Zoological Type Notes -- P

Zoological Type Notes --P

Penelope marail (Muller,PLS) 1776 Natursyst.Suppl. p.125
- Type by subsequent designation. Penelope marail Gmelin = Penelope iancupema Merrem = Phasianus marail Muller,PLS. Lesson, Man.Orn. 2 1828, p.214.
- Type locality (Peters representation): "Cayenne ex Buffon". Peters 2:12.

Pipile pipile (Jacquin) 1784 Beytr.Gesch.Vogel p.26 pl.11
- Type by tautonomy, Penelope leucolophos Merrem = Crax pipile Jacquin.
- Type locality (Peters representation): "Orinoco River near Cumana; locality probably erroneous." Peters 2:22.

Pauxi pauxi (Linnaeus) 1766 Syst.Nat.ed.12 p.270
- Type by tautonomy, "Crax pauxi Lath. et Gmel." = Crax pauxi Linnaeus.
- Typ locality: "Mexico" (Linnaeus).
- Type locality (Peters representation): "Mexico, error = Venezuela" Peters 2:10.

Peliperdix lathami (Hartlaub) 1854 J.Orn. 2 p.210
- Type by monotypy, (Hartlaub).
- Type locality (Peters representation): "Sierra Leone" Peters 2:71.

Pternistis afer (Muller,PLS) 1776 Natursyst.Suppl. p.129
A confusing situation here:
Peters entry for the Type of Pternistis (2:84) reads "Type by subsequent designation, Tetrao capensis Gmelin = Tetrao afer P.L.S. Muller. (G.R.Gray, ListGen.BirdsEd.2 1841 p.79.)"
Peters lists Tetrao capensis Gmelin in Francolinus and Tetrao afer Muller in Pternistis(!).
If Peters considered T. capensis Gmelin, 1789 a junior synonym of T. afer Muller, 1776 it was not clear to me why he would list T. capensis as a species in Francolinus.
It seemed to me that Peters interpreted Gray to have designated T. capensis Gmelin, as the type for Pternistis. The text from Gray's 1841 work on p.79 is faithfully reproduced as follows:
```
PTERNISTIS, Wagl. (1832). Tetrao, Gm.  Perdix, Lath.  Fran-
	colinus, Steph.
  P. capensis, (Gm.) Wagl.  Forst.Dr.135.
  P. Cranchii, (Leach) Wagl.  P. punctulata, J.E.Gray. Ill.Ind.
	Zool.,pl.
```
The basis for Peters interpretation of capensis as the type is based on its initial position in the sequence, which I understand from Murray Bruce and others is taken to be the convention at that time for type designation. I infered that T. capensis Gmelin was held (? by Peters) to be a synonym of T. afer Muller.
Ogilvie-Grant in Cat.BirdsBr.Mus. 22 (1893) p.173 gives the type for Pternistes as P. nudicollis (see below)
Peters comments on Pternistis nudicollis in a footnote 2:86 The footnote to Pternistis afer castaneiventer Gunning and Roberts, 1911 (2:86) says:
"Replaces Pternistis nudicollis of authors, not Boddaert."
Currently I do not list any taxon with the specific epithet "castaneiventer". Peters holds castaneiventer to be a subspecies of afer, and I interpreted afer to be Peters' type for Pternistis. This is consistent with his "type" statement.

The synonomy for Pternistes nudicollis (held by Ogilvie-Grant to be the type) in Cat.BirdsBr.Mus. 22 p.174-5 is reproduced here:

	1. Pternistes nudicollis.

Le Gorge-nue, Buffon, Hist. Nat. ii. p.444 (1771)
Bare-necked Partridge, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p.759 (1783).
Tetrao nudicollis, Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p.11. no.180 (1783); Gmel. 
	Syst. Nat. i. p.759 (1788).
Perdix nudicollis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p.644 (1790); Bonnat. Tabl.
	Encycl. Méth. i. p.215 (1791); Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp.317
	720 (1815)[part.]; Vieill. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p.236 (1817);
	Less. Traité d'Orn. p.504 (1831).
Francolinus capensis, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p.333 (1819)
	[part.].
Pternistis capensis, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p.1229.
Pternistes nudicollis, Gray, List Gall. B. iii. p.32 (1844); Blyth,
	Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p.250 (1849); Sharpe, in Layard's B. S.
	Afr. p.589 (1884) [Maritime Dist. of Cape Colony: Swellendam 
	to E. London]; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p.53
Francolinus nudicollis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p.506 (1846): Layard,
	B. S. Afr. p.268 (1867); Gray, List Gallinæ Brit. Mus. p.48
	(1867); Layard, Ibis, 1869, p.375; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p.264,
	no.9647 (1870); Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p.206 [Lydenburg: Cha-
	lumna, Brit. Kaffaria]; Holub u. Pelz. Orn.S.-Afr. p.187 (1882);
	Schaeck, Mém. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p.314 (1891).

