgway, 1911 E Brazil (Piauí and Ceará) C.t.omissus Pinto, 1933 E Brazil (Goias, N Minas Gerais and most of Bahia) C.t.trochilirostris (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1820) E Brazil (SE Bahia) ¶C.t.guttistriatus Pinto & Camargo, 1955 SE Brazil (1897) C.t.devius J.T. Zimmer, 1934 N Bolivia C.t.lafresnayanus (d’Orbigny, 1846) E Bolivia, N Paraguay C.t.hellmayri Laubmann, 1930 N Argentina Campylorhamphus falcularius (Vieillot, 1822) (Black-billed Scythebill) SE Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Campylorhamphus pusillus (Brown-billed Scythebill) C.p.borealis Carriker, 1910 Costa Rica, W Panama C.p.olivaceus Griscom, 1927 C Panama C.p.tachirensis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1956 NE Colombia (1857) ¶C.p.guapiensis Romero-Zambrano, 198023 WC Colombia (2099) C.p.pusillus (P.L. Sclater, 1860) Colombia, W Ecuador Campylorhamphus procurvoides (Curve-billed Scythebill)24 C.p.sanus J.T. Zimmer, 1934 E Colombia, Venezuela, W Guyana, N Brazil C.p.procurvoides (Lafresnaye, 1850) French Guiana, N Brazil C.p.probatus J.T. Zimmer, 1934 C Brazil (Amazonas) C.p.multostriatus (E. Snethlage, 1907) C Brazil (Para) 1 Species and subspecies limits not well understood in some genera (C. Marantz in litt.). 2 We follow A.O.U. (1998: 355) (3) in keeping turdina as a subspecies. 3 Original spelling verified. 4 Ridgely & Tudor (1994) (2019) split this, but we are unaware of detailed evidence yet published. 5 Although Ridgely & Tudor (1994) (2019) separated villanovae (and we followed this in last Edition), we believe the case to elevate it from a subspecies is not proven. 6 This name appeared on the plate but villadenovae appeared with the descriptive text; an erratum slip stated that the name villanovae was correct. For placement in this species see Cory & Hellmayr (1925: 278) (574) and Pinto (1978: 285) (1895). 7 In last Edition we treated franciscanus as a separate species; Ridgely & Tudor (1994) (2019) associated it with this species after comments by Texiera et al. (1989) (2394); see also Cardoso da Silva & Oren (1997) (297). 8 Separation from certhia follows Willis (1992) (2669); see also Marantz (1997) (1423). 9 Includes nigrirostris and colombianus see Marantz (1997) (1423) and legtersi Paynter, 1954 (1806); see Parkes (1999) (1784). 10 Includes hyleorus see Marantz (1997) (1423). 11 Includes ridgwayi see Marantz (1997) (1423). 12 Sibley & Monroe (1990) (2262) reduced this to a subspecies. Marantz (1997) (1423) confirmed this. 13 Includes veraguensis see Marantz (1997) (1423). 14 Includes extimus see Marantz (1997) (1423) (the type locality of which is open to question). 15 For reasons to transfer this species here from the genus Lepidocolaptes see Garcia-Moreno & Cardoso da Silva (1997) (910). 16 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 17 For treatment of X. spixii as monotypic (with transfer of associated forms to X. elegans) see Haffer (1997) (1054). 18 For separation of X. susurrans see Willis (1983) (2667). 19 Includes demonstratus see Phelps & Phelps (1963: 35) (1865) (Rodner & Restall, in litt.). 20 Includes striatigularis see Winker (1995) (2673). 21 Reasons for separation appear in A.O.U. (1998: 360) (3). 22 For reasons to separate this from L. squamatus see Cardoso da Silva & Straube (1996) (299). 23 Recognised tentatively; not yet independently evaluated. 24 The proposed race ¶successor Todd, 1948 (2412) requires evaluation. DENDROCOLAPTIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD LANIIDAE (SHRIKES) (4: 30) CORVINELLA Lesson, 1831 F Corvinella corvina (Yellow-billed Shrike) C.c.corvina (Shaw, 1809) Senegal and Gambia to SW Niger C.c.togoensis Neumann, 1900 Guinea to Nigeria, Central African Republic, S Chad, W and C Sudan C.c.caliginosa Friedmann & Bowen, 1933 Bahr al Ghazal (SW Sudan) C.c.affinis Hartlaub, 18571 S Sudan, W Kenya, N Uganda, NE Zaire UROLESTES Cabanis, 18502 M Urolestes melanoleucus (Magpie-Shrike) U.m.aequatorialis Reichenow, 1887 SW Kenya, Tanzania U.m.expressus (Clancey, 1961) SE Zimbabwe, E Transvaal, S Mozambique to N Natal (390) U.m.melanoleucus (Jardine, 1831)3 S Angola to N Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Transvaal, Orange Free State EUROCEPHALUS A. Smith, 18364 M Eurocephalus rueppelli Bonaparte, 1853 (White-rumped Shrike) E and S Ethiopia to SE Sudan and Tanzania Eurocephalus anguitimens (White-crowned Shrike) E.a.anguitimens A. Smith, 1836 SW Angola, N Namibia to W Zimbabwe, W Transvaal E.a.niveus Clancey, 1965 E Zimbabwe, E Transvaal, S Mozambique (407) LANIUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Lanius tigrinus Drapiez, 1828 (Tiger Shrike) EC and E China to NE China, Korea, S Ussuriland and Japan >> S Thailand and S Indochina to Gtr. Sundas Lanius souzae (Souza's Shrike) L.s.souzae Bocage, 1878 Congo, N and C Angola to N Zambia, SE Zaire L.s.tacitus Clancey, 1970 SE Angola, S Zambia, Malawi, W Mozambique (419) L.s.burigi Chapin, 1950 Rwanda, W and S Tanzania, E Zambia Lanius bucephalus (Bull-headed Shrike) L.b.bucephalus Temminck & Schlegel, 18455 E and NE China, Korea, Ussuriland, Japan, S Sakhalin, S Kurils, Daito Is. L.b.sicarius Bangs & Peters, 1928 Gansu (NC China) Lanius cristatus (Brown Shrike) L.c.cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 C and E Siberia to N Mongolia, Baikal area and Kamchatka >> S and SE Asia L.c.confusus Stegmann, 1929 NE China, Russian Far East, Sakhalin >> Thailand, Malay Pen., Sumatra L.c.lucioniensis Linnaeus, 1766 C, S and E China to Liaoning, Korea and Kyushu >> Philippines, N Borneo, N Sulawesi, N Moluccas L.c.superciliosus Latham, 18026 N and C Honshu, Hokkaido, S Sakhalin, coastal Russia Far East >> Sundas Lanius collurio (Red-backed Shrike) L.c.collurio Linnaeus, 17587 Europe and W Siberia to W Asia Minor, N Kazakhstan and Altai Mts. >> E and S Africa L.c.kobylini (Buturlin, 1906)8 E Turkey, Caucasus area, Levant, N and NW Iran >> E Africa Lanius isabellinus (Isabelline Shrike)9 L.i.phoenicuroides (Schalow, 1875) S, E and NE Iran and Afghanistan to S Kazakhstan, Tien Shan, NW Xinjiang >> Arabia, NE and E Africa L.i.isabellinus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 NE Xinjiang and Mongolia to S and E Transbaikalia and C and N Inner Mongolia >> Arabia, NE Africa L.i.arenarius Blyth, 1846 S and C Xinjiang to SW Inner Mongolia (W China) >> Pakistan, N India L.i.tsaidamensis Stegmann, 1930 Qaidam Basin (N Qinghai, China) >> Pakistan, N India Lanius collurioides (Burmese Shrike) L.c.collurioides Lesson, 183110 S Assam and W and N Burma to S China, N Thailand and N and C Indochina L.c.nigricapillus Delacour, 1926 S Vietnam Lanius gubernator Hartlaub, 1882 (Emin's Shrike) Mali and N Ivory Coast to S Sudan, N Uganda Lanius vittatus (Bay-backed Shrike) L.v.nargianus Vaurie, 1955 SE Iran, S Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, W Pakistan L.v.vittatus Valenciennes, 1826 C and S Pakistan to India (except NE) and SW Nepal Lanius schach (Long-tailed Shrike) L.s.erythronotus (Vigors, 1831)11 12 WC Asia from SC Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to Afghanistan, Pakistan and NW India L.s.caniceps Blyth, 1846 C, S and W India, Sri Lanka L.s.tricolor Hodgson, 1837 E India, Himalayas, Burma, N Thailand, N Indochina, W and S Yunnan L.s.schach Linnaeus, 1758 E and C China, Taiwan, Hainan, N Vietnam L.s.longicaudatus Ogilvie-Grant, 1902 C and SE Thailand L.s.bentet Horsfield, 1822 S Malay Pen., Sumatra to Timor L.s.nasutus Scopoli, 1786 Philippines, N Borneo L.s.suluensis (Mearns, 1905) Sulu Arch. L.s.stresemanni Mertens, 1923 E New Guinea Lanius tephronotus (Grey-backed Shrike) L.t.lahulensis Koelz, 1950 NW India L.t.tephronotus (Vigors, 1831) S and E Tibetan Plateau from Kumaun to N Yunnan, Guizhou, S Shaanxi and Ningxia >> mainland SE Asia Lanius validirostris (Mountain Shrike) L.v.validirostris Ogilvie-Grant, 1894 Mts. of N Luzon L.v.tertius Salomonsen, 1953 Mts. of Mindoro L.v.hachisuka Ripley, 194913 Mts. of Mindanao Lanius mackinnoni Sharpe, 1891 (Mackinnon's Shrike) Cameroon to Angola and W Kenya Lanius minor (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (Lesser Grey Shrike)14 C and S Europe, SW and WC Asia >> E and S Africa Lanius ludovicianus (Loggerhead Shrike) L.l.excubitorides Swainson, 183215 C Canada, W and C USA >> E Mexico L.l.migrans Palmer, 1898 E Nth. America >> NE Mexico L.l.ludovicianus Linnaeus, 1766 SE USA L.l.miamensis Bishop, 1933 S Florida L.l.anthonyi Mearns, 1898 Santa Barbara I. L.l.mearnsi Ridgway, 1903 San Clemente I. L.l.grinnelli Oberholser, 1919 N Baja California L.l.mexicanus C.L. Brehm, 185416 C Mexico; S Baja California Lanius excubitor (Great Grey Shrike/Northern Shrike) L.e.borealis Vieillot, 180817 Alaska, Canada >> to C USA L.e.excubitor Linnaeus, 1758 N, C and E Europe, NW Siberia L.e.sibiricus Bogdanov, 1881 C and E Siberia L.e.bianchii E. Hartert, 1907 S Kuril Is., Sakhalin >> N Japan L.e.mollis Eversmann, 1853 Altai and Sayan Mts., N Mongolia L.e.funereus Menzbier, 1894 S and E Tien Shan and Dzhungarian Alatau Mts. L.e.homeyeri Cabanis, 187318 E Balkans, S European Russia, SW Siberia >> SW and C Asia Lanius meridionalis (Southern Grey Shrike)19 L.m.meridionalis Temminck, 1820 S France, Iberia L.m.koenigi E. Hartert, 1901 Canary Is. L.m.algeriensis Lesson, 1839 NW Africa L.m.elegans Swainson, 1832 W Sahara east to N Chad, Libya, C and N Egypt, SW Israel L.m.leucopygos Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 S Sahara, Mali to W and C Sudan L.m.aucheri Bonaparte, 1853 Coastal Sudan to NW Somalia, SE Israel, Jordan, Arabia (except SW), SW Iran L.m.theresae R. Meinertzhagen, 195320 N Israel, S Lebanon L.m.buryi Lorenz & Hellmayr, 1901 SW Arabia L.m.uncinatus Sclater & Hartlaub, 1881 Socotra L.m.jebelmarrae Lynes, 192321 Darfur (W Sudan). L.m.lahtora (Sykes, 1832) Pakistan, NW and C India, S Nepal, W Bangladesh L.m.pallidirostris Cassin, 1852 NE Iran and N Afghanistan to lower Volga R., S Kazakhstan, W Tien Shan, N and E Xinjiang, Mongolia and Inner Mongolia >> SW Asia and NE Africa Lanius sphenocercus (Chinese Grey Shrike)22 L.s.sphenocercus Cabanis, 1873 Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Shaanxi to NE China, N Mongolia, and Russian Far East >> NE and E China L.s.giganteus Przevalski, 1887 E Tibetan Plateau to W Sichuan and SW Gansu >> E China Lanius excubitoroides (Grey-backed Fiscal) L.e.excubitoroides Prévost & Des Murs, 184723 Mali, L. Chad, W and C Sudan to N and E Uganda, WC Kenya L.e.intercedens Neumann, 1905 C Ethiopia, W Kenya L.e.boehmi Reichenow, 1902 W Tanzania to E Zaire, SW Uganda, SW Kenya Lanius cabanisi E. Hartert, 1906 (Long-tailed Fiscal) S Somalia, Kenya, E and S Tanzania Lanius dorsalis Cabanis, 1878 (Taita Fiscal) S Ethiopia, S Somalia, Kenya, NE Tanzania Lanius somalicus Hartlaub, 1859 (Somali Fiscal) Somalia, E and S Ethiopia, N Kenya Lanius collaris (Fiscal Shrike) L.c.smithii (Fraser, 1843) Sierra Leone to W Uganda, NW Tanzania L.c.marwitzi Reichenow, 190124 EC to SC Tanzania L.c.humeralis Stanley, 1814 Ethiopia, L Victoria basin to S Tanzania to Zambia, N Mozambique L.c.capelli (Bocage, 1879) S Congo and Angola to SW Uganda, SE Zaire, Zambia, Malawi L.c.aridicolus Clancey, 1955 Coastal NW Namibia, SW Angola L.c.pyrrhostictus Holub & Pelzeln, 188225 E Botswana and Zimbabwe to S Mozambique and Natal L.c.subcoronatus A. Smith, 1841 C and N Namibia, S Botswana L.c.collaris Linnaeus, 1766 S Namibia, Cape Province to S Transvaal and W Swaziland Lanius newtoni Bocage, 1891 (Newton's Fiscal) Săo Tomé I. Lanius senator (Woodchat Shrike) L.s.senator Linnaeus, 1758 C and SE Europe to Italy, Greece, NW Asia Minor, N Tunisia and N Libya >> W and NC Africa L.s.rutilans Temminck, 1840 Iberia, NW Africa >> W Africa L.s.badius Hartlaub, 1854 Balearic Is., Corsica, Sardinia >> W and NC Africa L.s.niloticus (Bonaparte, 1853) SC Turkey and Levant to Transcaucasia and Iran >> NE Africa Lanius nubicus M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823 (Masked Shrike) SE Europe and Turkey to Iran and Jordan, ? S Turkmenistan >> NE Africa 1 Includes chapini see White (1962: 39) (2646). 2 Treated in the genus Corvinella in last Edition. We follow Fry et al. (2000: 376) (899) in using this monotypic genus. Harris & Franklin (2000) (1073) placed it in Corvinella. 3 Includes angolensis see Fry (2000: 376) (892). 4 We follow Lefranc & Worfolk (1997) (1347) and Fry et al. (2000) (899) in placing this genus in this family. 5 Page 39 appeared in 1845, not 1847 as given by Rand (1960: 343) (1971), see Holthuis & Sadai (1970) (1128). 6 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). There are some reports of breeding overlap with confusus in the Russian Far East. 7 Includes juxtus which, whether a valid form or not, is now extirpated. See Cramp et al. (1993: 477) (594). Also includes pallidifrons see Stepanyan (1990: 377) (2326). 8 For recognition see Roselaar (1995) (2107). 9 See Pearson (2000) (1813). We suggest the name Red-tailed Shrike be reserved for the phoenicuroides component of this species if it should be split. 10 Given as 1834 by Rand (1960) (1971), but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). 11 CSR believes jaxartensis should be recognised, but it is almost invariably in synonymy, see Stepanyan (1990) (2326) and Cramp et al. (1993) (594). 12 Ripley (1981: 266) (2055) considered nigriceps had been applied to a “hybrid” between this and tricolor. 13 Including quartus see Dickinson et al. (1991: 371) (745). 14 Treated as monotypic following Cramp et al. (1993: 482) (594). 15 Includes gambeli and sonoriensis see Phillips (1986) (1875). 16 Includes nelsoni see Phillips (1986) (1875). 17 Includes invictus see Phillips (1986) (1875). 18 Includes leucopterus see Stepanyan (1990: 383) (2326). 19 Separated from L. excubitor following Isenmann & Bouchet (1993) (1195). See also Sangster et al. (2002) (2167). 20 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1993: 500) (594). 21 For recognition see Pearson (2000: 361) (1814). 22 There are reports that these two forms overlap, but proof of sympatric breeding is still awaited. 23 A later replacement name excubitorius is considered to date from 1851; see Sherborn & Woodward (1902) (2242A). 24 We follow Fry (2000: 342) (892) in retaining this as a race of L. collaris. 25 For recognition see White (1962: 45) (2646). LANIIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD VIREONIDAE (VIREOS AND ALLIES)1 (4: 52) CYCLARHIS Swainson, 1824 F2 Cyclarhis gujanensis (Rufous-browed Peppershrike) C.g.septentrionalis A.R. Phillips, 19913 E Mexico (1876) C.g.flaviventris Lafresnaye, 1842 SE Mexico, E Guatemala, N Honduras C.g.yucatanensis Ridgway, 1886 SE Mexico (Yucatán Pen.) C.g.insularis Ridgway, 1885 Cozumel I. (off Yucatán Pen.) C.g.nicaraguae Miller & Griscom, 1925 S Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua C.g.subflavescens Cabanis, 1861 Costa Rica, W Panama C.g.perrygoi Wetmore, 1950 WC Panama C.g.flavens Wetmore, 1950 E Panama C.g.coibae E. Hartert, 1901 Coiba I. (Panama) C.g.cantica Bangs, 1898 N and E Colombia C.g.flavipectus P.L. Sclater, 1858 NE Venezuela, Trinidad C.g.parva Chapman, 1917 E Colombia, N Venezuela C.g.gujanensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) E Colombia, S Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, E Peru, NE Bolivia C.g.cearensis S.F. Baird, 1866 E Brazil C.g.ochrocephala Tschudi, 1845 SE Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, NE Argentina C.g.viridis (Vieillot, 1822) Paraguay, N Argentina C.g.virenticeps P.L. Sclater, 1860 Ecuador, NW Peru C.g.contrerasi Taczanowski, 1879 N Peru C.g.saturata J.T. Zimmer, 1925 C Peru C.g.pax Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1942 EC Bolivia C.g.dorsalis J.T. Zimmer, 1942 C Bolivia C.g.tarijae Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1942 SE Bolivia, NW Argentina Cyclarhis nigrirostris (Black-billed Peppershrike) C.n.nigrirostris Lafresnaye, 1842 C Colombia, E Ecuador C.n.atrirostris P.L. Sclater, 1887 SW Colombia, W Ecuador VIREOLANIUS Bonaparte, 1850 M Vireolanius melitophrys (Chestnut-sided Shrike-Vireo) V.m.melitophrys Bonaparte, 1850 S Mexico V.m.crossini A.R. Phillips, 19914 SW Mexico (1876) V.m.quercinus Griscom, 1935 S Mexico, Guatemala Vireolanius pulchellus (Green Shrike-Vireo)5 V.p.ramosi A.R. Phillips, 19916 SE Mexico (1876) V.p.pulchellus Sclater & Salvin, 1859 Guatemala to Honduras V.p.verticalis Ridgway, 1885 Nicaragua, Costa Rica, W Panama V.p.viridiceps Ridgway, 1903 C Panama Vireolanius eximius (Yellow-browed Shrike-Vireo) V.e.mutabilis Nelson, 1912 E Panama V.e.eximius S.F. Baird, 1866 N Colombia, NW Venezuela Vireolanius leucotis (Slaty-capped Shrike-Vireo) V.l.mikettae E. Hartert, 1900 W Colombia, NW Ecuador V.l.leucotis (Swainson, 1838) N and W Amazonia V.l.simplex Berlepsch, 1912 N Brazil, S Peru V.l.bolivianus Berlepsch, 1901 SE Peru, N Bolivia VIREO Vieillot, 1808 M Vireo brevipennis (Slaty Vireo) V.b.browni (Miller & Ray, 1944) SW Mexico V.b.brevipennis (P.L. Sclater, 1858) SE Mexico Vireo griseus (White-eyed Vireo) V.g.griseus (Boddaert, 1783)7 SE USA >> E Mexico to N Honduras, Cuba V.g.maynardi Brewster, 1887 S Florida V.g.bermudianus Bangs & Bradlee, 1901 Bermuda I. V.g.micrus Nelson, 1899 S Texas, NE Mexico V.g.perquisitor Nelson, 1900 E Mexico V.g.marshalli A.R. Phillips, 1991 EC Mexico (1876) Vireo crassirostris (Thick-billed Vireo) V.c.crassirostris (H. Bryant, 1859) Bahamas V.c.stalagmium Buden, 1985 Caicos Is. (266) V.c.tortugae Richmond, 1917 Tortue I., Haiti V.c.cubensis Kirkconnell & Garrido, 2000 Cayo Paredón Grande, Cuba (1270) V.c.alleni Cory, 18868 Cayman Is. (571A) Vireo pallens (Mangrove Vireo)9 V.p.paluster R.T. Moore, 1938 NW Mexico V.p.ochraceus Salvin, 1863 SW Mexico, W Guatemala, W El Salvador V.p.pallens Salvin, 1863 S Honduras, W Nicaragua, W Costa Rica V.p.nicoyensis Parkes, 1990 NW Costa Rica (1778) V.p.salvini van Rossem, 1934 SE Mexico, Belize V.p.semiflavus Salvin, 1863 N Guatemala to SE Nicaragua V.p.wetmorei A.R. Phillips, 199110 El Cayo (off Guatemala) (1876) V.p.angulensis Parkes, 1990 Bahia I. (off N Honduras) (1778) V.p.browningi A.R. Phillips, 199111 SE Nicaragua (1876) V.p.approximans Ridgway, 1884 Isla Providencia, Sta. Catalina I. (W Caribbean) Vireo bairdi Ridgway, 1885 (Cozumel Vireo) Cozumel I. (off Yucatán Pen.) Vireo caribaeus Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1942 (St. Andrew Vireo) Isla Andrčs (W Caribbean) Vireo modestus P.L. Sclater, 1860 (Jamaican Vireo) Jamaica Vireo gundlachii (Cuban Vireo) V.g.magnus Garrido, 1971 Cuba (Cayo Cantiles) (917) V.g.sanfelipensis Garrido, 1973 Cuba (Cayo Real) (920) V.g.gundlachii Lembeye, 1850 C and E Cuba V.g.orientalis Todd, 1910 SE Cuba Vireo latimeri S.F. Baird, 1866 (Puerto Rican Vireo) W Puerto Rico Vireo nanus (Lawrence, 1875) (Flat-billed Vireo) Hispaniola Vireo bellii (Bell's Vireo) V.b.pusillus Coues, 1866 C California to N Baja California>> S Baja California V.b.arizonae Ridgway, 1903 SW USA, NW Mexico >> W Mexico V.b.medius Oberholser, 1903 SC USA >> Mexico V.b.bellii Audubon, 1844 C and S USA >> Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, N Nicaragua Vireo atricapilla Woodhouse, 1852 (Black-capped Vireo)12 C and S USA >> N and W Mexico Vireo nelsoni Bond, 1936 (Dwarf Vireo) SW Mexico Vireo vicinior Coues, 1866 (Grey Vireo) SW USA, NW Mexico >> NW Mexico, SW Texas Vireo osburni (P.L. Sclater, 1861) (Blue Mountain Vireo) Jamaica Vireo flavifrons Vieillot, 1808 (Yellow-throated Vireo) S Canada, E and C USA >> Colombia, Venezuela, Central America Vireo plumbeus (Plumbeous Vireo)13 V.p.plumbeus Coues, 186614 WC USA to SW Mexico >> NW Mexico V.p.gravis A.R. Phillips, 199115 EC Mexico (1876) V.p.notius van Tyne, 1933 Belize V.p.montanus van Rossem, 1933 S Mexico, to Honduras Vireo cassinii (Cassin’s Vireo) V.c.cassinii Xantús de Vesey, 1858 SW Canada, W USA >> Mexico, Guatemala V.c.lucasanus Brewster, 1891 S Baja California Vireo solitarius (Blue-headed Vireo) V.s.solitarius (A. Wilson, 1810) Canada, NC and E USA >> E Mexico, C America, W Cuba V.s.alticola Brewster, 1886 E USA (Appalachian Mts.) >> SE USA Vireo carmioli S.F. Baird, 1866 (Yellow-winged Vireo) Costa Rica, W Panama Vireo masteri Salaman & Stiles, 1996 (Choco Vireo) # W Colombia (2148) Vireo huttoni (Hutton's Vireo) V.h.obscurus Anthony, 1890 SW Canada to NW California V.h.parkesi Rea, 1991 N California (1876) V.h.sierrae Rea, 1991 Sierra Nevada Mts. (California) (1876) V.h.huttoni Cassin, 1851 C California V.h.unitti Rea, 1991 Santa Catalina I. (California) (1876) V.h.cognatus Ridgway, 1903 S Baja California V.h.stephensi Brewster, 1882 SW USA, NW Mexico V.h.carolinae H.W. Brandt, 1938 SW Texas, NE Mexico V.h.pacificus A.R. Phillips, 1966 W and SW Mexico V.h.mexicanus Ridgway, 1903 C and S Mexico V.h.vulcani Griscom, 1930 W Guatemala Vireo hypochryseus (Golden Vireo) V.h.nitidus van Rossem, 1934 S Sonora (NW Mexico) V.h.hypochryseus P.L. Sclater, 1862 W Mexico V.h.sordidus Nelson, 1898 Tres Marias Is. Vireo gilvus (Warbling Vireo)16 V.g.swainsonii S.F. Baird, 185817 W Canada, W USA >> W Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua V.g.brewsteri Ridgway, 190318 W USA (mainly Rocky Mts.) to W Mexico >> Mexico V.g.victoriae Sibley, 1940 S Baja California V.g.gilvus (Vieillot, 1808) SW Canada, C, S and NE USA >> Middle America V.g.sympatricus A.R. Phillips, 1991 C Mexico (1876) Vireo leucophrys (Brown-capped Vireo)19 V.l.eleanorae Sutton & Burleigh, 1940 NE Mexico V.l.dubius A.R. Phillips, 1991 EC Mexico (1876) V.l.amauronotus Salvin & Godman, 1881 SE Mexico V.l.strenuus Nelson, 1900 S Mexico (Chiapas) V.l.bulli J.S. Rowley, 1968 SE Oaxaca (2116) V.l.palmeri A.R. Phillips, 199120 Honduras (1876) V.l.costaricensis Ridgway, 1903 C Costa Rica V.l.dissors J.T. Zimmer, 194121 S Costa Rica to NW Colombia V.l.mirandae E. Hartert, 1917 N Colombia, NW Venezuela V.l.josephae P.L. Sclater, 1859 SW Colombia, W Ecuador V.l.leucophrys (Lafresnaye, 1844) E Andes from Colombia to C Peru V.l.maranonicus J.T. Zimmer, 1941 N Peru V.l.laetissimus (Todd, 1924) S Peru, N Bolivia, C Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru Vireo philadelphicus (Cassin, 1851) (Philadelphia Vireo) W Canada, N USA >> Mexico, C America, Colombia Vireo olivaceus (Red-eyed Vireo) V.o.olivaceus (Linnaeus, 1766) Canada, WC and E USA >> Sth. America V.o.caucae (Chapman, 1912) W Colombia V.o.griseobarbatus (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1883) W Ecuador, NW Peru V.o.pectoralis J.T. Zimmer, 1941 N Peru V.o.solimoensis Todd, 1931 E Ecuador, NE Peru V.o.vividior Hellmayr & Seilern, 1913 Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil, Trinidad V.o.tobagensis Hellmayr, 1935 Tobago I. V.o.agilis (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) NE Brazil V.o.diversus J.T. Zimmer, 1941 SE Brazil, E Paraguay V.o.chivi (Vieillot, 1817) W and SW Amazonia Vireo gracilirostris Sharpe, 1890 (Noronha Vireo) 22 Fernando de Noronha I. (Brazil) Vireo flavoviridis (Yellow-green Vireo) V.f.flavoviridis (Cassin, 1851) Mexico to Panama >> W Amazonia V.f.forreri Madarász, 1885 Tres Marias Is., N Mexico >> Upper Amazonia V.f.perplexa A.R. Phillips, 199123 N Guatemala (1876) Vireo altiloquus (Black-whiskered Vireo) V.a.barbatulus (Cabanis, 1855) S Florida, Cuba, Haiti >> Sth. America V.a.altiloquus (Vieillot, 1808) Gtr. Antilles >> N Sth. America V.a.barbadensis (Ridgway, 1874) St. Croix, Barbados Is. V.a.bonairensis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1948 Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire Is. V.a.grandior (Ridgway, 1884) Isla Providencia, Sta. Catalina I. (W Caribbean) V.a.canescens (Cory, 1887) Isla Andrčs Vireo magister (Yucatán Vireo) V.m.magister (Lawrence, 1871) SE Mexico, Belize V.m.decoloratus (A.R. Phillips, 1991)24 Islands off Belize (1876) V.m.stilesi (A.R. Phillips, 1991)25 Islands off S Belize and N Honduras (1876) V.m.caymanensis Cory, 1887 Grand Cayman I. HYLOPHILUS Temminck, 1822 M Hylophilus poicilotis Temminck, 1822 (Rufous-crowned Greenlet) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Hylophilus amaurocephalus (Nordmann, 1835) (Grey-eyed Greenlet)26 E Brazil Hylophilus thoracicus (Lemon-chested Greenlet) H.t.aemulus (Hellmayr, 1920) SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia H.t.griseiventris Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil H.t.thoracicus Temminck, 1822 SE Brazil Hylophilus semicinereus (Grey-chested Greenlet) H.s.viridiceps (Todd, 1929) S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil H.s.semicinereus Sclater & Salvin, 1867 N Brazil H.s.juruanus Gyldenstolpe, 1941 NW Brazil Hylophilus pectoralis P.L. Sclater, 1866 (Ashy-headed Greenlet) NE Venezuela, the Guianas, E Brazil Hylophilus sclateri Salvin & Godman, 1883 (Tepui Greenlet) S Venezuela, W Guyana, NC Brazil Hylophilus brunneiceps P.L. Sclater, 1866 (Brown-headed Greenlet)27 E Colombia, S Venezuela, NW Brazil Hylophilus semibrunneus Lafresnaye, 1845 (Rufous-naped Greenlet) N Colombia, NW Venezuela, E Ecuador Hylophilus aurantiifrons (Golden-fronted Greenlet) H.a.aurantiifrons Lawrence, 1862 E Panama, N Colombia H.a.helvinus Wetmore & Phelps, 1956 NW Venezuela H.a.saturatus (Hellmayr, 1906) E Colombia, N Venezuela, Trinidad Hylophilus hypoxanthus (Dusky-capped Greenlet) H.h.hypoxanthus Pelzeln, 1868 SE Colombia H.h.fuscicapillus Sclater & Salvin, 1880 E Ecuador, N Peru H.h.flaviventris Cabanis, 1873 C Peru H.h.ictericus Bond, 1953 W Brazil, NE Peru, N Bolivia H.h.albigula (Chapman, 1921) N Brazil H.h.inornatus (E. Snethlage, 1914)28 N Brazil Hylophilus muscicapinus (Buff-cheeked Greenlet) H.m.muscicapinus Sclater & Salvin, 1873 S Venezuela, the Guianas, E Brazil, E Bolivia H.m.griseifrons (E. Snethlage, 1907) N Brazil Hylophilus flavipes (Scrub Greenlet) H.f.viridiflavus Lawrence, 1862 S Costa Rica to C Panama H.f.xuthus Wetmore, 1957 Coiba I. (Panama) H.f.flavipes Lafresnaye, 1845 C and N Colombia H.f.melleus Wetmore, 1941 N Colombia H.f.galbanus Wetmore & Phelps, 1956 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela H.f.acuticauda Lawrence, 1865 N Venezuela H.f.insularis P.L. Sclater, 1861 Tobago I. Hylophilus olivaceus Tschudi, 1844 (Olivaceous Greenlet) E Ecuador, N Peru Hylophilus ochraceiceps (Tawny-crowned Greenlet) H.o.ochraceiceps P.L. Sclater, 1859 S Mexico, Guatemala H.o.pallidipectus (Ridgway, 1903) Guatemala to Costa Rica H.o.pacificus Parkes, 1991 SE Costa Rica, NW Panama (1876) H.o.nelsoni (Todd, 1929) W to E Panama H.o.bulunensis E. Hartert, 1902 E Panama, W Colombia, W Ecuador H.o.ferrugineifrons P.L. Sclater, 1862 SE Colombia, S Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, NW Brazil H.o.viridior (Todd, 1929) S Peru, N Bolivia H.o.luteifrons P.L. Sclater, 1881 E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil H.o.lutescens (E. Snethlage, 1914) N Brazil H.o.rubrifrons Sclater & Salvin, 1867 NE Brazil Hylophilus decurtatus (Lesser Greenlet ) H.d.brevipennis (Giraud, 1852) E Mexico H.d.dickermani Parkes, 1991 SE Mexico (1876) H.d.phillipsi Parkes, 1991 SE Mexico (Yucatán Pen.) (1876) H.d.decurtatus (Bonaparte, 1838) C America H.d.darienensis (Griscom, 1927) C Panama to N Colombia H.d.minor Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1883 SW Colombia, W Ecuador, NW Peru 1 In this Edition we follow A.O.U. (1998: 429) (3) in not recognising subfamilies. 2 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 3 Tentatively accepted; see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 4 Tentatively accepted; see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 5 The proposed race ¶ dearborni A.R. Phillips, 1991 (1876), requires substantiation. 6 For recognition see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 7 Includes noveboracensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (J.V. Remsen in litt.). 8 For recognition of this see Buden (1985) (266). 9 The proposed race olsoni A.R. Phillips, 1991 (1876), is not accepted here, but see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 10 Tentatively accepted; see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 11 Tentatively accepted; see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 12 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 13 This species and the next separated here following A.O.U. (1998: 434) (3), but note reservations therein as to subspecific attributions. 14 Includes jacksoni Oberholser, 1974 (1673), see Browning (1978) (246). 15 Tentatively accepted; see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 16 Our treatment of this species and the next follows Phillips (1991) (1876). 17 Includes leucopolius see Phillips (1991) (1876). 18 Includes petrorus Oberholser, 1974 (1673), see Browning (1990) (249) and connectens see Phillips (1991) (1876). 19 We follow A.O.U. (1998: 436) (3) in treating V. leucophrys as an allospecies of V. gilvus and in retaining swainsonii within the latter; in last Edition leucophrys was understood to be monotypic. 20 Tentatively accepted; see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 21 Includes disjunctus and chiriquensis see Olson (1981) (1697). 22 Separated from the above following Olson (1994) Olson (1994) and A.O.U. (1998: 438) (3). 23 Tentatively accepted, see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729); but we have not accepted vanrossemi A.R. Phillips, 1991 (1876). 24 Tentatively accepted, see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 25 Tentatively accepted, see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 26 For reasons to separate this from H. poicilotis see Willis (1991) (2668). 27 The race inornatus has been moved to H. hypoxanthus. 28 Placed here following Ridgely & Tudor (1989: 157) (2018). VIREONIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD CORVIDAE (CROWS, JAYS)1 (24: 117) PLATYLOPHUS Swainson, 1832 M Platylophus galericulatus (Crested Jay) P.g.ardesiacus (Bonaparte, 1850) Malay Pen. P.g.coronatus (Raffles, 1822) Sumatra, Borneo (except N) P.g.lemprieri Nicholson, 18832 N Borneo P.g.galericulatus (Cuvier, 1816)3 Java PLATYSMURUS Reichenbach, 1850 M Platysmurus leucopterus (Black Magpie) P.l.leucopterus (Temminck, 1824) Malay Pen., Sumatra P.l.aterrimus (Temminck, 18294) Borneo PERISOREUS Bonaparte, 1831 M Perisoreus infaustus (Siberian Jay) P.i.infaustus (Linnaeus, 1758) Scandinavia and NW European Russia P.i.ostjakorum Sushkin & Stegmann, 1929 NE European Russia and N Siberia east to the W Lena basin P.i.yakutensis Buturlin, 1916 NE Siberia (lower Lena basin to W Anadyrland and N Sea of Okhotsk) P.i.ruthenus Buturlin, 1916 WC to SE European Russia, SW Siberia P.i.opicus Bangs, 1913 Altai, Sayan and Tannu Ola Mts. (SC Siberia, Tuva Rep.) P.i.sibericus (Boddaert, 1783)5 Mid-Yenisey basin to Baikal area and N Mongolia P.i.tkatchenkoi Sushkin & Stegmann, 19296 Middle Lena and Aldan basins to NW Manchuria and W Amurland P.i.maritimus Buturlin, 19157 E Amurland and NE Manchuria to Russian Far East and Sakhalin Perisoreus internigrans (Thayer & Bangs, 1912) (Sichuan Jay) E Xizang, SE Qinghai, W Gansu, N Sichuan Perisoreus canadensis (Grey Jay) P.c.pacificus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) NC and S Alaska P.c.canadensis (Linnaeus, 1766)8 NE Alaska, C Canada, NC and NE USA P.c.nigricapillus Ridgway, 1882 NE Canada P.c.albescens J.L. Peters, 1920 W Canada P.c.bicolor A.H. Miller, 1933 SW Canada, NW USA P.c.capitalis Ridgway, 1874 WC and SC USA P.c.griseus Ridgway, 1899 SW Canada, NW USA P.c.obscurus Ridgway, 1874 NW USA CYANOLYCA Cabanis, 1851 F Cyanolyca armillata (Black-collared Jay) C.a.meridana (Sclater & Salvin, 1876) NW Venezuela C.a.armillata (G.R. Gray, 1845) E Colombia, W Venezuela C.a.quindiuna (Sclater & Salvin, 1876) S Colombia, N Ecuador Cyanolyca viridicyanus (White-collared Jay)9 C.v.joylaea (Bonaparte, 1852) N and C Peru C.v.cyanolaema Hellmayr, 1917 S Peru C.v.viridicyanus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) N Bolivia Cyanolyca turcosa (Bonaparte, 1853) (Turquoise Jay) S Colombia, N Peru Cyanolyca pulchra (Lawrence, 1876) (Beautiful Jay) W Colombia, W Ecuador, NW Peru Cyanolyca cucullata (Azure-hooded Jay) C.c.mitrata Ridgway, 1899 E and S Mexico C.c.guatemalae Pitelka, 1951 S Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala C.c.hondurensis Pitelka, 1951 W Honduras C.c.cucullata (Ridgway, 1885) N Costa Rica to WC Panama Cyanolyca pumilo (Strickland, 1849) (Black-throated Jay) S Mexico to Honduras Cyanolyca nana (Du Bus, 1847) 10 (Dwarf Jay) S Mexico Cyanolyca mirabilis Nelson, 1903 (White-throated Jay)11 SW Mexico Cyanolyca argentigula (Silvery-throated Jay) C.a.albior Pitelka, 1951 C Costa Rica C.a.argentigula (Lawrence, 1875) S Costa Rica, W Panama CYANOCORAX Boie, 182612 M Cyanocorax melanocyanea (Bushy-crested Jay) C.m.melanocyanea (Hartlaub, 1844) C Guatemala to SC El Salvador C.m.chavezi (Miller & Griscom, 1925) NE Guatemala, Honduras, NW El Salvador, N Nicaragua Cyanocorax sanblasiana (San Blas Jay) C.s.nelsoni (Bangs & Penard, 1919) SW Mexico (Nayarit to W Guerrero) C.s.sanblasiana (Lafresnaye, 1842) SW Mexico (C Guerrero) Cyanocorax yucatanica (Yucatán Jay) C.y.yucatanica (A.J.C. Dubois, 1875) SE Mexico, Guatemala C.y.rivularis (Brodkorb, 1940) SE Mexico Cyanocorax beecheii (Vigors, 1829) (Purplish-backed Jay) NW Mexico Cyanocorax violaceus (Violaceous Jay) C.v.pallidus Zimmer & Phelps, 1944 N Venezuela C.v.violaceus Du Bus, 184713 W Amazonia Cyanocorax caeruleus (Vieillot, 1818) (Azure Jay) SE Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina Cyanocorax cyanomelas (Vieillot, 1818) (Purplish Jay) SE Peru to N Argentina, SW Brazil Cyanocorax cristatellus (Temminck, 1823) (Curl-crested Jay) C and E Brazil, NE Paraguay, E Bolivia Cyanocorax dickeyi R.T. Moore, 1935 (Tufted Jay) W Mexico Cyanocorax affinis (Black-chested Jay) C.a.zeledoni Ridgway, 1899 S Costa Rica, Panama C.a.affinis Pelzeln, 1856 N Colombia, NW Venezuela Cyanocorax mystacalis (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835) (White-tailed Jay) SW Ecuador, NW Peru Cyanocorax cayanus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Cayenne Jay) SE Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil Cyanocorax heilprini Gentry, 1885 (Azure-naped Jay) E Colombia, S Venezuela, NW Brazil Cyanocorax chrysops (Plush-crested Jay) C.c.diesingii Pelzeln, 1856 N Brazil C.c.insperatus Pinto & Camargo, 196114 NE Brazil (1899) C.c.chrysops (Vieillot, 1818) E Bolivia to SE Brazil C.c.tucumanus Cabanis, 1883 NW Argentina Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821) (White-naped Jay) E Brazil Cyanocorax yncas (Green Jay) C.y.glaucescens Ridgway, 1900 S Texas, NE Mexico C.y.luxuosus (Lesson, 1839) NE Mexico C.y.speciosus (Nelson, 1900) W Mexico C.y.vividus (Ridgway, 1900) SW Mexico C.y.maya (van Rossem, 1934) SE Mexico (Yucatán Pen.) C.y.confusus A.R. Phillips, 196615 Extreme S Mexico, W Guatemala (1870) C.y.centralis (van Rossem, 1934) SE Mexico (Tabasco), E Guatemala, Honduras C.y.cozumelae (van Rossem, 1934) Cozumel I. C.y.galeatus (Ridgway, 1900) Colombia C.y.cyanodorsalis (A.J.C. Dubois, 1874) E Colombia C.y.andicolus Hellmayr & von Seilern, 1912 NE Columbia, NW Venezuela (1105) C.y.guatimalensis (Bonaparte, 1850) N Venezuela C.y.yncas (Boddaert, 1783) SW Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, N Bolivia C.y.longirostris (Carriker, 1933) N Peru (Marańon valley) Cyanocorax morio (Brown Jay) C.m.palliatus (van Rossem, 1934) S Texas, NE and C Mexico C.m.morio (Wagler, 1829)16 C Mexico to W Panama C.m.vociferus (Cabot, 1843) SE Mexico (Yucatán Pen.) CALOCITTA G.R. Gray, 1841 F Calocitta colliei (Vigors, 1829) (Black-throated Magpie-Jay) W Mexico Calocitta formosa (White-throated Magpie-Jay) C.f.formosa (Swainson, 1827) SW Mexico C.f.azurea Nelson, 1897 SE Mexico, Guatemala C.f.pompata Bangs, 1914 S Mexico to NW Costa Rica CYANOCITTA Strickland, 1845 F Cyanocitta cristata (Blue Jay) C.c.bromia Oberholser, 1921 S Canada, C USA >> SE USA