" ... Observaui etiam in diuresis Cracibus, hactenus quidem descriptis, a
grandi inde Cracis Alectoris cera ad plane deficientem, inque caeteris con-
generum auium speciebus a cutis nudae, sub gutture pendulae, genarumque nud-
arum, papillosarum, et reliquorum capitis ornamentorum, tam carneorum quam
pennaceorum praesentia, ad harum vaque rerum defectum, tot vix animaduerten-
endos adesse gradus, qui impediant, quo minus generum characteres certi inde
possint depromi; multasque adeo volucrum species, multis modis a systematum
conditoribus aut separartas aut coniunctas, tam propinqua cognatione inter se
esse connexas, vt omnes ad vnum idemque genus, Alector (germanice Hocko) nom-
inandum, referendae sint, sitque adeo verisimile, eas, nisi magnitudo impe-
diat, generatione hybrida pullos procreare posse: Quod genus, cum multas sane
species comprehendat, in plures phalanges diuidenum videtur, quarum primam cum
Linnaeo atque Brissio Cracem, eam, ad quam nostra pertinet species, Penelopen,
tertiam, ad quam Phasianus Motmot et similes ei referendae sunt aues, Ortalida
appello. A Gallopauone Iacupema nostra, omnium internarum externarumque par-
tium figura differt: a Phasianis quoque cum congeneribus separanda rectricum
numero duodeno, earum figura, defectu calcarium in maribus, partiumque in-
ternarum structura.

• Usually called
  • Cuculus horsfieldi Moore 1858 Cat.BirdsMus.East-Ind.Co.[Horsfield & Moore] 2 p.703 Concept
• Gould's adult-male of the type specimen optatus, formerly considered to be a C. saturatus and thus used as a subspecies name, is actually referrable to C. horsfieldi. Thus it is a senior synonym.
• Higgins PJ. 1999. "Handbook of Australian, New Zealand, and Antarctic Birds." 4.

• Peters Checkslist 15:38 gives the citation as:
  • Ploceus ocularis Smith,A 1839 Ill.Zool.S.Afr. pl.30
• Bob Dowsett points out that this is antedated by the 1838 S.Afr.Comm.Advertiser publication.

• Originally spelled "Ocrophus" by Linnaeus, and this spelling is followed by Peters Checklist 2:267 (1934).
• It appears there was concern about the spelling for some time, as for example Mathews in 1913 published the trinomen Tringa ochropus assami (Austr.Av.Rec. 1:188).
• However, ochropus has been officially recognised and ocrophus officially rejected by ICZN under their Direction 17 of 14 July 1955 (erroneously listed by Sibley & Monroe, 1990:237 as 1952 [sic]).

• Listed by Peters Checklist 11:79 as a subspecies of H. pallida.
• Elevation to species status proposed by the BOU. Knox AG, Collinson M, Helbig AJ, Parkin DT & Sangster G. 2002. "Taxonomic recommendations for British Birds." Ibis 144(4):708-709.

• Peters Checklist 6:98 and HBW 7:436 give 1836.
• The dates of issue of the J.As.Soc.Bengal are problematic. Both Sherborn and Neave give 1837 for this volume of the Journal. The Richmond Index gives a date of "Dec. 1836"
• 1836 may be correct, and the conflict is not easily resolved at the moment. I will not be surprised if the date ends up being 1837, as indicated by Sherborn and Neave.

• Possibly a hybrid, probably extinct. See Livezey. 1997. A Phylogenetic Calssification of Waterfowl, including selected fossil species. Ann.CarnagieMus. 66(4):477,483. .

• The 1983 AOU Checklist lists this as 1878, though this species was published in 1877.

• Peters Checklist 1:112 gives a different title for the source; I follow {Browning and Monroe, 1991}.

• Peters Checklist 11:383 has 1871. Zimmer's studies on the dates of publication for this work indicate 1870, which I follow here.

• Peters Checklist 15:275 has 1851. See {Browning and Monroe, 1991}.

• Used by Sibley & Monroe.
• Not used in Peters Checklist Vol.4. As Clamator.
• Not used in HBW Vol.4. As Clamator. The comment there indicates that separation from Clamator was based on differences in wing-shape and plumage.