Thus, it looked to me as if Peters made at least one, and possibly several errors:
- If Tetrao capensis Gmelin is the type (and a synonym for Tetrao afer Muller), it can't be listed as a species in Francolinus
- Peters does not seem to have determined the status of the name Tetrao nudicollis Boddaert, which it seems may have standing as the type for Pternistis.
Why Peters does not follow Ogilvie-Grant's interpretation of the type for Pternistes is not clear.

The Richmond Index lists Pternistis Wagler and indicates 3 included species.
1. "Perdix capensis auct.
2. Perdix cranchi Tuckey.
3. Pt. rubricollis (Rüpp. Zool. Atl. t.30)."
Peters lists Perdix cranchii Leach, in Tuckey, 1818 as a subspecies: Pternistis afer cranchii (2:85).
The Richmond index lists two emendations of Pternistis
- Pternistes by Gray, 1840 ListGen.Birds p.61
- Pternestes by Blyth, 1855 J.As.Soc.Bengal 24 p.304
Jobling (1991, p.192) gives the derivation of the name as:
- "Pternistis Gr. pternistes one who trips with the heel; ref. the double spurs of the cock spurfowl."
Rendering of the Greek in such a manner may have accounted for Gray's emendation.

Steven Gregory writes (2002.01.12 extract, formatting added).
[BEGIN extract of Gregory email~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~]

... the name of the type has been applied to more than one taxon over time. The two species that must NOT be confused are:

Tetrao capensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 759. Cape Francolin.
Francolinus capensis (Gmelin, 1789).
Tetrao afer P. L. S. Müller, 1776, Syst. Nat., suppl., p. 129. Red-necked Spurfowl Pternistis afer (P. L. S. Müller, 1776)

Tetrao nudicollis Boddaert, 1783, Pl. Enl., p. 11, pl.180.
Tetrao rubricollis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p.758.

What confuses things is that when Wagler established Pternistis, he called this bare-throated taxon 'Pternistis capensis' based on part of Stephens in Shaw's (1819) 'Francolinus capensis', so if this was quoted in full it would be something like:

Pternistis capensis Wagler, 1832 (non Tetrao capensis Gmelin, 1789)

This is why Richmond listed the first included species as 'Perdix capensis auct.' i.e. 'of authors'.
Peters' note (1934: 86) that Pternistis afer castaneiventer 'replaces' Pternistis nudicollis of authors, not Boddaert, is designed to catch out the unwary, as the principle of coordination treats all species-group taxa as 'equals' i.e. P. nudicollis can only be the junior synonym of P. afer afer: P. afer castaneiventer is a different taxon. The same is true of P. afer cranchii.

If Peters had copied the citation in W. L. Sclater (1930: 90) properly he would have put
P. capensis Wagl. = Tetrao afer Müll.
in the check-list, and not what he did put -- saving you a great deal of trouble!

Assuming that the above is correct the citation should be:

Pternistis Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, 25, col. 1229.

Type by subsequent designation G.R.Gray, 1841, A List of the Genera of Birds, ed. 2, p. 79.
P.[ternistis] capensis (Gm.[elin]) Wagl.[er] = Tetrao afer P.L.S.Müller
Pternistis afer (P.L.S.Müller)

Wagler's name 'P. capensis' for the first included species is not Tetrao capensis Gmelin, 1789. G. R. Gray lists this name first, with the other names belonging to a taxon only subspecifically distinct.

A certain 'leeway' is given to pre-1931 names, both in what constitutes a valid description, and a subsequent designation.
[END extract of Gregory email~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~]

Perdix perdix (Linnaeus) 1758 Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.160
- Type by tautonomy, Perdix cinerea Brisson = Tetrao perdix Linnaeus.
- Type locality: "Europae agris." (Linnaeus).
- Type locality (Peters representation): "Europe, restricted type locality Sweden ex Faun.Sv." Peters 2:88.

Perdicula asiatica (Latham) 1790 IndexOrn. 2 p.649
- Type by original designation, Perdicula rubicola Hodgson = Perdix asiatica Latham.
- Type locality (Peters representation): "Maharatta region, India." Peters 2:96.

Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus 1758 Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.158
- Type by tautonomy. "(Phasianus, prebionomial specific name in synonomy.)" Peters 2:121.
- Type locality: "Africa, Asia." (Linnaeus)
- Type locality (Peters representation): "Africa, Asia = Rion [formerly Phasis]." Peters 2:121.

Polyplectron bicalcaratum (Linnaeus) 1758 Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.156
- Type by monotypy and tautonomy. "(Polyplectron chinquis Temminck = Pavo bicalculatus Linnaeus.
- Type locality: "China, error, restricted type locality, Thoungyah, Burma, Lowe [Ibis, 1925,] p.477." Peters 2:131.

Pavo cristatus Linnaeus 1758 Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.156
- Type by tautonomy. "(Pavo cristatus Linnaeus. (Pavo prebinomial specific name in synonomy.)" Peters 2:133.
- Type locality: '"India orientali, Zeylona" = India.' Peters 2:133.

Prodotiscus regulus Sundevall 1850 Oefv.Vet.-Akad.Forh. 7 p.109
- Type by monotypy.
- Type locality: '"Caffraria inferiori et superiori"; type from Mohapoani, Witfontein Berge, western Transvaal. (Gyldenstolpe Ibis, 1934, p.290).' Peters 6:64.