C.c.cristata (Linnaeus, 1758)17 EC and SE USA C.c.semplei Todd, 1928 S Florida C.c.cyanotephra Sutton, 1935 SC USA Cyanocitta stelleri (Steller's Jay) C.s.stelleri (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) S Alaska to NW Canada (Oregon) C.s.carlottae Osgood, 1901 Queen Charlotte Is. C.s.frontalis (Ridgway, 1873) W USA (S Oregon to S California) C.s.carbonacea Grinnell, 1900 C California C.s.annectens (S.F. Baird, 1874) W Canada, interior NW USA C.s.macrolopha S.F. Baird, 1854 W USA (Rocky Mts., Great Basin region) C.s.diademata (Bonaparte, 1850) SW USA to C Mexico C.s.phillipsi Browning, 1993 C Mexico (255) C.s.azteca Ridgway, 1899 C Mexico C.s.coronata (Swainson, 1827)18 SC Mexico to El Salvador C.s.purpurea Aldrich, 1944 SW Mexico (Michoacan) C.s.restricta A.R. Phillips, 196619 S Mexico (Oaxaca) (1870) C.s.suavis Miller & Griscom, 1925 C Honduras to N Nicaragua APHELOCOMA Cabanis, 185120 F Aphelocoma ultramarina (Mexican Jay) A.u.arizonae (Baird & Ridgway, 1874) SW USA, N Mexico A.u.wollweberi Kaup, 1854 NW and W Mexico A.u.gracilis G.S. Miller, 1896 WC Mexico A.u.colimae Nelson, 1899 SW Mexico A.u.ultramarina (Bonaparte, 1825) SC Mexico A.u.potosina Nelson, 1899 EC Mexico A.u.couchii (S.F. Baird, 1858) S Texas, NE Mexico Aphelocoma unicolor (Unicoloured Jay) A.u.guerrerensis Nelson, 1903 C Mexico A.u.concolor (Cassin, 1848) SE Mexico A.u.oaxacae Pitelka, 1946 S Mexico A.u.unicolor (Du Bus, 1847)21 SE Mexico, Guatemala A.u.griscomi van Rossem, 1928 El Salvador, W Honduras Aphelocoma californica (Western Scrub Jay)22 A.c.californica (Vigors, 1839)23 W USA (S Washington to C California) A.c.obscura Anthony, 1889 SW California, N Baja California A.c.cactophila Huey, 1942 C Baja California A.c.hypoleuca Ridgway, 1887 C and S Baja California A.c.suttoni (A.R. Phillips, 1966)24 25 SC USA, NC Mexico (1872) A.c.woodhouseii (S.F. Baird, 1858)26 WC and SC USA to NW Mexico A.c.texana Ridgway, 1902 WC Texas A.c.grisea Nelson, 1899 NW Mexico A.c.cyanotis Ridgway, 1887 EC Mexico A.c.sumichrasti (Baird & Ridgway, 1874) SC Mexico A.c.remota Griscom, 1934 SW Mexico A.c.cana Pitelka, 1951 California A.c.nevadae Pitelka, 1945 WC USA, N Mexico Aphelocoma insularis Henshaw, 1886 (Island Scrub Jay) Santa Cruz I. (off S California) Aphelocoma coerulescens (Bosc, 1795) (Florida Scrub Jay) S Florida GYMNORHINUS Wied, 1841 M Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Wied, 1841 (Pinyon Jay) W USA, NW Mexico GARRULUS Brisson, 1760 M Garrulus glandarius (Eurasian Jay)27 G.g.rufitergum E. Hartert, 1903 Scotland, England, W France G.g.hibernicus Witherby & Hartert, 1911 Ireland G.g.glandarius (Linnaeus, 1758) N and C Europe east to the Urals and south to the Pyrenees, the Alps, N Croatia, N Serbia, Romania G.g.fasciatus (A.E. Brehm, 1857)28 Iberia G.g.ichnusae O. Kleinschimdt, 1903 Sardinia G.g.corsicanus Laubmann, 1912 Corsica G.g.albipectus O. Kleinschmidt, 192029 Mainland Italy, Sicily, W Croatia, W Albania, Ionian Is. G.g.graecus Kleiner, 193930 E Albania, S Serbia, W and C Bulgaria, mainland Greece G.g.ferdinandi Keve, 194331 E Bulgaria, N European Turkey G.g.cretorum R. Meinertzhagen, 1920 Crete G.g.glaszneri Madarász, 1902 Cyprus G.g.cervicalis Bonaparte, 1853 N and E Algeria, N Tunisia G.g.whitakeri E. Hartert, 1903 N Morocco, NW Algeria G.g.minor J. Verreaux, 1857 C Morocco, Saharan Atlas Mts. of Algeria G.g.atricapillus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832 W Syria to Israel and W Jordan G.g.anatoliae Seebohm, 188332 Asia Minor (except NE), NW Syria, NE Iraq, W and SW Iran G.g.samios Kleiner, 1940 Samos G.g.krynicki Kaleniczenko, 1839 NE Turkey, Caucasus area G.g.iphigenia Sushkin & Ptuschenko, 1914 Crimea G.g.hyrcanus Blanford, 1873 SE Azerbaijan, N Iran G.g.brandtii Eversmann, 184233 S Siberia from Ural Mts. to Sakhalin, S Kuril Is., and Hokkaido south to Mongolia, N China and Korea G.g.kansuensis Stresemann, 1928 Qinghai, Gansu, NW Sichuan G.g.pekingensis Reichenow, 1905 Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, S Liaoning G.g.sinensis Swinhoe, 1871 C, S and E China (except S Yunnan), N Burma G.g.taivanus Gould, 1862 Taiwan G.g.bispecularis Vigors, 1831 W Himalayas to W Nepal G.g.interstinctus E. Hartert, 191834 E Himalayas, SE Xizang G.g.persaturatus E. Hartert, 1918 S Assam G.g.oatesi Sharpe, 189635 NW Burma G.g.haringtoni Rippon, 1905 W Burma G.g.leucotis Hume, 1874 C and E Burma, S Yunnan, W, N and E Thailand, C and S Indochina G.g.japonicus Temminck & Schlegel, 184736 Honshu, Shikoku, Tsushima, Oshima Is. (W and C Japan) G.g.tokugawae Taka-Tsukasa, 1931 Sado I. (W Japan) G.g.hiugaensis Momiyama, 1927 Kyushu (S Japan) G.g.orii N. Kuroda, Sr., 1923 Yakushima Is. (S Japan) Garrulus lanceolatus Vigors, 1831 (Black-headed Jay) NE Afghanistan, W and N Pakistan, NW Himalayas to C Nepal Garrulus lidthi Bonaparte, 1850 (Lidth’s Jay) Amami O-shima (Ryukyu Is.) CYANOPICA Bonaparte, 1850 F Cyanopica cyanus (Azure-winged Magpie)37 C.c.cooki Bonaparte, 1850 Spain, Portugal C.c.cyanus (Pallas, 1776)38 Mongolia, Baikal area and Yakutia to N Manchuria and Russian Far East >> Nei Mongol C.c.japonica Parrot, 1905 N and C Honshu (Japan) C.c.stegmanni Meise, 1932 S Manchuria C.s.koreensis Yamashina, 1939 Korea C.c.interposita E. Hartert, 1917 Ningxia, E Gansu and Shaanxi to Shandong and Hebei (N China) C.c.swinhoei E. Hartert, 1903 C and N Sichuan to Zhejiang and Jiangxi (EC and E China) C.c.kansuensis Meise, 1937 NE Qinghai, W Gansu, NW Sichuan (NC China) UROCISSA Cabanis, 1850 F Urocissa ornata (Wagler, 1829) (Sri Lanka Blue Magpie) Sri Lanka Urocissa caerulea Gould, 1863 (Taiwan Blue Magpie) Taiwan Urocissa flavirostris (Yellow-billed Blue Magpie) U.f.cucullata Gould, 1861 W Himalayas to W Nepal U.f.flavirostris (Blyth, 1846) E Himalayas, SE Xizang, N Burma, W Yunnan U.f.schaeferi Sick, 1939 W Burma U.f.robini Delacour & Jabouille, 1930 NW Vietnam Urocissa erythrorhyncha (Red-billed Blue Magpie) U.e.occipitalis (Blyth, 1846) W and C Himalayas U.e.magnirostris (Blyth, 1846) S Assam, Burma, Thailand, S Indochina U.e.alticola Birckhead, 1938 W and N Yunnan, NE Burma U.e.brevivexilla Swinhoe, 1873 NE China (S Gansu to S Liaoning) U.e.erythrorhyncha (Boddaert, 1783) C, E and S China, N Indochina, Hainan Urocissa whiteheadi (White-winged Magpie) U.w.whiteheadi Ogilvie-Grant, 1899 Hainan I. U.w.xanthomelana (Delacour, 1927) S Sichuan, Guangxi, C Laos, N and C Vietnam CISSA Boie, 1826 F Cissa chinensis (Common Green Magpie) C.c.chinensis (Boddaert, 1783) Himalayas, Assam, Burma, S China, W, N and E Thailand, N Indochina C.c.klossi Delacour & Jabouille, 1924 C Indochina C.c.margaritae Robinson & Kloss, 1919 SC and S Vietnam C.c.robinsoni Ogilvie-Grant, 1906 W Malaysia C.c.minor Cabanis, 1850 Sumatra, NW Borneo Cissa hypoleuca (Indochinese Green Magpie) C.h.jini Delacour, 1930 S Sichuan, Guangxi C.h.concolor Delacour & Jabouille, 1928 N and NC Vietnam C.h.chauleti Delacour, 1926 C Vietnam C.h.hypoleuca Salvadori & Giglioli, 1885 E, SE Thailand, S Indochina C.h.katsumatae Rothschild, 1903 Hainan I. Cissa thalassina (Short-tailed Green Magpie) C.t.thalassina (Temminck, 1826) Java C.t.jeffreyi Sharpe, 1888 NW Borneo DENDROCITTA Gould, 1833 F Dendrocitta vagabunda (Rufous Treepie) D.v.bristoli Paynter, 196139 N and C Pakistan, NW India D.v.pallida (Blyth, 1846) W and WC India D.v.vagabunda (Latham, 1790) EC and NE India, Nepal, Bangladesh D.v.parvula Whistler & Kinnear, 1932 SW India D.v.vernayi Kinnear & Whistler, 1930 SE India D.v.sclateri E.C.S. Baker, 1922 W and N Burma D.v.kinneari E.C.S. Baker, 1922 C and E Burma, NW Thailand, SW Yunnan D.v.saturatior Ticehurst, 1922 SE Burma, SW Thailand D.v.sakeratensis Gyldenstolpe, 1920 E, C and SE Thailand, S Indochina Dendrocitta occipitalis (S. Müller, 1835) (Sumatran Treepie) Sumatra Dendrocitta cinerascens Sharpe, 1879 (Bornean Treepie)40 Borneo Dendrocitta formosae (Gray Treepie) D.f.occidentalis Ticehurst, 1925 NW Himalayas to W Nepal D.f.himalayensis Blyth, 186541 E Himalayas, Assam, NW, N and NE Burma, SW and S Yunnan, N and C Laos, NW Vietnam D.f.sarkari Kinnear & Whistler, 1930 S India D.f.assimilis Hume, 1877 SW and E Burma, Thailand D.f.sinica Stresemann, 1913 EC Sichuan to E and SE China and NE Vietnam D.f.sapiens (Deignan, 1955) WC Sichuan D.f.formosae Swinhoe, 1863 Taiwan D.f.insulae E. Hartert, 1910 Hainan I. Dendrocitta leucogastra Gould, 1833 (White-billed Treepie) S India Dendrocitta frontalis Horsfield, 1840 (Collared Treepie) E Himalayas, N and NE Burma, W Yunnan, NW Vietnam Dendrocitta bayleyi Blyth, 1863 (Andaman Treepie) Andaman Is. CRYPSIRINA Vieillot, 1816 F Crypsirina temia (Daudin, 1800) (Racquet-tailed Treepie) S and SE Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Java Crypsirina cucullata Jerdon, 1862 (Hooded Treepie) N and C Burma TEMNURUS Lesson, 1830 M Temnurus temnurus (Temminck, 1825) (Ratchet-tailed Treepie) SE Burma, W Thailand, C Laos, Vietnam, Hainan I. PICA Brisson, 1760 F Pica pica (Common Magpie) P.p.fennorum Lönnberg, 1927 N Scandinavia and E Baltic to W and N European Russia P.p.pica (Linnaeus, 1758)42 S Scandinavia and British Isles to S and SE Europe, W and N Asia Minor and Caucasus area P.p.melanotos A.E. Brehm, 1857 Spain, Portugal P.p.mauretanica Malherbe, 1845 NW Africa P.p.asirensis Bates, 1936 SW Saudi Arabia P.p.bactriana Bonaparte, 185043 SE Turkey, Iran, and Ural R. and Mts., E through Transcaspia and S Siberia to W Pakistan, Kashmir, Xinjiang, Mongolia and Transbaikalia P.p.hemileucoptera Stegmann, 1928 W and C Siberia, WC Asia incl. Xinjiang P.p.leucoptera Gould, 1862 Mongolia and Nei Mongol P.p.camtschatica Stejneger, 1884 Anadyrland to Kamchatka (NE Siberia) P.p.sericea Gould, 1845 Amurland, Korea, and Kyushu through NE and E China to Taiwan, C Indochina, and N and E Burma P.p.bottanensis Delessert, 1840 E Tibetan Plateau (S and E Xizang and Qinghai to N Bhutan and W Sichuan) Pica hudsonia (Sabine, 1823) (Black-billed Magpie)44 S Alaska, W Canada, W USA Pica nuttalli (Audubon, 1837) (Yellow-billed Magpie) W California ZAVATTARIORNIS Moltoni, 193845 M Zavattariornis stresemanni Moltoni, 1938 (Stresemann's Bush Crow) S Ethiopia PODOCES J.G. Fischer, 182146 M Podoces hendersoni Hume, 1871 (Mongolian Ground Jay) Xinjiang, S Tuva Rep. and W and S Mongolia to N Qinghai and Ningxia, ? E Kazakhstan Podoces biddulphi Hume, 1874 (Xinjiang Ground Jay) Tarim Basin (SW Xinjiang, China), ? W Gansu Podoces panderi (Turkestan Ground Jay) P.p.panderi J.G. Fischer, 182147 Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, SW and SC Kazakhstan P.p.ilensis Menzbier & Schnitnikov, 191548 SE Balkhash area (E Kazakhstan) Podoces pleskei Zarudny, 1896 (Pleske's Ground Jay) C Iran, ? S Afghanistan, ? W Pakistan PSEUDOPODOCES Zarudny & Loudon, 190249 M Pseudopodoces humilis (Hume, 1871) (Hume's Groundpecker) Tibetan Plateau (S Xinjiang and NE Kashmir to SW Gansu and W Sichuan) NUCIFRAGA Brisson, 1760 F Nucifraga columbiana (A. Wilson, 1811) (Clark's Nutcracker) SW Canada, W USA >> N Mexico Nucifraga caryocatactes (Eurasian Nutcracker) N.c.caryocatactes (Linnaeus, 1758) N, C and SE Europe to C European Russia >> S Russia N.c.macrorhynchos C.L. Brehm, 1823 E European Russia to Kamchatka and Sakhalin south to N Mongolia, NE China and Korea >> W Europe to C China N.c.rothschildi E. Hartert, 1903 C Kyrgyzstan to WC Xinjiang and SE Kazakhstan N.c.japonica E. Hartert, 1897 S Kurils, Japan N.c.owstoni Ingram, 1910 Taiwan N.c.interdicta Kleinschmidt & Weigold, 1922 Henan and Shanxi to Hebei and SW Liaoning (N China) N.c.multipunctata Gould, 1849 E Afghanistan, W and N Pakistan, Kashmir east to Lahul N.c.hemispila Vigors, 1831 NW and C Himalayas N.c.macella Thayer & Bangs, 190950 E Himalayas, N Burma, C China PYRRHOCORAX Tunstall, 1771 M Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (Red-billed Chough) P.p.pyrrhocorax (Linnaeus, 1758) Parts of W Britain, Ireland P.p.erythrorhamphos (Vieillot, 1817)51 W France; Iberia to Alps and Italy P.p.barbarus Vaurie, 1954 Palma (Canary Is.), NW Africa P.p.docilis (S.G. Gmelin, 1774) SE Europe to Caucasus area, Afghanistan and W Pakistan P.p.centralis Stresemann, 1928 NW Himalayas and Pamir-Alai Mts to Tien Shan, Altai, Mongolia, NW Manchuria P.p.himalayanus (Gould, 1862) Fringe of S and E Tibetan Plateau (Garhwal to N Yunnan, north to Gansu) P.p.brachypus (Swinhoe, 1871) Ningxia and Shanxi to Shandong and Hebei (N China) P.p.baileyi Rand & Vaurie, 1955 Highlands of N and C Ethiopia Pyrrhocorax graculus (Alpine Chough/Yellow-billed Chough) P.g.graculus (Linnaeus, 1766) Europe, N Africa, N Turkey, Caucasus area, N Iran P.g.digitatus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 S Turkey, Lebanon, SW Iran P.g.forsythi Stolickza, 187452 Mts. of C Asia (Afghanistan and Pakistan to Altai, Tuva Rep., and S and E Tibetan Plateau PTILOSTOMUS Swainson, 1837 M Ptilostomus afer (Linnaeus, 1766) (Piapiac) Senegal to Ethiopia, Uganda CORVUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Corvus monedula (Eurasian Jackdaw) C.m.monedula Linnaeus, 1758 N and C Europe (Scandinavia to N Alps and Carpathian Alps) C.m.spermologus Vieillot, 1817 W and S Europe east to Italy; Morocco, NW Algeria C.m.soemmerringii J.G. Fischer, 181153 SE and E Europe and C Asia east to Kashmir, NW Xinjiang, W Mongolia, and SC Siberia >> NE Africa, SW Asia E Europe, N and C Asia >> Iran, W India C.m.cirtensis (Rothschild & Hartert, 1912) NE Algeria, Tunisia Corvus dauuricus Pallas, 1776 (Daurian Jackdaw) EC and E Asia (Altai and E Tibetan Plateau to N China, Korea, middle Amur Valley) >> S and E China and Japan Corvus splendens (House Crow) C.s.zugmayeri Laubmann, 1913 Pakistan, NW India C.s.splendens Vieillot, 1817 India (except NW), Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan C.s.protegatus Madarász, 1904 Sri Lanka C.s.maledivicus Reichenow, 1904 Maldive Is. C.s.insolens Hume, 1874 Burma, S Yunnan, SW Thailand54 Corvus moneduloides Lesson, 1830 (New Caledonian Crow) New Caledonia, Loyalty Is. †?Corvus unicolor (Rothschild & Hartert, 1900) (Banggai Crow)55 Banggai I. Corvus enca (Slender-billed Crow) C.e.compilator Richmond, 1903 W Malaysia, Sumatra, Nias, Simeuluë, Borneo C.e.enca (Horsfield, 1822) Java, Bali, Mentawi Is.56 C.e.celebensis Stresemann, 1936 Sulawesi and nearer satellite islands C.e.mangoli Vaurie, 195857 Sula Is. C.e.violaceus Bonaparte, 1850 Ambon, Seram, Buru (S Moluccas) C.e.pusillus Tweeddale, 1878 Balabac, Palawan, Mindoro C.e.sierramadrensis Rand & Rabor, 1961 Luzon C.e.samarensis Steere, 1890 Samar, Mindanao Corvus typicus (Bonaparte, 1853) (Piping Crow) C and S Sulawesi, Muna and Butung Is. Corvus florensis Büttikofer, 1894 (Flores Crow) Flores I. (Lesser Sundas) Corvus kubaryi Reichenow, 1885 (Mariana Crow) Guam, Rota Is. (Marianas) Corvus validus Bonaparte, 1850 (Long-billed Crow) N and C Moluccas Corvus woodfordi (White-billed Crow) C.w.meeki Rothschild, 1904 Bougainville I. (N Solomons) C.w.woodfordi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1887)58 Choiseul, Ysabel and Guadalcanal I. (NC and SE Solomons) Corvus fuscicapillus (Brown-headed Crow) C.f.fuscicapillus G.R. Gray, 1859 Aru Is., W New Guinea C.f.megarhynchus Bernstein, 1864 Waigeo, Geimen Is. (W Papuan Is.) Corvus tristis Lesson & Garnot, 1827 (Grey Crow) W Papuan Is., New Guinea, D'Entrecasteaux Arch. Corvus capensis (Cape Crow) C.c.kordofanensis Laubmann, 191959 Sudan, Eritrea and Somalia to Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania C.c.capensis M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823 Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe to South Africa Corvus frugilegus (Rook) C.f.frugilegus Linnaeus, 1758 Europe, W and C Asia east to Tien Shan and N Altai >> N Africa, SW Asia C.f.pastinator Gould, 1845 Mongolia and C and E China to S Yakutia, Russian Far East and Korea >> E Asia Corvus brachyrhynchos (American Crow) C.b.hesperis Ridgway, 188760 W Canada, W and SE USA C.b.hargravei A.R. Phillips, 194261 Montane W USA C.b.brachyrhynchos C.L. Brehm, 1822 C and E Canada, C and NE USA >> SE USA C.b.pascuus Coues, 1899 S Florida Corvus caurinus S.F. Baird, 1858 (North-western Crow) W Canada, NW USA Corvus imparatus J.L. Peters, 1929 (Tamaulipas Crow) NE Mexico >> to S Texas Corvus sinaloae J. Davis, 1958 (Sinaloa Crow) NW Mexico Corvus ossifragus A. Wilson, 1812 (Fish Crow) E USA Corvus palmarum (Palm Crow)62 C.p.palmarum Württemberg, 1835 Hispaniola C.p.minutus Gundlach, 1852 Cuba Corvus jamaicensis J.F. Gmelin, 1788 (Jamaican Crow) Jamaica Corvus nasicus Temminck, 1826 (Cuban Crow) Cuba, Grand Caicos I. Corvus leucognaphalus Daudin, 1800 (White-necked Crow) Hispaniola, Puerto Rico Corvus hawaiiensis Peale, 1848 (Hawaiian Crow) Hawaii Is. Corvus corone (Carrion Crow)63 C.c.corone Linnaeus, 1758 SW and W Europe >> N Africa C.c.cornix Linnaeus, 1758 N and E Europe and W Siberia south to N Balkans, N Ukraine and Ob’ basin >> W and S Europe, SW Asia C.c.sharpii Oates, 188964 Italy and S and E Balkans to Turkey and Iran and through S Ukraine and N Kazakhstan to NW Altai >> NE Africa to SW Asia C.c.pallescens (Madarász, 1904) Egypt, Cyprus and S Turkey to Jordan and N Iraq C.c.capellanus P.L. Sclater, 1876 C and S Iraq, SW Iran C.c.orientalis Eversmann, 1841 WC and E Asia (Afghanistan, E Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, SC Kazakhstan and Yenisey Valley east to C China, Korea, Japan and Kamchatka >> NW India, S China Corvus pectoralis Gould, 1836 (Collared Crow)65 E and C China, Hainan, N Vietnam (965) Corvus macrorhynchos (Large-billed Crow/Jungle Crow)66 C.m.japonensis Bonaparte, 1850 C and S Sakhalin I., S Kuril Is., Japan C.m.connectens Stresemann, 1916 Amami Oshima and N Ryukyu Is. C.m.osai Ogawa, 1905 S Ryukyu Is. C.m.mandschuricus Buturlin, 1913 N Sakhalin, Russian Far East and NE China to Hebei and Korea C.m.colonorum Swinhoe, 186467 C and S China, Taiwan, Hainan, N Indochina C.m.tibetosinensis Kleinschmidt & Weigold, 1922 SE and E Tibetan Plateau, N Bhutan, N and NE Burma, W and N Yunnan to Qinghai C.m.intermedius Adams, 1859 Afghanistan, W and N Pakistan and through NW Himalayas to S Xizang and N Nepal C.m.culminatus Sykes, 1832 N India (except Himalayas) and SW Nepal to Sri Lanka C.m.levaillantii Lesson, 1830 SE Nepal, Bangladesh, NE India, Andamans, Burma and Thailand east to C and S Indochina and south to N Malay Pen. C.m.macrorhynchos Wagler, 1827 C and S Malay Pen., Gtr. and Lesser Sundas C.m.philippinus (Bonaparte, 1853) Philippines Corvus orru (Torresian Crow) C.o.latirostris A.B. Meyer, 1884 Tanimbar, Babar Is. (E Lesser Sundas) C.o.orru Bonaparte, 185068 N and C Moluccas, New Guinea and satellite islands C.o.insularis Heinroth, 1903 New Britain, New Ireland, New Hanover and satellite islands (Bismarck Arch.) C.o.ceciliae Mathews, 1912 N Australia (from WC to EC) Corvus bennetti North, 1901 (Little Crow) Inland Australia Corvus tasmanicus (Forest Raven) C.t.boreus I. Rowley, 197069 NE New South Wales (2114) C.t.tasmanicus Mathews, 1912 SE South Australia, S Victoria, Tasmania Corvus mellori Mathews, 1912 (Little Raven) SE Australia, King I. (Bass Strait) Corvus coronoides (Australian Raven) C.c.coronoides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 EC, E and SE Australia C.c.perplexus Mathews, 191270 SW and SC Australia Corvus albus P.L. Statius Müller, 1776 (Pied Crow) W, C, E and Sthn. Africa, Madagascar Corvus ruficollis (Brown-necked Raven) C.r.ruficollis Lesson, 1830 Cape Verde Is. and Sahara to Socotra and Sinai, deserts of SW and WC Asia from Arabia, Iran and W Pakistan to W Xinjiang and Kazakhstan C.r.edithae Lort Phillips, 1895 N Kenya, Somalia, E Ethiopia, Djibouti, Eritrea Corvus corax (Common Raven) C.c.principalis Ridgway, 1887 Alaska, Canada, N USA, Greenland C.c.sinuatus Wagler, 1829 SW Canada, WC USA, Middle America (Mexico to Nicaragua) C.c.clarionensis Rothschild & Hartert, 190271 SW USA, Baja California, Revillagigedo Is. (Mexico) C.c.varius Brünnich, 1764 Iceland, Faroe Is. C.c.corax Linnaeus, 1758 N, C and SE Europe, W Siberia to Yenisey basin, N Kazakhstan, NE Turkey and Caucasus area to N Iran C.c.hispanus Hartert & Kleinschmidt, 190172 Iberia and Balearic Is. C.c.laurenci Hume, 187373 S and E Greece, Turkey (except NE) and Levant to NW India, Xinjiang and S and E Kazakhstan C.c.tingitanus Irby, 1874 N Africa C.c.canariensis Hartert & Kleinschmidt, 190174 Canary is. C.c.tibetanus Hodgson, 1849 Mts. of C Asia C.c.kamtschaticus Dybowski, 1883 NE Siberia south to W and N Mongolia, NE China, Russian Far East, S Kuril Is. >> N Japan, Aleutian Is., SW Alaska Corvus cryptoleucus Couch, 1854 (Chihuahuan Raven)75 SW USA, N Mexico Corvus rhipidurus (Fan-tailed Raven) C.r.stanleyi Roselaar, 1993 Sinai Peninsula, Israel, and Jordan through Arabia to Yemen and S Oman (2105) C.r.rhipidurus E. Hartert, 1918 N Afrotropics (Niger to Sudan and Somalia) Corvus albicollis Latham, 1790 (White-necked Raven) E and S Africa Corvus crassirostris Rüppell, 1836 (Thick-billed Raven) Ethiopia, E Sudan CORCORACIDAE (AUSTRALIAN MUDNESTERS) (2: 2) CORCORAX Lesson, 1830 M Corcorax melanorhamphos (White-winged Chough) C.m.melanorhamphos (Vieillot, 1817) E and SE Australia C.m.whiteae Mathews, 191276 SC and SE South Australia STRUTHIDEA Gould, 1837 F Struthidea cinerea (Apostlebird) S.c.cinerea Gould, 1837 Inland E Australia S.c.dalyi Mathews, 1923 Inland NE to NC Australia GENERA INCERTAE SEDIS (2: 3) MELAMPITTA Schlegel, 1871 F Melampitta lugubris (Lesser Melampitta) M.l.lugubris Schlegel, 1871 Mts. of NW New Guinea (Vogelkop) M.l.rostrata (Ogilvie-Grant, 1913) Mts. of WC New Guinea M.l.longicauda Mayr & Gilliard, 1952 Mts. of C and E New Guinea Melampitta gigantea (Rothschild, 1899) (Greater Melampitta) Mts. of New Guinea IFRITA Rothschild, 1898 F Ifrita kowaldi (Blue-capped Ifrit) I.k.brunnea Rand, 1940 Mts. of WC New Guinea I.k.kowaldi (De Vis, 1890) Mts. of C and E New Guinea 1 The sequence of New World jays follows Espinosa de los Monteros & Cracraft (1997) (820). We believe the interesting findings of Cibois & Pasquet (1999) (356) need extending to genera not therein represented before we act upon them. 2 Included with reservations, still listed by Smythies (2000) (2289). 3 Dated 1817 by Blake & Vaurie (1962: 205) (169), but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). 4 The section of text containing this name seems best dated from Livr. 80 in 1829 (see Dickinson, 2001) (739). 5 Includes rogosowi see Cramp et al. (1994: 42) (595). 6 Includes varnak see Cramp et al. (1994: 42) (595). 7 Includes sakhalinensis see Cramp et al. (1994: 42) (595). 8 Includes arcus see Phillips (1986) (1875). 9 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 10 Du Bus is an abbreviation of Du Bus de Gisignies. 11 Includes hardyi A.R. Phillips, 1966 (1870) see Phillips (1986) (1875). 12 We follow A.O.U. (1998: 443) (3) in submerging Cissilopha and Psilorhinus herein. 13 Du Bus is an abbreviation of Du Bus de Gisignies. 14 Requires evaluation. 15 Includes persimilis A.R. Phillips, 1966 (1870) see Phillips (1986) (1875). 16 Includes cyanogenys and mexicanus see Phillips (1986) (1875). 17 Includes burleighi Bond, 1962 (187), see Browning (1990) (249). 18 Includes teotepecensis and ridgwayi see Phillips (1986) (1875). 19 For recognition Browning (1993) (255), but not by Binford (1989) (150). 20 The sequence of species follows Peterson (1992) (1833). 21 Du Bus is an abbreviation of Du Bus de Gisignies. 22 For the separation of the Florida and Santa Cruz taxa as species see A.O.U. (1998: 446) (3). 23 Includes immanis, caurina and oocleptica see Phillips (1986) (1875). 24 Includes mesolega Oberholser, 1974 (1673), see Browning (1978) (246). 25 For correction of date of publication see Dickerman & Parkes (1997: 226) (729). 26 Includes cana and nevadae see Phillips (1986) (1875). 27 Treatments differ. We combine those of Cramp et al. (1994: 7) (595) and Roselaar (1995: 160-162) (2107), for their areas, with that of Vaurie (1959) (2502) further east, with complementary footnotes here. Populations in the Aegean require the publication of revisionary work not reflected here. 28 Includes lusitanicus as here we follow Vaurie (1959: 137) (2502). 29 Implicitly includes jordansi Keve, 1966 (1263) see Vaurie (1959: 138) (2502). This was recognised in Cramp et al. (1994: 7) (595). 30 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1994: 7) (595). 31 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1994: 7) (595). 32 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1994: 7) (595) and Roselaar (1995) (2107). Here we provisionally include rhodius, zervasi and susianae Keve, 1973 (1265) see Cramp et al. (1994: 30) (595); the name hansguentheri Keve, 1967 (1264), was given to intergrading birds. Revision needed, but hampered by lost types. 33 The name severzowi was applied to a small intergrading population just west of the Ural Mts. In addition bambergi is treated as a synonym, see Vaurie (1959: 142) (2502). 34 Includes azureitinctus see Ripley (1982: 285) (2055). 35 For recognition see Smythies (1953) (2285). 36 Plate 43 appeared in 1847 see Holthuis & Sakai (1970) (1128); Blake & Vaurie (1962: 234) (169) gave 1848; namiyei is a synonym see Vaurie (1959: 144) (2502). 37 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 38 Includes pallescens see Stepanyan (1990: 400) (2326). 39 For recognition see Ripley (1982: 288) (2055). 40 For treatment as a separate species from D. occipitalis see Smythies (2000) (2289) and references therein. 41 Deignan (1963) (663) used himalayana Jerdon, 1864. The case for this is being investigated separately. 42 Includes galliae see Cramp et al. (1994: 75) (595). 43 Includes hemileucoptera and leucoptera see Stepanyan (1990: 401) (2326). 44 For separation of this from P. pica see A.O.U. (2000) (4). However, we note that molecular studies seem not to have included Asian forms of P. pica that are probably the closest relatives. 45 We leave this genus here pending molecular studies, but note that Fry (2000: 646) (892) treated it with the Sturnidae. 46 Fischer is an abbreviation of Fischer von Waldheim. 47 Fischer is an abbreviation of Fischer von Waldheim. 48 For recognition see Stepanyan (1990: 403) (2326). 49 Proposals to treat this within the Paridae based on molecular studies have been submitted for publication (H. James in litt.). We await publication for assessment, but field experience suggests the species is not a crow. 50 Includes yunnanensis see Cheng (1987: 546) (333). 51 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 52 For recognition see Stepanyan (1990: 407) (2326). 53 Fischer is an abbreviation of Fischer von Waldheim. 54 Not this race in W Malaysia but protegatus (introduced). 55 Perhaps only a race of C. enca see Vaurie (1958) (2501). 56 It is improbable that the Mentawi Is. to the west of Sumatra are home to the same form as is found in Java, as compilator is interposed between them. Van Marle & Voous (1988) (2468) suggested the Simeuluë birds may also need naming. 57 For continued recognition see White & Bruce (1986: 321) (2652). 58 Includes vegetus see Blake & Vaurie (1962: 266) (169). 59 For recognition see Urban (2000: 533) (2453). 60 Includes paulus see Rea in Phillips, 1986 (1875). 61 Recognised by Rea in Phillips, 1986 (1875). 62 For reasons to retain minutus in this species see A.O.U. (1998) (3). 63 Taxonomic treatment controversial; evolving concepts suggest several species could be recognised, but some evidence is contradictory. Under review by the B.O.U. Records Committee (B.O.U., 2002) (74). For now we stay with one polytypic species as in Cramp et al. (1994: 172) (595). 64 Includes sardonius see Cramp et al. (1994: 172) (595); presumably also includes italicus Trischitta, 1939 (2439). 65 The name Corvus torquatus Lesson, 1830, is preoccupied by C. monedula torquata Bechstein, 1791 (S. Eck in litt.). 66 There is little doubt that there are two species or more here (see e.g. Martens & Eck, 1995 (1443)) but the attribution of many races is unclear. We defer a split until more is known. 67 Includes hainanus and mengtszensis see Cheng (1987: 555) (333). 68 Given as 1851 by Blake & Vaurie (1962: 275) (169), but see Zimmer (1926) (2707) whom we follow. 69 Includes novaanglica Goodwin, 1976 (960); Goodwin believed that Rowley had published this name, having apparently seen a draft of Rowley’s paper. 70 For recognition see Schodde & Mason (1999: 612) (2189). 71 For recognition see A.M. Rea in Phillips (1986) (1875). 72 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1994: 206) (595). 73 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1994: 206) (595). The name subcorax has been used for this population, but wrongly so as its type is identifiable with C. ruficollis, see Cramp et al. (1994: 206) (595). 74 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1994: 206) (595). 75 Includes reai A.R. Phillips, 1986 (1875), see Browning (1990) (249). 76 For recognition see Schodde & Mason (1999: 616) (2189). CORVIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD PICATHARTIDAE (BALD CROWS) (1: 2) PICATHARTES Lesson, 1828 M Picathartes gymnocephalus (Temminck, 1825) (White-necked Picathartes) Guinea to Ghana Picathartes oreas Reichenow, 1899 (Grey-necked Picathartes) SE Nigeria, Cameroon, NE Gabon BOMBYCILLIDAE (WAXWINGS) (5: 8) BOMBYCILLINAE BOMBYCILLA Vieillot, 1808 F Bombycilla garrulus (Bohemian Waxwing) B.g.garrulus (Linnaeus, 1758)1 N Europe, N Asia >> W Europe to C and E Asia B.g.pallidiceps Reichenow, 1908 W Canada, N and W USA Bombycilla japonica (P.F. Siebold, 1824) (Japanese Waxwing) SE Siberia to Russian Far East >> E China, Korea, Japan Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot, 1808 (Cedar Waxwing) 2 Canada, USA, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela PTILOGONATINAE PHAINOPTILA Salvin, 1877 F Phainoptila melanoxantha (Black-and-yellow Silky Flycatcher) P.m.melanoxantha Salvin, 1877 SE Costa Rica, NW Panama P.m.parkeri Barrantes & Sánchez, 2000 NW Costa Rica (99) PTILOGONYS Swainson, 1827 M Ptilogonys cinereus (Grey Silky Flycatcher) P.c.otofuscus R.T. Moore, 1935 NW Mexico P.c.cinereus Swainson, 18273 C and E Mexico P.c.pallescens Griscom, 1934 SW Mexico P.c.molybdophanes Ridgway, 1887 S Mexico, W Guatemala Ptilogonys caudatus Cabanis, 1861 (Long-tailed Silky Flycatcher) Costa Rica, W Panama PHAINOPEPLA S.F. Baird, 1858 F Phainopepla nitens (Phainopepla) P.n.lepida Van Tyne, 1925 SW USA, NW Mexico P.n.nitens (Swainson, 1838) S Texas, NC Mexico HYPOCOLIINAE HYPOCOLIUS Bonaparte, 1850 M Hypocolius ampelinus Bonaparte, 18504 (Grey Hypocolius) Iraq, S Iran, Afghanistan, S Turkmenistan, ? W Pakistan >> SW Asia, Arabia, NE Africa DULIDAE (PALMCHAT) (1: 1) DULUS Vieillot, 1816 M Dulus dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Palmchat) Gonave I, Hispaniola PARIDAE (TITS, CHICKADEES) (3: 54) PARUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Parus funereus (Dusky Tit) P.f.funereus (J. & E. Verreaux, 1885) Guinea to Zaire and W Kenya P.f.gabela Traylor, 1961 W Angola Parus niger (Southern Black Tit) P.n.ravidus Clancey, 1964 E Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique P.n.xanthostomus Shelley, 1892 S Angola, S and C Zambia, N Namibia to Transvaal P.n.niger Vieillot, 1818 S Mozambique to E Cape Province Parus leucomelas (Northern Black Tit)5 P.l.guineensis Shelley, 1900 Senegal to S Sudan, Uganda, W Ethiopia P.l.leucomelas Rüppell, 1840 C and SE Ethiopia P.l.insignis Cabanis, 1880 S Congo to Zambia and Tanzania Parus carpi Macdonald & Hall, 1957 (Carp's Black Tit) SW Angola, N Namibia Parus albiventris Shelley, 1881 (White-bellied Black Tit) E Nigeria, Cameroon, S Sudan to Tanzania Parus leuconotus Guérin-Méneville, 1843 (White-backed Black Tit) Ethiopia Parus fasciiventer (Stripe-breasted Tit) P.f.fasciiventer Reichenow, 1893 E Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, SW Uganda P.f.tanganjicae Reichenow, 1909 Itombwe Mts. (E Zaire) P.f.kaboboensis Prigogine, 1956 Mt. Kabobo (E Zaire) Parus fringillinus Fischer & Reichenow, 1884 (Red-throated Tit) S Kenya, N and C Tanzania Parus rufiventris (Rufous-bellied Tit)6 P.r.rufiventris Bocage, 1877 W and S Zaire to C Angola and C Zambia P.r.masukuensis Shelley, 1900 SE Zaire, E Zambia, Malawi P.r.diligens Clancey, 1979 NE Namibia, S Angola, SW Zambia (473) P.r.pallidiventris Reichenow, 1885 Tanzania, SE Malawi, N Mozambique P.r.stenotopicus Clancey, 1989 E Zimbabwe, W Mozambique (515) Parus thruppi (Northern Grey Tit)7 P.t.thruppi Shelley, 1885 Ethiopia, N Somalia P.t.barakae Jackson, 1899 E Uganda, Kenya, NE Tanzania Parus afer (Southern Grey Tit) P.a.arens Clancey, 1963 Lesotho, E Cape Province P.a.afer J.F. Gmelin, 1789 SW Namibia, W and S Cape Province Parus cinerascens (Ashy Tit) P.c.benguelae Hall & Taylor, 19598 SW Angola, NW Namibia P.c.cinerascens Vieillot, 1818 Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, N Cape Province P.c.orphnus Clancey, 1958 Transvaal, Orange Free State Parus griseiventris Reichenow, 1882 (Miombo Grey Tit)9 W Tanzania to Zimbabwe and Angola Parus nuchalis Jerdon, 1845 (White-naped Tit) W and SC India Parus major (Great Tit)10 P.m.newtoni Prazák, 1894 British Isles P.m.major Linnaeus, 175811 Europe, Asia Minor, N and E Kazakhstan, S Siberia and N Mongolia to mid-Amur valley P.m.excelsus Buvry, 1857 NW Africa P.m.corsus O. Kleinschmidt, 1903 Portugal, S Spain, Corsica P.m.mallorcae von Jordans, 191312 Balearic Is. P.m.ecki von Jordans, 197013 Sardinia (2540) P.m.niethammeri von Jordans, 197014 Crete (2540) P.m.aphrodite Madarász, 1901 S Italy, S Greece, Aegean Is., Cyprus P.m.terraesanctae E. Hartert, 1910 Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Syria P.m.karelini Zarudny, 1910 SE Azerbaijan, NW Iran P.m.blanfordi Prazák, 1894 NC and SW Iran P.m.intermedius Zarudny, 1890 NE Iran P.m.caschmirensis E. Hartert, 1905 N Pakistan, NW Himalayas P.m.decolorans Koelz, 1939 NE Afghanistan, NW Pakistan P.m.ziaratensis Whistler, 1929 C and S Afghanistan, W Pakistan P.m.mahrattarum E. Hartert, 1905 SW India, Sri Lanka P.m.stupae Koelz, 1939 W, C and SE India P.m.nipalensis Hodgson, 1838 NW and N India, Nepal, Assam (except E), W and C Burma P.m.vauriei Ripley, 1950 E Assam P.m.templorum Meyer de Schauensee, 1946 W and C Thailand, S Indochina P.m.commixtus Swinhoe, 1868 S and E China, N Vietnam, Taiwan P.m.nigriloris Hellmayr, 1900 Ishigaki, Iriomote (S Ryukyu Is.) P.m.hainanus E. Hartert, 1905 Hainan P.m.ambiguus (Raffles, 1822) Malay Pen., Sumatra P.m.sarawacensis Slater, 1885 W Sarawak P.m.cinereus Vieillot, 1818 Java, Lesser Sundas P.m.tibetanus E. Hartert, 1905 SE and E Xizang, N Burma, E Qinghai, W Sichuan P.m.nubicolus Meyer de Schauensee, 1946 E Burma, N Thailand, NW Indochina P.m.minor Temminck & Schlegel, 1848 NC and NE China, Russian Far East, S Sakhalin, Korea, S Kuril Is., Japan south to N Kyushu P.m.kagoshimae Taka-Tsukasa, 1919 S Kyushu, Goto Is. P.m.dageletensis Kuroda & Mori, 1920 Ullung-do I. (= Dagelet I.) (Korea) P.m.amamiensis O. Kleinschmidt, 1922 Amami O-shima, Tokunoshima (N Ryukyu Is.) P.m.okinawae E. Hartert, 1905 Okinawa (C Ryukyu Is.) Parus bokharensis (Turkestan Tit) P.b.bokharensis M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823 Plains of Turkmenistan and N Afghanistan to Uzbekistan and SC Kazakhstan P.b.turkestanicus Zarudny & Loudon, 1905 SE Kazakhstan, N Xinjiang, extreme SW Mongolia P.b.ferghanensis Buturlin, 191215 Pamir-Alai Mts. to W Tien Shan Parus monticolus (Green-backed Tit) P.m.monticolus Vigors, 1831 W and C Himalayas (N Pakistan to W Nepal) P.m.yunnanensis La Touche, 1922 E Himalayas, W, N and NE Burma, C China north to Gansu, NW Vietnam P.m.legendrei Delacour, 1927 Langbian (SC Vietnam) P.m.insperatus Swinhoe, 1866 Taiwan Parus venustulus Swinhoe, 1870 (Yellow-bellied Tit) W Sichuan, Gansu and SE Nei Mongol to Hebei, Zhejiang and N Guangdong Parus elegans (Elegant Tit) P.e.edithae (McGregor, 1907) Calayan, Camiguin Norte Is. P.e.montigenus (Hachisuka, 