• Peters Checklist 2:200 has olivacea which is correct.
• Originally Gallinula olivacea.
• Amaurornis is feminine.
• HBW 3:181 has A. olivaceus with no comment on the spelling.

• Not in Peters Checklist Vol.4. Thanks to Rolf de By for bringing this to my attention.

• See Johnson KP & Lanyon SM. 1999. Auk 116(3):759-768. for a discussion of Grackle/ally systematics, and proposal to place badius in Oreopsar, rather than in Molothrus.
• See Lowther PE. 2001. BBOC 121:280,281 for the nomenclature of the genus name.

• Although an alternative treatment of this confusing group was published by Altrom and Olsson, where they described a new species Seicercus soror Alstrom & Olsson 1999 Ibis 141 p.556-557 the paper by Martens et. al apparently preceeded it by several days.
• This taxon was described there, and the form considered as S. soror by Alstrom & Olsson apparently is treated as S. latouchei by these authors.
• Alstrom & Olsson in a letter to the Ibis 2000. 142:495-500. Further discuss the systmatics here. They recognize S. omeiensis, but disagree in some other interpretations.

• Not in Peters Checklist, or Sibley and Monroe.
• Described by Short as a "race" of C. spectabilis. Whittaker and Oren. 1999. BBOC. 119(4):235-260. "Important ornithological records from the Rio Jurua, western Amazonia, including twelve additions to the Brazilian avifauna". present arguments based on morphology, plumage, range, and habitat for elevation to full species status.

• Normally part of Ara; I follow the treatment of Handbook of Birds of the World, Vol. 4, by N.J. Collar. Morphology, voice and behaviour are offered as the basis for re-instating the old genus for this form.

• Two species listed in Sibley & Monroe are demoted to subspecific status by Collar, in Handbook of Birds of the World, 4:473.
• These taxa are held at species level by the Howard & Moore Checklist 3^rd Ed.
• Amazona oratrix Ridgway 1887 Man.N.Am.Birds p.587
• Amazona auropalliata (Lesson) 1842 Rev.Zool. 5 p.135

• Placed by Peters and Sibley and Monroe in Lonchura.
• Baptista et al. (1999) published on the relationships of some mannikins and waxbills in the Estrildidae (J. Orn. 140: 179-192), based on downy plumes, nestling palate markings, begging vocalizations, agonistic and courtship behavior, and allozymes. They proposed that the genera Padda and Euodice be merged with Lonchura.

• Not in Peters Checklist or Sibley and Monroe.
• The name honors Alfonso Manuel Olalla, who with his family collected over 70,000 specimens of Neotropical birds.
• Placement within the genus is tentative.
• Coopmans and Krabbe comment that the three recognized subspecies of M. caniceps may be candidates for species rank.
• They are:
  • Myiopagis caniceps cinerea (Pelzeln) 1868 Orn.Brasil. pt.2 p.108,180
  • Myiopagis caniceps parambae (Hellmayr) 1904 BBOC 14 p.54
  • Myiopagis caniceps absita (Wetmore) 1963 Smiths.Misc.Coll. 145 p.7

• Previously as:
  • Apteryx owenii Gould 1847 PZS Pt15 no.175 p.94
• Note that the page number is given as "93" by Peters Checklist, and Sherborn, and as "94" by The Richmond Index, and Salvadori's Catalogue of Birds of the British Museum, vol. 27.
• However McAllen IAW. 2004 "Corrections to the original citations and type localities of some birds described by John Gould and recorded from New Zealand." Notornis 51:125 notes that the PZS publication was preceeded by both the Athenaeum and the Literary Gazette, and that McAllen and Bruce, acting as first revisers, selected the Lit.Gaz. as the original publication of the name.
• Thanks to Colin Jones for bringing this to my attention.

• Garcia-Moreno J, Arctander P. Pre-Pleistocene differentiation among Chat-Tryants. 1998. Condor 100(4):629-640.
• A phylogenetic study using mtDNA, geographic and morphologic data concludes that "Becuase of the incomplete resolution of the phylogeny, we do not think that a sufficiently strong case exists for including Tumbezia salvini in Ochthoeca (as done by Lanyon 1986). Instead, we suggest maintaining it as a monobasic genus in the chat-tyrant assembly. Tumbezia salvini shows some distincitve pulmage and habitat characteristics not shared by the Andean chat-tyrants."
• They recommend merging Silvicutrix with Ochthoeca and elevating O. frontalis, spodionota, O. cinnamomeiventris and thoracica to species rank.