Picumnus exilis (Lichtenstein) 1823 Verz.Doubl.Zool.Mus.Berlin p.11
- Peters entry 6:88 reads "Type by subsequent designation, Picus minutissumus (Gm.) Temm. Pl. enl. 786, f. 1 = Picumnus buffoni Lasfresnaye. (G.R.Gray, ListGen.Birds 1840 p.54.)"
- Peters lists Picumnus buffoni Lafresnaye in the synonomy of Picumnus exilis buffoni.
- I infer that Gray designated P. buffoni Lasfresnaye, as the type for Picumnus but have not seen the work.
- Type locality: Cayenne (for P. Buffoni = P. exilis).

Picoides tridactylus (Linnaeus) 1758 Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.114
- Type by subsequent designation. (G.R. Gray ListGen.Birds 1840 p.54) Picus tridactylus Gmelin = Picus tridactylus Linnaeus.
- Type locality: Sweden.

Piculus chrysochloros (Vieillot) 1818 Nouv.Dict.Hist.Nat. 26 p.98
- Type by subsequent designation. (Oberholser Proc.Biol.Soc.Wash. 1923 36 p.201) Piculus macrocephalus Spix = Picus chrysochloros Vieillot.
- Type locality: Paraguay and Brazil.

Paradoxornis flavirostris Gould 1836 PZS Pt4 no.38 p.17
- Type by monotypy and original designation.
- Type locality: '"Probably Nepal"; Peters 10:433.

Pachycephala pectoralis (Latham) 1802 Suppl.ind.orn. p.li
- Type by original designation. "M[uscicapa] pectoralis Latham, 1801" Peters 12:22
- Type locality: '"Nova Hollandia; restricted to Port Jackson, Sydney, New South Wales, by Mathews, 1920, Birds Australia 8, p.268"; Peters 12:22.

Picus viridis Linnaeus 1758 Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.113

Type by subsequent designation. Picus viridis Linnaeus (Swainson 1820 Zool.Ill. 1 pl.4text).
Type locality: Europe = Sweden ex Faun.Sv.

Pogoniulus pusillus (Dumont) 1816 Dict.Sci.Nat. 4 p.50
- Type by original designation, Bucco pusillus Dumont.
- Type locality (Peters representation): "Sandag [i.e. Sunday] River, Swart Kop River and in the Karrou, Cape Province." Peters 2:48.
- Bob Dowsett writes (2002.02.08):
  'There is a restricted TL, namely the Sandag (i.e. Sundays) River. This occurs in the literature at least as early as 1915: Grant C.H.B. 1915. "On a collection of birds from British East Africa and Uganda, presented to the British Museum by Capt. G.S. Cozens. (With field-notes by the collector, W.P. Lowe)." Ibis 10(3): 1-76, 235-316, 400-473 (p. 443): but I cannot see who (if anyone) deliberately restricted it; it seems more likely someone simply started quoting the first locus. The name is probably based on a Levaillant bird, and it is interesting that the first firm locality would seem to have been Koks Kraal (see Rookmaaker p. 253), which no-one mentions.'

2003.02.13

Pteroglossus aracari (Linnaeus) 1758 Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.104
- Type by subsequent designation. Ramphastos aracari Linnaeus (G.R. Gray ListGen.Birds 1840 p.50)
- Type locality: "America meridionali" Linnaeus.
- Type locality (Peters representation): '"America meridionali" = Brazil.' Peters 6:76.

Primolius type.

The Richmond index card indicates "(subseq. design. Ridgway, 1916)" though it is not clear what species he designated.

Pucrasia type.

The Gray text is here reproduced:

PUCRASIA, G.R. Gray (1841). Eulophus^a, Less. (1837). Pha-
	sianus, J.E. Gray. Tragopan, Temm. Satyra, Less. Ce-
	riornis, Swains.
 P. macrolopha, (Less.) G.R. Gray  P. pucrasia, J.E. Gray.
	Ill.Ind.Zool.,pl.  T. Duvaucelii, Temm.

Peters comment:" New name for Eulophus Lesson 1836 (not of E. L. Geoffroy 1762). Type by nonotypy, Satyra macrolopha Lesson.¹"

The footnote (1) reads:" Stuart Baker, Fauna Brit. Ind., ed. 2, Bds., 7, 1930, p.450 adopts Ceriornis Swainson, Classif. Bds., 2, 1837, p.341, for this genus on the grounds that the monotypic type of Ceriornis is Satyra macrolopha Lesson of Swainson = Meleagris satyra Linné, therefore Ceriornis is a synonym of Tragopan Cuv., for which it was also proposed as a substitute name."

Pucrasia macrolopha (Lesson) 1829 Dict.Sci.Nat. 59 p.196
Type locality (Peters representation): "Bengal, error = Almorah Hills, Kumaon." Peters 2:119.

Comments&Suggestions to Data Steward

Alan P. Peterson, M.D.
POB 1999
Walla Walla, WA 99362-0999

Last updated 2007.12.09