1930) NW Luzon P.e.gilliardi Parkes, 1958 Bataan Pen. (WC Luzon) P.e.elegans Lesson, 1831 EC and S Luzon, Panay, Mindoro, Catanduanes P.e.visayanus (Hachisuka, 1930) Cebu P.e.albescens (McGregor, 1907) Guimaras, Masbate, Negros P.e.mindanensis (Mearns, 1905) Mindanao, Samar, Leyte P.e.suluensis (Mearns, 1916) Sulu Arch. (not Bongao) P.e.bongaoensis Parkes, 1958 Bongao I. Parus amabilis Sharpe, 1877 (Palawan Tit) Balabac, Palawan Parus xanthogenys (Black-lored Tit) P.x.xanthogenys Vigors, 1831 NW and C Himalayas to E Nepal P.x.aplonotus Blyth, 1847 C India P.x.travancoreensis (Whistler & Kinnear, 1932) W Ghats (S India) Parus spilonotus (Yellow-cheeked Tit) P.s.spilonotus Bonaparte, 1850 E Himalayas (E Nepal to E Assam and SE Xizang) P.s.subviridis Blyth, 1855 S Assam, Burma, W Yunnan, N Thailand P.s.rex David, 1874 S and E Yunnan and S Sichuan to SE China and N and C Indochina P.s.basileus (Delacour, 1932) S Laos and SC Vietnam Parus holsti Seebohm, 1894 (Yellow Tit) Taiwan Parus caeruleus (Blue Tit) P.c.obscurus Prazák, 1894 British Isles P.c.caeruleus Linnaeus, 1758 N, C, and E Europe south to N Spain, Italy, N Greece, W and N Asia Minor P.c.ogliastrae E. Hartert, 1905 S Iberia, Corsica, Sardinia P.c.balearicus von Jordans, 1913 Mallorca I. P.c.calamensis Parrot, 190816 S Greece, Cyclades, Crete, Rhodes P.c.orientalis (Zarudny & Loudon, 1905) SE European Russia P.c.satunini (Zarudny, 1908) Crimea, Caucasus area, E Turkey, NW Iran P.c.raddei Zarudny, 1908 N Iran P.c.persicus Blanford, 1873 SW Iran P.c.ultramarinus Bonaparte, 1841 NW Africa P.c.cyrenaicae E. Hartert, 1922 NE Libya P.c.ombriosus Meade-Waldo, 1890 Hierro I. (W Canary Is.) P.c.palmensis Meade-Waldo, 1889 Palma I. (W Canary Is.) P.c.teneriffae Lesson, 1831 Gran Canaria, Tenerife Is. (C Canary Is.) P.c.degener E. Hartert, 1901 Fuerteventura, Lanzarote Is. (E Canary Is.) Parus cyanus (Azure Tit) P.c.cyanus Pallas, 1770 Belarus, W and C European Russia to C Ural Mts. P.c.hyperriphaeus Dementiev & Heptner, 193217 SW Ural Mts., SW Siberia, N Kazakhstan P.c.yenisseensis Buturlin, 1911 Altai Mts. and Mongolia to NE China and Russian Far East P.c.tianschanicus (Menzbier, 1884) C and E Tien Shan, W and N Tarim Basin (Xinjiang) P.c.koktalensis (Portenko, 1954)18 SE Kazakhstan Parus flavipectus (Yellow-breasted Tit) 19 P.f.flavipectus Severtsov, 1873 W Tien Shan to Pamir-Alai Mts. and C and E Afghanistan >> NE Iran, NW Pakistan P.f.berezowskii (Pleske, 1893)20 NE Qinghai (NC China) Parus rubidiventris (Rufous-vented Tit) P.r.rubidiventris Blyth, 1847 C Himalayas (Kumaun to Nepal) P.r.beavani (Jerdon, 1863) E Himalayas, NE Burma and WC China north to S Shaanxi P.r.saramatii Ripley, 1961 Mt. Saramati (NW Burma) Parus rufonuchalis Blyth, 1849 (Rufous-naped Tit) SW Xinjiang and Tien Shan to C Afghanistan, W and N Pakistan and NW Himalayas Parus melanolophus Vigors, 1831 (Spot-winged Tit)21 E Afghanistan and NW Pakistan to NW Himalayas Parus ater (Coal Tit) P.a.britannicus Sharpe & Dresser, 1871 Britain P.a.hibernicus Ogilvie-Grant, 1910 Ireland P.a.ater Linnaeus, 1758 N, C and SE Europe, W and S Asia Minor, Siberia east to Kamchatka and south to Altai, NE Mongolia, NE China, Korea and Hokkaido P.a.vieirae Nicholson, 1906 Spain, Portugal P.a.sardus O. Kleinschmidt, 1903 Corsica, Sardinia P.a.atlas Meade-Waldo, 1901 Morocco P.a.ledouci Malherbe, 1845 N Algeria, NW Tunisia P.a.cypriotes Dresser, 1888 Cyprus P.a.moltchanovi Menzbier, 1903 S Crimea P.a.michalowskii Bogdanov, 1879 Caucasus (excl. SW), C and E Transcaucasia P.a.derjugini (Zarudny & Loudon, 1903) NE Turkey to SW Caucasus P.a.gaddi (Zarudny, 1911) SE Azerbaijan, N Iran P.a.chorassanicus Zarudny & Bilkevitsch, 1911 NE Iran, SW Turkmenistan P.a.phaeonotus Blanford, 1873 SW Iran P.a.rufipectus Severtsov, 1873 C and E Tien Shan (C Asia) P.a.martensi Eck, 199822 Kali Gandaki area (Nepal) (791) P.a.aemodius Blyth, 1844 E Himalayas, C China, N and NE Burma P.a.pekinensis David, 1870 N China (Shanxi to Hebei and Shandong) P.a.insularis Hellmayr, 1902 S Kurils and Japan P.a.kuatunensis La Touche, 1923 SE China P.a.ptilosus Ogilvie-Grant, 1912 Taiwan Parus varius (Varied Tit) P.v.varius Temminck & Schlegel, 1848 S Kurils, Japan, Korea, Liaoning (NE China) P.v.sunsunpi N. Kuroda, Sr., 1919 Tanegashima, Yakushima (off S Kyushu, S Japan) P.v.namiyei N. Kuroda, Sr., 1918 N Izu Is. P.v.owstoni Ijima, 1893 S Izu Is. P.v.amamii (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1922) Amami to Okinawa Is. (N Ryukyu Is.) †?P.v.orii (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1923) Daito-jima Is. (Borodino Is.) P.v.olivaceus (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1923) Iriomote I. (S Ryukyu Is.) P.v.castaneoventris Gould, 1862 Taiwan Parus semilarvatus (White-fronted Tit) P.s.snowi Parkes, 1971 NE Luzon (1763) P.s.semilarvatus (Salvadori, 1865) C and S Luzon P.s.nehrkorni (W.H. Blasius, 1890) Mindanao Parus palustris (Marsh Tit) P.p.dresseri Stejneger, 188623 C and S England, Wales, W France P.p.palustris Linnaeus, 1758 Most of Europe from Spain to Scandinavia east to C Poland, W Balkans and Greece P.p.italicus Tschusi & Hellmayr, 190024 French Alps, mainland Italy, Sicily P.p.stagnatilis C.L. Brehm, 185525 E Europe to S Urals and NW Turkey P.p.kabardensis Buturlin, 192926 Caucasus area, NE Turkey? P.p.brevirostris (Taczanowski, 1872) SC and E Siberia south to N Mongolia, Transbaikalia, W and N Manchuria and extreme N Korea P.p.ernsti Yamashina, 193327 Sakhalin P.p.hensoni Stejneger, 1892 S Kuril Is., N Japan P.p.jeholicus O. Kleinschmidt, 192228 N Hebei, Liaoning, N Korea P.p.hellmayri Bianchi, 1902 N of E China, S Korea Parus hypermelaenus (Berezowski & Bianchi, 1891) (Black-bibbed Tit)29 C China south to N and W Burma Parus lugubris (Sombre Tit)30 P.l.lugubris Temminck, 1820 Hungary, N Greece P.l.lugens C.L. Brehm, 1855 C and S Greece P.l.anatoliae E. Hartert, 1905 Asia Minor P.l.hyrcanus (Zarudny & Loudon, 1905)31 SE Azerbaijan, N Iran P.l.dubius Hellmayr, 1901 SW Iran P.l.kirmanensis Koelz, 1950 S Iran Parus montanus (Willow Tit) P.m.kleinschmidti Hellmayr, 1900 Britain P.m.rhenanus O. Kleinschmidt, 1900 W Europe south to France and N Switzerland P.m.montanus Conrad von Baldenstein, 1827 Alps and Carpathian Alps to Greece P.m.salicarius C.L. Brehm, 1831 C Europe P.m.borealis Selys-Longchamps, 1843 N and EC Europe, Siberia P.m.uralensis Grote, 1927 SE European Russia, W Siberia, N Kazakhstan P.m.baicalensis (Swinhoe, 1871) Yenisey, Altai and N Mongolia to Kolyma basin, Russian Far East, NE China and N Korea P.m.anadyrensis Belopolski, 1932 Koryakland and Anadyrland (NE Siberia) P.m.kamtschatkensis (Bonaparte, 1850) Kamchatka, Kuril Is. P.m.sachalinensis Lönnberg, 1908 Sakhalin P.m.restrictus Hellmayr, 190032 Japan Parus songarus (Songar Tit)33 P.s.songarus Severtsov, 1873 C and E Tien Shan, NW Xinjiang (C Asia) P.s.affinis (Przevalski, 1876) NC China (NE Qinghai, Gansu, SW Shaanxi to Ningxia) P.s.stoetzneri O. Kleinschmidt, 1921 NE China (Shanxi and SE Nei Mongol to Hebei) P.s.weigoldicus O. Kleinschmidt, 1921 SC China (E Xizang, W Sichuan, N Yunnan) Parus carolinensis (Carolina Chickadee)34 P.c.atricapilloides Lunk, 1952 SC USA (Kansas, Texas, Oklahoma) P.c.agilis Sennett, 1888 SC USA (SC Texas, W Louisiana, S Arkansas) P.c.carolinensis Audubon, 183435 SE USA P.c.extimus (Todd & Sutton, 1936) EC USA Parus atricapillus (Black-capped Chickadee) P.a.turneri Ridgway, 1884 C and S Alaska P.a.occidentalis S.F. Baird, 1858 Coastal SW Canada, NW USA P.a.fortuitus (Dawson & Bowles, 1909) Inland SW Canada, NW USA P.a.septentrionalis Harris, 1846 NC Canada to C USA P.a.bartletti (Aldrich & Nutt, 1939) Newfoundland P.a.atricapillus Linnaeus, 1766 E Canada to C USA P.a.nevadensis (Linsdale, 1938) W USA P.a.garrinus Behle, 1951 WC USA P.a.practicus (Oberholser, 1937) E USA (Appalachian Mts.) Parus gambeli (Mountain Chickadee) P.g.baileyae Grinnell, 190836 Pacific slope of the Rocky Mts. (W Canada, W USA) P.g.inyoensis (Grinnell, 1918) Rocky Mts. WC USA P.g.gambeli (Ridgway, 1886) Great Basin and SW USA P.g.atratus (Grinnell & Swarth, 1926) N Baja California Parus sclateri (Mexican Chickadee) P.s.eidos (J.L. Peters, 1927) SW USA, N Mexico P.s.garzai A.R. Phillips, 198637 NE Mexico (1875) P.s.sclateri O. Kleinschmidt, 1897 C Mexico P.s.rayi Miller & Storer, 1950 S Mexico Parus superciliosus (Przevalski, 1876) (White-browed Tit) SE, E and NE Tibetan Plateau (S and SE Xizang to N Qinghai and Gansu) Parus davidi (Berezowski & Bianchi, 1891) (Pčre David's Tit) NC China (NE Qinghai and Gansu to W Sichuan and Hubei) Parus cinctus (Siberian Tit) P.c.lapponicus Lundahl, 1848 Lapland, N European Russia P.c.cinctus Boddaert, 1783 NE European Russia, Siberia east to W Anadyrland and south to Baikal area P.c.sayanus (Sushkin, 1903) Altai to S Baikal area and NE Mongolia P.c.lathami Stephens, 1817 W and N Alaska Parus hudsonicus (Boreal Chickadee) P.h.stoneyi Ridgway, 1887 N Alaska, NW Canada P.h.columbianus Rhoads, 189338 S Alaska, W Canada, NW USA P.h.hudsonicus J.R. Forster, 1772 Alaska to E Canada P.h.littoralis H. Bryant, 1865 SE Canada, NE USA P.h.farleyi Godfrey, 1951 SC Canada Parus rufescens (Chestnut-backed Chickadee) P.r.rufescens J.K. Townsend, 1837 Alaska, W Canada, NW USA P.r.neglectus Ridgway, 1879 C California P.r.barlowi Grinnell, 1900 S California Parus dichrous (Grey-crested Tit) P.d.kangrae (Whistler, 1932) NW Himalayas (Kashmir to Kumaun) P.d.dichrous Blyth, 1844 C and E Himalayas (incl. SE Xizang) P.d.dichroides (Przevalski, 1877) NE Xizang to Gansu and S Shaanxi (NC China) P.d.wellsi E.C.S. Baker, 1917 E Xizang and SC Sichuan to W and N Yunnan, NE Burma Parus cristatus (Crested Tit) P.c.scoticus (Prazák, 1897) NC Scotland P.c.abadiei Jouard, 1929 W France P.c.weigoldi Tratz, 1914 S and W Iberia P.c.cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 N and E Europe south to E Carpathian Alps P.c.baschkirikus (Snigirewski, 1931) SW and C Ural Mts. P.c.mitratus C.L. Brehm, 1831 C Europe south to NE Spain, Alps, Croatia, N Serbia P.c.bureschi von Jordans, 194039 Albania to Bulgaria and Greece Parus wollweberi (Bridled Titmouse) P.w.vandevenderi Rea, 198640 Arizona (SW USA) (1875) P.w.phillipsi van Rossem, 1947 SW USA, NW Mexico P.w.wollweberi (Bonaparte, 1850) C and S Mexico P.w.caliginosus van Rossem, 1947 SW Mexico Parus inornatus (Oak Titmouse)41 P.i.inornatus Gambel, 184542 SW Oregon to C California P.i.affabilis (Grinnell & Swarth, 1926)43 SW California, N Baja California P.i.mohavensis A.H. Miller, 1946 Little San Bernardino Mts. (SE California) P.i.cineraceus (Ridgway, 1883) S Baja California Parus ridgwayi (Juniper Titmouse) P.r.ridgwayi Richmond, 190244 45 WC USA, N Mexico P.r.zaleptus (Oberholser, 1932) SE Oregon, E California, W Nevada Parus bicolor (Tufted Titmouse)46 P.b.bicolor Linnaeus, 1766 E USA P.b.castaneifrons Sennett, 188747 SW Oklahoma and C Texas (SC USA) P.b.paloduro (Stevenson, 1940)48 N Texas (panhandle and trans-Pecos) P.b.atricristatus Cassin, 1850 S Texas, NE Mexico MELANOCHLORA Lesson, 1839 F Melanochlora sultanea (Sultan Tit) M.s.sultanea (Hodgson, 1837) E Himalayas, Assam, Burma, N Thailand, W and S Yunnan M.s.flavocristata (Lafresnaye, 1837) Malay Pen., Sumatra M.s.seorsa Bangs, 1924 SE China, Hainan, N Indochina to C Laos M.s.gayeti Delacour & Jabouille, 1925 SC Vietnam SYLVIPARUS E. Burton, 1836 M Sylviparus modestus (Yellow-browed Tit) S.m.simlaensis E.C.S. Baker, 1917 NW Himalayas (Kashmir to Kumaun) S.m.modestus E. Burton, 1836 C and E Himalayas, Burma, SC and SE China, N Indochina, N Thailand S.m.klossi Delacour & Jabouille, 1930 SE Laos and SC Vietnam 1 Includes centralasiae see Stepanyan (1990: 418) (2326). 2 Includes aquilonia Burleigh, 1963 (276), placed in synonymy by Browning (1990) (251) and larifuga Burleigh, 1963 (276), doubtfully recognised by Browning (1990) (251), so the species is here treated as monotypic. 3 Includes schistaceus A.R. Phillips, 1966 (1871) see Binford (1989) (150). 4 Although the generic name was dated 1850 the specific name was dated 1851 by Greenway (1960: 373) (1005), but see Zimmer (1926) (2707). 5 We follow Fry (2000: 98) (892) in retaining guineensis as part of leucomelas. 6 We follow Wiggins (2000: 96) (2663) in treating pallidiventris within a broad species rufiventris. 7 Now generally treated as a species see Wiggins (2000: 86) (2663). 8 Erroneously attached to afer in last Edition. 9 Includes parvirostris see White (1963: 45) (2648). 10 Stepanyan (1990) (2326) treated this as two species P. major and P. minor. We await a definitive review of the entire complex. We are not sure whether the cinereus group should be treated at specific level too, as we do not understand where some taxa should be attached. Our range statements show some overlap. If we recognised three species we should attach the taxa newtoni through blanfordi to major, caschmirensis to sarawakensis to cinereus, and the rest to minor. 11 Includes kapustini see Stepanyan (1990: 579) (2326) and bargaensis see Vaurie (1959: 510) (2502). 12 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1993: 255) (594). 13 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1993: 255) (594). 14 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1993: 255) (594). 15 For recognition see Stepanyan (1990: 582) (2326). 16 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1993: 225) (594). 17 For recognition see Stepanyan (1990: 577) (2326). 18 Not kotkalensis as in Snow (1967: 117) (2292). 19 Treated as a separate species following Stepanyan (1990: 575) (2326). Birds called carruthersi are included in flavipectus. 20 CSR believes this is better treated as a separate species, but sufficient detailed support for this has yet to be published. 21 For arguments in favour of treating this as a form of P. ater see Martens & Eck (1995) (1443). 22 We list this very tentatively. We do not yet treat melanolophus (the adjoining population to the west) as part of this species. 23 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1993: 146) (594). 24 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1993: 146) (594). 25 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1993: 146) (594). 26 This name was used by Cramp et al. (1993:146) (594) although Vaurie (1957, 1959) (2499, 2502) and Snow (1967) (2292) had used the name brandtii. The type of brandtii, once in ZISP, is now lost. Bogdanov’s description, however, is incompatible with the species P. palustris and the name is best considered indeterminate (V. Loskot in litt.). 27 For recognition see Stepanyan (1990: 564) (2326) 28 For recognition see Eck (1980) (789). Close to hellmayri but has longer wing and relatively longer tail (S. Eck in litt.). 29 We recognise this based on the findings of Eck (1980) (789); three apparently disjunct populations. We understand the spelling hypermelaena is required if the genus Poecile is used. 30 We treat hyrcanus as part of this species following Eck (1980) (789), but note that acoustic evidence may in due course upset this view. 31 Includes talischensis Stepanyan, 1974 (2319); see Eck (1980) (789). 32 Includes abei Mishima, 1961 (1594) see Orn. Soc. Japan (1974: 362) (1726). 33 We recognise this based on Eck (1980) (789), but see also Kvist et al. (2001) (1311). 34 Treatment based tentatively on Phillips (1986) (1875). 35 Includes impiger see Phillips (1986) (1875). 36 Includes abbreviatus see Phillips (1986) (1875). 37 For recognition see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 38 Includes cascadensis see Phillips (1986) (1875). 39 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1993: 195) (594). 40 For recognition see Browning (1990) (251). 41 We follow Cicero (1996) (360) and A.O.U. (1998) in splitting ridgwayi 42 Includes sequestratus and kernensis see Cicero (1996) (360). 43 Includes transpositus see Cicero (1996) (360). 44 Includes plumbescens see Cicero (1996) (360). 45 If treated in the genus Baeolophus the name griseus Ridgway, 1882, is probably not preoccupied, but see A.O.U. (2000: 852) (4). 46 For now we follow A.O.U. (1998: 467) (3) in retaining atricristatus within the species bicolor. 47 Includes sennetti see Phillips (1986) (1875). 48 Includes dysleptus see Phillips (1986) (1875). PARIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD HIRUNDINIDAE (SWALLOWS, MARTINS)1 (20: 84) PSEUDOCHELIDONINAE PSEUDOCHELIDON Hartlaub, 1861 F Pseudochelidon eurystomina Hartlaub, 1861 (African River Martin) Gabon, Congo, W and NC Zaire Pseudochelidon sirintarae Thonglongya, 1968 (White-eyed River Martin) Breeding range unknown >> C Thailand (2401) HIRUNDININAE PSALIDOPROCNE Cabanis, 1850 F Psalidoprocne nitens (Square-tailed Saw-wing) P.n.nitens (Cassin, 1857) Guinea to C Zaire P.n.centralis Neumann, 1904 NE Zaire Psalidoprocne fuliginosa Shelley, 1887 (Mountain Saw-wing) Cameroon, Bioko I. Psalidoprocne albiceps (White-headed Saw-wing) P.a.albiceps P.L. Sclater, 1864 Uganda and W Kenya to Zambia and N Malawi P.a.suffusa Ripley, 1960 N Angola (2041) Psalidoprocne pristoptera (Black Saw-wing)2 P.p.pristoptera (Rüppell, 1836) Eritrea, N and NW Ethiopia P.p.blanfordi Blundell & Lovat, 1899 Highlands of WC Ethiopia P.p.antinorii Salvadori, 1884 C and S Ethiopia P.p.oleaginea Neumann, 1904 SW Ethiopia, SE Sudan P.p.mangbettorum Chapin, 1923 S Sudan to NE Zaire (Uelle, Lendu) P.p.chalybea Reichenow, 1892 N and C Cameroon to N and C Zaire, W Sudan P.p.petiti Sharpe & Bouvier, 1876 E Nigeria to Gabon P.p.ruwenzori Chapin, 1932 E Zaire P.p.orientalis Reichenow, 1889 S Tanzania and E Zambia to E Zimbabwe and C Mozambique P.p.reichenowi Neumann, 1904 Angola, SW Zaire, Zambia P.p.massaica Neumann, 1904 Kenya, N and C Tanzania P.p.holomelas (Sundevall, 1850)3 S Mozambique and S Malawi to E and S Sth. Africa Psalidoprocne obscura (Hartlaub, 1855) (Fanti Saw-wing) S Senegal and Gambia to C and S Nigeria and W Cameroon PSEUDHIRUNDO Roberts, 1922 F Pseudhirundo griseopyga (Grey-rumped Swallow)4 P.g.melbina (J. & E. Verreaux, 1851)5 Gambia River to Liberia and Gabon P.g.griseopyga (Sundevall, 1850)6 Nigeria to Ethiopia, south to Natal CHERAMOECA Cabanis, 1850 F Cheramoeca leucosterna (Gould, 1841) (White-backed Swallow)7 W, C, and inland S and E Australia PHEDINA Bonaparte, 1857 F Phedina borbonica (Mascarene Martin) P.b.borbonica (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Mauritius, Reunion Is. P.b.madagascariensis Hartlaub, 1860 Madagascar >> E Africa Phedina brazzae Oustalet, 1886 (Brazza's Martin) Congo, SW Zaire, NE Angola RIPARIA T. Forster, 1817 F Riparia paludicola (Plain Martin) R.p.maurItanica (Meade-Waldo, 1901) W Morocco R.p.minor (Cabanis, 1850)8 Senegal and Gambia to Sudan and NW Ethiopia R.p.schoensis Reichenow, 19209 Ethiopian Highlands R.p.newtoni Bannerman, 1937 SE Nigeria, Cameroon R.p.ducis Reichenow, 1908 Uganda, E Zaire, Kenya, N and C Tanzania R.p.paludicola (Vieillot, 1817) S Tanzania to Angola and Sth. Africa R.p.cowani (Sharpe, 1882) Madagascar R.p.chinensis (J.E. Gray, 1830) SW Tajikistan and E Afghanistan through S Asia to Indochina and Taiwan R.p.tantilla Riley, 1935 Luzon (Philippines) Riparia congica (Reichenow, 1887) (Congo Sand Martin) C Zaire Riparia riparia (Collared Sand Martin/Bank Swallow) R.r.riparia (Linnaeus, 1758)10 a) Nth. America >> N Sth. America b) Europe to C Asia >> Africa R.r.innominata Zarudny, 191611 SE Kazakhstan >> Africa/SW or S Asia ? R.r.taczanowskii Stegmann, 192512 Baikal area and C Mongolia to Russian Far East >> SE Asia R.r.ijimae (Lönnberg, 1908) Sakhalin, Kuril Is. and Japan >> SE Asia incl. Philippines R.r.shelleyi (Sharpe, 1885) Egypt >> south to Sudan and NE Ethiopia R.r.eilata Shirihai & Colston, 199213 SW Asia ? >> NE Africa? (2246) Riparia diluta (Pale Sand Martin)14 R.d.gavrilovi Loskot, 2001 C Siberia east to the Lena River and Cisbaikalia south to the Altai and Tuva Republic >> E Kazakhstan and ?? (1372) R.d.transbaykalica Goroshko, 1993 Transbaikalia (964) R.d.diluta (Sharpe & Wyatt, 1893) S and SE Kazakhstan >> NW India, Nepal R.d.indica Ticehurst, 191615 River systems N Pakistan and NW India R.d.tibetana Stegmann, 1925 C Asia R.d.fohkienensis (La Touche, 1908)16 C and S China Riparia cincta (Banded Martin) R.c.erlangeri Reichenow, 1905 Ethiopia R.c.suahelica van Someren, 1922 S Sudan and Kenya to W Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe R.c.parvula Amadon, 1954 N Angola, NW Zambia, SW Zaire R.c.xerica Clancey & Irwin, 1966 N Namibia, N Botswana, S and W Angola (528) R.c.cincta (Boddaert, 1783) SW Zimbabwe, Sth. Africa TACHYCINETA Cabanis, 1850 F Tachycineta bicolor (Vieillot, 1808) (Tree Swallow) North America >> Middle America, West Indies, N Sth. America Tachycineta albilinea (Lawrence, 1863) (Mangrove Swallow)17 NW, E and S Mexico, Central America Tachycineta stolzmanni (Philippi, 1902) (Tumbes Swallow)18 W Peru Tachycineta albiventer (Boddaert, 1783) (White-winged Swallow) Trinidad, Sth. America, mainly E of Andes from Colombia to N Argentina Tachycineta leucorrhoa (Vieillot, 1817) (White-rumped Swallow) E Bolivia, S Brazil south to C Argentina >> northwards Tachycineta meyeni (Cabanis, 1850) (Chilean Swallow)19 C and S Chile, SW Argentina >> E Bolivia, Paraguay, S Brazil Tachycineta euchrysea (Golden Swallow) T.e.euchrysea (Gosse, 1847) Jamaica T.e.sclateri (Cory, 1884) Hispaniola Tachycineta thalassina (Violet-green Swallow) T.t.thalassina (Swainson, 1827)20 NW Canada, W and SW USA, NW Mexico >> N Mexico to Costa Rica T.t.brachyptera Brewster, 1902 C and S Baja California, NW Mexico >> to SW Mexico Tachycineta cyaneoviridis (H. Bryant, 1859) (Bahama Swallow) N Bahama Is. >> S Bahamas, Cuba PROGNE Boie, 1826 F Progne subis (Purple Martin) P.s.subis (Linnaeus, 1758) S Canada, E USA, E Mexico >> Brazil P.s.hesperia Brewster, 1889 Arizona, Baja California, NW Mexico >> Sth America P.s.arboricola Behle, 1968 W USA, N Mexico >> Sth America (112) Progne cryptoleuca S.F. Baird, 1865 (Cuban Martin) Cuba, Isla de la Juventud >> presumably Sth. America Progne dominicensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Caribbean Martin) Jamaica, Hispaniola, Lesser Antilles >> presumably Sth. America Progne sinaloae Nelson, 1898 (Sinaloa Martin) NW Mexico >> presumably Sth. America Progne chalybea (Grey-breasted Martin) P.c.chalybea (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Middle America, N Sth. America >> southwards P.c.warneri A.R. Phillips, 1986 W Mexico (1875) P.c.macrorhamphus Brooke, 197421 C Sth. America >> northwards Progne modesta Gould, 1838 (Galapagos Martin)22 C and S Galapagos Is. Progne murphyi Chapman, 1925 (Peruvian Martin) W Peru, N Chile Progne elegans S.F. Baird, 1865 (Southern Martin) E Bolivia, Argentina >> winters northward Progne tapera (Brown-chested Martin)23 P.t.tapera (Linnaeus, 1766) Colombia to the Guianas, Brazil and Peru P.t.fusca (Vieillot, 1817) C Sth. America PYGOCHELIDON S.F. Baird, 1865 F Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Blue-and-white Swallow) P.c.cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1817) Costa Rica, Panama, N and C Sth. America P.c.peruviana Chapman, 1922 W Peru P.c.patagonica (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) S Sth. America >> N Sth America, Panama NOTIOCHELIDON S.F. Baird, 1865 F Notiochelidon murina (Brown-bellied Swallow) N.m.meridensis (Zimmer & Phelps, 1947) W Venezuela N.m.murina (Cassin, 1853) Andes from Colombia to C Peru N.m.cyanodorsalis (Carriker, 1935) S Peru, N Bolivia Notiochelidon flavipes (Chapman, 1922) (Pale-footed Swallow) Andes from Venezuela and Colombia to N Bolivia Notiochelidon pileata (Gould, 1858) (Black-capped Swallow) S Mexico to W Honduras HAPLOCHELIDON Todd, 192924 F Haplochelidon andecola (Andean Swallow) H.a.oroyae (Chapman, 1924) C Peru H.a.andecola (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) S Peru, W Bolivia, N Chile ATTICORA Boie, 1844 F Atticora fasciata (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (White-banded Swallow) Amazonia, the Guianas Atticora melanoleuca (Wied, 1820) (Black-collared Swallow) E Amazonia NEOCHELIDON P.L. Sclater, 1862 F Neochelidon tibialis (White-thighed Swallow) N.t.minima Chapman, 192425 E Panama, W Colombia, W Ecuador N.t.griseiventris Chapman, 1924 S Colombia, SE Venezuela, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil N.t.tibialis (Cassin, 1853) SE Brazil STELGIDOPTERYX S.F. Baird, 1858 F Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Northern Rough-winged Swallow) S.s.serripennis (Audubon, 1838) S Canada, USA, >> S USA to Panama S.s.psammochrous Griscom, 1929 SW USA, Baja California to SW Mexico >> C Mexico to Panama S.s.fulvipennis (P.L. Sclater, 1859) C and S Mexico to Costa Rica S.s.ridgwayi Nelson, 1901 Yucatán S.s.stuarti Brodkorb, 1942 SE Mexico, E Guatemala S.s.burleighi A.R. Phillips, 1986 Belize, Guatemala (1875) Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (Southern Rough-winged Swallow) S.r.decolor Griscom, 1929 W Costa Rica, W Panama S.r.uropygialis (Lawrence, 1863) W Colombia, Ecuador, NW Peru S.r.aequalis Bangs, 1901 N Colombia, W Venezuela, Trinidad S.r.ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)26 E Venezuela, the Guianas, SE Colombia to N Argentina ALOPOCHELIDON Ridgway, 1903 F Alopochelidon fucata (Temminck, 1822) (Tawny-headed Swallow) SE Bolivia, S Brazil to C Argentina >> northward to Colombia, Venezuela HIRUNDO Linnaeus, 1758 F Hirundo rustica (Barn Swallow)27 H.r.rustica Linnaeus, 1758 Europe and NW and NC Africa east to the Yenisey river, W Mongolia, Xinjiang and C Himalayas >> Africa, S Asia H.r.transitiva (E. Hartert, 1910) Israel, Lebanon, S Syria, W Jordan >> Egypt H.r.savignii Stephens, 1817 Egypt H.r.gutturalis Scopoli, 1786 E Himalayas, S, C, E China, and Taiwan to Japan, Kuril Is., Korea and lower Amur R. >> SE Asia to N Australia H.r.tytleri Jerdon, 1864 SC Siberia and C Mongolia to N Inner Mongolia >> E India to SE Asia H.r.saturata Ridgway, 188328 Kamtchatka (E Siberia), Manchuria and mid-Amur basin east to Sea of Okhotsk and south to Hebei (NE China) >> SE Asia29 H.r.erythrogaster Boddaert, 1783 Nth. America to C Mexico >> to S Sth. America Hirundo lucida (Red-chested Swallow) H.l.lucida Hartlaub, 185830 W Africa H.l.subalaris Reichenow, 1905 Congo, Zaire H.l.rothschildi Neumann, 1904 Ethiopia Hirundo angolensis Bocage, 1868 (Angolan Swallow)31 W Gabon to W Angola, NE Namibia, Zambia to Uganda and W Kenya Hirundo tahitica (Pacific Swallow) H.t.domicola Jerdon, 184432 S India, Sri Lanka H.t.javanica Sparrman, 178933 Andamans, SE Burma, SE Thailand, Cambodia, southernmost Vietnam, Malay Pen., Borneo, Sumatra, Belitung, Java, Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Philippines and small islands across this range H.t.namiyei (Stejneger, 1887) Ryukyu Is., Taiwan and nearby Lanyu I. H.t.frontalis Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 W and N New Guinea, H.t.albescens Schodde & Mason, 1999 S and E New Guinea (2189) H.t.ambiens Mayr, 1934 New Britain H.t.subfusca Gould, 1856 Polynesia, Melanesia, Fiji, Tonga Is. H.t.tahitica J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Society Is. Hirundo neoxena (Welcome Swallow)34 H.n.carteri (Mathews, 1912) SW Australia H.n.neoxena Gould, 184235 NE to SE and SC Australia, Tasmania, Norfolk and Lord Howe Is., New Zealand >> Cape York Pen., Torres Strait Hirundo albigularis Strickland, 1849 (White-throated Swallow)36 Botswana to C and S Mozambique and Sth. Africa >> north to Angola and S Zaire Hirundo aethiopica (Ethiopian Swallow) H.a.amadoni C.M.N. White, 1956 E Ethiopia, Somalia, NE Kenya (2635) H.a.aethiopica Blanford, 186937 Senegal and Gambia to Ethiopia and NE Tanzania Hirundo smithii (Wire-tailed Swallow) H.s.smithii Leach, 1818 Gambia to Ethiopia south to Angola and Natal. H.s.filifera Stephens, 182638 S Uzbekistan, S Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India east to Burma, NW and NE Thailand, Laos, C Vietnam and Cambodia Hirundo atrocaerulea Sundevall, 1850 (Montane Blue Swallow) SE Zaire and SW Tanzania to Natal and E Transvaal >> north to NE Zaire, Uganda and W Kenya Hirundo nigrita G.R. Gray, 1845 (White-throated Blue Swallow) Sierra Leone to Zaire and N Angola Hirundo leucosoma Swainson, 1837 (Pied-winged Swallow) Senegal and Gambia to Nigeria Hirundo megaensis Benson, 1942 (White-tailed Swallow) S Ethiopia Hirundo nigrorufa Bocage, 1877 (Black-and-rufous Swallow) C Angola, SE Zaire, N Zambia Hirundo dimidiata (Pearl-breasted Swallow) H.d.marwitzi Reichenow, 1903 Angola to Malawi, Zimbabwe and N Transvaal H.d.dimidiata Sundevall, 1850 Cape Province to S Transvaal, Botswana and NE Namibia PTYONOPROCNE Reichenbach, 185039 F Ptyonoprogne rupestris (Scopoli, 1769) (Eurasian Crag Martin)40 NW Africa and S Europe to C Asia and NE China >> Mediterranean basin to S Asia Ptyonoprogne obsoleta (Pale Crag Martin) P.o.spatzi (Geyr von Schweppenburg, 1916) S Algeria, SW Libya, N Chad P.o.presaharica (Vaurie, 1953) NC Algeria to S Morocco and N Mauritania P.o.buchanani (E. Hartert, 1921) Aďr Massif (Niger) P.o.obsoleta (Cabanis, 1850) Egypt, Sinai, N, C and E Arabia, Turkey and Iran P.o.arabica (Reichenow, 1905) Ennedi (Chad) to N Sudan, coastal Eritrea, SW Arabia, N Somalia, Socotra P.o.perpallida (Vaurie, 1951) Al Hufuf area (NE Arabia) P.o.pallida (Hume, 1872)41 E Iran to Afghanistan and NW India Ptyonoprogne fuligula (Rock Martin) P.f.pusilla (Zedlitz, 1908)42 S Mali to C Sudan, C Ethiopia and Eritrea P.f.bansoensis (Bannerman, 1923) Sierra Leone to Nigeria and Cameroon P.f.fusciventris Vincent, 193343 S Chad to W Kenya, south to Zimbabwe and Mozambique Note: change fusciventris Vincent, 1933 to rufigula (Fischer & Reichenow, 1884). Change fn. 43 to “The name rufigula is unavailable in a broad genus Hirundo and Fry (1992: 169) (890) rightly employed the junior synonym fusciventris (Vincent, 1933). See also White (1961: 62) (2645).” P.f.pretoriae Roberts, 1922 S Mozambique, SW Zimbabwe, E Sth. Africa P.f.anderssoni (Sharpe & Wyatt, 1887) SW Angola, N and C Namibia P.f.fuligula (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1842) S Namibia, W Sth. Africa Ptyonoprogne concolor (Dusky Crag Martin) P.c.concolor (Sykes, 1832) India P.c.sintaungensis (E.C.S. Baker, 1933) Burma, N and E Thailand, S Yunnan, N Laos, N Vietnam DELICHON Moore, 185444 N45 Delichon urbicum (Northern House Martin) D.u.urbicum (Linnaeus, 1758) W, C, and N Europe, W Siberia >> W, C and S Africa D.u.meridionale (E. Hartert, 1910) N Africa, S Europe and WC Asia to Tien Shan and Kashmir >> Africa and SW Asia D.u.lagopodum (Pallas, 1811) E Asia from Yenisey valley and C Mongolia to NE Siberia >> SE Asia Delichon dasypus (Asian House Martin) D.d.cashmeriense (Gould, 1858) Himalayas, C China >> India, SE Asia D.d.nigrimentale (E. Hartert, 1910) S and E China, Taiwan >> SE Asia D.d.dasypus (Bonaparte, 1850)46 SC Siberia to Japan, Korea and NE China > SE Asia to Gtr. Sundas and Philippines Delichon nipalense (Nepal House Martin) D.n.nipalense Moore, 185447 Himalayas, Assam, NW Burma D.n.cuttingi Mayr, 1941 NE Burma, NE Thailand, Laos, NW Vietnam CECROPIS Boie, 1826 F Cecropis cucullata (Boddaert, 1783) (Greater Striped Swallow) Sthn. Africa >> Angola and S Zaire Cecropis abyssinica (Lesser Striped Swallow) C.a.puella (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845)48 Senegal and Gambia to NE Nigeria and N Cameroon C.a.maxima (Bannerman, 1923) SE Nigeria, S Cameroon, SW Central African Republic C.a.bannermani (Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1942) W and SW Sudan, NE Central African Republic C.a.abyssinica (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) Ethiopia, E Sudan C.a.unitatis (Sclater & Mackworth-Praed, 1918) S Sudan, Zaire and E Africa to Gabon, N Angola, Botswana and E Sth. Africa C.a.ampliformis (Clancey, 1969) S Angola and N Namibia to W Zambia and NW Zimbabwe (416) Cecropis semirufa (Rufous-chested Swallow) C.s.gordoni (Jardine, 1851) Senegal and Gambia to S Sudan, W Kenya N Angola and N Zaire C.s.semirufa (Sundevall, 1850) S and E Angola to W Malawi and NE Sth. Africa Cecropis senegalensis (Mosque Swallow) C.s.senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania to N Cameroon and W Sudan C.s.saturatior (Bannerman, 1923) S Ghana to S Cameroon, S Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda and N Kenya C.s.monteiri (Hartlaub, 1862) Tanzania to Angola, N Namibia and Mozambique Cecropis daurica (Red-rumped Swallow) C.d.daurica (Laxmann, 1769)49 NE Kazakhstan and N Mongolia to W Amurland and N Inner Mongolia; C China south to N Yunnan >> S and SE Asia (1341) C.d.japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845)50 S, E, and NE China to E Amurland, Korea and Japan >> SE Asia to N Australia C.d.nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837) Himalayas, SE Xizang, N Burma >> India C.d.erythropygia (Sykes, 1832) Plains of India >> S India, Sri Lanka C.d.hyperythra (Blyth, 1849) Sri Lanka C.d.rufula (Temminck, 1835) S Europe and N Africa to Arabia, N Somalia, Pakistan, N Kashmir, and Tien Shan >> Africa, SW Asia C.d.domicella (Hartlaub & Finsch, 1870) Senegal and Gambia to Sudan and SW Ethiopia C.d.melanocrissus Rüppell, 184551 Highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea C.d.kumboensis (Bannerman, 1923)52 Birwa Plateau (Sierra Leone), Bamenda highland (Cameroon) C.d.emini (Reichenow, 1892) SE Sudan and Kenya to Malawi Cecropis striolata (Striated Swallow) C.s.striolata (Schlegel, 1844)53 Taiwan, Philippines, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sundas C.s.mayri (B.P. Hall, 1953) Assam, N Burma, SW Yunnan, NW Thailand C.s.stanfordi (Mayr, 1941) Burma, N Thailand, N Laos C.s.vernayi (Kinnear, 1924) SW Thailand Cecropis badia Cassin, 1853 (Rufous-bellied Swallow)54 Malay Pen. PETROCHELIDON Cabanis, 185055 F Petrochelidon rufigula (Bocage, 1878) (Red-throated Swallow) Gabon and N and C Angola to SE Zaire and NW Zambia Petrochelidon preussi (Reichenow, 1898) (Preuss's Swallow) Mali to L Chad and Cameroon, NW and NE Zaire Petrochelidon perdita (Fry & Smith, 1985) (Red Sea Swallow) # Red Sea (897) Petrochelidon spilodera (Sundevall, 1850) (South African Swallow) Sthn. Africa >> W Zaire Petrochelidon fuliginosa (Chapin, 1925) (Forest Swallow) E Nigeria, W Cameroon, Gabon Petrochelidon fluvicola (Blyth, 1855) (Streak-throated Swallow) Afghanistan, Himalayas, N India Petrochelidon ariel (Gould, 1843) (Fairy Martin) Australia, Melville I., Groote Eylandt Petrochelidon nigricans (Tree Martin) P.n.timoriensis Sharpe, 1885 Timor, Lesser Sundas P.n.neglecta Mathews, 1912 Australia P.n.nigricans (Vieillot, 1817) Tasmania >> E and C Australia, New Guinea to Solomon Is. Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (Cliff Swallow) P.p.pyrrhonota (Vieillot, 1817)56 Nth. America >> to S Sth. America P.p.ganieri (A.R. Phillips, 1986)57 SC USA (Tennessee to Texas) >> Mexico, C and S America (1875) P.p.hypopolia Oberholser, 1920 W USA >> Sth. America P.p.tachina Oberholser, 1903 SW USA, WC America >> ?? P.p.minima van Rossem & Hachisuka, 1938 SW USA, NW Mexico >> Sth America Petrochelidon fulva (Cave Swallow)58 P.f.pallida Nelson, 190259 SC USA, N Mexico >> Middle America (234) P.f.citata Van Tyne, 1938 SE Mexico P.f.fulva (Vieillot, 1808)60 Hispaniola P.f.cavicola Barbour & Brooks, 191761 Cuba, Isla de la Juventud P.f.poeciloma (Gosse, 1847) Jamaica P.f.puertoricensis Garrido, Peterson & Komar, 1999 Puerto Rico (927) Petrochelidon rufocollaris (Chestnut-collared Swallow)62 P.r.aequatorialis Chapman, 192463 SW Ecuador P.r.rufocollaris (Peale, 1848) W Peru 1 Generic sequence based on Sheldon et al. (1999) (2238) and related work. 2 This is essentially the treatment of White (1961) (2645), followed by Urban & Keith (1992: 130-131) (2454); however, some authors treat as many as seven or eight species. See, for example, Zimmerman et al. (1996) (2735). A full review is needed. 3 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 4 A single individual has been named andrewi Williams, 1966 (2665); breeding quarters unknown. 