• At present I attempt to follow HBW.
• The confusions, and dynamics of new data and understandings in this group are considerable, and I expect changes to be frequent and continued.
• I often chuckle when I remember Burt Monroe's exclaimations about owl systematics.

Ptilinopus ornatus Date

HBW 4:209 gives a date of 1873. See my entry for the citational source for the indication that the date is 1871.

• HBW 4:206 lists Gray and Mitchell as the authors of this taxon.
• David William Mitchell was the secretary to the Zoological Society of London, and the illustrator of this work. His authorial status here is not clear to me, however the card in the Richmond index indicates "... 1844 p.[467. where P. occipitalis G. R. Gray, nomen nudum]". Thus Mitchell may well have authorial standing.

• HBW 6:110 (N.J. Collar) attributes the original description to Temminck Harpactes oreskios 1823. The genus Harpactes he attributes to Swainson, 1823. Both cant be right.
• Collar appears to be following Peters 5:163. Peters has "(Temminck)" for the authority, supporting the idea that Temminck could not have described oreskios in Harpactes.
• Sherborn makes it clear that Temminck described Trogon oreskios in 1823.
• It appears that Gray in 1845 in Gen.Birds App. p.71 lists "Harpactes oreskios Temminck, 1823" and probably thus initiating the confusion.

• Peters Checklist 14:232 (Howell, et al.) gives the date as 1842.
• This portion of the volume was published in 1843.

• Peters 11:69 (Watson) gives the citation as
  • Salicaria turdina orientalis Temminck and Schlegel, 1847, in Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p.50, pl. 20 B.
• Sherborn gives:
  • turdina-orientalis Salicaria, Temminck & Schlegel, in Siebold F. Japon. (Aves, 1847), 50.
• I don't find a card for this taxon in the Richmond Index.
• Sharpe's Handlist 4:187 lists the taxon as Acrocephalus orientalis (Temm. & Schl.).
• If the Sherborn listing is correct, I wonder if current interpretations would have resulted in the name being Acrocephalus turdinaorientalis.
• Murray Bruce sends his helpful input indicating that the Peters citation is correct. (email 2001.09.30)
• I was somewhat sceptical that trinomial nomenclature occurred this early, but M. Bruce goes on to indicate

  "Schlegel has been credited with establishing trinomial nomenclature in 1844 in both the commencement of the parts of the ornithology of Fauna Japonica and in his little book 'Systematische Ubersicht der Vogel Europas'. Of course, it didn't catch on and Schlegel was inconsistent later, but at the time he did use trinomials. In fact, in Fauna Japonica, of 201 species listed for Japan, 18 were named trinomially (although a few of these included 'var.'). See for example, Prunella rubida (Peters 10:12).

  ... referring to Mayr (1942, Systematics and the Origin of Species), on p.110 he states 'H. Schlegel was apparently the first author (from 1844 on) to use trinomials consistently (even though hesitatingly) for geographic subdivisions of the species.' As Mayr further points out, European ornithologists didn't approve and eventually the Americans adopted it ...".

• Peters Checklist 14:135 (Blake) gives a date of 1859.
• The AOU CL 8^th:359 also gives a date of 1859.
• The Richmond Index gives a date of Feb. 1860 (with 1859 crossed out).
• Duncan's 1937 listing of dates of Publication of the PZS says "Issued between October 1859 and February 1860." for Part. III of this year.
• I follow the Richmond Index here.

• Lowther, PE. 2001. "New name for the Bolivian Blackbird". BBOC. 121:280,281. demonstrates:
• • Agelaioides (misspelled in text as Agelaiodes) Cassin, 1866 has precedence over Oreopsar Sclater, 1939.
  • Placing bolivianus Sclater, 1939 and badius Vieillot, 1819 in the same genus as proposed by Johnson & Lanyon 1999. Auk 116:759-768. creates a secondary homonomy due to the existence of Molothrus badius bolivianus Hellmayr, 1917.
• Lowther therefor proposes the nomen novum Agelaioides oreopsar along with resurrecting the genus Agelaioides.

Comments & Suggestions to Data Steward
Alan P. Peterson, M.D.
POB 1999
Walla Walla, WA 99362-0999