5 Implicitly includes liberiae see Urban & Keith (1992: 146) (2454). 6 Includes gertrudis see White (1961: 60) (2645). 7 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 8 It was suggested that palidibula (Rüppell, 1835) has priority, see Brooke (1975) (235) but that author admitted the name had not been in use since 1894 or earlier; we prefer to retain minor as did Cramp et al. (1988) (592). 9 For recognition see White (1961: 53) (2645). 10 Includes kolymensis see Stepanyan (1990) (2326), but more recent work suggests this may be separable. 11 Includes dolgushini Gavrilov & Savtchenko, 1991 (931) see Loskot & Dickinson (2001) (1375). 12 Recognised by Goroshko (1993) (964) and tentatively accepted by Dickinson et al. (2001) (749). 13 Obtained on passage at Eilat (Israel). 14 For reasons to separate this from R. riparia see Gavrilov & Savtchenko (1991) (931) and Goroshko (1993) (964). 15 This and the next two forms require review following separation of diluta from riparia. 16 Original spelling verified, see Dickinson et al. (2001) (749). 17 United with bicolor in last Edition, but see A.O.U. (1983) (2). 18 No longer included in albilinea see range in A.O.U. (1998) (3). 19 For reasons to use meyeni in place of leucopyga Meyen see Brooke (1974) (234). 20 Includes lepida see Phillips (1986) (1875). 21 For reasons to use this name in place of domestica Vieillot see Brooke (1974) (234). 22 In last Edition we treated this and the next two species as one species P. modesta; A.O.U. (1998: 456) (3) have preferred to treat the three as members of a broader superspecies, we see no reason to differ. 23 In last Edition treated in the monotypic genus Phaeoprogne but see A.O.U. (1998: 456) (3). 24 This species was treated in Hirundo in last Edition, but it does not belong in the narrow genus of that name. The use of this generic name was suggested by F. Sheldon (in litt.) as the relationships of this species remain unclear. 25 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 26 Includes cacabata see Haverschmidt (1982) (1090). 27 For Siberian populations we tentatively follow Vaurie (1959) (2502) as does Orn. Soc. Japan (2000) (1727). Roselaar (in litt.) would prefer to sink saturata but apparently not, as Dementiev (1936) (685) did, in erythrogaster. 28 Tentatively includes mandschurica (but likely to be separable). 29 The treatment of Vaurie (1951, 1954) (2492, 2495) is in conflict with those of Russian authors, and there is a view that Kamtchatka has no permanent breeding form and that opportunistic breeding occurs by sometimes one form sometimes another. 30 Includes clara see White (1961: 54) (2645). 31 Includes arcticincta see White (1961: 54) (2645). 32 This may well be a separate species, but no thorough study has yet been published. 33 Includes mallopega see Parkes (1971) (1763) and abbotti see Ripley (1944) (2027). 34 For reasons to separate this from tahitica see Schodde & Mason (1999: 670) (2189). 35 Includes parsonsi of Tasmania see Schodde & Mason (1999: 669) (2189). 36 Includes ambigua see White (1961: 56) (2645). 37 Includes fulvipectus see White (1961: 55) (2645). 38 For reasons to date this from 1826 see Zimmer (1926) (2707) and Dickinson et al. (2001) (749). 39 Seen as a subgenus of Hirundo in last Edition; for recognition see Cramp et al. (1988: 248)(592). 40 Includes theresae as implied by monotypic treatment in Cramp et al. (1988) (592). 41 If treated in a broad genus Hirundo the name pallida is preoccupied; peloplasta Brooke, 1974 (234) must then be used. C.S. Roselaar (in litt.) considers this a synonym of nominate obsoleta. 42 Presumably this range, used by Fry (1992: 169) (890), includes birwae although this was placed in bansoensis by White (1961: 62) (2645). 43 Includes rufigula see White (1961: 62) (2645). 44 This name has usually been attributed to Horsfield & Moore but see Dickinson et al. (2001) (749), where the name nipalensis is discussed; the reasoning is identical for the generic name. 45 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 46 Dated 1851 by Peters (1960: 125) (1830) but see Zimmer (1926) (2707). 47 This name has usually been attributed to Horsfield & Moore but see Dickinson et al. (2001) (749). 48 The page containing this name was issued in 1845 not 1847 as given by Peters (1960: 113) (1830) see Holthuis & Sakai (1970) (1128). 49 Includes gephyra see Stepanyan (1990: 333) (2326). 50 Both plate and text appeared in 1845 see Holthuis & Sakai (1970) (1128) contra Peters (1960: 115) (1830). 51 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 52 Includes disjuncta see White (1961: 59) (2645). 53 Mees (1971) (1523) has shown that Schlegel published this name before the “Fauna Japonica” appeared. Status in Borneo unclear. 54 For reasons to treat this at specific level see Dickinson & Dekker (2001) (743). 55 For reasons to recognise this genus see Sheldon & Winkler (1993) (2236). 56 Includes melanogaster see Phillips (1986) (1875). 57 For recognition see Browning (1990) (251). 58 We follow A.O.U. (1998: 461) (3) in treating C. American taxa as conspecific with pallida (which A.O.U. called pelodoma). We note the views of Garrido et al. (1999) (927), but defer the separation of pallida pending an A.O.U. decision. 59 Sometimes called pelodoma Brooke, 1974 (234), however Brooke proposed this epithet to use in the genus Hirundo; it is only when this name is placed in Hirundo that Naumann’s name takes priority and Nelson’s must be supplanted. See A.O.U. (2000: 852) (4). 60 For the date correction from 1807 see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). 61 For recognition of this race and the next see Garrido et al. (1999) (927) 62 For recognition of this species as distinct from fulva see Ridgely & Tudor (1989: 64) (2018). 63 Parkes (1993) (1780) has explained why Chapman’s name should stand, rather than give way to chapmani Brooke, 1974 (234). HIRUNDINIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD ALAUDIDAE (LARKS)1 (19: 92) MIRAFRA Horsfield, 1821 F Mirafra cantillans (Singing Bushlark)2 M.c.marginata Hawker, 1898 S Sudan to Somalia, Kenya and NE Tanzania M.c.chadensis Alexander, 1908 Senegal to C Sudan and W Ethiopia M.c.simplex (Heuglin, 1868) W and S Arabia M.c.cantillans Blyth, 18453 Pakistan, N and C India Mirafra javanica (Horsfield’s Bushlark) M.j.williamsoni E.C.S. Baker, 1915 C Burma, C and E Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, C Vietnam, S China M.j.beaulieui Delacour, 1932 Southernmost Vietnam M.j.philippinensis Wardlaw Ramsay, 1886 Luzon, Mindoro M.j.mindanensis Hachisuka, 1931 Mindanao M.j.javanica Horsfield, 1821 S Borneo, Java, Bali M.j.parva Swinhoe, 1871 Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores M.j.timorensis Mayr, 1944 Savu, Timor M.j.aliena Greenway, 19354 N and NE New Guinea M.j.woodwardi Milligan, 1901 WC Western Australia M.j.halli Bianchi, 19065 NW Western Australia M.j.forresti Mayr & McEvey, 1960 N Western Australia (1490) M.j.melvillensis Mathews, 1912 Melville and Bathurst Is. (Northern Territory) M.j.soderbergi Mathews, 1921 N Northern Territory (Arnhem Land) M.j.rufescens Ingram, 19066 E Northern Territory, W Queensland, NE South Australia M.j.athertonensis Schodde & Mason, 1999 NE Queensland (2189) M.j.horsfieldii Gould, 1847 C and S Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, SE South Australia M.j.secunda Sharpe, 1890 SC South Australia Mirafra hova Hartlaub, 1860 (Madagascan Bushlark) Madagascar Mirafra passerina Gyldenstolpe, 1926 (Monotonous Bushlark) SW Angola, N Namibia, E and C Botswana, Zimbabwe, N Cape Province, Transvaal Mirafra albicauda Reichenow, 1891 (White-tailed Bushlark)7 W Chad, E Sudan, N and W Uganda, W and S Kenya to C and SW Tanzania Mirafra cheniana A. Smith, 1843 (Melodious Bushlark) Zimbabwe, Botswana, Transvaal, E Orange Free State, N and E Cape Province, C Natal Mirafra cordofanica Strickland, 1852 (Kordofan Bushlark) Mauritania to Niger, WC Sudan Mirafra williamsi Macdonald, 1956 (Williams's Bushlark) N Kenya Mirafra pulpa Friedmann, 1930 (Friedmann’s Bushlark) S Ethiopia, S Kenya Mirafra africana (Rufous-naped Bushlark) M.a.henrici Bates, 1930 Guinea, Liberia M.a.batesi Bannerman, 1923 Niger, Nigeria M.a.stresemanni Bannerman, 1923 N Cameroon M.a.bamendae Serle, 1959 W Cameroon (2225) M.a.kurrae Lynes, 1923 W Sudan M.a.tropicalis E. Hartert, 1900 SC Uganda, W Kenya, N and NW Tanzania M.a.sharpii Elliot, 1897 NW Somalia M.a.ruwenzoria Kinnear, 1921 SW Uganda, E Zaire M.a.athi E. Hartert, 1900 NE Tanzania, C Kenya M.a.harterti Neumann, 1908 E Kenya M.a.malbranti Chapin, 1946 S and C Zaire M.a.chapini Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1939 SE Zaire, NW Zambia M.a.occidentalis (Hartlaub, 1857)8 W Angola M.a.kabalii C.M.N. White, 1943 NW Zambia (Balovale), NE Angola M.a.gomesi C.M.N. White, 19449 W Zambia, E Angola M.a.grisescens Sharpe, 1902 SW Zambia, NW Zimbabwe, N Botswana M.a.pallida Sharpe, 1902 SW Angola, NW Namibia M.a.ghansiensis (Roberts, 1932) W Botswana, E Namibia M.a.nigrescens Reichenow, 1900 NE Zambia, S Tanzania M.a.isolata Clancey, 195610 Malawi M.a.nyikae Benson, 1939 E Zambia, N Malawi M.a.transvaalensis E. Hartert, 190011 SE Botswana, N Sth Africa and Zimbabwe to SE Zambia, S Malawi, Mozambique and E Tanzania M.a.africana A. Smith, 183612 Natal, E Cape Province Mirafra hypermetra (Red-winged Bushlark) M.h.kathangorensis Cave, 1940 SE Sudan M.h.kidepoensis Macdonald, 1940 SE Sudan border, NE Uganda M.h.gallarum E. Hartert, 1907 C and S Ethiopia M.h.hypermetra (Reichenow, 1879) S Somalia, Kenya, NE Tanzania Mirafra somalica (Somali Bushlark) M.s.somalica (Witherby, 1903) N Somalia M.s.rochei Colston, 1982 C and S Somalia (551) Mirafra ashi Colston, 1982 (Ash's Bushlark) S Somalia (551) Mirafra angolensis (Angolan Bushlark) M.a.marungensis B.P. Hall, 1958 SE Zaire (1061) M.a.angolensis Bocage, 1880 WC and N Angola M.a.antonii B.P. Hall, 195813 E Angola, S Zaire, NW Zambia (1061) Mirafra rufocinnamomea (Flappet Lark) M.r.buckleyi (Shelley, 1873) Senegal and Gambia to Ghana, N Nigeria and N Cameroon M.r.serlei C.M.N. White, 1960 SE Nigeria (2641) M.r.tigrina Oustalet, 1892 W Cameroon to N Zaire M.r.furensis Lynes, 1923 W Sudan M.r.sobatensis Lynes, 1914 E Sudan M.r.rufocinnamomea (Salvadori, 1865) NW and C Ethiopia M.r.omoensis Neumann, 1928 SW Ethiopia M.r.torrida Shelley, 1882 S Ethiopia to N and C Uganda, C and S Kenya, NE and C Tanzania M.r.kawirondensis van Someren, 1921 E Zaire, W and S Uganda, W Kenya M.r.fischeri (Reichenow, 1878)14 S Somalia to N Mozambique, Malawi, N Zambia and C Angola M.r.schoutedeni C.M.N. White, 195615 Gabon and W Zaire to Central African Republic, NE Angola. M.r.lwenarum C.M.N. White, 194516 NW Zambia M.r.smithersi C.M.N. White, 1956 S Zambia, Zimbabwe, NE Botswana, N Transvaal M.r.pintoi C.M.N. White, 1956 E Transvaal, NE Natal M.r.mababiensis (Roberts, 1932) W Zambia to C Botswana Mirafra apiata (Clapper Lark) M.a.reynoldsi Benson & Irwin, 1965 N Botswana, SW Zambia (132) M.a.jappi Traylor, 1962 W Zambia (2424) M.a.nata Smithers, 1955 NE Botswana M.a damarensis Sharpe, 187517 N Namibia, W and C Botswana M.a.fasciolata (Sundevall, 1850)18 SW Botswana to N and C South Africa M.a.apiata (Vieillot, 1816) SW Cape Province to Namaqualand and Port Elizabeth M.a.marjoriae Winterbottom, 1956 Cape Peninsula to Knysna (2677) Mirafra africanoides (Fawn-coloured Bushlark) M.a.intercedens Reichenow, 189519 SE and S Ethiopia to SW Somalia, Kenya and NE Tanzania M.a.alopex Sharpe, 1890 NW Somalia, E Ethiopia M.a.macdonaldi C.M.N. White, 1953 S Ethiopia M.a.trapnelli C.M.N. White, 1943 W Zambia, E Angola M.a.harei Roberts, 191720 NW Namibia M.a.makarikari (Roberts, 1932) SE Angola, N Namibia, SW Zambia, N and C Botswana, NW Zimbabwe M.a.sarwensis (Roberts, 1932) NE Namibia, W Botswana M.a.vincenti (Roberts, 1938) C Zimbabwe, S Mozambique M.a.austinrobertsi C.M.N. White, 1947 SW Zimbabwe, E Botswana, W Transvaal, NE Cape Province M.a.africanoides A. Smith, 1836 S and E Namibia to S Botswana and N Cape Province Mirafra collaris Sharpe, 1896 (Collared Bushlark) SE Ethiopia, Somalia, NE and E Kenya Mirafra assamica Horsfield, 1840 (Rufous-winged Bushlark) N India, Nepal, Assam, Bangladesh, W Burma Mirafra affinis Blyth, 1845 (Jerdon’s Bushlark)21 S and SE India, Sri Lanka Mirafra microptera Hume, 1873 (Burmese Bushlark) C Burma Mirafra erythrocephala Salvadori & Giglioli, 1885 (Indochinese Bushlark) S Burma, Thailand, S Indochina Mirafra rufa (Rusty Bushlark) M.r.nigriticola Bates, 1932 Mali, Niger M.r.rufa Lynes, 1920 Chad, W Sudan M.r.lynesi Grant & Mackworth-Paed, 1933 C Sudan Mirafra gilletti Sharpe, 1895 (Gillett's Bushlark) M.g.gilletti Sharpe, 1895 E and SE Ethiopia, NW Somalia M.g.arorihensis Érard, 1975 C Somalia to NE Kenya (804) Mirafra degodiensis Érard, 1975 (Degodi Bushlark) S Ethiopia (804) Mirafra poecilosterna (Reichenow, 1879) (Pink-breasted Bushlark)22 SW Ethiopia and S Somalia to E Uganda, Kenya and N Tanzania Mirafra sabota (Sabota Bushlark) M.s.plebeja (Cabanis, 1875) Cabinda coast (W Angola) M.s.ansorgei W.L. Sclater, 1926 W Angola M.s.naevia (Strickland, 1853) NW Namibia M.s.waibeli Grote, 1922 N Namibia, N Botswana M.s.herero (Roberts, 1936) S and E Namibia, NW Cape Province M.s.sabota A. Smith, 1836 C Zimbabwe, E Botswana, N Cape Province to Natal M.s.sabotoides (Roberts, 1932) W Zimbabwe, C and S Botswana, NW Transvaal M.s.suffusca Clancey, 195823 SE Zimbabwe, S Mozambique, NE Natal, E Transvaal, Swaziland (378) M.s.bradfieldi (Roberts, 1928) C, E and N Cape Province Mirafra erythroptera (Indian Bushlark) M.e.sindiana Ticehurst, 192024 Pakistan, NW India M.e.erythroptera Blyth, 1845 S and C India HETEROMIRAFRA Ogilvie-Grant, 1913 F Heteromirafra ruddi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1908) (Rudd's Lark) SE Transvaal, E Orange Free State Heteromirafra archeri Stephenson Clarke, 1920 (Archer's Lark) NW Somalia Heteromirafra sidamoensis (Érard, 1975) (Sidamo Lark)25 S Ethiopia (803) CERTHILAUDA Swainson, 1827 F Certhilauda benguelensis (Benguela Long-billed Lark)26 C.b.benguelensis (Sharpe, 1904) Coastal SW Angola C.b.kaokensis Bradfield, 1944 NW Namibia Certhilauda subcoronata (Karoo Long-billed Lark) C.s.damarensis (Sharpe, 1904)27 N Namibia C.s.bradshawi (Sharpe, 1904) S Namibia, NW Cape Province C.s.subcoronata A. Smith, 1843 E Cape Province C.s.gilli Roberts, 1936 SC Cape Province Certhilauda semitorquata (Eastern Long-billed Lark C.s.semitorquata A. Smith, 1836 E Cape Province, W Natal, Orange Free State C.s.transvaalensis Roberts, 193628 N Natal, Transvaal, N Cape Province C.s.algida Quickelberge, 1967 E Cape Province (1958) Certhilauda curvirostris (Cape Long-billed Lark) C.c.curvirostris (Hermann, 1783) SW Cape Province C.c.falcirostris Reichenow, 1916 W Cape Province Certhilauda brevirostris Roberts, 1941 (Agulhas Long-billed Lark) Coastal W Cape Province Certhilauda chuana (A. Smith, 1836) (Short-clawed Lark) N Cape Province, SE Botswana, W Transvaal Certhilauda albescens (Karoo Lark) C.a.codea A. Smith, 1843 Coastal W and NW Cape Province, SW Namibia C.a.albescens (Lafresnaye, 1839) SW Cape Province C.a.guttata (Lafresnaye, 1839) C and W Cape Province Certhilauda erythrochlamys (Dune Lark)29 C.e.erythrochlamys (Strickland, 1853) WC Namibia C.e.barlowi (Roberts, 1937) SW Namibia Certhilauda burra (Bangs, 1930) (Red Lark) NW Cape Province PINAROCORYS Shelley, 1902 F Pinarocorys nigricans (Dusky Lark) P.n.nigicans (Sundevall, 1850) SE Zaire, N Zambia, W Tanzania >> south to Sth. Africa P.n.occidentis Clancey, 196830 Angola, SW Zaire >> to Namibia (414) Pinarocorys erythropygia (Strickland, 1852) (Rufous-rumped Lark) Ivory Coast to S Sudan >> Senegal and Gambia to N Sudan CHERSOMANES Cabanis, 1851 F Chersomanes albofasciata (Spike-heeled Lark) 31 C.a.beesleyi Benson, 1966 N Tanzania (125) C.a.obscurata (E. Hartert, 1907)32 SW, C and E Angola C.a.erikssoni (E. Hartert, 1907) N Namibia C.a.kalahariae (Ogilvie-Grant, 1912)33 S and W Botswana, NW Cape Province C.a.boweni (Meyer de Schauensee, 1931) NW Namibia C.a.arenaria (Reichenow, 1904) S Namibia, N Cape Province C.a.barlowi C.M.N. White, 196134 E Botswana (2644) C.a.alticola Roberts, 193235 C and S Transvaal C.a.albofasciata (Lafresnaye, 1836)36 S Botswana to Orange Free State and NE, E and C Cape Province C.a.garrula (A. Smith, 1846)37 NW and W Cape Province C.a.macdonaldi Winterbottom, 1958 S and E Karoo (Cape Province) (2678) ALAEMON Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 M Alaemon alaudipes (Greater Hoopoe-Lark) A.a.boavistae E. Hartert, 1917 E Cape Verde Is. A.a.alaudipes (Desfontaines, 1789) N Africa, Sahara to Sinai A.a.desertorum (Stanley, 1814) NE Sudan to N Somalia, W Arabia A.a.doriae (Salvadori, 1868) E Arabia, Iraq to NW India Alaemon hamertoni (Lesser Hoopoe-Lark) A.h.altera Witherby, 1905 NE Somalia A.h.tertia Stephenson Clarke, 1919 N Somalia A.h.hamertoni Witherby, 1905 E Somalia RAMPHOCORIS Bonaparte, 1850 M Ramphocoris clotbey (Bonaparte, 1850) (Thick-billed Lark) N Africa, N and C Arabia, E Jordan, S Syria MELANOCORYPHA Boie, 1828 F Melanocorypha calandra (Calandra Lark) M.c.calandra (Linnaeus, 1766) S Europe and NW Africa to Turkey (except SC and SE), Caucasus area, NW Kazakhstan M.c.psammochroa E. Hartert, 1904 NE Iran and C Kazakhstan to SW Mongolia and SC Siberia >> Arabia and SW Asia M.c.gaza R. Meinertzhagen, 191938 E Syria, SE Turkey, Iraq, SW Iran M.c.hebraica R. Meinertzhagen, 192039 Israel and W Jordan to SC Turkey and W Syria Melanocorypha bimaculata (Bimaculated Lark) M.b.bimaculata (Ménétričs, 1832) E Turkey, Transcaucasia, N Iran >> NE Africa and W Arabia M.b.rufescens C.L. Brehm, 1855 C and S Turkey, W Syria, Lebanon, Iraq >> Eritrea and W Arabia M.b.torquata Blyth, 1847 NE Iran and Kazakhstan to N Xinjiang and Afghanistan >> Arabia to NW India Melanocorypha mongolica (Pallas, 1776) (Mongolian Lark) Mongolia and E Qinghai to Transbaikalia, Nei Mongol and Hebei >> C and E Asia Melanocorypha maxima (Tibetan Lark) M.m.flavescens Stegmann, 193740 Qaidam Basin to W Qinghai (N Tibetan Plateau) M.m.maxima Blyth, 1867 Sikkim and SE Tibet to W Sichuan and S Shaanxi M.m.holdereri Reichenow, 1911 SW, C, and NE Tibetan Plateau to E Qinghai and SW Gansu Melanocorypha leucoptera (Pallas, 1811) (White-winged Lark) SE European Russia and N Kazakhstan to SC Siberia and SW Mongolia >> S Russia, Transcaspia, Iran Melanocorypha yeltoniensis (J.R. Forster, 1767) (Black Lark) SE European Russia and N Kazakhstan to SW Siberia and E Kazakhstan >> SE Europe and SW Asia AMMOMANES Cabanis, 1851 F41 Ammomanes cinctura (Bar-tailed Lark) A.c.cinctura (Gould, 1839)42 Cape Verde Is. A.c.arenicolor Sundevall, 185143 Sahara, Middle East, Arabia A.c.zarudnyi E. Hartert, 1902 C Iran, S Afghanistan, W Pakistan Ammomanes phoenicura (Rufous-tailed Lark) A.p.phoenicura (Franklin, 1831) C India A.p.testacea Koelz, 1951 S India Ammomanes deserti (Desert Lark) A.d.payni E. Hartert, 1924 S Morocco, W Algeria A.d.algeriensis Sharpe, 189044 C Algeria, Tunisia and W Libya to Tibisti (N Chad) A.d.whitakeri E. Hartert, 1911 SW Libya A.d.mya E. Hartert, 1912 W and C Sahara A.d.geyri E. Hartert, 192445 Mauritania to N Nigeria and SE Algeria A.d.kollmanspergeri Niethammer, 1955 NE Chad, W Sudan A.d.deserti (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823)46 S Egypt to N Sudan A.d.erythrochroa Reichenow, 1904 C Sudan A.d.isabellina (Temminck, 1823) NC and E Egypt, N and C Arabia, SW Iraq A.d.samharensis Shelley, 1902 NE Sudan, N Eritrea, S Arabia A.d.taimuri Meyer de Schauensee & Ripley, 1953 N Oman and E UAE A.d.assabensis Salvadori, 1902 S Eritrea, Djibouti, NW Somalia A.d.akeleyi Elliot, 1897 N Somalia A.d.azizi Ticehurst & Cheesman, 1924 EC Arabia A.d.saturata Ogilvie-Grant, 1900 S Arabia A.d.insularis Ripley, 1951 Bahrain A.d.annae R. Meinertzhagen, 1923 Transjordan A.d.coxi R. Meinertzhagen, 192347 SC Turkey, Syria, N Iraq A.d.cheesmani R. Meinertzhagen, 1923 E Iraq, SW Iran A.d.darica Koelz, 195148 S Zagros Mts. (S Iran) A.d.parvirostris E. Hartert, 1890 NE Iran and W Turkmenistan A.d.orientalis Zarudny & Loudon, 1904 N Afghanistan, E Turkmenistan, E Uzbekistan, S Tajikistan A.d.iranica Zarudny, 1911 C and E Iran, S Afghanistan A.d.phoenicuroides (Blyth, 1853) E Afghanistan, Pakistan, NW India Ammomanes grayi (Gray's Lark) A.g.hoeschi Niethammer, 1955 NW Namibia, SW Angola A.g.grayi (Wahlberg, 1855) 49 W Namibia CALANDRELLA Kaup, 1829 F Calandrella brachydactyla (Greater Short-toed Lark) C.b.brachydactyla (Leisler, 1814) S Europe, W Asia Minor, Cyprus >> N Africa and Mauritania to Somalia C.b. hungarica Horváth, 195650 Hungary, S Slovakia, N Serbia, W Romania C.b.rubiginosa Fromholz, 1913 N Africa C.b.hermonensis Tristram, 1864 NE Sinai to W Syria, W Iraq and N Arabia C.b.woltersi Kumerloeve, 1969 SC Turkey (1307) C.b.artemisiana Banjkowski, 1913 C and E Turkey, Transcaucasia, NE Iraq, SW and N Iran >> SW Asia C.b.longipennis (Eversmann, 1848) Ukraine, N Caucasus area and Iran to SC Siberia, W Mongolia, and Tien Shan >> Arabia and S Asia C.b.orientalis Sushkin, 1925 C Asia, Mongolia, Manchuria C.b.dukhunensis (Sykes, 1832) Tibetan Plateau, Inner Mongolia, C and E Mongolia, Transbaikalia >> SW S and E Asia Calandrella blanfordi (Blanford's Short-toed Lark)51 C.b.eremica (Reichenow & Peters, 1935)52 SW Arabia C.b.blanfordi (Shelley, 1902) Eritrea C.b.erlangeri (Neumann, 1906) C Ethiopia C.b.daroodensis C.M.N. White, 196053 N Somalia (2640) Calandrella cinerea (Red-capped Lark)54 C.c.saturatior Reichenow, 190455 Uganda and W Kenya to Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe C.c.williamsi Clancey, 1952 C Kenya C.c.spleniata (Strickland, 1853) W Namibia C.c.millardi Paterson, 195856 S Botswana (1793) C.c.cinerea (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)57 S Namibia, Cape Province, W Orange Free State C.c.anderssoni (Tristram, 1869)58 NE Namibia, N Botswana, S Mozambique, Transvaal, Natal and E Cape Province Calandrella acutirostris (Hume's Short-toed Lark) C.a.acutirostris Hume, 1873 NE Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan to Tien Shan and W and N Xinjiang >> SW Asia, India C.a.tibetana W.E. Brooks, 1880 Tibetan Plateau >> S Asia Calandrella raytal (Sand Lark) C.r.adamsi (Hume, 1871) S Iran, E Afghanistan, Pakistan, NW India C.r.raytal (Blyth, 1845) NC and NE India, N Burma C.r.krishnarkumarsinhji Vaurie & Dharmakumarsinhji, 1954 Kathiawar Pen. (WC India) Calandrella rufescens (Lesser Short-toed Lark) C.r.rufescens (Vieillot, 1820) Tenerife C.r.polatzeki E. Hartert, 1904 Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote C.r.apetzii (A.E. Brehm, 1857) S Portugal, S Spain C.r.minor (Cabanis, 1851) N Africa to NW Egypt, Sinai to SW Turkey, SW Iran, N Arabia >> Sahara and SW Asia C.r.nicolli E. Hartert, 1909 Nile Delta (Egypt) C.r.pseudobaetica Stegmann, 1932 E Turkey, Transcaucasia, NW and N Iran C.r.heinei (Homeyer, 1873) E Bulgaria, S Ukraine, and N Kazakhstan to W Altai Calandrella cheleensis (Asian Short-toed Lark)59 C.c.niethammeri Kumerloeve, 1963 C Asia Minor (1306) C.c.persica (Sharpe, 1890)60 C and E Iran to W and S Afghanistan C.c.leucophaea Severtsov, 1872 W and S Kazakhstan to NW Xinjiang C.c.seebohmi (Sharpe, 1890) Tarim Basin (Xinjiang, W China) C.c.tuvinica Stepanyan, 1975 Tuva Republic and NW Mongolia (2321) C.c.cheleensis (Swinhoe, 1871) C and E Mongolia, Transbaikalia, NE China south to Shandong and S Shaanxi C.c.kukunoorensis (Przevalski, 1876)61 E Tibetan Plateau and Qaidam Basin C.c.beicki Meise, 1933 NE Qinghai, Gansu, W Inner Mongolia, S Mongolia Calandrella somalica (Somali Short-toed Lark) C.s.perconfusa C.M.N. White, 196062 NW Somalia (2643) C.s.somalica (Sharpe, 1895)63 N Somalia to E Ethiopia C.s.megaensis Benson, 1946 S Ethiopia, N Kenya C.s.athensis (Sharpe, 1900) S Kenya, NE Tanzania SPIZOCORYS Sundevall, 1872 F Spizocorys conirostris (Pink-billed Lark) S.c.damarensis Roberts, 1922 NW Namibia S.c.crypta (Irwin, 1957) NE Botswana (1186) S.c.makawai (Traylor, 1962) W Zambia (2424) S.c.harti (Benson, 1964) SW Zambia (124) S.c.barlowi Roberts, 1942 S Botswana, S Namibia, NW Cape Province S.c.transiens (Clancey, 1959)64 N and E Cape Province to W Orange Free State, SW Transvaal and SE Botswana (383) S.c.conirostris (Sundevall, 1850) C Natal, S Transvaal, E Orange Free State Spizocorys fringillaris (Sundevall, 1850) (Botha's Lark)65 SE Transvaal, Orange Free State Spizocorys sclateri (Shelley, 1902) (Sclater's Lark)66 S Namibia, NW and C Cape Province Spizocorys obbiensis Witherby, 1905 (Obbia Lark) Obbia to Hal Hambo (coastal Somalia) Spizocorys personata (Masked Lark) S.p.personata Sharpe, 1895 E Ethiopia S.p.yavelloensis (Benson, 1947) S Ethiopia to N Kenya (Dida Galgalu Desert) S.p.mcchesneyi (Williams, 1957) N Kenya (Marsabit) S.p.intensa (Rothschild, 1931) NC Kenya EREMALAUDA W.L. Sclater, 1926 F Eremalauda dunni (Dunn's Lark) E.d.dunni (Shelley, 1904) S Sahara (Mauritania to C Sudan E.d.eremodites R. Meinertzhagen, 1923 Syria and Israel to Arabia Eremalauda starki (Shelley, 1902) (Stark's Lark)67 SW Angola, Namibia, S and SW Botswana, W Cape Province CHERSOPHILUS Sharpe, 1890 M Chersophilus duponti (DuPont's Lark) C.d.duponti (Vieillot, 1820) Spain, N Morocco, N Algeria, NW Tunisia C.d.margaritae (Koenig, 1888) NC Algeria, S Tunisia, Libya, NW Egypt PSEUDALAEMON Lort Philips, 1898 M Pseudalaemon fremantlii (Short-tailed Lark) P.f.fremantlii (Lort Phillips, 1897) Somalia, SE Ethiopia P.f.megaensis Benson, 1946 S Ethiopia, N Kenya P.f.delamerei Sharpe, 1900 S Kenya, N Tanzania GALERIDA Boie, 1828 F Galerida cristata (Crested Lark)68 G.c.pallida (C.L. Brehm, 1858) Portugal, Spain G.c.cristata (Linnaeus, 1758) C Europe to Baltic countries and N Ukraine G.c.neumanni Hilgert, 1907 Tuscany to Rome (C Italy) G.c.apuliae von Jordans, 1935 S and SE Italy, Sicily G.c.meridionalis C.L. Brehm, 1841 W Croatia to S Bulgaria and C Greece G.c.cypriaca Bianchi, 1907 Cyprus, Rhodes, Kárpathos G.c.tenuirostris (C.L. Brehm, 1850) E Croatia and E Hungary to Crimea, N Caucasus and SW Urals G.c.caucasica Taczanowski, 1888 Caucasus, N Asia Minor, E Aegean Is. G.c.kleinschmidti (Erlanger, 1899) NW Morocco G.c.riggenbachi E. Hartert, 1902 W Morocco G.c.carthaginis Kleinschmidt & Hilgert, 1905 Coastal NE Morocco to Tunisia G.c.randoni Loche, 1860 High plateaux of E Morocco to N Algeria G.c.macrorhyncha Tristram, 1859 S Morocco, N Algerian Sahara G.c.arenicola Tristram, 1859 S Tunisia, NW Libya G.c.festae E. Hartert, 1922 Coastal NE Libya G.c.brachyura Tristram, 1864 NE Egypt, Sinai, Israel, N Arabia and Iraq G.c.helenae Lavauden, 1926 SE Algeria, SW Libya G.c.jordansi Niethammer, 1955 Air Mts. (Niger) G.c.nigricans (C.L. Brehm, 1855) Nile Delta (N Egypt) G.c.maculata C.L. Brehm, 1858 C Egypt G.c.halfae Nicoll, 1921 S Egypt, N Sudan G.c.altirostris (C.L. Brehm, 1855) NC and NE Sudan, Eritrea G.c.somaliensis Reichenow, 1907 N Somalia, SE Ethiopia, N Kenya G.c.balsaci De Keyser & Villiers, 1950 Coastal Mauritania G.c.senegallensis (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) Senegal and Gambia to Sierra Leone and Niger G.c.alexanderi Neumann, 190869 Nigeria to W Sudan G.c.isabellina Bonaparte, 1850 C Sudan G.c.cinnamomina E. Hartert, 1904 W Lebanon, NW Israel G.c.zion R. Meinertzhagen, 1920 S Turkey, Syria, E Lebanon, NE Israel G.c.subtaurica (Kollibay, 1912) C Turkey to SW and N Iran and SW Turkmenistan G.c.magna Hume, 1871 NE Arabia to Kazakhstan, Nei Mongol and NW China G.c.leautungensis (Swinhoe, 1861) S Manchuria, E China G.c.coreensis (Taczanowski, 1888) Korea G.c.lynesi Whistler, 1928 N Pakistan (Gilgit) G.c.chendoola (Franklin, 1831) Pakistan and N India Galerida theklae (Thekla Lark) G.t.theklae (A.E. Brehm, 1857)70 Portugal, Spain, Balearic Is G.t.erlangeri E. Hartert, 1904 N Morocco G.t.ruficolor Whitaker, 189871 C and coastal NE Morocco, N Algeria and N Tunisia G.t.theresae R. Meinertzhagen, 1939 SW Morocco and Mauritania G.t.superflua E. Hartert, 1897 N Algeria (Atlas range) east to N Libya and NW Egypt G.t.carolinae Erlanger, 189772 Algeria south of the Atlas range (N Sahara) to N Libya, NW Egypt G.t.harrarensis Érard & Jarry, 1973 Harar and Jijiga (E Ethiopia), NW Somalia (812) G.t.huei Érard & de Naurois, 1973 Bale Mts. (EC Ethiopia) (810) G.t.praetermissa (Blanford, 1869) Highlands of Eritrea to C Ethiopia G.t.ellioti E. Hartert, 1897 N and C Somalia G.t.mallablensis Colston, 1982 Coastal S Somalia (551) G.t.huriensis Benson, 1947 S Ethiopia, N Kenya Galerida malabarica (Scopoli, 1786) (Malabar Lark)73 W India Galerida deva (Sykes, 1832) (Sykes's Lark) WC and SC India Galerida modesta (Sun Lark) G.m.modesta Heuglin, 186474 Burkina Faso to S Sudan and NW Uganda G.m.nigrita (Grote, 1920) Senegal, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Mali G.m.struempelli (Reichenow, 1901) Cameroon G.m.bucolica (Hartlaub, 1887) N Zaire Galerida magnirostris (Large-billed Lark)75 G.m.magnirostris (Stephens, 1826) W and SW Cape Province G.m.sedentaria Clancey, 1993 Namibia to West Griqualand (524) G.m.harei (Roberts, 1924) SW Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Province G.m.montivaga (Vincent, 1948) Lesotho, SW Natal LULLULA Kaup, 1829 F Lullula arborea (Woodlark) L.a.arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) N, C and NW Europe L.a.pallida Zarudny, 1902 S Europe, NW Africa, Middle East, Caucasus area, Iran, SW Turkmenistan ALAUDA Linnaeus, 1758 F Alauda arvensis (Eurasian Skylark)76 A.a.arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 N, W and C Europe A.a.sierrae Weigold, 1913 Portugal, NW, C and S Spain A.a.harterti Whitaker, 1904 NW Africa A.a.cantarella Bonaparte, 1850 S Europe from NE Spain and S France to C and N Turkey and Caucasus Mts. A.a.armenica Bogdanov, 187977 Mts. of SE Turkey, Transcaucasia, SW and N Iran A.a.dulcivox Hume, 187278 SE European Russia to W Siberia, Kazakhstan, N Xinjiang, SW Mongolia >> SE Europe and SW Asia A.a.kiborti Zaliesski, 1917 Altai and NW Mongolia to Baikal area, Transbaikalia, NE and E Mongolia, NW Manchuria >> China A.a.intermedia Swinhoe, 186379 N Siberia in basins of mid-Lena, Vilyuy, Yana, Indigirka, and Kolyma rivers south to N China and Korea and the Amur valley >> E and SE Asia A.a.pekinensis Swinhoe, 1863 NE Siberia from Magadan area and Koryakland to Kamchatka and N Kuril Is. >> Japan and E China A.a.lonnbergi Hachisuka, 1926 N Sakhalin I., Korea, NE China, Japan A.a.japonica Temminck & Schlegel, 184880 S Sakhalin, S Kuril Is., Japan, Ryukyu Is. Alauda gulgula (Oriental Skylark) A.g.lhamarum R. & A. Meinertzhagen, 1926 Pamir Mts. and W Tibetan Plateau from Kashmir to SW Xizang and N Nepal A.g.inopinata Bianchi, 1904 N, E and SE Tibetan Plateau A.g.vernayi Mayr, 1941 N Bhutan, SE Xizang, N Burma, W Yunnan A.g.inconspicua Severtsov, 187381 W Turkmenistan and E Iran to S Kazakhstan, SW Tajikistan and Aghanistan, Pakistan and NW India >> SW Asia A.g.gulgula Franklin, 1831 NC and NE India, Sri Lanka, Burma, NW Indochina A.g.dharmakumarsinhjii Abdulali, 1976 WC India (11) A.g.australis W.E. Brooks, 1873 SW India A.g.weigoldi E. Hartert, 1922 C and E China (S and E Sichuan to S Shaanxi and Yangtze valley) A.g.coelivox Swinhoe, 1859 SE China, N Vietnam A.g.sala Swinhoe, 1870 Hainan I. A.g.herberti E. Hartert, 1923 C and SE Thailand, Cambodia, S Vietnam A.g.wattersi Swinhoe, 1871 Taiwan A.g.wolfei Hachisuka, 1930 Luzon (Philippines) Alauda razae (Alexander, 1898) (Raso Island Lark)82 Raso I., Cape Verde Is. EREMOPTERIX Kaup, 1836 M83 Eremopterix australis (A. Smith, 1836) (Black-eared Sparrow-Lark) S Namibia, S Botswana, Cape Province Eremopterix leucotis (Chestnut-backed Sparrow-Lark) E.l.melanocephalus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) Senegal and Gambia to Nile Valley E.l.leucotis (Stanley, 1814) E and S Sudan to Ethiopia E.l.madaraszi (Reichenow, 1902) S Somalia, Kenya, NE and C Tanzania, N Mozambique, N Malawi E.l.hoeschi C.M.N. White, 1959 N Namibia, S Angola, N Botswana to W Zimbabwe (2638) E.l.smithi (Bonaparte, 1850)84 S Malawi and S Zambia to NE Sth. Africa Eremopterix signatus (Chestnut-headed Sparrow-Lark) E.s.harrisoni (Ogilvie-Grant, 1901) SE Sudan, NW Kenya E.s.signatus (Oustalet, 1886) S and E Ethiopia, Somalia, N and E Kenya Eremopterix verticalis (Grey-backed Sparrow-Lark)85 E.v.khama Irwin, 1957 NE Botswana, Zimbabwe, S Zambia E.v.harti Benson & Irwin, 1965 SW Zambia (131) E.v.damarensis Roberts, 1931 W Angola, Namibia, NW Botswana, SW Zambia, NW Cape Province E.v.verticalis (A. Smith, 1836) Cape Province to W Transvaal, S Botswana and SW Zimbabwe Eremopterix nigriceps (Black-crowned Sparrow-Lark) E.n.nigriceps (Gould, 1839)86 Cape Verde Is. E.n.albifrons Sundevall, 1850 Mauritania to Nile valley E.n.melanauchen (Cabanis, 1851) E Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Arabia, S Iraq, S Iran E.n.forbeswatsoni Ripley & Bond, 1966 Socotra I. 87 (2063) E.n.affinis (Blyth, 1867) Pakistan, NW India Eremopterix griseus (Scopoli, 1786) (Ashy-crowned Sparrow-Lark) Pakistan, India, S Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Eremopterix leucopareia (Fischer & Reichenow, 1884) (Fischer's Sparrow-Lark) NE Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, NE Zambia, N Malawi EREMOPHILA Boie, 1828 F Eremophila alpestris (Horned Lark/Shorelark) E.a.arcticola (Oberholser, 1902) N Alaska, W Canada, NW USA E.a.alpina (Jewett, 1943) High Mts. of W Washington State E.a.hoyti (Bishop, 1896) Arctic coast N Canada >> N USA E.a.alpestris (Linnaeus, 1758) NE Canada >> SE USA E.a.leucolaema Coues, 1874 S Canada, C and S USA >> N Mexico E.a.enthymia (Oberholser, 1902) C Canada, C USA >> N Mexico E.a.praticola (Henshaw, 1884) SE Canada, C and EC USA E.a.strigata (Henshaw, 1884) Coastal Brit. Columbia and NW USA E.a.merrilli (Dwight, 1890) Pacific slope W Canada, W USA E.a.lamprochroma (Oberholser, 1932) Inland montane W and SW USA E.a.utahensis (Behle, 1938) Montane WC USA E.a.sierrae (Oberholser, 1920) Montane NE California E.a.rubea (Henshaw, 1884) C California E.a.actia (Oberholser, 1902) Coastal range S California, N Baja California E.a.insularis (Dwight, 1890) Islands off S California E.a.ammophila (Oberholser, 1902) Deserts of SE California and nearby Nevada >> NW Mexico E.a.leucansiptila (Oberholser, 1902) Colorado desert SW Nevada, W Arizona, NE Baja California, and NW Sonora (Mexico) E.a.occidentalis (McCall, 1851) N Arizona, N New Mexico >> N Mexico E.a.adusta (Dwight, 1890) S Arizona, SW New Mexico, N Sonora (Mexico) E.a.giraudi (Henshaw, 1884) Coastal regions of S Texas, NC Mexico E.a.enertera (Oberholser, 1907) WC Baja California E.a.aphrasta (Oberholser, 1902) NW Mexico E.a.lactea A.R. Phillips, 1970 Coahuila (NE Mexico) (1874) E.a.diaphora (Oberholser, 1902) NE Mexico (south of lactea) E.a.chrysolaema (Wagler, 1831) SC Mexico E.a.oaxacae (Nelson, 1897) S Mexico E.a.peregrina (P.L. Sclater, 1855) Colombia E.a.atlas (Whitaker, 1898) Mts. of Morocco E.a.flava (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) N Europe, N Asia south to Lake Baikal and NW Amurland E.a.brandti (Dresser, 1874) SE European Russia to N Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, and the Baikal area E.a.przewalskii (Bianchi, 1904) Qaidam Basin (N Qinghai, China) E.a.balcanica (Reichenow, 1895) Balkans to Greece E.a.bicornis (C.L. Brehm, 1842) Lebanon E.a.kumerloevei Roselaar, 1995 W and C Asia Minor (2107) E.a.penicillata (Gould, 1838) E Turkey, Caucasus area, SW and N Iran E.a.albigula (Bonaparte, 1850) NE Iran and SW Turkmenistan to NW Pakistan and Tien Shan Mts. E.a.longirostris (F. Moore, 1856) NE Pakistan, Kashmir, NW Himalayas E.a.teleschowi (Przevalski, 1887) C and E Kun Lun Mts. (S Xinjiang, N Xizang and NW Qinghai, China) E.a.argalea (Oberholser, 1902) W Kun Lun Mts., N Ladakh, and W Tibetan Plateau E.a.elwesi (Blanford, 1872) S and E Tibetan Plateau E.a.khamensis (Bianchi, 1904) SE Xizang and W Sichuan E.a.nigrifrons (Przevalski, 1876) NE Qinghai (China) Eremophila bilopha (Temminck, 1823) (Temminck's Lark) N Africa, N and NE Arabia, W Iraq, S Syria, Jordan 1 For Asian species see Dickinson & Dekker (2001) (742) and Dickinson et al. (2001) (748). 2 In Dickinson et al. (2001) (748) this is lumped in M. javanica on the grounds that no evaluation has yet appeared of the suggested conspecificity of these four forms. As it was recognised in last Edition we prefer not to confuse readers and here we retain it as separate. 3 Given as 1844 by Peters (1960: 5) (1829), but see Dickinson et al. (2001) (748). 4 Includes sepikiana see Mees (1982: 109) (1534). 5 Includes subrufescens see Schodde & Mason (1999: 717) (2189). 6 Includes normantoni Mayr & McEvey, 1960 (1490), see Schodde & Mason (1999: 717) (2189). 7 Includes rukwensis see White (1961) (2645). 8 Includes anchietae da Rosa Pinto, 1967 (606) (R.J. Dowsett in litt.). 9 Includes irwini da Rosa Pinto, 1968 (607) (W.R.J. Dean in litt.). 10 For recognition see Dean et al. (1992: 23) (630). 11 Includes zuluensis see White (1961) (2645). 12 Includes rostratus see White (1961) (2645). 13 Includes minyanyae White, 1958 (2637), see Dean et al. (1992: 28) (630). It also includes niethammeri da Rosa Pinto, 1968 (607) but a specimen needs re-examination to be sure (W.R.J. Dean in litt.). 14 Includes zombae see White (1961) (2645). 15 For recognition see White (1961) (2645). 16 For recognition see White (1961) (2645). 17 The name deserti is here treated as a synonym, but it may be distinct (W.R.J. Dean in litt.). 18 White (1961) (2645) considered the name rufipilea, of which hewitti was thought by Peters (1960) (1829) to be a synonym, indeterminate. The name hewitti is a junior synonym. 19 Includes longonotensis see White (1961) (2645). 20 Includes omaruru see White (1961) (2645) and quaesita Clancey, 1958 (378) (R.J. Dowsett, in litt.). 21 This and the next two forms were tentatively united by Dickinson & Dekker (2001) (742) pending publication of molecular studies. Here they are tentatively split! 22 Treated as polytypic in last Edition, but generally treated as monotypic since White (1961) (2645). 23 Presumably includes fradei da Rosa Pinto, 1963 (605). 24 Includes furva see Ripley (1982: 247) (2055), but tentatively recognised by Dickinson & Dekker (2001) (742). 25 Described in the genus Mirafra. Placed in Heteromirafra by Dean et al. (1992: 45) (630). 26 For recognition of this as a coastal Angolan race see White (1961) (2645). Now a product of the split of C. curvirostris into five species (benguelensis, subcoronata, semitorquata, curvirostris and brevirostris) by Ryan & Bloomer (1999) (2144). 27 If treated in the genus Mirafra the name damarensis is preoccupied. White (1961) (2645) used the name kaokensis Bradfield, 1944, in its place; in the light of the separation of species that may need to be re-examined. 28 The alternate name infelix C.M.N. White, 1960 (2642) was proposed for use if this species was placed in Mirafra. It is not required in Certhilauda. 29 Includes cavei. For monotypic treatment see Dean et al. (1992: 52) (630). Since then Ryan et al. (1998 (2145) proposed that this be split. This will probably require recognition, but intergrades occur and field studies are needed to determine the dynamics. 30 For recognition of this see Dean et al. (1992: 58) (630). 31 We follow Dean et al. (1992: 59-60) (630) in reducing the number of forms recognised. 32 Implicitly includes longispina Rudebeck, 1970 (2125) see Dean et al. (1992: 60) (630). 33 Includes bathoeni Winterbottom, 1958 (2678), and bathoeni Paterson, 1958 (1793), see White (1961) (2645). 34 This name is preoccupied in Certhilauda when salinicola Clancey, 1962 (392A), must be used. 35 Includes subpallida see Peters (1960: 28) (1829). 36 Includes latimerae Winterbottom, 1958 (2678) see White (1960) (2645). 37 Includes bushmanensis see White (1961) (2645). 38 Includes dathei Kumerloeve, 1970 (1308), see Roselaar (1995) (2107). 39 For recognition see Roselaar (1995) (2107). 40 Recognition advised by C.S. Roselaar (in litt.). 41 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 42 Peters (1960: 32) (1829) dated this 1841, but see Zimmer (1926: 159) (2707) and www.zoonomen.net (A.P. Peterson in litt.). 43 Includes pallens see White (1961) (2645) and most recent authors. 44 Range includes that of mirei see Dean et al. (1992: 73) (630), although this is often placed in whitakeri (Roselaar, in litt.). 45 Includes janeti see Dean et al. (1992: 73) (630). 46 Includes borosi Horváth, 1958 (1149) see Dean et al. (1992: 73) (630). 47 Recognition advised by C.S. Roselaar (in litt.). 48 Recognition advised by C.S. Roselaar (in litt.). Dickinson et al. (2001) (748) recognised iranica and listed darica as a synonym of that. 49 Peters (1960: 38) (1829) dated this 1856, but see Gyldenstolpe (1926: 26) (1027) and www.zoonomen.net (A.P. Peterson in litt.). 50 For recognition see Roselaar in Cramp et al. (1988: 134) (592). 51 Treated as a monotypic species by Peters (1960: 47) (1829), but Hall & Moreau (1970) (1066) implied the scope recognised here. 52 This taxon is tentatively attached to C. blanfordi and may belong with brachydactyla. 53 This taxon may belong to C. cinerea. 54 We follow White (1961) (2645) except that we segregate blanfordi and allies. 55 Thought to include fulvida Clancey, 1978 (464). 56 For recognition see White (1961) (2645). 57 Implicitly includes vagilans Clancey, 1978 (464). 58 For recognition see White (1961) (2645). Implicitly includes alluvia Clancey, 1971 (433). 59 Probably, but not certainly, separate from C. rufescens; the races listed here may not all belong together and may represent two or more species. Dickinson et al. (2001) (748) placed persica and by inference niethammeri in C. rufescens. 60 Thought to include aharonii based on winter-taken specimens. 61 Includes tangutica see Vaurie (1959: 33) (2502). 62 Omitted in last Edition. 63 Includes vulpecula see White (1961) (2645). 64 Implicitly includes griseovinacea Clancey, 1972 (438), see Dean et al. (1992: 84) (630). 65 Listed in a monotypic genus Botha in last Edition. For treatment in Spizocorys see Dean et al. (1992: 85) (630). 66 Includes capensis see Dean et al. (1992: 86) (630). 67 Includes gregaria Clancey, 1959 (383), see White (1961) (2645). 68 European and Mediterranean races revised based on Cramp et al. (1988) (592) and similarly grouped. Eight more are recognised than in last Edition: kleinschmidti, neumanni, apuliae, cypriaca, tenuirostris, helenae, brachyura and halfae. 69 Includes zalingei see White (1961) (2645). 70 Not C.L. Brehm as usually cited (S. Eck, in litt.). 71 Includes aguirrei contra Peters (1960) (1829) and Cramp et al. (1988) (592) as its type locality is not within the range of erlangeri nor in Spanish Sahara (Roselaar, in litt.). 72 Includes deichleri see Roselaar in Cramp et al. (1988: 172) (592). 73 In last Edition united with G. theklae however we follow Cramp et al. (1988) (592) who did not do this. 74 Includes giffardi see White (1961) (2645). Not giffordi as in Peters (1960: 63) (1829). 75 Treated in a monotypic genus Calendula in last Edition. For treatment in Galerida see Dean et al. (1992: 98) (630). 76 The limits of Eastern populations are disputed and various authors place synonyms differently. 77 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1988) (592). 78 For a discussion of the various authors of this name see Dickinson et al. (2001) (748), Hume was the first to use the name with a description. Includes dementievi Korelov, 1953 (1298) see Stepanyan (1990: 351) (2326). 79 Includes nigrescens see Dickinson et al. (2001) (748), although C.S. Roselaar (in litt.) would recognise this. 80 Some authors, including CSR, believe that lonnbergi and japonica breed sympatrically in Sakhalin and that japonica must either be placed with gulgula or treated as a third species. Orn. Soc. Japan (2000) (1727) did not accept this and considered both forms part of arvensis. 81 We include punjaubi here, but based on his studies CSR believes a breeding population of Pakistan and NW India should be recognised under this name. This awaits publication. 82 For notes supporting treatment in Alauda see Hazevoet (1989) (1091) 83 Gender addressed by David & Gosselin (in press) (614), multiple changes occur in specific names. 84 Given as 1851 by Peters (1960: 30) (1829). Zimmer (1926) (2707) accepted this but see Hartlaub (1951) (1087). 85 Three races are said to overlap in SW Zambia, but species nomadic and breeding ranges may be discrete. 86 Peters (1960: 31) (1829) dated this 1841 but see Zimmer (1926: 159) (2707) and www.zoonomen.net (A.P. Peterson in litt.). 87 For recognition see Dean et al. (1992: 115) (630). ALAUDIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD IRENIDAE (FAIRY BLUEBIRDS) (1: 2) IRENA Horsfield, 1821 F Irena puella (Asian Fairy Bluebird)1 I.p.puella (Latham, 1790) S India I.p.sikkimensis Whistler & Kinnear, 19332 E Nepal and NE India to Assam and Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Andamans, Nicobars I.p.malayensis F. Moore, 1854 Malay Pen. I.p.crinigera Sharpe, 18773 Sumatra and nearby islands, Borneo and nearby islands I.p.turcosa Walden, 1870 Java I.p.tweeddalei Sharpe, 1877 Palawan Irena cyanogastra (Philippine Fairy Bluebird)4 I.c.cyanogastra Vigors, 1831 Luzon, Polillo, Catanduanes I.c.ellae Steere, 1890 Bohol, Leyte, Samar I.c.hoogstraali Rand, 1948 Mindanao, Dinagat I.c.melanochlamys Sharpe, 1877 Basilan REGULIIDAE (GOLDCRESTS/KINGLETS)5 (1: 5) REGULUS Cuvier, 1800 M Regulus ignicapilla (Firecrest)6 7 R.i.ignicapilla (Temminck, 1820) C and S Europe, Asia Minor ¶R.i.caucasicus Stepanyan, 1998 W Caucasus (2332) ¶R.r.tauricus Redkin, 2001 Crimea (1997A) R.i.madeirensis Harcourt, 1851 Madeira R.i.balearicus von Jordans, 1924 Balearic Is., NW Africa Regulus goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant, 1906 (Flamecrest) Taiwan Regulus regulus (Goldcrest) R.r.regulus (Linnaeus, 1758)8 Europe and W Siberia >> Mediterranean islands R.r.teneriffae Seebohm, 18839 W Canary Is. R.r.azoricus Seebohm, 1883 San Miguel (E Azores) R.r.sanctaemariae Vaurie, 1954 Santa Maria (E Azores) R.r.inermis Murphy & Chapin, 1929 W and C Azores R.r.buturlini Loudon, 1911 Asia Minor, Crimea, Caucasus area >> N Iran R.r.hyrcanus Zarudny, 1910 N Iran R.r.coatsi Sushkin, 1904 SC Siberia to Altai and Baikal area R.r.tristis Pleske, 1892 Tien Shan Mts. >> SW Asia R.r.himalayensis Bonaparte, 1856 E Afghanistan to NW and WC Himalayas R.r.sikkimensis R. & A. Meinertzhagen, 1926 E Nepal, E Himalayas, NC China (E and NE Qinghai to SW Gansu) R.r.japonensis Blakiston, 1862 E Transbaikalia, Amurland and NE China to Sakhalin, S Kuril Is., Japan and N Korea >> E China R.r.yunnanensis Rippon, 1906 SE Xizang and NE Burma to N Yunnan, Sichuan, S Shaanxi and Guizhou Regulus satrapa (Golden-crowned Kinglet) R.s.satrapa M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823 C and E Canada, NE USA >> S Canada to S and SE USA R.s.olivaceus S.F. Baird, 1864 SE Alaska to Oregon >> S California R.s.apache Jenks, 193610 Interior Alaska south through Cascades and Rocky Mts. to N Mexico R.s.aztecus Lawrence, 1887 C Mexico R.s.clarus Dearborn, 1907 S Mexico, Central America Regulus calendula (Ruby-crowned Kinglet) R.c.calendula (Linnaeus, 1766)11 N and E Canada, E USA >> Central America, S USA R.c.grinnelli Palmer, 1897 Coast of Alaska, British Columbia >> W USA †?R.c.obscurus Ridgway, 1876 Guadalupe I. (Mexico) 1 Authors differ greatly over subspecific ranges and those given here are tentative. A fresh review is required. 2 Includes andamanica Abdulali, 1964 (6), placed in synonymy (of nominate form) by Ripley (1982: 308) (2055). 3 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 4 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 5 For reasons to treat this at family level see references in A.O.U. (1998: 487) (3). 6 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 7 Treatment follows Cramp et al. (1992) (593), but madeirensis may belong with R. regulus or may deserve specific status see Päckert et al. (2001) (1739). 8 Includes anglorum and interni see Vaurie (1959: 299) (2502). 9 Placement here is tentative. 10 Tentatively includes amoenus A.R. Phillips, 1991 (1876). 11 Watson et al. (1986: 292) (2564) included arizonensis as a synonym and dated it from 1964. The name in fact dates from 1966 see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). REGULIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD TROGLODYTIDAE (WRENS) (16: 76) CAMPYLORHYNCHUS Spix, 1824 M Campylorhynchus albobrunneus (White-headed Wren) C.a.albobrunneus (Lawrence, 1862) C Panama C.a.harterti (Berlepsch, 1907) E Panama, W Colombia Campylorhynchus zonatus (Band-backed Wren)1 C.z.zonatus (Lesson, 1832)2 EC Mexico C.z.restrictus (Nelson, 1901) S Mexico, Guatemala C.z.vulcanius (Brodkorb, 1940) S Mexico to Nicaragua C.z.costaricensis Berlepsch, 1888 Costa Rica, W Panama C.z.panamensis (Griscom, 1927) WC Panama C.z.brevirostris Lafresnaye, 1845 NW Colombia, NW Ecuador C.z.curvirostris Ridgway, 1888 NE Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.) ¶C.z.imparilis Borrero & Hernández, 1958 NE Colombia (lowlands) (199) Campylorhynchus megalopterus (Grey-barred Wren) C.m.megalopterus Lasfresnaye, 1845 C Mexico C.m.nelsoni (Ridgway, 1903) SC Mexico Campylorhynchus nuchalis (Stripe-backed Wren) C.n.pardus P.L. Sclater, 1858 N Colombia C.n.brevipennis Lawrence, 1866 N Venezuela C.n.nuchalis Cabanis, 1847 C Venezuela Campylorhynchus fasciatus (Fasciated Wren) C.f.pallescens Lafresnaye, 1846 SW Ecuador, NW Peru C.f.fasciatus (Swainson, 1838) W Peru Campylorhynchus chiapensis Salvin & Godman, 1891 (Giant Wren) Chiapas (Mexico) Campylorhynchus griseus (Bicoloured Wren) C.g.albicilius (Bonaparte, 1854) N Colombia, NW Venezuela C.g.bicolor (Pelzeln, 1875) Colombia C.g.zimmeri Borrero & Hernández, 1958 C Columbia (199) C.g.minor (Cabanis, 1851) E Colombia, N Venezuela C.g.pallidus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1947 S Venezuela C.g.griseus (Swainson, 1838) E Venezuela, Guyana, N Brazil Campylorhynchus rufinucha (Rufous-naped Wren) C.r.rufinucha (Lesson, 1838) E Mexico (Veracruz) C.r.rufum Nelson, 1897 WC Mexico C.r.humilis P.L. Sclater, 1856 SW Mexico C.r.nigricaudatus (Nelson, 1897) S Mexico, W Guatemala C.r.capistratus (Lesson, 1842) El Salvador to N Costa Rica C.r.xerophilus Griscom, 1930 Guatemala (Motagua Valley) C.r.castaneus Ridgway, 1888 Guatemala to Honduras C.r.nicoyae A.R. Phillips, 19863 NW Costa Rica (Nicoya Pen.) (1875) C.r.nicaraguae (Miller & Griscom, 1925) Nicaragua (1584) Campylorhynchus gularis P.L. Sclater, 1860 (Spotted Wren) W and C Mexico Campylorhynchus jocosus P.L. Sclater, 1859 (Boucard's Wren) SC Mexico Campylorhynchus yucatanicus (Hellmayr, 1934) (Yucatán Wren) SE Mexico Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (Cactus Wren) C.b.sandiegensis Rea, 1986 SW California, NW Baja California (1875) C.b.bryanti (Anthony, 1894) N Baja California C.b.affinis Xantús de Vesey, 18594 S Baja California C.b.seri (van Rossem, 1932) Tiburon I. C.b.anthonyi Mearns, 1902 SW USA, NW Mexico C.b.brunneicapillus (Lafresnaye, 1835) NW Mexico C.b.guttatus (Gould, 1837)5 SC Texas to C Mexico Campylorhynchus turdinus (Thrush-like Wren) C.t.aenigmaticus Meyer de Schauensee, 1948 SW Colombia C.t.hypostictus Gould, 1855 NW and W Amazonia C.t.turdinus (Wied, 1821) EC Brazil C.t.unicolor Lafresnaye, 1846 E Bolivia, W Brazil ODONTORCHILUS Richmond, 1915 M Odontorchilus branickii (Grey-mantled Wren) O.b.branickii (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885) Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, N Bolivia O.b.minor (Hartert, 1900) N Ecuador Odontorchilus cinereus (Pelzeln, 1868) (Tooth-billed Wren) C Brazil, E Bolivia SALPINCTES Cabanis, 1847 M Salpinctes obsoletus (Rock Wren) S.o.obsoletus (Say, 1823) SW Canada, W USA, N and C Mexico S.o.pulverius Grinnell, 1898 San Clemente and San Nicolas Is., California S.o.proximus Swarth, 1914 San Martín I. (Mexico) S.o.tenuirostris van Rossem, 1943 San Benito I. (Mexico) S.o.guadeloupensis Ridgway, 1876 Guadeloupe I. †?S.o.exsul Ridgway, 1903 San Benedicto I. S.o.neglectus Nelson, 1897 S Mexico to Honduras S.o.guttatus Salvin & Godman, 1891 El Salvador S.o.fasciatus Salvin & Godman, 1891 NW Nicaragua S.o.costaricensis van Rossem, 1941 NW Costa Rica CATHERPES S.F. Baird, 1858 M Catherpes mexicanus (Canyon Wren) C.m.griseus Aldrich, 1946 SW Canada to Oregon, Utah and Idaho C.m.pallidior A.R. Phillips, 19866 Montana to NW Colorado, NE Utah (1875) C.m.conspersus Ridgway, 1873 W USA to N Mexico C.m.punctulatus Ridgway, 1882 California C.m.croizati A.R. Phillips, 19867 S Baja California (1875) C.m.mexicanus (Swainson, 1829) C and S Mexico C.m.meliphonus Oberholser, 1930 NW Mexico C.m.cantator A.R. Phillips, 19668 SW Mexico (1871) HYLORCHILUS Nelson, 1897 M Hylorchilus sumichrasti (Lawrence, 1871) (Sumichrast’s Wren) WC Veracruz and NC Oaxaca (Mexico) Hylorchilus navai Crossin & Ely, 1973 (Nava’s Wren)9 SE Veracruz and W Chiapas (Mexico) (598) CINNYCERTHIA Lesson, 1844 F Cinnycerthia unirufa (Rufous Wren) C.u.unirufa (Lafresnaye, 1840) NE Colombia C.u.chakei Aveledo & Ginés, 1952 NW Venezuela C.u.unibrunnea (Lafresnaye, 1853) S and C Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru Cinnycerthia olivascens (Sharpe’s Wren)10 C.o.bogotensis (Matschie, 1885) E Andes of Colombia C.o.olivascens Sharpe, 1881 W and C Andes of Colombia, to Ecuador and N Peru Cinnycerthia peruana (Cabanis, 1873) (Peruvian Wren) C Peru Cinnycerthia fulva (Fulvous Wren) C.f.fitzpatricki Remsen & Brumfield, 1998 SE Peru (Vilcabamba Mtns.) (2008) C.f.fulva (P.L. Sclater, 1874) S Peru C.f.gravesi Remsen & Brumfield, 1998 S Peru, N Bolivia (2008) CISTOTHORUS Cabanis, 1850 M Cistothorus platensis (Sedge Wren)11 C.p.stellaris (J.F. Naumann, 1823) E Canada, E USA, NE Mexico C.p.tinnulus R.T. Moore, 1941 W Mexico C.p.potosinus Dickerman, 1975 San Luis Potosí (Mexico) (710) C.p.jalapensis Dickerman, 1975 Veracruz (Mexico) (710) C.p.warneri Dickerman, 1975 S Veracruz, NE Chiapas (Mexico) (710) C.p.russelli Dickerman, 1975 Belize (710) C.p.elegans Sclater & Salvin, 1859 S Mexico, Guatemala C.p.graberi Dickerman, 1975 SE Honduras, NE Nicaragua (710) C.p.lucidus Ridgway, 1903 Costa Rica, W Panama C.p.aequatorialis Lawrence, 1871 Andes of Colombia, Venezuela and C Ecuador C.p.graminicola Taczanowski, 1874 Andes of S Ecuador to Peru and N Bolivia C.p.tucumanus E. Hartert, 190912 Andes of S Bolivia, NW Argentina C.p.platensis (Latham, 1790) C and E Argentina C.p.hornensis (Lesson, 1834) S Chile, S Argentina C.p.falklandicus Chapman, 1934 Falkland Is. C.p.polyglottus (Vieillot, 1819) SE Brazil to NE Argentina C.p.alticola Salvin & Godman, 1883 E Colombia, N Venezuela, N Guyana C.p.minimus Carriker, 1935 S Peru Cistothorus meridae Hellmayr, 1907 (Paramo Wren) NW Venezuela Cistothorus apolinari Chapman, 1914 (Apolinar's Wren) C Colombia Cistothorus palustris (Marsh Wren) C.p.browningi Rea, 1986 SW British Columbia, WC Washington (1875) C.p.dissaeptus Bangs, 1902 13 E USA C.p.iliacus Ridgway, 1903 14 C Canada, NC to SE USA C.p.laingi (Harper, 1926) WC Canada >> N Mexico C.p.palustris (A. Wilson, 1810)15 Coastal E USA C.p.waynei (Dingle & Sprunt, 1932) SE USA (Virginia, N. Carolina) C.p.griseus Brewster, 1893 SE USA (S. Carolina to Florida) C.p.marianae W.E.D. Scott, 1888 SE USA (Gulf Coast) C.p.plesius Oberholser, 1897 W USA >> NW Mexico C.p.pulverius Aldrich, 1946 W USA C.p.tolucensis (Nelson, 1904) C Mexico C.p.paludicola S.F. Baird, 1864 S Washington, N Oregon C.p.aestuarinus (Swarth, 1917) Coastal C California C.p.deserticola Rea, 1986 SECalifornia, SW Arizona (1875) C.p.clarkae Unitt, Messer & Thery, 1996 SW California (2450) THRYOMANES P.L. Sclater, 1862 M Thryomanes bewickii (Bewick's Wren) T.b.calophonus Oberholser, 1898 SW Canada, NW USA T.b.marinensis Grinnell, 1910 N California T.b.spilurus (Vigors, 1839) C California T.b.drymoecus Oberholser, 1898 S Oregon, California T.b.charienturus Oberholser, 1898 SW California, NW Baja California T.b.cerroensis (Anthony, 1897) WC Baja California T.b.magdalenensis Huey, 1942 SW Baja California †T.b.leucophrys (Anthony, 1895)16 San Clemente I. (California) †T.b.brevicaudus Ridgway, 1876 Guadeloupe I. (Mexico) T.b.bewickii (Audubon, 1827) EC USA T.b.pulichi A.R. Phillips, 198617 Kansas, Oklahoma >>Texas (1875) T.b.cryptus Oberholser, 1898 SE Colorado, W Oklahoma T.b.eremophilus Oberholser, 1898 W USA to C Mexico T.b.sadai A.R. Phillips, 198618 S Texas to NE Mexico (1875) T.b.mexicanus (Deppe, 1830) SW and WC Mexico Thryomanes sissonii (Grayson, 1868) (Socorro Wren) Socorro I., Revillagigedo Group FERMINIA Barbour, 1926 F Ferminia cerverai Barbour, 1926 (Zapata Wren) Cuba THRYOTHORUS Vieillot, 1816 M Thryothorus atrogularis Salvin, 1864 (Black-throated Wren) Nicaragua, Costa Rica, W Panama Thryothorus spadix (Bangs, 1910) (Sooty-headed Wren) E Panama, W Colombia Thryothorus fasciatoventris (Black-bellied Wren) T.f.melanogaster Sharpe, 1881 SW Costa Rica, W Panama T.f.albigularis (P.L. Sclater, 1855) C and E Panama, W Colombia T.f.fasciatoventris Lafresnaye, 1845 N Colombia Thryothorus euophrys (Plain-tailed Wren) T.e.euophrys P.L. Sclater, 1860 SW Colombia, W Ecuador T.e.longipes J.A. Allen, 1889 E Ecuador T.e.atriceps (Chapman, 1924) NW Peru T.e.schulenbergi Parker & O’Neill, 1985 Amazonas (Peru) (1747) Thryothorus eisenmanni Parker & O’Neill, 1985 (Inca Wren) Cuzco (Peru) (1747) Thryothorus genibarbis (Moustached Wren)19 T.g.macrurus J.A. Allen, 1889 Colombia T.g.amaurogaster (Chapman, 1914) E Colombia T.g.saltuensis (Bangs, 1910) W Colombia T.g.yananchae Meyer de Schauensee, 1951 SW Colombia T.g.consobrinus Madarász, 1904 NW Venezuela T.g.ruficaudatus Berlepsch, 1883 N Venezuela T.g.tachirensis Phelps & Gilliard, 1941 NW Venezuela T.g.mystacalis P.L. Sclater, 1860 Ecuador T.g.genibarbis Swainson, 1838 NC Brazil T.g.juruanus H. von Ihering, 1905 W Brazil, NE Bolivia T.g.intercedens Hellmayr, 1908 C Brazil T.g.bolivianus (Todd, 1913) C Bolivia Thryothorus coraya (Coraya Wren) T.c.obscurus Zimmer & Phelps, 1947 E Venezuela T.c.caurensis Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 E Colombia, S Venezuela, N Brazil T.c.barrowcloughiana Aveledo & Perez, 1994 Mt. Roraima and Mt. Cuquenan (S Venezuela) (69) T.c.ridgwayi Berlepsch, 1889 E Venezuela, W Guyana T.c.coraya (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) The Guianas, N Brazil T.c.herberti Ridgway, 1888 N Brazil T.c.griseipectus Sharpe, 1881 Colombia, Ecuador, W Brazil, N Peru T.c.amazonicus Sharpe, 1881 E Peru T.c.albiventris Taczanowski, 1882 N Peru T.c.cantator Taczanowski, 1874 Junín (Peru) Thryothorus felix (Happy Wren) T.f.sonorae (van Rossem, 1930) NW Mexico T.f.pallidus Nelson, 1899 W Mexico T.f.lawrencii Ridgway, 1878 Maria Madre I. (Mexico) T.f.magdalenae Nelson, 1898 Maria Magdalena I. (Mexico) T.f.grandis Nelson, 1900 C Mexico T.f.felix P.L. Sclater, 1859 SW Mexico Thryothorus maculipectus (Spot-breasted Wren) T.m.microstictus (Griscom, 1930) NE Mexico T.m.maculipectus Lafresnaye, 1845 E Mexico T.m.canobrunneus Ridgway, 1887 SE Mexico, Guatemala T.m.umbrinus Ridgway, 1887 S Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, E Nicaragua T.m.petersi (Griscom, 1930) N Honduras Thryothorus rutilus (Rufous-breasted Wren)20 T.r.hyperythrus Salvin & Godman, 1880 W Costa Rica, W Panama T.r.tobagensis (Hellmayr, 1921) Tobago I. T.r.rutilus Vieillot, 1819 Trinidad, N Venezuela T.r.intensus (Todd, 1932) NW Venezuela T.r.laetus Bangs, 1898 NW Venezuela, N Colombia T.r.interior (Todd, 1932) C Colombia T.r.hypospodius Salvin & Godman, 1880 NC Colombia Thryothorus sclateri (Speckle-breasted Wren) T.s.columbianus (Chapman, 1924) W Colombia T.s.paucimaculatus Sharpe, 1881 W Ecuador, NW Peru T.s.sclateri Taczanowski, 1879 N Peru Thryothorus semibadius Salvin, 1870 (Riverside Wren) SW Costa Rica, SW Panama Thryothorus nigricapillus (Bay Wren) T.n.costaricensis (Sharpe, 1881) SE Nicaragua to NW Panama T.n.castaneus Lawrence, 1861 C Panama T.n.odicus Wetmore, 1959 Isla Escudo (Panama) (2599A) T.n.reditus (Griscom, 1932) C and E Panama T.n.schottii (S.F. Baird, 1864) E Panama, NW Colombia T.n.nigricapillus P.L. Sclater, 1860 W Ecuador Thryothorus thoracicus Salvin, 1864 (Stripe-breasted Wren) E Nicaragua, Costa Rica, W Panama Thryothorus leucopogon (Stripe-throated Wren) T.l.grisescens (Griscom, 1932) E Panama T.l.leucopogon (Salvadori & Festa, 1899) W Colombia, NW Ecuador Thryothorus pleurostictus (Banded Wren) T.p.nisorius P.L. Sclater, 1869 SW Mexico (Michoacan to N Guerrero) T.p.oaxacae Brodkorb, 1942 SW Mexico (Guerrero to Oaxaca) T.p.acaciarum Brodkorb, 1942 S Mexico T.p.oblitus (van Rossem, 1934) S Mexico, Guatemala, W El Salvador T.p.pleurostictus P.L. Sclater, 1860 Guatemala T.p.lateralis (Dickey & van Rossem, 1927) El Salvador, S Honduras T.p.ravus (Ridgway, 1903) Nicaragua, NW Costa Rica Thryothorus ludovicianus (Carolina Wren) T.l.ludovicianus (Latham, 1790) C, S, SE USA T.l.burleighi Lowery, 1940 Cat I. (Mississippi) T.l.nesophilus Stevenson, 1973 Dog I. (NW Florida) (2336) T.l.miamensis Ridgway, 1875 SE Georgia, Florida T.l.lomitensis Sennett, 1890 S Texas, NE Mexico T.l.oberholseri Lowery, 1940 SW Texas, N Mexico T.l.berlandieri S.F. Baird, 1858 NC and NE Mexico T.l.tropicalis Lowery & Newman, 1949 NC Mexico T.l.albinucha (Cabot, 1847) SE Mexico, N Guatemala T.l.subfulvus Miller & Griscom, 1925 Guatemala, Nicaragua Thryothorus rufalbus (Rufous-and-white Wren) T.r.rufalbus Lafresnaye, 1845 S Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador T.r.sylvus A.R. Phillips, 198621 N Guatemala, Honduras (1875) T.r.castanonotus (Ridgway, 1888)22 Nicaragua and Pacific slope of Costa Rica to W Panama T.r.cumanensis (Cabanis, 1860) N Colombia, N Venezuela T.r.minlosi (Berlepsch, 1884) EC Colombia, NW Venezuela Thryothorus nicefori Meyer de Schauensee, 1946 (Niceforo's Wren) N Colombia Thryothorus sinaloa (Sinaloa Wren) T.s.cinereus (Brewster, 1889) NW Mexico T.s.sinaloa (S.F. Baird, 1864) WC Mexico T.s.russeus (Nelson, 1903) SW Mexico Thryothorus modestus (Plain Wren) T.m.modestus Cabanis, 186023 S Mexico to Costa Rica T.m.vanrossemi A.R. Phillips, 198624 El Salvador (1875) T.m.zeledoni (Ridgway, 1878) E Nicaragua, E Costa Rica, NW Panama T.m.elutus (Bangs, 1902) SW Costa Rica, W Panama Thryothorus leucotis (Buff-breasted Wren) T.l.galbraithii Lawrence, 1861 E Panama, NW Colombia T.l.conditus (Bangs, 1903) Pearl Islands (Panama) T.l.leucotis Lafresnaye, 1845 N Colombia T.l.collinus (Wetmore, 1946) NE Colombia T.l.venezuelanus Cabanis, 1851 NE Colombia, NW Venezuela T.l.zuliensis Hellmayr, 1934 Colombia, Venezuela T.l.hypoleucus (Berlepsch & Hartert, 1901) NC Venezuela T.l.bogotensis (Hellmayr, 1901) E Colombia, C Venezuela T.l.albipectus Cabanis, 1849 NE Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil T.l.peruanus (Hellmayr, 1921) W Brazil, SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia T.l.rufiventris P.L. Sclater, 1870 C Brazil Thryothorus superciliaris (Superciliated Wren) T.s.superciliaris Lawrence, 1869 Ecuador T.s.baroni (Hellmayr, 1902) S Ecuador, N Peru Thryothorus guarayanus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) (Fawn-breasted Wren) Bolivia, SW Brazil Thryothorus longirostris (Long-billed Wren) T.l.bahiae (Hellmayr, 1903) NE Brazil T.l.longirostris Vieillot, 1818 E Brazil Thryothorus griseus (Todd, 1925) (Grey Wren) W Brazil TROGLODYTES Vieillot, 1809 M Troglodytes troglodytes (Winter Wren)25 T.t.hiemalis Vieillot, 1819 Canada, N USA >> S USA T.t.pullus (Burleigh, 1935) E USA (Appalachian Mtns.) >> S USA T.t.ochroleucus Rea, 198626 Islands off SE Alaska >> British Columbia (1875) T.t.pacificus S.F. Baird, 1864 Prince of Wales I, Queen Charlotte Islands >> California T.t.salebrosus Burleigh, 1959 British Columbia to Oregon, NE California >> S California, SW Arizona (271) T.t.obscurior Rea, 198627 California (Sierra Nevada Mtns. and C coast) (1875) T.t.muiri Rea, 198628 SW Oregon, N California coast (1875) T.t.helleri (Osgood, 1901) Kodiak I. T.t.semidiensis (W.P. Brooks, 1915) Semidi I. T.t.kiskensis (Oberholser, 1919) Aleutian Is. (Kiska eastward) T.t.meligerus (Oberholser, 1900) Aleutian Is. (Attu, Agatta) T.t.islandicus E. Hartert, 1907 Iceland T.t.borealis Fischer, 1861 Faroe Is. T.t.zetlandicus E. Hartert, 1910 Shetland Is. (Scotland) T.t.fridariensis Williamson, 1951 Fair Isle (Scotland) T.t.hebridensis R. Meinertzhagen, 1924 Outer Hebrides (Scotland) T.t.hirtensis Seebohm, 1884 St Kilda I. (Scotland) T.t.indigenus Clancey, 1937 Ireland, Scotland, England T.t.troglodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe south to C Spain, Sicily and C Greece T.t.koenigi Schiebel, 1910 Corsica, Sardinia T.t.kabylorum E. Hartert, 1910 NW Africa, Balearic Is., S Spain T.t.juniperi E. Hartert, 1922 NE Libya T.t.cypriotes (Bate, 1903) Aegean Is., W and S Turkey, Cyprus, Levant T.t.hyrcanus Zarudny & Loudon, 1905 Caucasus area, N Iran, N Turkey, Crimea T.t.subpallidus Zarudny & Loudon, 1905 NE Iran, SW Turkmenistan, S Uzbekistan, NW Afghanistan T.t.zagrossiensis Zarudny & Loudon, 1908 SW Iran T.t.tianschanicus Sharpe, 1881 NE Afghanistan and Pamir to Tien Shan, ? Altai T.t.neglectus W.E. Brooks, 1872 E Afghanistan, W Himalayas T.t.magrathi (C.H.T. Whitehead, 1907) SE Afghanistan, W Pakistan T.t.nipalensis Blyth, 1845 C and E Himalayas T.t.talifuensis (Sharpe, 1902) Yunnan, NE Burma T.t.szetschuanus E. Hartert, 1910 E Xizang, SE Qinghai, W Sichuan (WC China) T.t.idius (Richmond, 1907) NE Qinghai and Gansu to Hebei (NC China) T.t.dauricus Dybowski & Taczanowski, 1884 SE Siberia, NE China, Korea, Tsushima I. (SW Japan) T.t.alascensis S.F. Baird, 1869 Pribilof Is. T.t.pallescens (Ridgway, 1883) Commander Is., ? Kamchatka T.t.kurilensis Stejneger, 1889 N Kuril Is. T.t.fumigatus Temminck, 1835 S Kuril Is., Sakhalin, Japan, N Izu Is. T.t.mosukei Momiyama, 1923 S Izu and Borodino Is. T.t.ogawae E. Hartert, 1910 Tanegashima, Yakushima Is. T.t.taivanus E. Hartert, 1910 Taiwan Troglodytes tanneri C.H. Townsend, 1890 (Clarion Wren) Isla Clarion (off W Mexico) Troglodytes aedon (House Wren)29 30 T.a.aedon Vieillot, 180931 SE Canada, E USA >> S USA, E Mexico T.a.parkmanii Audubon, 1839 SW Canada, C and W USA, N Mexico >> SW and SE USA T.a.cahooni Brewster, 1888 N Mexico T.a.brunneicollis P.L. Sclater, 1858 C and S Mexico T.a.peninsularis Nelson, 1901 Outer Yucatán Pen. (Mexico) T.a.intermedius Cabanis, 1860 S Mexico to Costa Rica T.a.inquietus S.F. Baird, 1864 SW Costa Rica, Panama, N Colombia T.a.carychrous Wetmore, 1957 Coiba I., Panama T.a.pallidipes A.R. Phillips, 1986 Pearl Islands (Panama) (1875) T.a.beani Ridgway, 1885 Cozumel I., SE Mexico †?T.a.guadeloupensis (Cory, 1886) Guadeloupe I. (Lesser Antilles) T.a.rufescens (Lawrence, 18770 Dominica I. †T.a.martinicensis (P.L. Sclater, 1866) Martinique I. T.a.mesoleucus (P.L. Sclater, 1876) St Lucia I. T.a.musicus (Lawrence, 1878) St Vincent I. T.a.grenadensis (Lawrence, 1878) Grenada I. T.a.atopus Oberholser, 1904 N Colombia T.a.striatulus (Lafresnaye, 1845) Colombia, Venezuela T.a.columbae Stone, 1899 E Colombia T.a.effutitus Wetmore, 1958 NW and W Venezuela (2599) T.a.albicans Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884 Trinidad, Colombia, Venezuela, W Ecuador, N Peru, the Guianas, Brazil T.a.tobagensis Lawrence, 1888 Tobago I. T.a.audax Tschudi, 1844 W Peru T.a.puna Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 W Bolivia, Peru T.a.carabayae Chapman & Griscom, 1924 Peru T.a.tecellatus d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 Peru, N Chile T.a.rex Berlepsch & Leverkühn, 1890 Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina T.a.atacamensis Hellmayr, 1924 N and C Chile T.a.musculus J.F. Naumann, 1823 C and S Brazil, E Paraguay, N Argentina T.a.bonariae Hellmayr, 1919 S Brazil, Uruguay, NE Argentina T.a.chilensis Lesson, 1830 S Chile, S Argentina T.a.cobbi Chubb, 190932 Falkland Is. Troglodytes rufociliatus (Rufous-browed Wren)33 T.r.rehni Stone, 1932 S Mexico to Honduras T.r.rufociliatus Sharpe, 1881 S Guatemala T.r.nannoides Dickey & van Rossem, 1929 SW El Salvador Troglodytes ochraceus (Ochraceous Wren) T.o.ochraceus Ridgway, 1882 Costa Rica, W Panama T.o.festinus Nelson, 1912 E Panama (Cerro Pirre) Troglodytes solstitialis (Mountain Wren) T.s.solitarius Todd, 1912 Colombia, Venezuela T.s.solstitialis P.L. Sclater, 1859 Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru T.s.macrourus Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902 EC Peru T.s.frater Sharpe, 1881 SE Peru, Bolivia T.s.auricularis Cabanis, 1883 N Argentina Troglodytes monticola Bangs, 1899 (Santa Marta Wren)34 Santa Marta Mts. (N Colombia) Troglodytes rufulus (Tepui Wren) T.r.rufulus Cabanis, 1849 SE Venezuela T.r.fulvigularis Zimmer & Phelps, 1945 SE Venezuela T.r.yavii Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1949 S Venezuela T.r.duidae Chapman, 1929 S Venezuela T.r.wetmorei Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1955 S Venezuela T.r.marahuacae Phelps & Aveledo, 1984 Amazonas (Venezuela) (1838) THRYORCHILUS Oberholser, 1904 M Thryorchilus browni Bangs, 1902 (Timberline Wren)35 Costa Rica, W Panama UROPSILA Sclater & Salvin, 1873 F Uropsila leucogastra (White-bellied Wren) U.l.pacifica (Nelson, 1897) SW Mexico U.l.grisescens (Griscom, 1928) C Mexico U.l.leucogastra (Gould, 1837) EC and E Mexico U.l.centralis A.R. Phillips, 198636 EC Mexico (1875) U.l.restricta A.R. Phillips, 198637 Yucatán Penin (Mérida), Mexico (1875) U.l.brachyura (Lawrence, 1887) Yucatán Penin of SE Mexico, Guatemala U.l.australis (van Rossem, 1938)38 S Quintana Roo (Mexico), Belize, Honduras HENICORHINA Sclater & Salvin, 1868 F Henicorhina leucosticta (White-breasted Wood Wren) H.l.decolorata A.R. Phillips, 198639 C Mexico (1875) H.l.prostheleuca (P.L. Sclater, 1857) S Mexico to NW Costa Rica H.l.smithei Dickerman, 1973 Yucatán Pen. (Mexico), Peten (Guatemala) (707) H.l.costaricensis Dickerman, 1973 C Costa Rica (707) H.l.pittieri Cherrie, 1893 SW Costa Rica to C Panama H.l.alexandri A.R. Phillips, 198640 E Panama, NW Colombia (1875) H.l.darienensis Hellmayr, 1921 E Panama (Darién, NW Colombia H.l.albilateralis Chapman, 1917 C Colombia H.l.leucosticta (Cabanis, 1847) S Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, N Brazil H.l.eucharis Bangs, 1910 Colombia (Dagua Valley) H.l.inornata Hellmayr, 1903 W Colombia to NW Ecuador H.l.hauxwelli Chubb, 1920 S Colombia, E Ecuador, C Peru Henicorhina leucophrys (Grey-breasted Wood Wren) H.l.minuscula A.R. Phillips, 196641 SC Mexico (1871) H.l.festiva Nelson, 1903 SW Mexico H.l.mexicana Nelson, 1897 E Mexico H.l.castanea Ridgway, 1903 S Mexico (N Chiapas, N Guatemala H.l.capitalis Nelson, 1897 S Mexico, W Guatemala H.l.composita Griscom, 1932 Honduras, El Salvador H.l.collina Bangs, 1902 Costa Rica, W Panama H.l.anachoreta Bangs, 1899 N Colombia H.l.bangsi Ridgway, 1903 N Colombia H.l.manastarae Aveledo & Ginés, 1952 NW Venezuela H.l.sanluisensis Phelps & Phelps, 1959 NW Venezuela (1861) H.l.venezuelensis Hellmayr, 1903 N Venezuela H.l.meridana Todd, 1932 W Venezuela H.l.tamae Zimmer & Phelps, 1944 E Colombia, NW Venezuela H.l.brunneiceps Chapman, 1914 SW Colombia, N Ecuador H.l.hilaris Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884 SW Ecuador H.l.leucophrys (Tschudi, 1844) W Colombia, Ecuador, Peru H.l.boliviana Todd, 1932 N Bolivia Henicorhina leucoptera Fitzpatrick, Terborgh & Willard, 1977 (Bar-winged Wood Wren) NC Peru (839) MICROCERCULUS P.L. Sclater, 1862 M Microcerculus philomela (Salvin, 1861) (Nightingale Wren) S Mexico to N Costa Rica Microcerculus marginatus (Scaly-breasted Wren) M.m.luscinia Salvin, 1866 Costa Rica to E Panama (2218) M.m.corrasus Bangs, 1902 N Colombia M.m.squamulatus Sclater & Salvin, 1875 NE Colombia, N Venezuela M.m.taeniatus Salvin, 1881 C and W Colombia, W Ecuador M.m.marginatus (P.L. Sclater, 1855) W Amazonia Microcerculus ustulatus (Flutist Wren) M.u.duidae Chapman, 1929 S Venezuela M.u.lunatipectus Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 S Venezuela M.u.obscurus Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 SE Venezuela M.u.ustulatus Salvin & Godman, 1883 SE Venezuela, W Guyana Microcerculus bambla (Wing-banded Wren) M.b.albigularis (P.L. Sclater, 1858) E Ecuador, W Brazil M.b.caurensis Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 S Venezuela M.b.bambla (Boddaert, 1783) SE Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil CYPHORHINUS Cabanis, 1844 M Cyphorhinus thoracicus (Chestnut-breasted Wren) C.t.thoracicus Tschudi, 1844 C? Peru to N Bolivia C.t.dichrous Sclater & Salvin, 1879 S Colombia, Ecuador, N? Peru Cyphorhinus arada (Musician Wren)42 C.a.urbanoi (Zimmer & Phelps, 1946) S Venezuela C.a.arada (Hermann, 1783) S Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil C.a.faroensis (Zimmer & Phelps, 1946) N Brazil C.a.griseolateralis Ridgway, 1888 N Brazil C.a.interpositus (Todd, 1932) S Brazil C.a.transfluvialis (Todd, 1932) N Brazil, SE Colombia C.a.salvini Sharpe, 1881 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru C.a.modulator (d’Orbigny, 1838) E Peru, W Brazil, N Bolivia Cyphorinus phaeocephalus (Song Wren) C.p.richardsoni Salvin, 1893 Honduras to W Panama C.p.lawrencii Lawrence, 1863 C Panama to NW Colombia C.p.propinquus (Todd, 1919) N Colombia C.p.chocoanus (Meyer de Schauensee, 1946) W Colombia C.p.phaeocephalus P.L. Sclater, 1860 SW Colombia, Ecuador GENUS INCERTAE SEDIS (1: 1) DONACOBIUS Swainson, 183243 M Donacobius atricapilla (Black-capped Donacobius) D.a.brachypterus Madarász, 1913 E Panama, N Colombia D.a.nigrodorsalis Traylor, 1948 SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru D.a.atricapilla (Linnaeus, 1766)44 Venezuela, the Guianas to NE Argentina D.a.albovittatus d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 E Bolivia 1 We are unaware of any re-evalutaion of this. 2 Includes vonbloekeri J.S. Rowley, 1968 (2116) see Phillips (1986) (1875). 3 For recognition see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 4 Includes purus see Rea (1986) (1875). 5 Includes couesi Sharpe, 1882 (2228A) see Rea (1986) (1875). 6 For recognition see Browning (1990) (251). 7 For recognition see Browning (1990) (251). 8 Tentatively accepted see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 9 For elevation to species level see Atkinson et al. (1993) (62) and A.O.U. (1998) (3). 10 In last Edition this and the next two species were lumped as C. peruana, but see Brumfield & Remsen (1996) (262). 11 Races recognised follow the revision by Traylor (1988) (2435). 12 In Hartert & Venturi, see p. 160 (M. LeCroy in litt.). 13 Includes canniphonus Oberholser, 1974 (1673) see Browning (1978, 1990) (246, 251). 14 Includes cryphius Oberholser, 1974 (1673) see Browning (1978, 1990) (246, 251). 15 Cited as 1807 by Paynter & Vaurie (1960: 394) (1810), but see Burtt & Peterson (1995) (280). 16 This name is preoccupied in Troglodytes and the substitute name anthonyi Rea, 1986 (1875), is available should the genus be submerged. 17 For recognition see Browning (1990) (251). 18 Tentatively accepted see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 19 We await published details to justify separating T. mystacalis from this species. 20 The next species is separated as in A.O.U. (1998) (3). 21 For recognition see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 22 A substitute name skutchi A.R. Phillips, 1986 (1875) has been proposed for castanonotus of others not of Ridgway, but appears to be unnecessary see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 23 Includes roberti A.R. Phillips, 1986 (1875) see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 24 Tentatively accepted see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 25 For the North American taxa we tentatively follow Phillips (1986) (1875), pending review by the A.O.U. 26 Recognition tentative; provisionally treated as a synonym of pacificus by Browning (1990) (251). 27 Recognition tentative; provisionally treated as a synonym of pacificus by Browning (1990) (251). 28 Recognition tentative; provisionally treated as a synonym of pacificus by Browning (1990) (251). 29 For comments on the prior name domesticus see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 30 We follow A.O.U. (1998: 481) (3) in maintaining a broad species, but recognise various Caribbean forms may be shown to be species. 31 Dated ‘1808?’ by Paynter & Vaurie (1960: 422) (1810), but see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). 32 See Woods (1993) (2690) for reasons to consider this at or near to the status of a separate species. Acoustic evidence is needed. 33 Three species (rufociliatus, ochraceus and monticola) derive from T. solstitialis (A.O.U., 1998) (3). 34 Treated as a subspecies of solstitialis in last Edition, but see Ridgely & Tudor (1989: 86) (2018). 35 For monotypic treatment see Phillips (1986) (1875). 36 For comments see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 37 For comments see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 38 For recognition of this population, if not its name, see Phillips (1986) (1875); hawkinsi Monroe, 1963 (1603) is a synonym. However see also Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 39 Tentatively accepted see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 40 Tentatively accepted see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 41 Tentatively accepted see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 42 We follow A.O.U. (1998) (3) in treating phaeocephalus as distinct from arada; the name arada is based on a Cayenne Indian name and may not be changed to aradus see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 43 Unpublished molecular data indicate that this species does not belong in the Troglodytidae or the Mimidae (Barker 1999) (96). 44 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). TROGLODYTIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD POLIOPTILIDAE (GNATCATCHERS) (3: 14) MICROBATES Sclater & Salvin, 1873 M Microbates collaris (Collared Gnatwren) M.c.paraguensis W.H. Phelps, Sr., 1946 S Venezuela M.c.collaris (Pelzeln, 1868) SE Colombia to the Guianas M.c.perlatus Todd, 1927 N Brazil, NE Peru Microbates cinereiventris (Tawny-faced Gnatwren) M.c.semitorquatus (Lawrence, 1862) Caribbean slope of S Nicaragua to NW Colombia (Gulf of Urubá) M.c.albapiculus Olson, 1980 N Colombia (Cauca Valley) (1692) M.c.magdalenae Chapman, 1915 N Colombia (Magdalena Valley) M.c.cinereiventris (P.L. Sclater, 1855) Pacific slope from SW Panama to W Colombia and SW Ecuador M.c.unicus Olson, 1980 E Colombia (Cundinamarca) (1692) M.c.hormotus Olson, 1980 S Colombia to E Ecuador and NE Peru (1692) M.c.peruvianus Chapman, 1923 E Peru from Amazonas to Puno. RAMPHOCAENUS Vieillot, 1819 M Ramphocaenus melanurus (Long-billed Gnatwren) R.m.rufiventris (Bonaparte, 1838)1 SE Mexico R.m.ardeleo Van Tyne & Trautman, 1941 Yucatán (Mexico), N Guatemala R.m.panamensis A.R. Phillips, 19912 C and E Panama (incl. Azuero Pen.) (1876) R.m.sanctaemarthae P.L. Sclater, 1861 N Colombia, NW Venezuela R.m.griseodorsalis Chapman, 1912 WC Colombia R.m.trinitatis Lesson, 1839 E Colombia to N Venezuela and Trinidad R.m.pallidus Todd, 1913 EC Colombia to NC Venezuela R.m.duidae J.T. Zimmer, 1937 S Venezuela to NE Ecuador R.m.badius J.T. Zimmer, 1937 NE Peru, SE Ecuador R.m.amazonum Hellmayr, 1907 EC Peru, NW Brazil R.m.obscurus J.T. Zimmer, 1931 E Peru to N Bolivia R.m.albiventris P.L. Sclater, 1883 E Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil R.m.austerus J.T. Zimmer, 1937 E Brazil (S of the Amazon) R.m.melanurus Vieillot, 1819 Coastal EC Brazil R.m.sticturus Hellmayr, 1902 SW Brazil POLIOPTILA P.L. Sclater, 1855 F Polioptila caerulea (Blue-grey Gnatcatcher)3 P.c.caerulea (Linnaeus, 1766)4 SE Canada and C and E USA >> SE USA south to Central America P.c.obscura Ridgway, 18835 W USA to S Baja California >> S Mexico P.c.perplexa A.R. Phillips, 19916 NC Mexico (1876) P.c.deppei van Rossem, 1934 E Mexico to Belize >> Guatemala P.c.nelsoni Ridgway, 1903 Oaxaca (SW Mexico) P.c.cozumelae Griscom, 1926 Cozumel I. (E Mexico) P.c.caesiogaster Ridgway, 18877 Bahama Is. Polioptila melanura (Black-tailed Gnatcatcher) P.m.lucida van Rossem, 19318 SE California, S Nevada, C Arizona to NE Baja California and NW Sonora (Mexico) P.m.melanura Lawrence, 1857 C and S New Mexico and S Texas south to Tamaulipas (Mexico) P.m.curtata van Rossem, 1932 Tiburon I. Polioptila californica (California Gnatcatcher)9 P.c.californica Brewster, 1881 SW California P.c.atwoodi Mellink & Rea, 1994 N Baja California (1556) P.c.margaritae Ridgway, 1904 S Baja California, Santa Margarita I. Polioptila lembeyei (Gundlach, 1858) (Cuban Gnatcatcher) E Cuba Polioptila albiloris (White-lored Gnatcatcher) P.a.vanrossemi Brodkorb, 1944 S and W Mexico P.a.albiventris Lawrence, 1885 N Yucatán Pen. (Mexico) P.a.albiloris Sclater & Salvin, 1860 Guatemala to Costa Rica Polioptila nigriceps (Black-capped Gnatcatcher) P.n.restricta Brewster, 1889 Sonora to N Sinaloa (Mexico) P.n.nigriceps S.F. Baird, 1864 C Sinaloa to Colima (Mexico) Polioptila plumbea (Tropical Gnatcatcher) P.p.brodkorbi Parkes, 1979 SE Mexico to N Costa Rica (1771) P.p.superciliaris Lawrence, 1861 Costa Rica to N Colombia P.p.cinericia Wetmore, 1957 Coiba I. (Panama) P.p.bilineata (Bonaparte, 1850)10 NW Colombia to W Peru P.p.daguae Chapman, 1915 WC Colombia P.p.anteocularis Hellmayr, 1900 C Colombia P.p.plumbiceps Lawrence, 1865 NE Colombia, N Venezuela P.p.innotata Hellmayr, 1901 E Colombia, S Venezuela, N Brazil P.p.plumbea (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) The Guianas, NE Brazil P.p.maior Hellmayr, 190011 NE Peru P.p.parvirostris Sharpe, 1885 EC Peru P.p.atricapilla (Swainson, 1832) NE Brazil Polioptila lactea Sharpe, 1885 (Creamy-bellied Gnatcatcher) SE Brazil to E Paraguay and NE Argentina Polioptila guianensis (Guianan Gnatcatcher) P.g.facilis J.T. Zimmer, 1942 Venezuela, NE Brazil P.g.guianensis Todd, 1920 The Guianas P.g.paraensis Todd, 1937 E Brazil Polioptila schistaceigula E. Hartert, 1898 (Slate-throated Gnatcatcher) E Panama to NW Ecuador Polioptila dumicola (Masked Gnatcatcher) P.d.saturata Todd, 1946 Highlands of Bolivia P.d.berlepschi Hellmayr, 1901 E Brazil, E Bolivia P.d.dumicola (Vieillot, 1817) SE Bolivia to Uruguay, N Argentina 1 Phillips (1991) (1876) treated rufiventris as a separate species with panamensis as a race. 2 For recognition and comments see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 3 Revision based on Phillips (1991) (1876) but comiteca A.R. Phillips, 1991 (1876), with a range apparently intersected by that of nelsoni, awaits evaluation see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 4 Includes mexicana see Phillips (1991) (1876). 5 Includes amoenissima and gracilis see Phillips (1991) (1876). 6 Tentatively accepted see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 7 Omitted in last Edition. 8 Includes pontilis see Mellink & Rea (1994) (1556). 9 For separation from P. melanura see Atwood (1991) (63); however since reviewed by Mellink & Rea (1994) (1556). 10 Given as 1851 by Paynter (1964: 452) (1807) but see Zimmer (1926) (2707). 11 Recent authors seem to suggest that birds of the upper Marańon valley may be a distinct species. The origin of this idea appears to be Hellmayr (1934: 493-4 fn) (1103). Although the name andina may have been given to a female of this taxon it is not the oldest name and there should be no cause to employ a name other than maior. POLIOPTILIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD SITTIDAE (NUTHATCHES AND WALLCREEPER) (2: 25) SITTINAE SITTA Linnaeus, 1758 F Sitta europaea (Eurasian Nuthatch) S.e.europaea Linnaeus, 1758 N and E Europe S.e.arctica Buturlin, 1907 NE Siberia (Lena basin to Anadyr and N Koryakland) S.e.albifrons Taczanowski, 1882 Kamchatka, SE Koryakland S.e.caesia Wolf, 1810 W, C and SE Europe (Britain to Greece) S.e.hispaniensis Witherby, 1913 Spain, Portugal, NW Africa S.e.cisalpina Sachtleben, 1919 Italy, Sicily, W Slovenia, W Croatia S.e.levantina E. Hartert, 1905 Israel, Lebanon, S Turkey S.e.persica Witherby, 1903 SE Turkey, N Iraq, SW Iran S.e.caucasica Reichenow, 1901 NE Turkey, Caucasus area S.e.rubiginosa Tschusi & Zarudny, 1905 N Iran, Azerbaijan S.e.asiatica Gould, 1837 SW Urals Mts. and S Siberia east to Sea of Okhotsk, south to N Mongolia, NW Manchuria, Hokkaido S.e.seorsa Portenko, 1955 E Xinjiang (NW China) S.e.sinensis J. Verreaux, 1871 NC and E China to Hebei, Taiwan and N Guangdong S.e.amurensis Swinhoe, 1871 N Hebei to NE Manchuria, S Russian Far East, Korea, Honshu, Shikoku, N Kyushu S.e.roseilia Bonaparte, 1850 S Kyushu S.e.bedfordi Ogilvie-Grant, 1909 Cheiu Do (Quelpart ) I. (Korea) Sitta nagaensis (Chestnut-vented Nuthatch)1 S.n.montium La Touche, 18992 E Xizang, SW Sichuan, N and E Yunnan, Guizhou, NW Fujian, NW Vietnam S.n.nagaensis Godwin-Austen, 1874 SE Xizang, Assam, NW, N and E Burma, W and S Yunnan, NW Thailand S.n.grisiventris Kinnear, 1920 W Burma; SE Laos, Langbian (SC Vietnam) 3 Sitta cashmirensis W.E. Brooks, 1871 (Kashmir Nuthatch)4 Afghanistan, SW Pakistan, NW and central Himalayas Sitta castanea (Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch) S.c.almorae Kinnear & Whistler, 1930 WC Himalayan foothills S.c.cinnamoventris Blyth, 1842 EC and E Himalayan foothills, N, E and SW Assam, E Bangladesh S.c.castanea Lesson, 1830 N and C India (plains and terai) S.c.prateri Whistler & Kinnear, 19325 E Ghats (EC India) S.c.koelzi Vaurie, 1950 SE Assam, W and N Burma S.c.neglecta Walden, 1870 C, S and E Burma, W, N and E Thailand, SW Yunnan and S Indochina S.c.tonkinensis Kinnear, 1936 Eastern N Thailand, SE Yunnan, N Laos, N Vietnam Sitta himalayensis Jardine & Selby, 1835 (White-tailed Nuthatch)6 Himalayas, Assam, W, N and E Burma, N Laos, NW Vietnam Sitta victoriae Rippon, 1904 (White-browed Nuthatch) Chin Hills (W Burma) Sitta pygmaea (Pygmy Nuthatch) S.p.melanotis van Rossem, 19297 SW Canada, W USA, NW Mexico S.p.pygmaea Vigors, 1839 C California S.p.leuconucha Anthony, 1889 SW California, Baja California S.p.elii A.R. Phillips, 19868 N Mexico (1875) S.p.flavinucha van Rossem, 1939 E Mexico S.p.brunnescens Norris, 1958 W Mexico Sitta pusilla (Brown-headed Nuthatch) S.p.pusilla Latham, 17909 S USA S.p.insularis Bond, 1931 Grand Bahama I. Sitta whiteheadi Sharpe, 1884 (Corsican Nuthatch) Corsica Sitta ledanti Vielliard, 1976 (Algerian Nuthatch) N Algeria (2526) Sitta krueperi Pelzeln, 1863 (Krüper's Nuthatch) Samos, Lesbos (E Greece), Asia Minor, W Caucasus area Sitta yunnanensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1900 (Yunnan Nuthatch) south to C China (SE Xizang and S Sichuan to Yunnan and Guizhou) Sitta canadensis Linnaeus, 1766 (Red-breasted Nuthatch) Canada, USA Sitta villosa (Chinese Nuthatch) S.v.bangsi Stresemann, 1929 NW Sichuan, SW Gansu, E Qinghai, Ningxia, S Shaanxi S.v.villosa J. Verreaux, 1865 Shanxi to E Manchuria, Korea and S Russian Far East Sitta leucopsis (White-cheeked Nuthatch) S.l.leucopsis Gould, 1850 E Afghanistan, N Pakistan, NW Himalayas to W Nepal S.l.przewalskii Berezowski & Bianchi, 1891 SE and E Tibetan plateau to W Sichuan and Gansu Sitta carolinensis (White-breasted Nuthatch) S.c.aculeata Cassin, 1857 W USA S.c.alexandrae Grinnell, 1926 N Baja California (Mexico) S.c.lagunae Brewster, 1891 S Baja California S.c.tenuissima Grinnell, 1918 SW Canada, NW and W USA S.c.atkinsi W.E.D. Scott, 1890 Florida S.c.nelsoni Mearns, 1902 C and S USA (mainly Rocky Mts.), N Mexico S.c.umbrosa van Rossem, 1939 NW Mexico S.c.oberholseri H.W. Brandt, 1938 NE Mexico S.c.mexicana Nelson & Palmer, 1894 N and C Mexico S.c.kinneari van Rossem, 1939 SW Mexico S.c.carolinensis Latham, 1790 E Canada, E USA Sitta neumayer (Western Rock Nuthatch) S.n.neumayer Michahelles, 1830 SE Europe S.n.syriaca Temminck, 1835 W and S Asia Minor and Levant to N Israel S.n.rupicola Blanford, 1873 NE Turkey, Transcaucasia, N Iran S.n.tschitscherini Zarudny, 1904 Iraq, SW Iran S.n.plumbea Koelz, 1950 SE Iran Sitta tephronota (Eastern Rock Nuthatch) S.t.dresseri Zarudny & Buturlin, 1906 SE Turkey to SW Iran and Iraq S.t.obscura Zarudny & Loudon, 1905 S Transcaucasia to N and C Iran and NE Turkey S.t.tephronota Sharpe, 1872 E Turkmenistan to SE Kazakhstan, Afghanistan and W Pakistan S.t.iranica (Buturlin, 1916)10 SW Turkmenistan and NE Iran to Kyzylkum Desert (Uzbekistan) Sitta frontalis (Velvet-fronted Nuthatch)11 S.f.frontalis Swainson, 1820 C and E Himalayas, India, Burma, N Thailand, Indochina S.f.saturatior E. Hartert, 1902 Malay Pen., N Sumatra S.f.corallipes (Sharpe, 1888) Borneo S.f.palawana E. Hartert, 1905 Palawan S.f.velata Temminck, 1821 S Sumatra12, Java (2395) Sitta solangiae (Yellow-billed Nuthatch)13 S.s.solangiae (Delacour & Jabouille, 1930) NW and NC Vietnam S.s.fortior Delacour & Greenway, 1939 SE Laos, C and S Vietnam S.s.chienfengensis Cheng, Ting & Wang, 1964 Hainan (339) Sitta oenochlamys (Sulphur-billed Nuthatch) S.o.mesoleuca (Ogilvie-Grant, 1894) N Luzon S.o.isarog Rand & Rabor, 1967 NE, C and S Luzon (1978) S.o.lilacea (J. Whitehead, 1897) Samar, Leyte S.o.apo (Hachisuka, 1930) Mindanao (except Zamboanga Pen.) S.o.zamboanga Rand & Rabor, 1957 W Mindanao, Basilan S.o.oenochlamys (Sharpe, 1877) Cebu, Guimaras, Panay, Negros Sitta azurea (Blue Nuthatch) S.a.expectata (E. Hartert, 1914) W Malaysia, Sumatra S.a.nigriventer (Robinson & Kloss, 1919) W Java S.a.azurea Lesson, 1830 C and E Java Sitta magna (Giant Nuthatch) S.m.ligea Deignan, 1938 Yunnan to S Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangxi (S and C China) S.m.magna Wardlaw Ramsay, 1876 C and E Burma, NW Thailand Sitta formosa Blyth, 1843 (Beautiful Nuthatch) E Himalayas, Assam, W, N and E Burma, extreme N Thailand, SE Yunnan, N and C Laos, NW Vietnam TICHODROMADINAE TICHODROMA Illiger, 1811 F Tichodroma muraria (Wallcreeper) T.m.muraria (Linnaeus, 1766) S and E Europe, Turkey, Caucasus area and N Iran T.m.nepalensis Bonaparte, 1850 Afghanistan to Himalayas, Tien Shan, N and C China, and S Mongolia 1 Separation of nagaensis is open to question; breeding sympatry with europaea not yet demonstrated. Altitudinal replacement seems to occur and the two may be one species (Harrap, 1996) (1071). 2 Includes nebulosa see Harrap (1996) (1071). 3 Two apparently unconnected populations, no doubt subtly different. 4 Harrap (1996) (1071) treated this as a separate species based mainly on voice. 5 Doubtfully distinct. Erroneously dated 1936 by Greenway (1967: 133) (1007A). 6 Includes australis (and whistleri of NW Vietnam – erroneously placed in S. europaea in last Edition), see Harrap (1996) (1071). 7 Includes canescens and chihuahuae see Phillips (1986) (1875). 8 Tentatively accepted see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 9 Includes caniceps see Phillips (1986) (1875). 10 Recognized in Cramp et al. (1993: 314) (594). 11 The relationships of this species, solangiae and oenochlamys are uncertain. Harrap (1996) (1071) preferred to treat them as three species, pending further research. We adopt this hypothesis, not that of Dickinson et al. (1991) (745). 12 See Mees (1986) (1539); but van Marle & Voous (1988) (2468) listed nominate frontalis from there. 13 Quite possibly conspecific with the next species, but note on frontalis. SITTIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD CERTHIIDAE (TREECREEPERS) (2: 8) CERTHIINAE CERTHIA Linnaeus, 1758 F Certhia familiaris (Eurasian Treecreeper) C.f.britannica Ridgway, 1882 Britain, Ireland C.f.macrodactyla C.L. Brehm, 18311 W and C Europe to N Spain, Italy and W Croatia C.f.familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 N and E Europe to Balkan countries C.f.corsa E. Hartert, 1905 Corsica C.f.caucasica Buturlin, 1907 N Turkey, Caucasus area C.f.persica Zarudny & Loudon, 1905 SE Azerbaijan, N Iran C.f.tianschanica E. Hartert, 1905 S and E Tien Shan to Hami area (E Xinjiang) C.f.hodgsoni W.E. Brooks, 1873 N Pakistan, Kashmir C.f.mandellii W.E. Brooks, 1874 Himalayas (NW India to NW Assam) C.f.bianchii E. Hartert, 1905 E and NE Qinghai to C Gansu and S Shaanxi (N, C China) C.f.khamensis Bianchi, 1903 SE and E Xizang, N Burma, N Yunnan, W Sichuan, S Gansu C.f.daurica Domaniewski, 19222 S Siberia (Urals to Sakhalin), NE China, S Kurils Is., Hokkaido (N Japan) C.f.japonica E. Hartert, 1897 Honshu and Shikoku (Japan) Certhia americana (Brown Creeper/American Treecreeper) C.a.montana Ridgway, 18823 W Canada, W USA C.a.occidentalis Ridgway, 1882 NW Canada, W USA C.a.alascensis Webster, 19864 Alaska (1875) C.a.stewarti Webster, 19865 British Columbia (1875) C.a.zelotes Osgood, 1901 N California C.a.phillipsi Unitt & Rea, 1997 C California (2449) C.a.leucosticta van Rossem, 1931 S Nevada, Utah C.a.albescens Berlepsch, 1888 SW USA, NW Mexico C.a.jaliscensis Miller & Griscom, 1925 W Mexico C.a.guerrerensis van Rossem, 1939 SW Mexico C.a.alticola G.S. Miller, 18956 C and SE Mexico C.a.pernigra Griscom, 1935 S Mexico, Guatemala C.a.extima Miller & Griscom, 1925 Nicaragua C.a.americana Bonaparte, 1838 C and E Canada, EC and SE USA C.a.nigrescens Burleigh, 1935 EC USA Certhia brachydactyla (Short-toed Treecreeper) C.b.mauritanica Witherby, 1905 NW Africa C.b. megarhyncha C.L. Brehm, 1831 Portugal, W Spain and W and N France to W Germany C.b.brachydactyla C.L. Brehm, 18207 E Spain, Italy, Sicily to C and SE Europe and NW Turkey C.b.stresemanni Kummerlöwe & Niethammer, 1934 Asia Minor C.b.rossocaucasica Stepanyan, 2000 SW Caucasus Mts. (2333) C.b.dorotheae E. Hartert, 1904 Cyprus, Crete Certhia himalayana (Bar-tailed Treecreeper) C.h.taeniura Severtsov, 1873 W Tien Shan, E Uzbekistan, W Tajikistan, N Afghanistan C.h.himalayana Vigors, 18328 SE Afghanistan, N and W Pakistan east to W Nepal C.h.yunnanensis Sharpe, 1902 E Assam, N and NE Burma, SE Xizang and N Yunnan to W Sichuan, S Shaanxi and SW Guizhou (C China) C.h.ripponi Kinnear, 1929 W Burma (? S Assam) Certhia nipalensis Blyth, 1845 (Rusty-flanked Treecreeper) C and E Himalayas to SE Xizang, N, E and SE Assam, N and NE Burma Certhia discolor (Brown-throated Treecreeper) C.d.discolor Blyth, 1845 C and E Himalayas to N Assam and SE Xizang C.d.manipurensis Hume, 1881 S and SE Assam, W and SW Burma C.d.shanensis E.C.S. Baker, 1930 N Burma, W Yunnan, W and N Thailand, NW Vietnam C.d.laotiana Delacour, 1951 N and C Laos C.d.meridionalis Robinson & Kloss, 1919 Langbian (SC Vietnam) Certhia tianquanensis 9 Li, 1995 (Sichuan Treecreeper)10 Tianquan (Sichuan) (1356) SALPORNITHINAE SALPORNIS G.R. Gray, 1847 M Salpornis spilonotus (Spotted Creeper) S.s.emini Hartlaub, 1884 Gambia to NE Zaire, NW Uganda S.s.erlangeri Neumann, 1907 W and S Ethiopia S.s.salvadori (Bocage, 1878) W Kenya, Angola to S Tanzania and N Mozambique S.s.xylodromus Clancey, 1975 E Zimbabwe, W Mozambique (448) S.s.rajputanae R. Meinertzhagen, 1926 Rajasthan (W India) S.s.spilonotus (Franklin, 1831) C India 1 Implicitly includes pyrenaica see Vaurie (1959: 540) (2502). 2 Includes orientalis (considered very poorly differentiated by Vaurie, 1959 (2502); since then reported ranges of this and of daurica conflict). 3 Includes iletica Oberholser, 1974 (1673), see Browning (1978) (246), and idahoensis Webster, 1986 (1875), see Browning (1990) (251). 4 For recognition see Browning (1990) (251). 5 For recognition see Browning (1990) (251). 6 Includes molinensis see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 7 Includes harterti see Roselaar (1995) (2107). 8 Includes limes and infima following Vaurie (1959: 544) (2502), but see Ripley (1982: 511) (2055). 9 This spelling is from the main paper in Chinese, the English summary once spells the name tianguanensis – a lapsus. 10 Occurs in sympatry with C. familiaris. For treatment at specific level see Martens et al. In press. (1445a). CERTHIIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD MIMIDAE (MOCKINGBIRDS, THRASHERS) (12: 34) DUMETELLA “S.D.W.” = C. T. Wood, 1837 F Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) (Gray Catbird)1 S Canada, USA, Bermuda >>C America, West Indies MELANOPTILA P.L. Sclater, 1858 F Melanoptila glabrirostris P.L. Sclater, 1858 (Black Catbird) SE Mexico, N Guatemala, N Honduras MIMUS Boie, 1826 M Mimus polyglottos (Northern Mockingbird) M.p.polyglottos (Linnaeus, 1758)2 S Canada, USA to S Mexico M.p.orpheus (Linnaeus, 1758) Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica Mimus gilvus (Tropical Mockingbird) M.g.gracilis Cabanis, 1850 S Mexico (incl. Yucatán Pen.), Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador M.g.leucophaeus Ridgway, 1888 Cozumel I. (Mexico) M.g.antillarum Hellmayr & Seilern, 1915 Martinique, Windward Is. M.g.tobagensis Dalmas, 1900 Trinidad, Tobago I. M.g.rostratus Ridgway, 1884 N Venezuela islands M.g.tolimensis Ridgway, 1904 W and C Colombia M.g.melanopterus Lawrence, 1849 N and E Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, N Brazil M.g.gilvus (Vieillot, 1808) French Guiana, Surinam M.g.antelius Oberholser, 1919 N and E Brazil M.g.magnirostris Cory, 1887 San Andres I. (Colombia) Mimus gundlachii (Bahama Mockingbird) M.g.gundlachii Cabanis, 1855 Bahamas, cays off N Cuba M.g.hillii March, 1863 Jamaica Mimus thenca (Molina, 1782) (Chilean Mockingbird) C Chile Mimus longicaudatus (Long-tailed Mockingbird) M.l.platensis Chapman, 1924 La Plata I., W Ecuador M.l.albogriseus Lesson, 1844 SW Ecuador, N Peru M.l.longicaudatus Tschudi, 1844 W Peru M.l.maranonicus Carriker, 1933 NC Peru (Marańon Valley) Mimus saturninus (Chalk-browed Mockingbird) M.s.saturninus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) N Brazil M.s.arenaceus Chapman, 1890 NE Brazil M.s.frater Hellmayr, 1903 N Bolivia, SW Brazil M.s.modulator (Gould, 1836) E Bolivia, S Brazil, Uruguay, N Argentina Mimus patagonicus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) (Patagonian Mockingbird) W and S Argentina, S Chile >> N Argentina Mimus triurus (Vieillot, 1818) (White-banded Mockingbird) Argentina >> E Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Mimus dorsalis (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) (Brown-backed Mockingbird) Andes of Bolivia, NW Argentina NESOMIMUS Ridgway, 1890 M Nesomimus parvulus (Galapagos Mockingbird) N.p.parvulus (Gould, 1837) Narborough, Albemarle, Daphne, Seymour, Indefatigable Is. N.p.barringtoni Rothschild, 1898 Barrington I. N.p.personatus Ridgway, 1890 Abingdon, Bindloe, James, Jervis Is. N.p.wenmani Swarth, 1931 Wenman I. N.p.hulli Rothschild, 1898 Culpepper I. N.p.bauri Ridgway, 1894 Tower I. Nesomimus trifasciatus (Gould, 1837) (Charles Mockingbird) Gardner, Champion (Galapagos Is.) Nesomimus macdonaldi Ridgway, 1890 (Hood Mockingbird) Hood, Gardner Is. Nesomimus melanotis (Gould, 1837) (Chatham Mockingbird) Chatham/San Cristobal I. OREOSCOPTES S.F. Baird, 1858 M Oreoscoptes montanus (J.K. Townsend, 1837) (Sage Thrasher) W and SW USA, Baja California >> C Mexico MIMODES Ridgway, 1882 M Mimodes graysoni (Lawrence, 1871) (Socorro Mockingbird) Socorro I., Revillagigedo Group TOXOSTOMA Wagler, 1831 N Toxostoma rufum (Brown Thrasher) T.r.rufum (Linnaeus, 1758) SE Canada, NC, E and SE USA T.r.longicauda (S.F. Baird, 1858) SC Canada, C and S USA Toxostoma longirostre (Long-billed Thrasher) T.l.sennetti (Ridgway, 1888) S Texas, NE Mexico T.l.longirostre (Lafresnaye, 1838) E Mexico Toxostoma guttatum (Ridgway, 1885) (Cozumel Thrasher) Cozumel I. (Mexico) Toxostoma cinereum (Grey Thrasher) T.c.mearnsi (Anthony, 1895) N Baja California T.c.cinereum (Xantús de Vesey, 1860) S Baja California Toxostoma bendirei Coues, 1873 (Bendire's Thrasher)3 SW USA, NW Mexico Toxostoma ocellatum (Ocellated Thrasher) T.o.ocellatum (P.L. Sclater, 1862) SC Mexico T.o.villai A.R. Phillips, 19864 S Mexico (1875) Toxostoma curvirostre (Curve-billed Thrasher) T.c.palmeri (Coues, 1872) S Arizona, N Sonora (Mexico) T.c.insularum van Rossem, 1930 San Esteban, Tiburon Is. T.c.maculatum (Nelson, 1900) NW Mexico T.c.occidentale (Ridgway, 1882) WC Mexico T.c.celsum R.T. Moore, 1941 S USA, NC Mexico T.c.curvirostre (Swainson, 1827) C and SC Mexico T.c.oberholseri Law, 1928 S Texas, NE Mexico Toxostoma redivivum (California Thrasher) T.r.sonomae Grinnell, 1915 N California T.r.redivivum (Gambel, 1845) S California, NW Baja California Toxostoma crissale (Crissal Thrasher)5 T.c.coloradense van Rossem, 1946 Colorado Desert of SE California and SE Arizona T.c.crissale Henry, 18586 C Arizona and NW Mexico (N Baja California, N Sonora, N Coahuila) T.c.dumosum R.T. Moore, 1941 NC Mexico Toxostoma lecontei (Le Conte's Thrasher) T.l.lecontei Lawrence, 1851 SW USA, NW Mexico, N Baja California T.l.macmillanorum A.R. Phillips, 19667 S California (1872) T.l.arenicola (Anthony, 1897)8 W Baja California RAMPHOCINCLUS Lafresnaye, 1843 M Ramphocinclus brachyurus (White-breasted Thrasher) R.b.brachyurus (Vieillot, 1818) Martinique I. R.b.sanctaeluciae Cory, 1887 St. Lucia I. MELANOTIS Bonaparte, 1850 M Melanotis caerulescens (Blue Mockingbird) M.c.caerulescens (Swainson, 1827) C and S Mexico M.c.longirostris Nelson, 1898 Tres Marias Is. Melanotis hypoleucus Hartlaub, 1852 (Blue-and-white Mockingbird) SE Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador ALLENIA Cory, 1891 F Allenia fusca (Scaly-breasted Thrasher)9 A.f.hypenema (Buden, 1993) N Lesser Antilles (268) A.f.vincenti (Kratter & Garrido, 1996) St. Vincent I. (1304) †?A.f.atlanticus (Buden, 1993) Barbados (268) A.f.schwartzi (Buden, 1993) St. Lucia I. (268) A.f.fusca (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) S Lesser Antilles MARGAROPS P.L. Sclater, 1859 M Margarops fuscatus (Pearly-eyed Thrasher) M.f.fuscatus (Vieillot, 1808) S Bahamas, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, N Leeward Is. M.f.klinikowskii Garrido & Remsen, 1996 St. Lucia I. (925) M.f.densirostris (Vieillot, 1818) S Leeward Is. M.f.bonairensis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1948 Bonaire, Los Hermanos Is., N Venezuela CINCLOCERTHIA G.R. Gray, 1840 F Cinclocerthia ruficauda (Brown Trembler) C.r.pavida Ridgway, 1904 NW Leeward Is. C.r.tremula (Lafresnaye, 1843) Guadeloupe I. C.r.ruficauda (Gould, 1836) Dominica I. C.r.tenebrosa Ridgway, 1904 St. Vincent I. Cinclocerthia gutturalis (Grey Trembler) C.g.gutturalis (Lafresnaye, 1843) Martinique I. C.g.macrorhyncha P.L. Sclater, 1866 St. Lucia I. 1 Includes meridianus Burleigh, 1960 (274), see Browning (1990) (251). 2 Includes leucopterus see Phillips (1986) (1875). 3 Includes candidum and rubricatum see Phillips (1986) (1875). 4 Tentatively accepted see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 5 The name dorsale Henry, 1858, has been suppressed in favour of crissale; see Opinion 1249, I.C.Z.N. (1983) (1175). 6 The original citation for dorsale in Davis & Miller (1960) (617) applies also to crissale. Includes trinitatis see Phillips (1986) (1875). 7 For recognition see Browning (1990) (251). For correct date see Dickerman & Parkes (1997: 226) (729). 8 A.O.U. (1998) (3) considered arenicola best treated within the species T. lecontei. 9 See Buden (1993) (268) for a revision; however, Hunt et al. (2001) (1165) provided evidence for maintaining Allenia not submerging it in Margarops. MIMIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD RHABDORNITHIDAE (PHILIPPINE CREEPERS) (1: 2) RHABDORNIS Reichenbach, 1853 M Rhabdornis mystacalis (Stripe-headed Creeper) R.m.mystacalis (Temminck, 1825) Luzon, Masbate, Negros, Panay R.m.minor Ogilvie-Grant, 1896 Basilan, Bohol, Samar, Leyte, Mindanao Rhabdornis inornatus (Stripe-breasted Creeper) R.i.grandis Salomonsen, 19521 N and C Luzon R.i.inornatus Ogilvie-Grant, 1896 Samar R.i.leytensis Parkes, 1973 Leyte, Biliran (1765) R.i.rabori Rand, 1950 Negros R.i.alaris Rand, 19482 Mindanao STURNIDAE (STARLINGS)3 4 (25: 115) STURNINAE APLONIS Gould, 18365 F Aplonis metallica (Shining Starling) A.m.circumscripta (A.B. Meyer, 1884) Tanimbar, Damar Is. A.m.metallica (Temminck, 1824) Moluccas, Kai Is., Aru Is., New Guinea and satellite islands, NE Queensland A.m.nitida (G.R. Gray, 1858) New Britain and New Ireland (Bismarck Arch.), Solomon Is. A.m.purpureiceps (Salvadori, 1878) Admiralty Is. (W Bismarck Arch.) A.m.inornata (Salvadori, 1880) Biak, Numfor Is. (Geelvink Bay) Aplonis mystacea (Ogilvie-Grant, 1911) (Yellow-eyed Starling) WC and SC New Guinea Aplonis cantoroides (G.R. Gray, 1862) (Singing Starling) New Guinea and satellite islands, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Is. Aplonis crassa (P.L. Sclater, 1883) (Tanimbar Starling) Tanimbar Is. (E Lesser Sundas) Aplonis feadensis (Atoll Starling) A.f.heureka Meise, 1929 Islets in E Bismarck Arch. A.f.feadensis (E.P. Ramsay, 1882) Islets in NW Solomon Is. Aplonis insularis Mayr, 1931 (Rennell Starling) Rennell I. (SE Solomons) Aplonis magna (Long-tailed Starling) A.m.magna (Schlegel, 1871) Biak I. (Geelvink Bay) A.m.brevicauda (van Oort, 1908) Numfor I. (Geelvink Bay) Aplonis brunneicapillus (Danis, 1938) (White-eyed Starling)6 Bougainville, Rendova, Guadalcanal Is. (Solomons) Aplonis grandis (Brown-winged Starling) A.g.grandis (Salvadori, 1881) N and C Solomons A.g.malaitae Mayr, 1931 Malaita I. (E Solomons) A.g.macrura Mayr, 1931 Guadalcanal I. (SE Solomons) Aplonis dichroa (Tristram, 1895) (Makira Starling) San Cristobal I. (SE Solomons) Aplonis zelandica (Rufous-winged Starling) A.z.maxwellii Forbes, 1900 Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz Is.) A.z.zelandica (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) Vanikoro I. (Santa Cruz Is.) A.z.rufipennis E.L. Layard, 1881 Banks Is., C and N Vanuatu Aplonis striata (Striated Starling) A.s.striata (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) New Caledonia A.s.atronitens G.R. Gray, 1859 Loyalty Is. Aplonis santovestris Harrisson & Marshall, 1937 (Mountain Starling) Mts. of Espiritu Santo I. (Vanuatu) Aplonis panayensis (Asian Glossy Starling) A.p.affinis (Blyth, 1846) S Assam, SW and SE Burma >> E Bangladesh A.p.tytleri (Hume, 1873) Andamans, Car Nicobar A.p.albiris Abdulali, 19677 C and S Nicobars (9) A.p.strigata (Horsfield, 1821) Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java, N Borneo A.p.altirostris (Salvadori, 1887) Simeuluë, Nias, Banyak Is. (off W Sumatra) A.p.pachistorhina (Oberholser, 1912)8 Batu, Mentawi Is., (W Sumatran islands) A.p.enganensis (Salvadori, 1892) Enggano I. A.p.heterochlora (Oberholser, 1917) Anamba, Natuna Is. A.p.eustathis (Oberholser, 1926) Borneo (except N) A.p.alipodis (Oberholser, 1926) Maratua Is. (off E Borneo) A.p.gusti Stresemann, 1913 Bali A.p.sanghirensis (Salvadori, 1876) Sangihe, Talaud Is. (Indonesia) A.p.panayensis (Scopoli, 1783) Sulawesi, Philippines Aplonis mysolensis (Moluccan Starling) A.m.mysolensis (G.R. Gray, 1862) W Papuan islands, Moluccas A.m.sulaensis (Sharpe, 1890) Banggai, Sula Is. Aplonis minor (Short-tailed Starling) A.m.minor (Bonaparte, 1850)9 Small islands in C Lesser Sundas and Flores Sea, Sulawesi A.m.todayensis (Mearns, 1905)10 Mindanao Aplonis opaca (Micronesian Starling) A.o.aenea (Taka-Tsukasa & Yamashina, 1931) N Marianas A.o.guami Momiyama, 1922 S Marianas A.o.orii (Taka-Tsukasa & Yamashina, 1931) Palau Is. A.o.kurodai Momiyama, 1920 Yap I. (W Caroline Is.) A.o.ponapensis Taka-Tsukasa & Yamashina, 1931 Pohnpei I. (EC Caroline Is.) A.o.opaca (Kittlitz, 1833) Kusaie I. (E Caroline Is.) A.o.anga Momiyama, 1922 Truk Is. (C Caroline Is.) Aplonis pelzelni Finsch, 1876 (Pohnpei Starling) Pohnpei I. (Caroline Is.) Aplonis tabuensis (Polynesian Starling) A.t.pachyrampha Mayr, 194211 Santa Cruz Is. A.t.tucopiae Mayr, 1942 Tucopia I. (Santa Cruz Is.) A.t.rotumae Mayr, 1942 Rotuma I. (C Polynesia) A.t.vitiensis E.L. Layard, 1876 Fiji Is. A.t.manuae Mayr, 1942 Manua Is. A.t.tabuensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Tonga Is., Lau Arch. (E Fiji) A.t.fortunae E.L. Layard, 1876 Fotuna, Alofa, Uea Is. A.t.tenebrosa Mayr, 1942 Keppel, Boscawen Is. A.t.nesiotes Mayr, 1942 Niuafou I. (C Polynesia) A.t.brunnescens Sharpe, 1890 Niue I. (C Polynesia) A.t.tutuilae Mayr, 1942 Tutuila I. (Samoa) A.t.brevirostris (Peale, 1848) Upolu, Savaii Is. (Samoa) Aplonis atrifusca (Peale, 1848) (Samoan Starling) Samoa †Aplonis corvina (Kittlitz, 1833) (Kosrae Starling) Kosrae I. (Caroline Is.) Aplonis cinerascens Hartlaub & Finsch, 1871 (Rarotongan Starling) Cook Is. †Aplonis mavornata Buller, 1887 (Mysterious Starling) Cook I. (Society Is.?) Aplonis fusca (Tasman Starling) †A.f.fusca Gould, 1836 Norfolk I. †?A.f.hulliana Mathews, 191212 Lord Howe Is. MINO Lesson, 1827 M Mino dumontii Lesson, 1827 (Yellow-faced Myna) W Papuan Is., New Guinea, Aru Is. Mino kreffti (Long-tailed Myna)13 M.k.giliau Stresemann, 192214 New Britain, Umboi I. (SW Bismarck Arch.) M.k.kreffti P.L. Sclater, 1869 New Ireland, New Hanover, main N and C Solomons M.k.sanfordi E. Hartert, 1929 Guadalcanal, Malaita Is. (E Solomons) Mino anais (Golden Myna) M.a.anais (Lesson, 1839) NW New Guinea M.a.orientalis (Schlegel, 1871) N New Guinea M.a.robertsoni D’Albertis, 1877 S New Guinea BASILORNIS Bonaparte, 185015 M Basilornis celebensis G.R. Gray, 1861 (Sulawesi Myna) Sulawesi, Lembeh (to NE), and Muna and Butung (SE) Basilornis galeatus A.B. Meyer, 1894 (Helmeted Myna) Banggai, Sula Is. Basilornis corythaix (Wagler, 1827) (Long-crested Myna) Seram I. (S Moluccas) Basilornis mirandus (E. Hartert, 1903) (Apo Myna)16 Mts. of C and S Mindanao SARCOPS Walden, 1877 M Sarcops calvus (Coleto) S.c.calvus (Linnaeus, 1766) N Philippines S.c.melanotus Ogilvie-Grant, 1906 C and SE Philippines (not Palawan group) S.c.lowii Sharpe, 1877 Sulu Is. STREPTOCITTA Bonaparte, 185017 F Streptocitta albicollis (White-necked Myna) S.a.torquata (Temminck, 1828) N and E Sulawesi, Lembeh, Togian S.a.albicollis (Vieillot, 1818) S and SE Sulawesi, Muna, Butung Streptocitta albertinae (Schlegel, 1866) (Bare-eyed Myna) Sula Is. ENODES Temminck, 1839 M Enodes erythrophris (Temminck, 1824) (Fiery-browed Myna) Mts. of Sulawesi SCISSIROSTRUM Lafresnaye, 1845 N Scissirostrum dubium (Latham, 1802)18 (Finch-billed Myna) Sulawesi and nearby islands (Bangka, Lembeh, Togian, Butung, Banggai Is.) SAROGLOSSA Hodgson, 1844 F Saroglossa spiloptera (Vigors, 1831) (Spot-winged Starling) Himalayan foothills >> Assam, Bangladesh, NE, E, SE Burma, SW Thailand Saroglossa aurata (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (Madagascan Starling) Madagascar AMPELICEPS Blyth, 1842 M Ampeliceps coronatus Blyth, 1842 (Golden-crested Myna) NE India, C, S and SE Burma, Thailand (south to Trang), C and S Indochina GRACULA Linnaeus, 1758 F Gracula ptilogenys Blyth, 1846 (Sri Lanka Myna) Sri Lanka Gracula religiosa (Hill Myna)19 G.r.indica (Cuvier, 1829) SW India, Sri Lanka G.r.peninsularis Whistler, 1933 EC India (Orissa) G.r.intermedia Hay, 184520 N and NE India, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, S Yunnan, Hainan G.r.andamanensis (Beavan, 1867) Andamans, Nicobars G.r.religiosa Linnaeus, 1758 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Simeuluë (off W Sumatra), Bangka, Borneo, Java, Bali, and Kangean and Bawean (Java Sea) G.r.enganensis Salvadori, 1892 Enggano (off W Sumatra) G.r.batuensis Finsch, 1899 Batu and Mentawi Is. (off W Sumatra) G.r.robusta Salvadori, 1887 Banyak, Nias Is. (off W Sumatra) G.r.palawanensis (Sharpe, 1890) Palawan G.r.venerata Bonaparte, 185021 Sumbawa to Alor (Lesser Sundas) ACRIDOTHERES Vieillot, 1816 M Acridotheres grandis F. Moore, 1858 (Great Myna)22 E and S Assam, W, N and E Burma, S Yunnan, Guangxi, Thailand (except Pen.), Indochina Acridotheres cristatellus (Crested Myna) A.c.cristatellus (Linnaeus, 1766) 23 SC, S and E China A.c.brevipennis E. Hartert, 1910 Hainan I., Indochina A.c.formosanus (E. Hartert, 1912) Taiwan Acridotheres javanicus Cabanis, 1851 (White-vented Myna)24 Java Acridotheres cinereus Bonaparte, 1850 (Pale-bellied Myna)25 S Sulawesi Acridotheres fuscus (Jungle Myna) A.f.mahrattensis (Sykes, 1832) W and S India A.f.fuscus (Wagler, 1827) N Pakistan, N India, W, N and S Assam, SW, C and SE Burma A.f.fumidus Ripley, 1950 E and NE Assam A.f.torquatus W.R. Davison, 1892 Malay Pen. Acridotheres albocinctus Godwin-Austen & Walden, 1875 (Collared Myna) SE Assam, W and N Burma, W and N Yunnan Acridotheres ginginianus (Latham, 1790) (Bank Myna) Pakistan, N and C India, Nepal, Bangladesh >> S India Acridotheres tristis (Common Myna) A.t.tristis (Linnaeus, 1766)26 27 SC Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and E Iran through mainland S Asia to W Malaya and Indochina; introduced Arabia, Caucasus area, E China, Australia, S Africa, islands in Indian and Pacific Oceans A.t.melanosternus Legge, 1879 Sri Lanka Acridotheres melanopterus (Black-winged Myna)28 A.m.melanopterus (Daudin, 1800) W and C Java A.m.tricolor (Horsfield, 1821) E Java A.m.tertius (E. Hartert, 1896) Bali, ?Lombok LEUCOPSAR Stresemann, 1912 M Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912 (Bali Myna) Bali STURNUS Linnaeus, 175829 M Sturnus burmannicus (Vinous-breasted Starling) S.b.burmannicus (Jerdon, 1862) C Burma, SW Yunnan S.b.leucocephalus (Giglioli & Salvadori, 1870) Thailand (not S Pen.), Cambodia, S Indochina Sturnus nigricollis (Paykull, 1807) (Black-collared Starling) S and SE China, Burma, Thailand (not S penin.), Indochina Sturnus contra (Asian Pied Starling) S.c.contra Linnaeus, 1758 N and C India, Bangladesh, W Assam S.c.sordidus Ripley, 1950 E and SE Assam S.c.superciliaris (Blyth, 1863) Manipur, N, C and SE Burma, SW Yunnan S.c.floweri (Sharpe, 1897) E Burma, Thailand, SE Yunnan, NW Laos, Cambodia S.c.jalla (Horsfield, 1821) Sumatra, Java, Bali Sturnus sturninus (Pallas, 1776) (Purple-backed Starling/Daurian Starling) NE Mongolia, S Transbaikalia and Amur Valley to NC and NE China and N Korea >> SE Asia to Gtr. Sundas Sturnus philippensis (J.R. Forster, 1781) (Chestnut-cheeked Starling) SE Russian Far East, S Sakhalin, S Kuril Is., Japan >> Borneo, Philippines, N Sulawesi Sturnus sinensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (White-shouldered Starling)30 S and SE China, N and C Vietnam >> mainland SE Asia, Taiwan Sturnus malabaricus (Chestnut-tailed Starling) S.m.blythii (Jerdon, 1844) SW India S.m.malabaricus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) India (except SW) to S Nepal, Bangladesh, N Assam S.m.nemoricola (Jerdon, 1862) S Assam, Burma, S China, NW Thailand, N and C Indochina >> mainland SE Asia Sturnus erythropygius (White-headed Starling) S.e.andamanensis (Tytler, 1867) Andamans S.e.erythropygius (Blyth, 1846) Car Nicobar I. S.e.katchalensis (Richmond, 1902) Katchal I., Nicobars Sturnus albofrontatus (E.L. Layard, 1854) (White-faced Starling)31 Hills of SW Sri Lanka Sturnus pagodarum (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Brahminy Starling)32 E Afghanistan, N Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Sturnus roseus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Rosy Starling)33 SE Europe to SW and WC Asia >> India, Sri Lanka Sturnus sericeus J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (Red-billed Starling) EC, E and S China Sturnus cineraceus Temminck, 1835 (White-cheeked Starling) NC China, NE Mongolia and Transbaikalia to Shandong, Korea, Japan, S and C Kuril and S and C Sakhalin >> S China Sturnus vulgaris (European Starling)34 S.v.faroensis Feilden, 1872 Faroe Is. S.v.zetlandicus E. Hartert, 1918 Outer Hebrides, Shetland Is. S.v.granti E. Hartert, 1903 Azores S.v.vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 Europe (except SW and shore Black Sea) >> N Africa. Introd. Nth. America S.v.poltaratskyi Finsch, 1878 SE European Russia, W and C Siberia and N Kazakhstan to W and N Mongolia, Baikal area and mid-Lena >> SW and S Asia S.v.tauricus Buturlin, 1904 W and N shore of Black Sea and Sea of Azov, Asia Minor (except E) >> Middle East S.v.purpurascens Gould, 1868 E Turkey, W Transcaucasia >> Egypt, Middle East S.v.caucasicus Lorenz, 1887 N Caucasus area to lower Volga, E Transcaucasia to N, W, and SW Iran >> SW Asia S.v.oppenheimi Neumann, 191535 SE Turkey, N Iraq >> Middle East S.v.nobilior Hume, 1879 NE Iran, S Turkmenistan, Afghanistan >> NW India S.v.porphyronotus Sharpe, 1888 E Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to E Kazakhstan and W Xinjiang >> Nepal, N India S.v.humii W.E. Brooks, 187636 Kashmir >> N India S.v.minor Hume, 1873 C and S Pakistan Sturnus unicolor Temminck, 1820 (Spotless Starling) NW Africa, Iberia, S France, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily CREATOPHORA Lesson, 1847 F Creatophora cinerea (Meuschen, 1787) (Wattled Starling) Ethiopia to Angola and Cape Province FREGILUPUS Lesson, 1831 M †Fregilupus varius (Boddaert, 1783) (Réunion Starling) Réunion I. LAMPROTORNIS Temminck, 182037 M Lamprotornis nitens (Cape Glossy Starling) L.n.nitens (Linnaeus, 1766) Gabon to W Angola L.n.phoenicopterus Swainson, 1838 Namibia to Zimbabwe, N Cape Province, N Natal L.n.culminator (Clancey & Holliday, 1951) E Cape Province, S Natal Lamprotornis chalybaeus (Greater Blue-eared Starling) L.c.chalybaeus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828 Senegal to C and E Sudan L.c.cyaniventris Blyth, 1856 Eritrea, Ethiopia, NW Somalia to C and W Kenya, E Uganda, E Zaire L.c.sycobius (Hartlaub, 1859) SW Uganda, SE Kenya, Tanzania to N and E Zambia, Malawi, W Mozambique L.c.nordmanni (Hartert & Neumann, 1914) S Angola, S Zambia to Botswana, N Transvaal, S Mozambique Lamprotornis chloropterus (Lesser Blue-eared Starling) L.c.chloropterus Swainson, 183838 Senegal to Eritrea, Uganda, NW Kenya L.c.elisabeth (Stresemann, 1924) SE Kenya, Tanzania to Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique Lamprotornis chalcurus (Bronze-tailed Glossy Starling) L.c.chalcurus Nordmann, 1835 Senegal to Nigeria L.c.emini (Neumann, 1920) N Cameroon, Central African Republic to Uganda, W Kenya Lamprotornis splendidus (Splendid Glossy Starling) L.s.chrysonotis Swainson, 1837 Senegal to Togo L.s.splendidus (Vieillot, 1822) Nigeria and Ethiopia to Angola, W Tanzania L.s.lessoni (Pucheran, 1859) Bioko I. L.s.bailundensis (Neumann, 1920) S Angola, SE Zaire, N Zambia Lamprotornis ornatus (Daudin, 1800) (Principe Glossy Starling) Principe I. Lamprotornis iris (Oustalet, 1879) (Emerald Starling)39 Guinea to Ivory Coast Lamprotornis purpureus (Purple Glossy Starling) L.p.purpureus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) Senegal, S Mali to Nigeria L.p.amethystinus (Heuglin, 1863) N Cameroon to S Sudan, Uganda, W Kenya Lamprotornis purpuroptera (Ruppell's Glossy Starling) 40 L.p.aeneocephalus Heuglin, 1863 E Sudan, Eritrea, N Ethiopia L.p.purpuroptera Rüppell, 1845 S Ethiopia, S Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, W Tanzania Lamprotornis caudatus (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (Long-tailed Glossy Starling) Senegal to C Sudan Lamprotornis regius (Golden-breasted Starling) L.r.regius (Reichenow, 1879) S Ethiopia, S Somalia, Kenya L.r.magnificus (van Someren, 1924) E Kenya Lamprotornis mevesii (Meves's Long-tailed Starling) L.m.benguelensis Shelley, 190641 SW and W Angola (2240) L.m.violacior Clancey, 1973 SW Angola, NW Namibia (440) L.m.mevesii (Wahlberg, 1856) N and E Botswana, S and E Zambia, Zimbabwe, S Malawi, N Transvaal Lamprotornis australis (A. Smith, 1836) (Burchell's Starling)42 SE Angola, SW Zambia to N Cape Province, Transvaal, SW Mozambique Lamprotornis acuticaudus (Sharp-tailed Starling) L.a.acuticaudus (Bocage, 1870) Angola, Zambia, SE Zaire L.a.ecki Clancey, 1980 S Angola, N Namibia (477) Lamprotornis corruscus (Black-bellied Glossy Starling) L.c.corruscus Nordmann, 183543 Coasts of S Somalia to Cape Province L.c.vaughani (Bannerman, 1926) Pemba I. Lamprotornis superbus Rüppell, 1845 (Superb Starling)44 S Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia to Tanzania Lamprotornis hildebrandti (Cabanis, 1878) (Hildebrandt's Starling) S Kenya, N Tanzania Lamprotornis shelleyi (Sharpe, 1890) (Shelley's Starling) SE Sudan, S Ethiopia, N Somalia >> E Kenya, S Somalia Lamprotornis pulcher (P.L. Statius Müller, 1776) (Chestnut-bellied Starling)45 S Mauritania, Senegal to C and NE Sudan, Eritrea, NW Ethiopia Lamprotornis purpureiceps (J. & E. Verreaux, 1851) (Purple-headed Glossy Starling) S Nigeria to Congo and Uganda Lamprotornis cupreocauda (Hartlaub, 1857) (Copper-tailed Glossy Starling) Sierra Leone to Ghana Lamprotornis unicolor (Shelley, 1881) (Ashy Starling)46 S Kenya, Tanzania Lamprotornis fischeri (Reichenow, 1884) (Fischer's Starling) S Somalia, Kenya, N Tanzania CINNYRICINCLUS Lesson, 1840 M Cinnyricinclus femoralis (Richmond, 1897) (Abbott's Starling) 47 S Kenya, N Tanzania Cinnyricinclus leucogaster (Amethyst Starling) C.l.leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783)48 Senegal to S Ethiopia, N Zaire, NW Uganda C.l.arabicus Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1942 SW Arabia, NE Sudan, Eritrea to NW Somalia, N Ethiopia C.l.verreauxi (Bocage, 1870) Angola to Kenya and E Cape Province SPREO Lesson, 1831 M Spreo bicolor (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (African Pied Starling) Ethiopia, E and Sth. Africa Spreo albicapillus (White-crowned Starling) S.a.albicapillus Blyth, 1856 S Ethiopia, N and C Somalia S.a.horeensis Keith, 1964 N Kenya (1237) ONYCHOGNATHUS Hartlaub, 184949 M Onychognathus morio (Red-winged Starling) O.m.rueppellii (J. Verreaux, 1865) Ethiopia, SE Sudan O.m.morio (Linnaeus, 1766)50 Kenya to Zimbabwe, W Mozambique, E and S Sth. Africa Onychognathus tenuirostris (Slender-billed Starling) O.t.tenuirostris (Rüppell, 1836) Eritrea, Ethiopia, O.t.theresae R. Meinertzhagen, 1937 E Zaire to Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi Onychognathus fulgidus (Chestnut-winged Starling) O.f.fulgidus Hartlaub, 1849 Săo Tomé I. O.f.hartlaubii G.R. Gray, 1858 Guinea to Uganda O.f.intermedius E. Hartert, 1895 Gabon to NW Angola (1079) Onychognathus walleri (Waller's Starling) O.w.preussi Reichenow, 1892 SE Nigeria, Cameroon, Bioko O.w.elgonensis (Sharpe, 1891) SE Sudan, Uganda to E Zaire, W Kenya O.w.walleri (Shelley, 1880) C Kenya, Tanzania, N Malawi Onychognathus blythii (Hartlaub, 1859) (Somali Starling) Ethiopia, Eritrea to N Somalia, Socotra I. Onychognathus frater (Sclater & Hartlaub, 1881) (Socotra Chestnut-winged Starling) Socotra I. Onychognathus tristramii (P.L. Sclater, 1858) (Tristram's Starling) Sinai, Israel and Jordan, W and SW Arabia to S Oman Onychognathus nabouroup (Daudin, 1800) (Pale-winged Starling) SW Angola, Namibia, Cape Province Onychognathus salvadorii (Sharpe, 1891) (Bristle-crowned Starling) Somalia, E and S Ethiopia, N Kenya Onychognathus albirostris (Rüppell, 1836) (White-billed Starling) Eritrea, Ethiopia Onychognathus neumanni (Neumann’s Starling)51 O.n.modicus Bates, 1932 Senegal to W Mali O.n.neumanni (Alexander, 1908) E Mali, Nigeria, Cameroon to Central African Republic and W Sudan POEOPTERA Bonaparte, 1854 F Poeoptera stuhlmanni (Reichenow, 1893) (Stuhlmann's Starling) SW Ethiopia, SE Sudan, W Kenya, W Uganda to E Zaire Poeoptera kenricki (Kenrick's Starling) P.k.bensoni (van Someren, 1945) Kenya P.k.kenricki Shelley, 1894 N and E Tanzania Poeoptera lugubris Bonaparte, 1854 (Narrow-tailed Starling)52 Sierra Leone to W Uganda, N Angola PHOLIA Reichenow, 190053 F Pholia sharpii (Jackson, 1898) (Sharpe's Starling) E Zaire to S Ethiopia and Tanzania GRAFISIA Bates, 1926 F Grafisia torquata (Reichenow, 1909) (White-collared Starling) Cameroon, N Zaire, Central African Republic SPECULIPASTOR Reichenow, 1879 M Speculipastor bicolor Reichenow, 1879 (Magpie-Starling) N and C Somalia, S Ethiopia, N Kenya >> SE Kenya NEOCICHLA Sharpe, 1876 F Neocichla gutturalis (White-winged Babbling Starling) N.g.gutturalis (Bocage, 1871) S Angola N.g.angusta Friedmann, 1930 E Zambia, Tanzania, Malawi BUPHAGINAE BUPHAGUS Brisson, 1760 M Buphagus erythrorhynchus (Stanley, 1814) (Red-billed Oxpecker)54 Ethiopia, Somalia and E Africa to Botswana, Transvaal and Natal Buphagus africanus (Yellow-billed Oxpecker) B.a.africanus Linnaeus, 176655 Senegal to Ethiopia, E Africa, Angola and Zambia to NE Sth. Africa B.a.langi Chapin, 1921 Gabon, Congo 1 Treated as a separate species in Kennedy et al. (2000) (1259), but with a rider attached. ECD believes this to be simply a large subspecies. 2 Includes zamboanga see Dickinson et al. (1991: 303) (745). 3 As far as possible (there are some differences in generic assignments) we follow the sequence of genera and sequences of species used by Feare & Craig (1998) (830). 4 Amadon (1962: 103) (45) listed Necropsar leguati. No specimens exist. The associated rodericanus is apparently not a starling, but its corrected identity awaits publication. 5 The species sequence follows Feare & Craig (1998) (830). 6 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 7 For recognition see Ripley (1982: 277) (2055). 8 Includes leptorrhyncha see van Marle & Voous (1988: 195) (2468). 9 Given as 1851 by Amadon (1962: 82) (45), but we follow Hartlaub (1851) (1087) in accepting 1850 as the date of all 543 pp. of Vol. 1. 10 Recognised by Dickinson et al. (1991: 372) (745), but requires comparative review. 11 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 12 Recognised by Schodde & Mason (1999: 654) (2189). 13 Treated as a species separate from M. dumontii by Feare & Craig (1998) (830). 14 Significantly shorter-tailed than nominate kreffti, see Amadon (1956) (43). Eck (2001) (792) suggested that it is closer to M. dumontii and that uniting these two species would be better. 15 Dated 1851 by Amadon (1962: 116) (45), but see Zimmer (1926) (2707). 16 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (in press) (614). 17 Dated 1851 by Amadon (1962: 117) (45), but see Zimmer (1926) (2707). 18 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 19 Feare & Craig (1998) (830) favoured splitting this species into four. More research is required to show the extent of sympatry, if any, between a postulated G. indica (including penisularis) and a restricted G. religiosa in northern India. The status of all taxa from the islands off West Sumatra is confused; at least here enganensis is accorded subspecific rank, based on Hoogerwerf (1963) (1145) and Feare & Craig, contra Ripley (1944) (2027), Amadon (1962: 119) (45) and van Marle & Voous (1988: 197) (2468). All these populations should be re-examined, but few specimens may be available, see Hoogerwerf (1963) (1145). 20 Given as 1844 by Amadon (1962: 118) (45) but given as “1844-45” in Tweeddale’s Collected Ornithological Works (1881). 21 Dated 1851 by Amadon (1962: 120) (45), but see Zimmer (1926) (2707). 22 Includes infuscatus see Amadon (1962: 114) (45). Ripley (1982) (2055) used a different species concept and confused matters with his choice of vernacular name. 23 A Burmese record (Smythies, 1953; Amadon, 1962) (2285, 45) needs re-examination; it may be a valid record of a vagrant, but it is more likely to have been A. grandis. 24 This and the next two species are treated as allospecies by Feare & Craig (1998) (830); we tentatively accept them at species level, but detailed studies are needed. If the three are united the prior name is thought to be cinereus see Browning & Monroe (1991) (258). 25 Dated 1851 by Amadon (1962: 120) (45) but see Zimmer (1926) (2707). 26 Includes tristoides “Hodgson, 1836”; perhaps a nomen nudum until described by Brooke (1976) (236). Under review. 27 Includes naumanni Dementiev, 1957 (691). 28 For transfer to this genus from Sturnus see Feare & Nee (1992) (831). 29 Although this genus has been split by Feare & Craig (1998) (830) we prefer to wait for molecular studies as boundaries are not very clear. 30 Type species of the genus Sturnia. Not here recognised. 31 Treated under the name senex in last Edition, but see Mees (1997) (1544). 32 Type species of the genus Temenuchus. Not here recognised. 33 Type species of the genus Pastor. Not here recognised. 34 Essentially follows Cramp et al. (1994: 238) (595). 35 For recognition see Roselaar (1995) (2107). 36 For use of this name in place of indicus see Biswas (1963) (157). 37 Species sequence follows Fry et al. (2000) (899); their genus is also broader than that of Feare & Craig (1998) (830) and differences are discussed. Includes the genera Cosmopsarus, used in last Edition and by Amadon (1962: 103) (45) and Hylopsar, used by Feare & Craig (1998) (830). 38 Includes cyanogenys see White (1962: 57) (2646). 39 Type species of the genus Coccycolius. Not here recognised. 40 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 41 Includes chalceus see White (1962: 60) (2646), a new name for purpureus for which the available name benguelensis was overlooked. 42 Includes degener see White (1962: 61) (2646). 43 Includes mandanus see Craig (2000: 602) (587). 44 Implictly includes excelsior Clancey, 1987 (507) see Wilkinson (2000: 626) (2664). 45 Treated as monotypic by Fry et al. (2000: 628) (899); rufiventris is a synonym see White (1962: 63) (2646). 46 In last Edition we used the genus Cosmopsarus for this species and the next. Here we follow Wilkinson (2000) (2664). 47 We follow White (1962) (2646) in placing this species in this genus. 48 Includes friedmanni see White (1962: 61) (2646) 49 Species sequence follows Fry et al. (2000) (899). 50 Includes shelleyi see Craig (2000: 582) (587). 51 For a note regarding separation from O. morio see Craig (2000: 586) (587). 52 Includes webbi Keith, 1968 (1238) see Fry (2000: 574) (892). 53 This genus has been used by Pearson (2000: 639) (1814) for sharpii and for femoralis. We prefer, however, to place femoralis with Cinnyricinclus leucogaster as the species is sexually dimorphic. 54 Treated as monotypic by Feare & Craig (1998) (830) and by Fry (2000: 666) (892). Synonyms include caffer, scotinus, invictus Clancey, 1962 (391), angolensis da Rosa Pinto, 1968 (607), bestiarum Brooke, 1970 (134), and archeri Cunningham-van Someren, 1984 (601). 55 Implicitly includes haematophagus Clancey, 1980 (479). STURNIDAE CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD TURDIDAE (THRUSHES) (24: 165) NEOCOSSYPHUS Fischer & Reichenow, 1884 M Neocossyphus rufus (Red-tailed Ant Thrush) N.r.rufus (Fischer & Reichenow, 1884) Coastal Kenya and Tanzania, Zanzibar N.r.gabunensis Neumann, 1908 S Cameroon and Gabon to N Zaire and W Uganda Neocossyphus poensis (White-tailed Ant Thrush) N.p.poensis (Strickland, 1844) Sierra Leone to Cameroon, Gabon and S Congo, Bioko I. N.p.praepectoralis Jackson, 19061 W Zaire to NW Angola, Uganda and W Kenya STIZORHINA Oberholser, 1899 F Stizorhina fraseri (Rufous Flycatcher-Thrush) S.f.fraseri (Strickland, 1844) Bioko I. S.f.rubicunda (Hartlaub, 1860) Nigeria to Angola and Zambia S.f.vulpina Reichenow, 1902 S Sudan, Uganda, NE Zaire Stizorhina finschii (Sharpe, 1870) (Finsch's Flycatcher-Thrush) Sierra Leone to Nigeria MYOPHONUS Temminck, 18222 M Myophonus blighi (Holdsworth, 1872) (Sri Lanka Whistling Thrush) Sri Lanka Myophonus melanurus (Salvadori, 1879) (Shiny Whistling Thrush) Sumatra Myophonus glaucinus (Sunda Whistling Thrush) M.g.glaucinus (Temminck, 1823) Java, Bali M.g.castaneus (Wardlaw Ramsay, 1880) Sumatra M.g.borneensis P.L. Sclater, 1885 Borneo Myophonus robinsoni (Ogilvie-Grant, 1905) (Malayan Whistling Thrush) Mts. of W Malaysia Myophonus horsfieldii Vigors, 1831 (Malabar Whistling Thrush) S India Myophonus insularis (Gould, 1862) (Taiwan Whistling Thrush) Taiwan Myophonus caeruleus (Blue Whistling Thrush)3 M.c.temminckii Vigors, 18324 Afghanistan to W Tien Shan and through Himalyas and E Assam to N and NE Burma, W and N Sichuan and SW Sichuan >> north of S and SE Asia (2529) M.c.caeruleus (Scopoli, 1786) C and E China >> S China to N Indochina M.c.eugenei (Hume, 1873) C, E and SE Burma, W, N and E Thailand, C and S Yunnan, N and C Indochina M.c.crassirostris (Robinson, 1910) SE Thailand, Cambodia, the Malay Pen. south to Kedah on W coast and Haadyai on E M.c.dichrorhynchus Salvadori, 1879 Malay Pen. (S of Kedah and Pattani), Sumatra M.c.flavirostris (Horsfield, 1821)5 Java GEOMALIA Stresemann, 1931 F Geomalia heinrichi Stresemann, 1931 (Geomalia) Sulawesi ZOOTHERA Vigors, 1832 F Zoothera schistacea (A.B. Meyer, 1884) (Slaty-backed Thrush) Tanimbar Is. Zoothera dumasi (Moluccan Thrush) Z.d.dumasi (Rothschild, 1898) Buru Z.d.joiceyi (Rothschild & Hartert, 1921) Seram Zoothera interpres (Chestnut-capped Thrush) Z.i.interpres (Temminck, 18286) S Thailand, Sumatra to Flores I., Borneo, Basilan Z.i.leucolaema (Salvadori, 1892) Enggano I. Zoothera erythronota (Red-backed Thrush) Z.e.erythronota (P.L. Sclater, 1859) Sulawesi Z.e.mendeni (Neumann, 1939) Peleng I. Zoothera dohertyi (E. Hartert, 1896) (Chestnut-backed Thrush) Lombok to Timor I. Zoothera wardii (Blyth, 1842) (Pied Thrush) W and C Himalayas, S Assam >> S India, Sri Lanka Zoothera cinerea (Bourns & Worcester, 1894) (Ashy Thrush) Luzon, Mindoro Zoothera peronii (Orange-sided Thrush) Z.p.peronii (Vieillot, 1818) W Timor I. Z.p.audacis (E. Hartert, 1899) E Timor I., Wetar I. to Babar I. Zoothera citrina (Orange-headed Thrush) Z.c.citrina (Latham, 1790) Himalayas to NE India and W and N Burma >> S India, Sri Lanka Z.c.cyanota (Jardine & Selby, 1828)7 C and S India Z.c.innotata (Blyth, 1846) S Yunnan, E Burma, N and SE Thailand, NW and S Indochina >> Malay Pen. Z.c.melli (Stresemann, 1923) S China Z.c.courtoisi (E. Hartert, 1919) Anhui (E China) Z.c.aurimacula (E. Hartert, 1910) NE and C Indochina, Hainan Z.c.andamanensis (Walden, 1874) Andamans Z.c.albogularis (Blyth, 1847) Nicobars Z.c.gibsonhilli (Deignan, 1950) C and SE Burma, SW Thailand Z.c.aurata (Sharpe, 1888) N Borneo Z.c.rubecula (Gould, 1836) 8 Java, Bali Zoothera everetti (Sharpe, 1892) (Everett's Thrush) N Borneo Zoothera sibirica (Siberian Thrush) Z.s.sibirica (Pallas, 1776) C and E Siberia to N Mongolia, N Manchuria and Russian Far East >> SE Asia to Gtr. Sundas Z.s.davisoni (Hume, 1877) Sakhalin, S Kuril Is., Japan >> SE China to Gtr. Sundas Zoothera piaggiae (Abyssinian Thrush)9 Z.p.piaggiae (Bouvier, 1877) Ethiopia to E Zaire and N and W Kenya Z.p.hadii (Macdonald, 1940) SE Sudan Z.p.ruwenzorii Prigogine, 1985 Ruwenzori Mts. (1941) Z.p.kilimensis (Neumann, 1900) C and S Kenya, N Tanzania Z.p.tanganjicae (Sassi, 1914) E Zaire, Rwanda, N Burundi, SW Uganda Z.p.rowei (Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1937) N Tanzania Zoothera crossleyi (Crossley's Thrush) Z.c.crossleyi (Sharpe, 1871) SE Nigeria, Cameroon, S Congo Z.c.pilettei (Schouteden, 1918) E Zaire Zoothera gurneyi (Orange Thrush) Z.g.chuka (van Someren, 1930) Mt. Kenya and Kikuyu escarpment Z.g.raineyi (Mearns, 1913)10 SE Kenya Z.g.otomitra (Reichenow, 1904) Tanzania and N Malawi to SE Zaire, W Angola Z.g.gurneyi (Hartlaub, 1864) Natal to E Cape Province Z.g.disruptans (Clancey, 1955) C Malawi to Mozambique, E Zimbabwe, Transvaal Zoothera oberlaenderi (Sassi, 1914) (Oberländer's Thrush) NE Zaire, W Uganda Zoothera cameronensis (Black-eared Thrush)11 Z.c.cameronensis (Sharpe, 1905) Cameroon, Gabon Z.c.graueri Sassi, 191412 NE Zaire, Uganda Z.c.kibalensis Prigogine, 1978 Kibale Forest (W Uganda) (1936) Zoothera princei (Grey Thrush) Z.p.princei (Sharpe, 1873) Liberia to Ghana Z.p.batesi (Sharpe, 1905) S Cameroon to Uganda Zoothera guttata (Spotted Thrush) Z.g.maxis (Nikolaus, 1982) S Sudan (1655) Z.g.fischeri (Hellmayr, 1901) Coastal Kenya and Tanzania Z.g.belcheri (Benson, 1950) Malawi13 Z.g.lippensi Prigogine & Louette, 1984 SE Zaire (1947) Z.g.guttata (Vigors, 1831)14 Natal to E Cape Rovince Zoothera spiloptera (Blyth, 1847) (Spot-winged Thrush) Sri Lanka Zoothera andromedae (Temminck, 1826) (Sunda Thrush) Sumatra, Enggano, Java, the Lesser Sundas and the Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Panay, Negros and Mindanao) Zoothera mollissima (Plain-backed Thrush) Z.m.whiteheadi (E.C.S. Baker, 1913) NW Himalayas Z.m.mollissima (Blyth, 1842) C and E Himalayas, N Yunnan, SW Sichuan >> Burma to Indochina Z.m.griseiceps (Delacour, 1930) N Sichuan to C and E Yunnan and NW Vietnam >> mainland SE Asia Zoothera dixoni (Seebohm, 1881) (Long-tailed Thrush) SE Xizang and Assam hills to NE Burma, Yunnan and W Sichuan >> Burma, Thailand, N Vietnam Zoothera aurea (White’s Thrush)15 Z.a.aurea (Holandre, 1825)16 E European Russia and S Siberia to N Mongolia and the Sea of Okhotsk >> S China, Taiwan, mainland SE Asia Z.a.toratugumi (Momiyama, 1940) Amurland and Korea to Sakhalin, S Kuril Is and Japan >> E China and Taiwan Zoothera major (Ogawa, 1905) (Amami Thrush) Amami O-shima (N Ryukyu Is.) Zoothera dauma (Scaly Thrush) 17 Z.d.dauma (Latham, 1790)18 Himalayas, Assam, Burma, N and W Thailand, Yunnan to Sichuan and Guangxi (SC China) >> Taiwan, mainland S and SE Asia Z.d.subsp. ? Iriomote Jima (S Ryukyu Is.)19 Z.d.horsfieldi (Bonaparte, 1857) Sumatra, Java, Lombok I. Z.d.neilgherriensis (Blyth, 1847) SW India Z.d.imbricata E.L. Layard, 1854 Sri Lanka Zoothera machiki (Forbes, 1883) (Fawn-breasted Thrush) Tanimbar Is. Zoothera heinei (Russet-tailed Thrush) Z.h.papuensis (Seebohm, 1881) WC to SE New Guinea Z.h.eichhorni (Rothschild & Hartert, 1924) St. Matthias Is. (Bismarck Arch.) Z.h.choiseuli (E. Hartert, 1924) Choiseul I. (N Solomons) Z.h.heinei (Cabanis, 1850)20 E Queensland, NE New South Wales Zoothera lunulata (Bassian Thrush) Z.l.cuneata (De Vis, 1890) NE Queensland Z.l.lunulata (Latham, 1802)21 SE Australia, Tasmania, Bass Strait Is. Z.l.halmaturina (A.G. Campbell, 1906) SC South Australia, Kangaroo I. Zoothera talaseae (South Seas Thrush) Z.t.talaseae (Rothschild & Hartert, 1926) New Britain Z.t.atrigena Ripley & Hadden, 1982 Bougainville I (N Solomons) (2065) Z.t.turipavae Cain & Galbraith, 1955 Guadalcanal I. (S Solomons) Z.t.margaretae (Mayr, 1935) San Cristobal I. (S Solomons) Zoothera monticola (Long-billed Thrush) Z.m.monticola Vigors, 1832 Himalayas, Assam, E Bangladesh, NE Burma Z.m.atrata Delacour & Greenway, 1939 NW Vietnam Zoothera marginata Blyth, 1847 (Dark-sided Thrush) Himalayas, Assam and Burma to S Yunnan and Indochina †Zoothera terrestris (Kittlitz, 1831) (Bonin Thrush) Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin) Is. (Japan) IXOREUS Bonaparte, 185422 M Ixoreus naevius (Varied Thrush) I.n.meruloides (Swainson, 1832) S Alaska, NW Canada >> WC USA I.n.naevius (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) SE Alaska south to NW California >> SW California I.n.carlottae (A.R. Phillips, 1991)23 Queen Charlotte Is. (Brit. Columbia) >> C California (1876) I.n.godfreii (A.R. Phillips, 1991)24 Interior Brit. Columbia south to Idaho and Montana (1876) RIDGWAYIA Stejneger, 188325 F Ridgwayia pinicola (Aztec Thrush) R.p.maternalis A.R. Phillips, 199126 SW Chihuahua to S Jalisco (NW Mexico) (1876) R.p.pinicola (P.L. Sclater, 1859) Veracruz and Michoacán south to S Guerrero and S Oaxaca (SW Mexico) CATAPONERA E. Hartert, 1896 F Cataponera turdoides (Sulawesi Thrush) C.t.abditiva Riley, 1918 NC Sulawesi C.t.tenebrosa Stresemann, 1938 S Sulawesi C.t.turdoides E. Hartert, 1896 SW Sulawesi C.t.heinrichi Stresemann, 1938 SE Sulawesi SIALIA Swainson, 1827 F Sialia sialis (Eastern Bluebird) S.s.sialis (Linnaeus, 1758) E USA >> N Mexico S.s.grata Bangs, 1898 S Florida S.s.nidificans A.R. Phillips, 199127 Caribbean slope of central Mexico (1876) S.s.fulva Brewster, 1885 Arizona, N Mexico S.s.guatemalae Ridgway, 1882 SE Mexico, Guatemala S.s.meridionalis Dickey & van Rossem, 1930 Honduras, El Salvador S.s.caribaea T.R. Howell, 1965 E Honduras, N Nicaragua (1151) S.s.bermudensis Verrill, 1901 Bermuda Sialia mexicana (Western Bluebird) S.m.occidentalis J.K. Townsend, 183728 W Canada, W USA S.m.bairdi Ridgway, 1894 SW USA, NW Mexico S.m.jacoti A.R. Phillips, 199129 S Texas, NE Mexico (1876) S.m.amabilis R.T. Moore, 1939 NW Mexico S.m.nelsoni A.R. Phillips, 199130 N Mexico (1876) S.m.mexicana Swainson, 183231 C Mexico Sialia currucoides (Bechstein, 1798) (Mountain Bluebird) W Canada, W USA >> SW USA, W Mexico MYADESTES Swainson, 1838 M Myadestes obscurus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Omao/Hawaiian Thrush) Hawaii †?Myadestes myadestinus (Stejneger, 1887) (Kamao/Large Kauai Thrush) Kauai I. †Myadestes woahensis (Bloxam, 1899) (Amaui)32 Oahu I. (2672) Myadestes palmeri (Rothschild, 1893) (Puaiohi /Small Kauai Thrush) Kauai I. Myadestes lanaiensis (Olomao/Lanai Thrush) †M.l.lanaiensis (S.B. Wilson, 1891) Lanai I. †?M.l.rutha (Bryan, 1908) Molokai I. Myadestes townsendi (Townsend's Solitaire) M.t.townsendi (Audubon, 1838) W Canada, W USA >> N Mexico M.t.calophonus R.T. Moore, 1937 N and C Mexico Myadestes occidentalis (Brown-backed Solitaire) M.o.occidentalis Stejneger, 188233 NW Mexico M.o.insularis Stejneger, 1882 Tres Marias Is. M.o.oberholseri Dickey & van Rossem, 192534 C and S Mexico to Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras Myadestes elisabeth (Cuban Solitaire) M.e.elisabeth (Lembeye, 1850) E and W Cuba †?M.e.retrusus Bangs & Zappey, 1905 Isla de la Juventud Myadestes genibarbis (Rufous-throated Solitaire) M.g.solitarius S.F. Baird, 1866 Jamaica M.g.montanus Cory, 1881 Hispaniola M.g.dominicanus Stejneger, 1882 Dominica I. M.g.genibarbis Swainson, 1838 Martinique I. M.g.sanctaeluciae Stejneger, 1882 St. Lucia I. M.g.sibilans Lawrence, 1878 St. Vincent I. Myadestes melanops Salvin, 1865 (Black-faced Solitaire) Costa Rica, W Panama Myadestes coloratus Nelson, 1912 (Varied Solitaire) E Panama Myadestes ralloides (Andean Solitaire) M.r.plumbeiceps Hellmayr, 1921 W Colombia, W Ecuador M.r.candelae Meyer de Schauensee, 1947 NC Colombia M.r.venezuelensis P.L. Sclater, 1856 N Venezuela, E Colombia to N Peru M.r.ralloides (d’Orbigny, 1840) C and S Peru, W Bolivia Myadestes unicolor (Slate-coloured Solitaire) M.u.unicolor P.L. Sclater, 1857 S Mexico, Guatemala, N Honduras M.u.pallens Miller & Griscom, 1925 Nicaragua, E Honduras CICHLOPSIS Cabanis, 185135 F Cichlopsis leucogenys (Rufous-brown Solitaire) C.l.gularis Salvin & Godman, 1882 Guyana C.l.chubbi Chapman, 1924 W Ecuador C.l.peruvianus Hellmayr, 1930 C Peru C.l.leucogenys Cabanis, 1851 SE Brazil CATHARUS Bonaparte, 185036 M Catharus gracilirostris (Black-billed Nightingale-Thrush) C.g.gracilirostris Salvin, 1865 Costa Rica C.g.accentor Bangs, 1902 W Panama Catharus aurantiirostris (Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush) C.a.aenopennis R.T. Moore, 1938 NW Mexico C.a.clarus Jouy, 1894 NC Mexico C.a.melpomene (Cabanis, 1850) C and S Mexico C.a.bangsi Dickey & van Rossem, 1925 El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala C.a.costaricensis Hellmayr, 1902 Costa Rica C.a.russatus Griscom, 1924 SW Costa Rica, W Panama C.a.griseiceps Salvin, 1866 WC and C Panama C.a.phaeoplurus Sclater & Salvin, 1875 NC Colombia C.a.aurantiirostris (Hartlaub, 1850) NE Colombia, NW Venezuela C.a.birchalli Seebohm, 1881 NE Venezuela, Trinidad C.a.barbaritoi Aveledo & Ginés, 1952 C Venezuela (Perijá Mtns.) C.a.sierrae Hellmayr, 1919 Santa Marta Mts. (Colombia) (1102) C.a.inornatus J.T. Zimmer, 1944 EC Colombia C.a.insignis J.T. Zimmer, 1944 N Colombia Catharus fuscater (Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush) C.f.hellmayri Berlepsch, 1902 Costa Rica, W Panama C.f.mirabilis Nelson, 1912 E Panama C.f.sanctaemartae Ridgway, 1904 N Colombia C.f.fuscater (Lafresnaye, 1845) Ecuador, Colombia, W Venezuela C.f.opertaneus Wetmore, 1955 W Colombia C.f.caniceps Chapman, 1924 N and C Peru C.f.mentalis Sclater & Salvin, 1876 SE Peru, N Bolivia Catharus occidentalis (Russet Nightingale-Thrush) C.o.olivascens Nelson, 1899 NW Mexico C.o.lambi A.R. Phillips, 196937 W and C Mexico (1873) C.o.fulvescens Nelson, 1897 SW Mexico C.o.occidentalis P.L. Sclater, 1859 Oaxaca (S Mexico) Catharus frantzii (Ruddy-capped Nightingale-Thrush) C.f.omiltemensis Ridgway, 1905 SW Mexico (2021) C.f.nelsoni A.R. Phillips, 196938 SC Mexico (1873) C.f.chiapensis A.R. Phillips, 196939 S Mexico to W Guatemala (1873) C.f.alticola Salvin & Godman, 1879 SE Chiapas to S Guatemala C.f.juancitonis Stone, 1931 Honduras (2345) C.f.waldroni A.R. Phillips, 196940 N Nicaragua (1873) C.f.frantzii Cabanis, 1861 Costa Rica C.f.wetmorei A.R. Phillips, 196941 W Panama (1873) Catharus mexicanus (Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush) C.m.mexicanus (Bonaparte, 1856) EC Mexico C.m.cantator Griscom, 1930 S Mexico, E Guatemala ¶C.m.yaegeri A.R. Phillips, 199142 Honduras (1876) C.m.carrikeri A.R. Phillips, 199143 Nicaragua, Costa Rica, W Panama (1876) Catharus dryas (Spotted Nightingale-Thrush) C.d.harrisoni Phillips & Rook, 196544 Oaxaca (Mexico) (1879) C.d.ovandensis Brodkorb, 1938 Chiapas (Mexico) C.d.dryas (Gould, 1855) W Guatemala, Honduras, W Ecuador C.d.maculatus (P.L. Sclater, 1858) E Colombia, E Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia C.d.ecuadoreanus Carriker, 1935 W Ecuador C.d.blakei Olrog, 197345 Jujuy (Argentina) (1683) Catharus fuscescens (Veery)46 C.f.fuscescens (Stephens, 1817) E Canada, E USA >> SC Mexico C.f.fuliginosus (Howe, 1900)47 SE Canada >> SC Mexico C.f.salicicola (Ridgway, 1882) W Canada, W USA >> SC Mexico C.f.subpallidus (Burleigh & Duvall, 1959) NW USA >> SC Mexico Catharus minimus (Grey-cheeked Thrush) C.m.minimus (Lafresnaye, 1848) Extreme NE Siberia, Alaska, Canada >> N Sth. America C.m.aliciae (S.F. Baird, 1858) SE Canada >> N Sth. America Catharus bicknelli (Ridgway, 1882) (Bicknell’s Thrush) 48 Newfoundland and adjacent Canada to NE USA >> Hispaniola Catharus ustulatus (Swainson's Thrush) 49 C.u.swainsoni (Tschudi, 1845) C and E Canada, N USA >> E Sth America C.u.appalachiensis Ramos, 1991 E USA >> Andes from Colombia to Peru (1876) C.u.incanus Godfrey, 1952 Alaska, W Canada >> Colombia to Peru C.u.ustulatus (Nuttall, 1840)50 SE Alaska along Pacific Coast to California >> Mexico to Panama C.u.phillipsi Ramos, 1991 Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada >> S. Mexico to Nicaragua (1876) C.u.oedicus (Oberholser, 1899) California>> Mexico to Nicaragua Catharus guttatus (Hermit Thrush) 51 C.g.guttatus (Pallas, 1811)52 Alaska, W Canada >> W USA, N and C Mexico C.g.nanus (Audubon, 1839)53 SE Alaska, W Canada >> W USA, Baja California C.g.munroi A.R. Phillips, 196254 WC Canada and N Montana >> WC USA and NC Mexico C.g.faxoni (Bangs & Penard, 1921)55 EC and E Canada, E USA >> SE USA and NE and EC Mexico C.g.jewetti A.R. Phillips, 196256 N of W coast USA >> SW USA C.g.auduboni (S.F. Baird, 1864) Rocky Mts. of NW USA >> Mexico south to Guatemala C.g.polionotus (Grinnell, 1918) Rocky Mts. of NC USA >> W Mexico C.g.slevini (Grinnell, 1901) S of W coast USA >> NW Mexico C.g.sequoiensis (Belding, 1889) Mountains of SW USA >> N Mexico, SC USA HYLOCICHLA S.F. Baird, 186457 F Hylocichla mustelina (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Wood Thrush) SE Canada, E USA >> E Mexico, Cuba, Central America ENTOMODESTES Stejneger, 188358 M Entomodestes coracinus (Berlepsch, 1897) (Black Solitaire) W Colombia, W Ecuador Entomodestes leucotis (Tschudi, 1844) (White-eared Solitaire) C Peru to C Bolivia PLATYCICHLA S.F. Baird, 1864 F Platycichla flavipes (Yellow-legged Thrush) P.f.venezuelensis (Sharpe, 1902) Colombia, N and W Venezuela P.f.melanopleura (Sharpe, 1902) NE Venezuela, Trinidad P.f.xanthoscela (Jardine, 1847)59 Tobago I. P.f.polionota (Sharpe, 1902) S Venezuela, Guyana P.f.flavipes (Vieillot, 1818) SE Brazil, Argentina, NE Paraguay Platycichla leucops (Taczanowski, 1877) (Pale-eyed Thrush) N Sth. America PSOPHOCICHLA Cabanis, 1860 F Psophocichla litsipsirupa (Groundscraper Thrush) P.l.simensis (Rüppell, 1840) Eritrea and Ethiopia P.l.litsipsirupa (A. Smith, 1836) C Namibia and S Zambia to N Sth. Africa, Swaziland P.l.pauciguttatus Clancey, 1956 NW Botswana, N Namibia, S Angola P.l.stierlingi (Reichenow, 1900) C and E Angola to SW Tanzania TURDUS Linnaeus, 1758 M Turdus pelios (African Thrush) T.p.chiguancoides Seebohm, 1881 Senegal to N Ghana T.p.saturatus (Cabanis, 1882) W Ghana to C Cameroon, W Congo and Gabon T.p.nigrilorum Reichenow, 1892 Mt. Cameroon T.p.poensis Alexander, 1903 Bioko I. T.p.pelios Bonaparte, 185060 E Cameroon to Sudan, W Eritrea and W, C and E Ethiopia T.p.bocagei (Cabanis, 1882) W Zaire, W and NW Angola T.p.centralis Reichenow, 1905 E Congo and S Central African Republic to S Ethiopia, W Kenya and NW Tanzania T.p.graueri Neumann, 1908 W Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, E Zaire T.p.stormsi Hartlaub, 1886 61 SE Zaire, E Angola, N Zambia Turdus tephronotus Cabanis, 1878 (Bare-eyed Thrush) S Ethiopia, S Somalia, C and E Kenya, NE Tanzania Turdus libonyanus (Kurrichane Thrush) T.l.tropicalis W.K.H. Peters, 1881 Tanzania to C and E Zambia, Malawi, E Zimbabwe and Mozambique T.l.verreauxi Bocage, 186962 SC Zaire, Angola, Namibia, W Zambia, W Zimbabwe, N Botswana T.l.libonyanus (A. Smith, 1836) Botswana, N Cape Province, Transvaal, Swaziland T.l.peripheris Clancey, 1952 Natal, SE Swaziland, S Mozambique Turdus olivaceofuscus (Gulf of Guinea Thrush) T.o.olivaceofuscus Hartlaub, 1852 Săo Tomé I. T.o.xanthorhynchus Salvadori, 1901 Principe I. Turdus olivaceus (Olive Thrush)63 T.o.ludoviciae (Lort Phillips, 1895) N Somalia T.o.abyssinicus J.F. Gmelin, 178964 Ethiopia to N Uganda, N, W and C Kenya and Loliondo (N Tanzania) T.o.helleri (Mearns, 1913) SE Kenya T.o.deckeni Cabanis, 1868 Kilimanjaro to Monduli (N Tanzania) T.o.oldeani Sclater & Moreau, 1935 Mbulu and Crater Highlands (N Tanzania) T.o.bambusicola Neumann, 1908 E Zaire, Burundi, Rwanda, SW Uganda, NW Tanzania T.o.baraka (Sharpe, 1903) E Zaire (Virunga Park), Ruwenzori Mts. T.o.roehli Reichenow, 1905 NE Tanzania T.o.nyikae Reichenow, 1904 E and S Tanzania, N Malawi, NE Zambia T.o.milanjensis Shelley, 1893 S Malawi, NW Mozambique T.o.swynnertoni Bannerman, 1913 E Zimbabwe and W Mozambique T.o.transvaalensis (Roberts, 1936) N and E Transvaal, W Swaziland T.o.smithi Bonaparte, 185065 S Namibia, N Cape Province to Orange Free State and SW Transvaal, SE Botswana T.o.culminans Clancey, 1982 W Natal (489) T.o.olivaceus Linnaeus, 1766 SW Cape Province T.o.pondoensis Reichenow, 1917 E Cape Province and E Natal Turdus menachensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1913 (Yemen Thrush) SW Saudi Arabia, W Yemen Turdus bewsheri (Comoro Thrush) T.b.comorensis Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, 1885 Grande Comore I. T.b.moheliensis Benson, 1960 Mwali (Moheli) I. T.b.bewsheri E. Newton, 1877 Anjouan I. Turdus hortulorum P.L. Sclater, 1863 (Grey-backed Thrush) SE Siberia, Manchuria, Korea >> SE China to Indochina Turdus unicolor Tickell, 1833 (Tickell's Thrush) W and C Himalayas (N Pakistan to Bhutan) >> C Pakistan, N India Turdus dissimilis Blyth, 1847 (Black-breasted Thrush) NE India, Burma, Yunnan, N Indochina Turdus cardis Temminck, 1831 (Japanese Thrush)66 E China, Korea, Japan >> S and E China to Indochina Turdus albocinctus Royle, 1839 (White-collared Blackbird) Himalayas, S and SE Xizang, SW Sichuan >> N India to N Burma Turdus torquatus (Ring Ousel) T.t.torquatus Linnaeus, 1758 N Europe, British Isles, W France >> S Europe, NW Africa T.t.alpestris (C.L. Brehm, 1831) N Spain and C Europe to Balkans, Greece and W Asia Minor >> N Africa T.t.amicorum Hartert, 1923 C and E Turkey, Caucasus area, N Iran, SW Turkmenistan >> SW Asia Turdus boulboul (Latham, 1790) (Grey-winged Blackbird) Himalayas, Assam, W Sichuan, S China, N Indochina >> N Burma Turdus merula (Eurasian Blackbird)67 T.m.merula Linnaeus, 1758 N, W and C Europe>> W and S Europe T.m.azorensis E. Hartert, 1905 Azores T.m.cabrerae E. Hartert, 1901 Madeira, W Canary Is. T.m.mauritanicus E. Hartert, 190268 NW Africa T.m.aterrimus (Madarász, 1903) SE Europe, W and N Turkey, Caucasus area, N Iran >> Middle East T.m.syriacus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 183369 Crete, S Turkey, Levant and Egypt to Iran (except N) T.m.intermedius (Richmond, 1896) Tien Shan to N Afghanistan >> Iraq to NW India T.m.maximus (Seebohm, 1881) NW Himalayas (N Pakistan to Kumaun) T.m.buddae R. & A. Meinertzhagen, 1926 SE Xizang, Sikkim, N Bhutan >> Nepal, N Assam T.m.sowerbyi Deignan, 1951 W Sichuan to S Gansu (C China) T.m.mandarinus Bonaparte, 185070 Guizhou and E Sichuan to E China T.m.nigropileus (Lafresnaye, 1840) W and C India T.m.spencei Whistler & Kinnear, 1932 SE India T.m.simillimus Jerdon, 1839 SW India T.m.bourdilloni (Seebohm, 1881) S India T.m.kinnisii (Kelaart, 1851) Sri Lanka Turdus poliocephalus (Island Thrush) T.p.erythropleurus Sharpe, 1887 Christmas I. (Indian Ocean) T.p.loeseri Meyer de Schauensee, 1939 N Sumatra T.p.indrapurae Robinson & Kloss, 1916 SC Sumatra T.p.fumidus S. Müller, 184371 Mts. Papandajan, Pangrango and Gedeh (W Java) T.p.javanicus Horsfield, 1821 Mts. of C Java T.p.stresemanni M. Bartels, Jr., 1938 Mt. Lawoe (EC Java) T.p.whiteheadi (Seebohm, 1893) Mts. of E Java T.p.seebohmi (Sharpe, 1888) N Borneo T.p.niveiceps (Hellmayr, 1919) Taiwan T.p.thomassoni (Seebohm, 1894) N Luzon T.p.mayonensis (Mearns, 1907) S Luzon T.p.mindorensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1896 Mindoro T.p.nigrorum Ogilvie-Grant, 1896 Negros T.p.malindangensis (Mearns, 1907) Mt. Malindang (NW Mindanao) T.p.katanglad Salomonsen, 1953 Mt. Katanglad (C Mindanao) T.p.kelleri (Mearns, 1905) Mt. Apo (SE Mindanao) T.p.hygroscopus Stresemann, 1931 S Sulawesi T.p.celebensis (Büttikofer, 1893) SW Sulawesi T.p.schlegelii P.L. Sclater, 1861 W Timor I. T.p.sterlingi Mayr, 1944 E Timor I. T.p.deningeri Stresemann, 1912 Seram T.p.versteegi Junge, 1939 Mts. of W New Guinea T.p.carbonarius Mayr & Gilliard, 1951 Mts. of EC New Guinea T.p.keysseri Mayr, 1931 Mts. of Huon Pen. (NE New Guinea) T.p.papuensis (De Vis, 1890) Mts. of SE New Guinea T.p.tolokiwae Diamond, 1989 Tolokiwa I. (Bismarck Arch.) (702) T.p.beehleri Ripley, 1977 New Ireland (Bismarck Arch.) (2052) T.p.heinrothi Rothschild & Hartert, 1924 St.Matthias Is. (Bismarck Arch.) T.p.canescens (De Vis, 1894) Goodenough I. (D’Entrecasteaux Is.) T.p.bougainvillei Mayr, 1941 Bougainville I. (N Solomons) T.p.kulambangrae Mayr, 1941 Kolombangara I. (C Solomons) T.p.sladeni Cain & Galbraith, 1955 Guadalcanal I. (S Solomons) T.p.rennellianus Mayr, 1931 Rennell I. (S Solomons) T.p.vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 Vanikoro, Santa Cruz, Espiritu Santo Is. (N Vanuatu) T.p.placens Mayr, 1941 Ureparapara, Vanue Lava Is. (Banks Group) T.p.whitneyi Mayr, 1941 Gaua I. (Banks Group) T.p.malekulae Mayr, 1941 Pentecost, Malekula, Ambrim Is. (Vanuatu) T.p.becki Mayr, 1941 Paema, Lopevi, Epi, Mai Is. (Vanuatu) T.p.efatensis Mayr, 1941 Efate, Nguna Is. (Vanuatu) T.p.albifrons (E.P. Ramsay, 1879) Erromanga I. (Vanuatu) †T.p.pritzbueri E.L. Layard, 1878 Tana (Vanuatu), Lifu Is. (Loyalty Is.) †?T.p.mareensis Layard & Tristram, 1879 Mare I. (Loyalty Is.) T.p.xanthopus J.R. Forster, 184472 New Caledonia I. †T.p.poliocephalus Latham, 180273 Norfolk I. †T.p.vinitinctus (Gould, 1855) Lord Howe I. T.p.layardi (Seebohm, 1890) Viti Levu, Ovalau, Yasawa, Koro Is. (W Fiji Is.) T.p.ruficeps (E.P. Ramsay, 1876) Kandavu I. (S Fiji Is.) T.p.vitiensis E.L. Layard, 1876 Vanua Levu I. (E Fiji Is.) T.p.hades Mayr, 1941 Ngau I. (E Fiji Is.) T.p.tempesti E.L. Layard, 1876 Taveuni I. (E Fiji Is.) T.p.samoensis Tristram, 1879 Savaii, Upolu Is. (Samoa) Turdus rubrocanus (Chestnut Thrush) T.r.rubrocanus J.E. & J.R. Gray, 184674 E Afghanistan, NW Himalayas, S and SE Xizang >> N and NE India T.r.gouldi (J. Verreaux, 1871) E and NE Tibetan Plateau to C China and N and W Yunnan >> Burma Turdus kessleri (Przevalski, 1876) (Kessler's Thrush) E and NE Tibetan Plateau (E Qinghai and SW Gansu to N Yunnan) >> S Himalayas, SE Xizang Turdus feae (Salvadori, 1887) (Grey-sided Thrush) W and N Hebei (N China) >> Burma, Assam, NW Thailand and N Laos Turdus obscurus J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (Eyebrowed Thrush) C and E Siberia to Kamchatka, soth to NE Mongolia and Amurland >> E India and S China to W Indonesia Turdus pallidus J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (Pale Thrush) SE Siberia, NE China, Korea, SW Honshu >> China, Japan, Taiwan Turdus chrysolaus (Brown-headed Thrush) T.c.orii Yamashina, 1929 Sakhalin, N and C Kurils >> Japan, Ryukyu Is. T.c.chrysolaus Temminck, 183275 N Japan, S Korea >> SE China, N Philippines Turdus celaenops Stejneger, 1887 (Izu Islands Thrush) Izu Is. and islands off S Kyushu Turdus atrogularis Jarocki, 1819 (Black-throated Thrush)76 77 E European Russia and W and NC Siberia, south to Tarbagatay Mts. and NW Mongolia >> SW, S, and E Asia Turdus ruficollis Pallas, 1776 (Red-throated Thrush) SC Siberia (E Altai and Baikal area to N Mongolia and Transbaikalia) >> N India to N Indochina and China Turdus naumanni Temminck, 1820 (Naumann’s Thrush) SC Siberia (mid-Yenisey to middle and upper Lena basin) >> E Asia Turdus eunomus Temminck, 1831 (Dusky Thrush)78 NC and NE Siberia (lower Yenisey to Chukotka and Kamchatka) >> E and mainland SE Asia Turdus pilaris Linnaeus, 1758 (Fieldfare) N and C Europe, W and C Siberia to Aldan basin and Transbaikalia, N Asia >> W and S Europe, SW Asia Turdus iliacus (Redwing) T.i.coburni Sharpe, 1901 Iceland, Faroe Is. >> W Europe T.i.iliacus Linnaeus, 1766 N and E Europe, N Siberia to lower Kolyma R. and Altai >> W and S Europe, N Africa, SW Asia Turdus philomelos (Song Thrush) T.p.hebridensis W.E. Clarke, 1913 Outer Hebrides, Isle of Skye >> British Is. T.p.clarkei E. Hartert, 1909 British Isles, W Europe >> SW Europe, NW Africa T.p.philomelos C.L. Brehm, 1831 Europe (except W), N Turkey, Caucasus area, N Iran >> W and S Europe, N Africa, SW Asia T.p.nataliae Buturlin, 1929 W and C Siberia >> NE Africa, SW Asia Turdus mupinensis Laubmann, 1920 (Chinese Thrush) Yunnan to SW Gansu and Hebei (C China) Turdus viscivorus (Mistle Thrush) T.v.deichleri Erlanger, 189779 NW Africa, Corsica, Sardinia T.v.viscivorus Linnaeus, 1758 Europe to W Siberia and N Iran >> N Africa to SW Asia T.v.bonapartei Cabanis, 1860 Turkmenistan and S-C Siberia to W Nepal and Altai >> C and S Asia Turdus fuscater (Great Thrush)80 T.f.cacozelus (Bangs, 1898) N Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.) T.f.clarus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1953 E Colombia, W Venezuela (Perijá Mtns) T.f.quindio Chapman, 1925 S and W Colombia, N Ecuador T.f.gigas Fraser, 1841 E Colombia, W Venezuela T.f.gigantodes Cabanis, 1873 S Ecuador to C Peru T.f.ockendeni Hellmayr, 1906 SE Peru T.f.fuscater d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 W Bolivia Turdus chiguanco (Chiguanco Thrush) T.c.chiguanco d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 Coastal Peru, NW Bolivia T.c.conradi Salvadori & Festa, 1899 S Ecuador, C Peru T.c.anthracinus Burmeister, 1858 S Bolivia, NE Chile, W Argentina Turdus nigrescens Cabanis, 1860 (Sooty Robin) Costa Rica, W Panama Turdus infuscatus (Lafresnaye, 1844) (Black Robin) C Mexico to Honduras Turdus serranus (Glossy-black Thrush) T.s.cumanensis (Hellmayr, 1919) NE Venezuela T.s.atrosericeus (Lafresnaye, 1848) NE Colombia, N Venezuela T.s.fuscobrunneus (Chapman, 1912) C and S Colombia, Ecuador T.s.serranus Tschudi, 184481 Peru, W Bolivia, NW Argentina Turdus nigriceps Cabanis, 1874 (Andean Slaty Thrush)82 T.n.nigriceps Cabanis, 1874 Andes from S Ecuador to N Argentina T.n.subalaris (Seebohm, 1887) S Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina Turdus reevei Lawrence, 1870 (Plumbeous-backed Thrush) W Ecuador, NW Peru Turdus olivater (Black-hooded Thrush) T.o.sanctaemartae (Todd, 1913) N Colombia T.o.olivater (Lafresnaye, 1848) E Colombia, Venezuela T.o.paraquensis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1946 S Venezuela T.o.kemptoni Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1955 C Venezuela T.o.duidae Chapman, 1929 Mt. Duida (S Venezuela) T.o.roraimae Salvin & Godman, 1884 S Venezuela, S Guyana T.o.caucae (Chapman, 1914) C Colombia T.o.ptaritepui Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1946 SE Venezuela Turdus maranonicus Taczanowski, 1880 (Marańon Thrush) N Peru Turdus fulviventris P.L. Sclater, 1857 (Chestnut-bellied Thrush) N Colombia, NW Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru Turdus rufiventris (Rufous-bellied Thrush) T.r.juensis (Cory, 1916) NE Brazil T.r.rufiventris Vieillot, 1818 S Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, N Argentina Turdus falcklandii (Austral Thrush) 83 T.f.falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 Falkland Is. T.f.magellanicus P.P. King, 1831 S Chile, S Argentina Turdus leucomelas (Pale-breasted Thrush) T.l.leucomelas Vieillot, 1818 S Brazil, SE Bolivia, E Peru, Paraguay, NE Argentina T.l.albiventer Spix, 1824 N Colombia, Venezuela, NE Brazil, the Guianas T.l.cautor Wetmore, 1946 N Colombia Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1850 (Creamy-bellied Thrush) C Sth. America Turdus plebejus (Mountain Robin) T.p.differens (Nelson, 1901) SE Mexico, Guatemala T.p.rafaelensis Miller & Griscom, 1925 Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, NW Costa Rica T.p.plebejus Cabanis, 1861 Costa Rica, W Panama Turdus ignobilis (Black-billed Thrush) T.i.goodfellowi Hartert & Hellmayr, 1901 Andes of W Colombia T.i.ignobilis P.L. Sclater, 1857 Andes of E and C Colombia T.i.debilis Hellmayr, 1902 E Colombia, W Venezuela, W Amazonia T.i.murinus Salvin, 1885 S Venezuela, Guyana T.i.arthuri (Chubb, 1914) Tepuis of SE Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana Turdus lawrencii Coues, 1880 (Lawrence's Thrush) Upper Amazonia Turdus fumigatus (Cocoa Thrush) 84 T.f.aquilonalis (Cherrie, 1909) NE Colombia, N Venezuela, Trinidad T.f.orinocensis Zimmer & Phelps, 1955 E Colombia, W Venezuela T.f.fumigatus M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823 N and E Brazil, the Guianas T.f.bondi Deignan, 1951 St. Vincent I. T.f.personus (Barbour, 1911) Grenada I. Turdus obsoletus (Pale-vented Thrush) T.o.obsoletus Lawrence, 1862 Costa Rica, Panama, NW Colombia T.o.parambanus E. Hartert, 1920 W Colombia, W Ecuador T.o.colombianus Hartert & Hellmayr, 1901 C Colombia Turdus hauxwelli Lawrence, 1869 (Hauxwell’s Thrush) 85 Upper Amazonia Turdus haplochrous Todd, 1931 (Unicoloured Thrush) E Bolivia Turdus grayi (Clay-coloured Robin) T.g.tamaulipensis (Nelson, 1897) Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas and N Vera Cruz (E Mexico) T.g.microrhynchus Lowery & Newman, 1949 SC San Luis Potosí (C Mexico) T.g.lanyoni Dickerman, 1981 Caribbean drainage of S Mexico, N Guatemala and S Belize (712) T.g.yucatanensis A.R. Phillips, 199186 N Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico and N Belize (1876) T.g.linnaei A.R. Phillips, 196687 Pacific Oaxaca and lowland S Chiapas to the Guatemala border (1876) T.g.grayi Bonaparte, 1838 S Mexico (Pacific slope S Chiapas) to W Guatemala T.g.megas Miller & Griscom, 1925 Pacific slope of W Guatemala to Honduras Nicaragua T.g.casius (Bonaparte, 1855)88 Costa Rica to NW Colombia Turdus nudigenis (Bare-eyed Robin) 89 T.n.nudigenis Lafresnaye, 1848 Lesser Antilles, Trinidad, NE Sth. America T.n.extimus Todd, 1931 N Brazil T.n.maculirostris Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1883 W Ecuador, NW Peru Turdus jamaicensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (White-eyed Thrush) Jamaica Turdus assimilis (White-throated Thrush) 90 T.a.calliphthongus R.T. Moore, 1937 NW Mexico T.a.lygrus Oberholser, 192191 C and S Mexico T.a.suttoni A.R. Phillips, 199192 SW Tamaulipas and NE San Luis Potosí (Mexico) (1876) T.a.assimilis Cabanis, 1850 C Mexico T.a.leucauchen P.L. Sclater, 185893 S Mexico to Costa Rica T.a.hondurensis A.R. Phillips, 199194 Lake Yojoa area, C Honduras (1876) T.a.benti A.R. Phillips, 199195 SW El Salvador (1876) T.a.rubicundus (Dearborn, 1907) S Mexico, W Guatemala, El Salvador T.a.atrotinctus Miller & Griscom, 1925 E Honduras, N Nicaragua T.a.cnephosus (Bangs, 1902) SW Costa Rica, W Panama T.a.campanicola A.R. Phillips, 199196 Cerro Campana (C Panama) (1876) T.a.croizati A.R. Phillips, 199197 Azuero Pen. (SC Panama) (1876) T.a.coibensis Eisenmann, 1950 Coiba I. T.a.daguae Berlepsch, 1897 E Panama to NW Ecuador Turdus albicollis (White-necked Thrush) T.a.phaeopygoides Seebohm, 188198 NE Colombia, N Venezuela, Trinidad T.a.phaeopygus Cabanis, 1849 E Colombia to the Guianas, N Brazil T.a.spodiolaemus Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 189699 E Ecuador to N Bolivia, W Brazil T.a.contemptus Hellmayr, 1902 S Bolivia T.a.crotopezus M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823 E Brazil T.a.albicollis Vieillot, 1818 SE Brazil T.a.paraguayensis (Chubb, 1910) SW Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina Turdus rufopalliatus (Rufous-backed Robin) T.r.rufopalliatus Lafresnaye, 1840 100 W Mexico T.r.interior A.R. Phillips, 1991101 SC Mexico (1876) T.r.graysoni (Ridgway, 1882) Tres Marias Is. Turdus rufitorques Hartlaub, 1844 (Rufous-collared Robin) SE Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador Turdus migratorius (American Robin) 102 T.m.migratorius Linnaeus, 1766 Alaska, Canada, C USA >> E USA, E Mexico T.m.nigrideus Aldrich & Nutt, 1939 E Canada (Newfoundland, Labrador >> E USA T.m.achrusterus (Batchelder, 1900) S USA >> SE Mexico T.m.caurinus (Grinnell, 1909) SE Alaska, W Canada >> SW USA T.m.propinquus Ridgway, 1877103 W Canada, W USA, C Mexico >> Guatemala T.m.phillipsi Bangs, 1915104 SW Mexico T.m.confinis S.F. Baird, 1864 S Baja California Turdus swalesi (La Selle Thrush) T.s.dodae Graves & Olson, 1986 C Dominica (990) T.s.swalesi (Wetmore, 1927) Haiti Turdus aurantius J.F. Gmelin, 1789 (White-chinned Thrush) Jamaica †?Turdus ravidus (Cory, 1886) (Grand Cayman Thrush) Grand Cayman Turdus plumbeus (Red-legged Thrush) T.p.plumbeus Linnaeus, 1758 N Bahama Is. T.p.schistaceus (S.F. Baird, 1864) E Cuba T.p.rubripes Temminck, 1826 C and W Cuba, Isla de la Juventud T.p.coryi (Sharpe, 1902) Cayman Brac I. T.p.ardosiaceus Vieillot, 1823 Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Gonave I. T.p.albiventris (P.L. Sclater, 1889) Dominica I. NESOCICHLA Gould, 1855 F Nesocichla eremita (Tristan da Cunha Thrush) N.e.eremita Gould, 1855 Tristan da Cunha I. N.e.gordoni Stenhouse, 1924 Inaccessible I. N.e.procax Elliott, 1954 Nightingale I. CICHLHERMINIA Bonaparte, 1854 F Cichlherminia lherminieri (Forest Thrush) C.l.lherminieri (Lafresnaye, 1844) Guadeloupe I. C.l.lawrencii Cory, 1891 Montserrat I. C.l.dominicensis (Lawrence, 1880) Dominica I. C.l.sanctaeluciae (P.L. Sclater, 1880) St.Lucia I. COCHOA Hodgson, 1836 F Cochoa purpurea Hodgson, 1836 (Purple Cochoa) Himalayas, Assam, N and E Burma, SC China, NW Thailand, N Indochina Cochoa viridis Hodgson, 1836 (Green Cochoa) C and E Himalayas, Assam, E Burma, S Yunnan, Thailand, Indochina, ? Fujian Cochoa azurea (Temminck, 1824) (Javan Cochoa) W and C Java Cochoa beccarii Salvadori, 1879 (Sumatran Cochoa) W Sumatra CHLAMYDOCHAERA Sharpe, 1887105 F Chlamydochaera jefferyi Sharpe, 1887 (Fruithunter) Borneo BRACHYPTERYX Horsfield, 1821 F Brachypteryx stellata (Gould's Shortwing) B.s.stellata Gould, 1868 C Himalayas, SE Xizang B.s.fusca Delacour & Jabouille, 1930 NE Burma to NW Vietnam Brachypteryx hyperythra Jerdon & Blyth, 1861 (Rusty-bellied Shortwing) E Himalayas, N Assam Brachypteryx major (White-bellied Shortwing) B.m.major (Jerdon, 1844) Mysore, W Madras B.m.albiventris (Blanford, 1867) Kerala, SW Madras Brachypteryx leucophrys (Lesser Shortwing) B.l.nipalensis F. Moore, 1854106 Himalayas, W and N Burma, W Yunnan, SW Sichuan B.l.carolinae La Touche, 1898 S and SE China, E Burma, NW Thailand, N Indochina B.l.langbianensis Delacour & Greenway, 1939 S Indochina B.l.wrayi Ogilvie-Grant, 1906 C and S Malay Pen. B.l.leucophrys (Temminck, 1828107) Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sundas, Timor I. Brachypteryx montana (White-browed Shortwing) B.m.cruralis (Blyth, 1843) Himalayas, Burma, W China, NW Thailand, N Indochina B.m.sinensis Rickett & La Touche, 1897 SE China B.m.goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant, 1912 Taiwan B.m.sillimani Ripley & Rabor, 1962 S Palawan B.m.poliogyna Ogilvie-Grant, 1895 N Luzon B.m.andersoni Rand & Rabor, 1967 S Luzon (1978) B.m.mindorensis E. Hartert, 1916108 Mindoro (1082) B.m.brunneiceps Ogilvie-Grant, 1896 Negros, Panay B.m.malindangensis Mearns, 1909 Mt. Malindang (Mindanao) B.m.mindanensis Mearns, 1905 Mt. Apo (Mindanao)109 B.m.erythrogyna Sharpe, 1888 N Borneo B.m.saturata Salvadori, 1879 Sumatra B.m.montana Horsfield, 1822 Java B.m.floris E. Hartert, 1897 Flores I. HEINRICHIA Stresemann, 1931 F Heinrichia calligyna (Great Shortwing) H.c.simplex Stresemann, 1931 N Sulawesi H.c.calligyna Stresemann, 1931 SC Sulawesi H.c.picta Stresemann, 1932 SE Sulawesi ALETHE Cassin, 1859 F Alethe diademata (Fire-crested Alethe) A.d.diademata (Bonaparte, 1850)110 Senegal to Togo A.d.castanea (Cassin, 1856) Nigeria to W Zaire, Bioko I. A.d.woosnami Ogilvie-Grant, 1906 C and N Zaire to SW Sudan and Uganda Alethe poliophrys (Red-throated Alethe) A.p.poliophrys Sharpe, 1902 NE and E Zaire, W Uganda, W Rwanda, W Burundi A.p.kaboboensis Prigogine, 1957 Mt. Kabobo (E Zaire) Alethe poliocephala (Brown-chested Alethe) A.p.castanonota Sharpe, 1871111 Sierra Leone to Ghana A.p.giloensis Cunningham-van Someren & Schifter, 1981 S Sudan (602) A.p.poliocephala (Bonaparte, 1850) Bioko I., Nigeria to NW Angola (305) A.p.vandeweghei Prigogine, 1984112 Rwanda, Burundi (1940) A.p.carruthersi Ogilvie-Grant, 1906113 E Zaire, Uganda, W Kenya A.p.akeleyae Dearborn, 1909114 C Kenya A.p.kungwensis Moreau, 1941 Mt. Kungwe (W Tanzania) A.p.ufipae Moreau, 1942 SE Zaire, SW Tanzania A.p.hallae Traylor, 1961 Gabela (Angola) Alethe fuelleborni Reichenow, 1900 (White-chested Alethe)115 NE Tanzania to N Malawi, C Mozambique Alethe choloensis (Cholo Alethe) A.c.choloensis W.L. Sclater, 1927 S Malawi, Mt. Chiperone (Mozambique) A.c.namuli Vincent, 1933 Mt. Namuli (Mozambique) 1 Includes pallidigularis, kakamegoes Cunningham-van Someren & Schifter, 1981 (602), and nigridorsalis Cunningham-van Someren & Schifter, 1981 (602), see Zimmerman et al. (1996) (2735). 2 For reasons to use this spelling see Deignan (1965) (669) and Dickinson (2001) (739). 3 Stepanyan (1996) (2329) has proposed splitting this species, but adequate evidence of sympatry is still required, however the southern heavy-billed flavirostris group may prove to overlap in Indochina. 4 Wrongly credited to “Gray in Temminck, 1822” by Ripley (1964: 142) (2045), but see Deignan (1965) (669). 5 Apparently dichrorhynchus is inseparable from flavirostris and could be submerged (C.S. Roselaar in litt.). CSR would also separate a monotypic species flavirostris. Publication awaited. 6 Pl. 458 appeared in Livr. 77 in 1828 (Dickinson, 2001) (739); Ripley (1964: 145) (2045) wrongly cited Livr. 78 and dated it 1826. 7 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 8 Includes orientis see Mees (1996) (1543). 9 For reasons to unite piaggae and tanganjicae see Keith & Prigogine (1997: 24) (1241). 10 For recognition of this see Keith & Prigogine (1997: 21) (1241). 11 For reasons to include kibalensis see Keith & Prigogine (1997: 17) (1241). 12 A substitute name prigoginei was proposed for use in a broad genus Turdus see Hall (1966) (1063). 13 Harebottle et al. (1997) (1068) rejected the view that the population of N Zululand is identifiable with belcheri and perhaps Malawi birds are not truly distinct. 14 The name natalicus (not nateliens as in last Edition) was used for guttata when that was thought preoccupied. 15 We treat aurea as distinct from dauma on size and on voice, see Martens & Eck (1995: 202) (1443). 16 Includes the name hancii see Mees (1977) (1528) (type examined), but not the population for which Ripley (1964: 157) (2045) used it. 17 This has usually been seen as a broad species including not just aurea, but Australasian taxa; we believe some recent authors, as noted by Schodde & Mason (1999: 641) (2189), erred in treating horsfieldi as a separate species. However the forms of southern India and Sri Lanka will probably prove to constitute one or two separate species. 18 Provisionally, but after examining the types, this includes socia from Yunnan based on a first winter bird, as well as Taiwanese breeding birds discussed by Mees (1977) (1528), and affinis applied to wintering Malay Pen. birds. The name hancii does not belong here (see above). 19 Breeding birds await description. 20 Includes paraheinei Schodde, 1989 (2177), see Schodde & Mason (1999: 642) (2189). 21 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). Implicitly includes macrorhyncha see Schodde & Mason (1999: 645) (2189). 22 We follow A.O.U. (1998: 513) (3) in retaining this genus. 23 Tentatively accepted see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 24 Tentatively accepted see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 25 We follow A.O.U. (1998: 513) (3) in retaining this genus. 26 Tentatively accepted see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 27 Tentatively recognised see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 28 Tentatively includes annabelae see Phillips (1991) (1876). 29 Tentatively recognised see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 30 For recognition see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes, 1997 (729) 31 Tentatively includes australis see Phillips (1991) (1876). 32 Our numbered reference is to Wilson & Evans, in this connection see Olson (1996) (1703) for explanation of Bloxham. 33 Pratt (1988) (1916) noting that the name obscurus Lafresnaye, 1839, was preoccupied in Myadestes proposed a new name for the “eastern” and formerly nominate subspecies. Includes cinereus see Phillips (1991) (1876). 34 Includes deignani A.R. Phillips, 1966 (1871) see Phillips (1991) (1876) and orientalis H.D. Pratt, 1988 (1916) -- the nom. nov. for obscurus (see above); however this new name is antedated by oberholseri and not needed unless both are to be recognised. 35 Treated in Myadestes in last Edition, but for recognition of the genus Cichlopsis see Ridgely & Tudor (1989: 106) (2018). 36 Given as 1851 by Ripley (1964: 164) (2045) but see Zimmer (1926) (2707). 37 Tentatively accepted see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). Includes durangensis A.R. Phillips, 1969 (1873) see Phillips (1991) (1876). 38 Includes confusus A.R. Phillips, 1969 (1873) see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 39 Tentatively accepted see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 40 Tentatively accepted see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 41 For recognition see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 42 Tentatively accepted see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 43 Tentatively accepted see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). The name fumosus is apparently based on hybrid C. fuscater and C. mexicanus and is thus unavailable, see Phillips (1991) (1876). 44 See Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 45 The name proposed was spelled blakey – a lapsus. 46 We defer decision on levyi A.R. Phillips, 1991 (1876), and pulichorum A.R. Phillips, 1991 (1876), pending their further review. See also Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 47 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 48 Submerged , in last Edition, within C. minimus, but see Ouellet (1993) (1734). 49 Revision based on Ramos in Phillips (1991) (1876). 50 Includes almae see Ramos in Phillips (1991) (1876). 51 We follow Browning (1990) (251) in accepting the two races proposed by Phillips (1962) (1868); however the views of Phillips (1991) (1876) on the correct application of the names guttatus and nanus have been rejected see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). His revision is thus largely footnoted here and not followed. 52 Phillips (1991) (1876) considered this name applicable to birds breeding in S Alaska that migrate to WC and SW USA, and treated this population as euborius. 53 Phillips (1991) (1876) considered this name applicable to birds breeding in E Canada that migrate to SC and SE USA. In his arrangement faxoni and crymophilus are synonyms of that. He treated birds from the islands off British Columbia as osgoodi A.R. Phillips, 1991 (1876) in the northern islands (and SC Alaska) and verecundus in the southern ones. Both these names are treated here as synonyms, see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 54 For recognition see Browning (1990) (251). 55 Includes crymophilus -- based on foxed specimens, see Phillips (1991) (1876). 56 For recognition see Browning (1990) (251). 57 For notes on generic recognition see A.O.U. (1998: 506) (3). 58 Pasquet at al. (1999) (1790) found this to be a true thrush, and not close to Myadestes (a “proto-thrush”). 59 For correction of spelling see David & Gosselin (2002) (613). 60 Given as 1851 by Ripley (1964: 180) (2045) but see Zimmer (1926) (2707). Includes adamauae see White (1952: 153) (2646). 61 Includes williami see White (1962: 152) (2646). 62 Includes chobiensis see Urban (1997: 42) (2452). 63 For a discussion of the taxonomy of this species see Urban (1997: 36) (2452). 64 Includes polius see Ripley (1964: 182) (2045) and mwaki see Urban (1997: 35) (2452), who implicitly also included porini Cunningham-van Someren & Schifter, 1981 (602); a replacement for the name fuscatus given it earlier in the same paper. 65 Given as 1851 by Ripley (1964: 181) (2045) but see Zimmer (1926) (2707). 66 Includes yessoensis Fushihara, 1959 (901), see Orn. Soc. Japan (1974) (1726). 67 May merit treatment as three species. Group “A” (merula) contains the first 7 forms, group “B” (mandarinus) the next 4 and group “C” (simillimus) the last 5. Detailed studies not yet presented. CSR. 68 The range of this form could be confined to SW and C Morocco to SW Tunisia. Birds from N Morocco, coastal N Algeria and N Tunisia and of Iberia could be recognised as algirus. CSR. 69 Includes insularum, treated as a synonym of aterrimus by Cramp et al. (1988: 949) (592), but better placed here. CSR. 70 Given as 1851 by Ripley (1964: 191) (2045) but see Zimmer (1926) (2707). 71 Includes biesenbachi see Mees (1996) (1543). 72 Drawings with Forster’s proposed names were published many years after his death (d. 1798). 73 For reasons to use 1802 not 1801 see Browing & Monroe (1991) (258). 74 Ripley (1964: 200) (2045) cited ‘Hodgson’ but Gray & Gray provided the description to add to a MS name of Hodgson. 75 Pl. 537 appeared in Livr. 91 in 1832 (Dickinson, 2001); Ripley (1964: 199) (2045) wrongly cited Livr. 87 and dated it 1831. 76 Separated from ruficollis based on Russian work; see Stepanyan (1983: 203; 1990: 541) (2323, 2326). 77 Includes vogulorum Portenko, 1981 (1911). CSR. 78 Separated from naumanni based on Russian work; see Stepanyan (1983: 205; 1990: 542) (2323, 2326). 79 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1988: 1011) (592). 80 In previous Editions we wrongly listed opertaneus in this species as well as in Catharus fuscater (where it belongs). 81 Presumably includes unicolor Olrog & Contino, 1970 (1688), from Prov. de Jujuy, Argentina, but the name is preoccupied and no replacement name seems to have been proposed. 82 Although a split was proposed by Ridgely & Tudor (1989) (2018), reported in last Ed., we have elected to await further evidence. 83 For pembertoni, listed in last edition see Fjeldsĺ & Krabbe (1990) (850). 84 We tentatively reunite fumigatus and personus. Our previous separation seems to have been in advance of sufficient published evidence. 85 This split from obsoletus, from Ridgely & Tudor (1989) (2018), is recognised by A.O.U. (1998) (3). 86 Tentatively recognised see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) (729). 87 For recognition see Parkes in Dickerman & Parkes